工业设计专业英语(第3版)lesson26文章翻译汇编
工业设计专业英语（第3版）lesson26文章翻译
The marketplace demands more. Today, the material o en becomes the product. We know that materials can help to differen ate our product’s character, add value, enhancoer mpaenrfce and make the difference between success and failure. In a world where new processes and new
Today, we do not need a vast working knowledge of material and processes. All we need is to know how to find that knowledge. And most of it exists within the framework of IDSA, through the experiences of its members, their personal contacts and resources. The networking, programs and educa on of IDSA’s special Interest Sec on on Materials and Processed tap this knowledge base and put the informa on we need literally at our finger ps.
工业设计专业课中英文对照
工业设计专业必修课：思想品德修养与法律基础Cultivation of Ethic Thought and Fundamentals of Law中国近代史纲要Outline of Modern History of China马克思主义基本原理Principles of Marxism毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论Mao Zedong Thoughts, Deng Xiaoping Theories, and the "Three Representativenesses""高等数学ⅠⅡAdvanced Mathematics ⅠⅡ英语ⅠⅡⅢⅣCollege English ⅠⅡⅢⅣ工业设计概论Introduction to Industrial Design设计素描Design sketch设计色彩Color Design艺术概论Introduction to Art设计美学Design aesthetics大学语文College Chinese信息技术基础Basis for Information Technology信息基础实验Experiment of Basis for Information Technology程序设计语言Language Programming程序设计语言实验Experiment of Language Programming体育ⅠⅡⅢⅣPhysical Education ⅠⅡⅢⅣ国防军事导论Introduction to National Defense and Military Affairs 形势与政策Situation & Policy大学生就业与创业Enterprise Starting and Employment of College Students 工程图学ⅠⅡEngineering Graphics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing设计基础ⅠⅡBasis of Design ⅠⅡ设计表达ⅠⅡDesign Expression ⅠⅡ视觉和传达设计‘Visual Communication Design造型材料与工艺Modeling Material and Technique工业设计工程基础ⅠⅡEngineering basics of industrial design ⅠⅡ工业设计史History of Industrial Design产品设计原理和方法Principle and Method for Product Design 产品系统设计Systematic Product Design计算机辅助工业设计Computer Assisted Industrial Design人机工程学Ergonomics设计研究Design Research专业选修课：设计素描ⅡDesign Sketch Ⅱ计算机绘图Computer Graphics设计基础ⅢBasis of Design Ⅲ数字化建模ⅠⅡDigitalized Modeling ⅠⅡ模型制作Modeling产品开发设计Product Development Design雕塑Sculpture设计心理学Design Psychology科类选修课：线性代数ⅠLinear Algebra Ⅰ概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics 中外美术史History of Chinese and Foreign Art摄影基础Basis for Photography设计管理Design Management传播学导论Introduction to Communication电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering先进制造技术Advanced Manufacturing Technology。
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读优秀的产品设计第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。
在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。
这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。
1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。
电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。
第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。
直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。
他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。
该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。
在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。
一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。
这是强改变的原因。
强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。
他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。
在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。
到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。
最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。
强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。
直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。
当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。
强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。
但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。
后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。
这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。
工业设计专业英语资料
材料与加工成型技术(英)1 材料Material2 材料规划Material Planning3 材料评价Material Appraisal4 金属材料Metal Materials5 无机材料Inorganic Materials6 有机材料Organic Materials7 复合材料Composite Materials8 天然材料Natural Materials9 加工材料Processing Materials10 人造材料Artificial Materials11 黑色金属Ferrous Metal12 有色金属Nonferrous Metal13 轻金属材料Light Metal Materials14 辅助非铁金属材料Byplayer Nonferrous Metal Materials15 高熔点金属材料High Melting Point Metal Materials16 贵金属材料Precions Metal Materials17 辅助非铁金属材料Byplayer Nonferrous Metal Materials18 高熔点金属材料High Melting Point Metal Materials19 贵金属材料Precions Metal Materials20 陶瓷Ceramics21 水泥Cement22 搪瓷、珐琅Enamel23 玻璃Glass24 微晶玻璃Glass Ceramics25 钢化玻璃Tuflite Glass26 感光玻璃Photosensitive Glass27 纤维玻璃Glass Fiber28 耐热玻璃Hear Resisting Glass29 塑料Plastics30 通用塑料Wide Plastics31 工程塑料Engineering Plastics32 热塑性树脂Thermoplastic Resin33 热固性树脂Thermosetting Resin34 橡胶Rubber35 粘接剂Adhesives36 涂料Paints37 树脂Resin38 聚合物Polymer39 聚丙烯树脂Polypropylene40 聚乙烯树脂Polyethylene Resin41 聚苯乙烯树脂Polystyrene Resin42 聚氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyl Chloride Resin43 丙烯酸树脂Methyl Methacrylate Resin44 聚烯胺树脂，尼龙Polyamide Resin45 氟化乙烯树脂Polyfurol Resin46 聚缩醛树脂Polyacetal Resin47 聚碳酸脂树脂Polycarbonate Resin48 聚偏二氯乙烯树脂Polyvinylidene Resin49 聚醋酸乙烯脂树脂Polyvinyl Acetate Resin50 聚烯亚胺树脂Polyimide Resin51 酚醛树脂Phenolic Formaldehyde Resin52 尿素树脂Urea Formaldehyde Resin53 聚酯树脂Polyester Resin54 环痒树脂Epoxy Resin55 烯丙基树脂Allyl Resin56 硅树脂Silicone Resin57 聚氨酯树脂Polyurethane Resin58 密胺Melamine Formaldehyde Resin59 ABS 树脂Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Redin60 感光树脂Photosensition Plastics61 纤维强化树脂Fiber Reinforced Plastic62 印刷油墨Printing Ink63 印刷用纸Printing Paper64 铜板纸Art Paper65 木材Wood66 竹材Bamboo67 树脂装饰板Decorative Sheet68 蜂窝机制板Honey Comb Core Panel69 胶合板Veneer70 曲木Bent Wood71 浸蜡纸Waxed Paper72 青铜Bronge73 薄壳结构Shell Construction74 技术Technic75 工具Tool76 金工Metal Work77 铸造Casting78 切削加工Cutting79 压力加工Plastic Working80 压力加工Plastic Working81 焊接Welding82 板金工Sheetmetal Woek83 马赛克Mosaic84 塑性成型Plastic Working85 灌浆成型Slip Casting86 挤出成型Sqeezing87 注压成型Injection Molding88 加压成型Pressing89 水压成型Cold Isostatic Pressing90 加压烧结法Hot Pressing91 HIP 成型Hot Isostatic Pressing92 压缩成型Compression Molding Pressing93 气压成型Blow Molding94 压延成型Calendering95 转送成型Transfer Molding96 雌雄成型Slash Molding97 铸塑成型Casting98 喷涂成型Spray Up99 层积成型Laminating100 FW 法Fillament Winding101 粘接与剥离Adhesion and Excoriation102 木材工艺Woodcraft103 竹材工艺Bamboo Work104 表面技术Surface Technology105 镀饰Plating106 涂饰Coating107 电化铝Alumite108 烫金Hot Stamping109 预制作Prefabrication110 预制住宅Prefabricated House111 悬臂梁Cantilever112 金属模具Mold113 型板造型Modeling of Teplate114 染料Dyestuff115 颜料Artist Color传播与传媒设计(英)1 传播Communication2 大众传播Mass Communication3 媒体Media4 大众传播媒体Mass Media5 视觉传播Visual Communication6 听觉传播Hearing Communication7 信息Information8 符号Sign9 视觉符号Visual Sign10 图形符号Graphic Symbol11 符号论Semiotic12 象征Symbol13 象征标志Symbol Mark14 音响设计Acoustic Design15 听觉设计Auditory Design16 听觉传播设计Auditory Communication Design17 图象设计Visual Communication Design18 视觉设计Visual Design19 视觉传播设计Visual Communication Design20 图形设计Graphic Design21 编辑设计Editorial Design22 版面设计Layout23 字体设计Lettering24 CI 设计Corporate Identity Design25 宣传Propaganda26 广告Advertising27 广告委托人Adveertiser28 广告代理业Advertising Agency29 广告媒体Advertising Media30 广告目的Avertising Objectives31 广告伦理Morality of Advertising32 广告法规Law of Advertising33 广告计划Advertising Planing34 广告效果Advertising Effect35 广告文案Advertising Copy36 广告摄影Advertising Photography37 说明广告Informative Advertising38 招贴画海报Poster39 招牌Sign-board40 小型宣传册Pamphlet41 大型宣传册Portfolio42 商品目录Catalogue43 企业商报House Organ44 户外广告Outdoor Advertising45 POP 广告Point of Purchase Advertising46 展示Display47 橱窗展示Window Display48 展示柜Cabinet49 博览会Exposition50 万国博览会World Exposition51 包装Packaging52 工业包装Industrial Packing53 标签Label54 企业形象Corporate Image55 企业色Company Color56 动画Animation57 插图Illustration58 书法Calligraphy59 印刷Initial60 设计费design fee61 标准standard62 注册商标registered trade mark设计美学与设计实验(英)1 美Beauty2 现实美Acture Beauty3 自然美Natural Beauty4 社会美Social Beauty5 艺术美Artisitc Beauty6 内容与形式Content and Form7 形式美Formal Beauty8 形式原理Principles and Form9 技术美Beauty of Technology10 机械美Beauty of Machine11 功能美Functional Beauty12 材料美Beauty of Material13 美学Aesthetics14 技术美学Technology Aesthetics15 设计美学Design Aesthetics16 生产美学PAroduction Aesthetics17 商品美学Commodity Aedthetics18 艺术Art19 造型艺术Plastic Arts20 表演艺术Performance Art21 语言艺术Linguistic Art22 综合艺术Synthetic Arts23 实用艺术Practical Art24 时间艺术Time Art25 空间艺术Spatial Art26 时空艺术Time and Spatial Art27 一维艺术One Dimantional28 二维艺术two Dimantional29 三维艺术Three Dimantional30 四维艺术Four Dimantional31 舞台艺术Stagecraft32 影视艺术Arts of Mmovie and Television33 环境艺术Environmental Art34 美术Fine Arts35 戏剧Drama36 文学Literature37 意匠Idea38 图案Pattern39 构思Conception40 构图Composition41 造型Formation42 再现Representation43 表现Expression44 构成Composition45 平面构成Tow Dimentional Composition46 立体构成Three Dimentional Composition47 色采构成Color Composition48 空间构成Composition of Space49 音响构成Composition and Sound50 多样与统一Unity of Multiplicity51 平衡Balance52 对称Symmetry53 调和、和声Harmony54 对照Contrast55 类似Similarity56 比例Proportion57 黄金分割Golden Section58 节奏Rhythm59 旋律Melody60 调子Tone61 变奏Variation62 纹样Pattern63 形态Form64 有机形态Organic Form65 抽象形态Abstract Form66 简化形态Simptified Form67 变形Deformation68 图学Graphics69 透视画法Perspective70 线透视Linear Perspective71 视点Eye on Picture Plane72 灭点Vanishing Point73 平行透视Parallel Persective74 成角透视Angular Perspective75 斜透视Obligue Perspective76 单点透视Single Paint Perdpective77 两点透视Tow-Point Perdpective78 三点透视Three-Point Perdpective79 鸟瞰图Bird's Eye View80 平面视图Ground Plain81 轴侧投影Axonometric Projection82 设计素描Design Sketch83 预想图Rendering84 模型Model85 黏土模型Clay Model86 石膏模型Plaster Model87 木制模型Wooden Model88 缩尺模型Scale Model89 原大模型Mock Up90 仿真模型Finished Model91 创造原形Prototype92 计算机图形学Computer Graphics93 框架模型Frame Model94 实体模型Solid Model95 计算机辅助设计COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN96 计算机辅助创造Computer Aided Manufacture97 计算机三维动画Computer Three Dimentional Animation98 计算机艺术Computer Arts99 计算机书法Computer Calligraphy100 计算机图象处理Computer Image Processing101 计算机音响构成Computer Sound Composition实验心理学与人机工程学1 人类工程学Human Engineering2 人机工程学Man-Machine Engineering3 工效学Ergonomice4 人因工程学Human Factors Engineering5 人因要素Human Factors6 人机系统Man-Machine System7 人体工程学Human Engineering8 人本位设计Human Sstandard Design9 实验心理学Experimental Psychology10 物理心理学Psychophysics11 感觉Sensation12 知觉Perception13 感觉阙限Threshold of Senssation14 心理量表Psychological Scaling15 视觉Visual Perception16 视觉通道Visual Pathway17 听觉Hearing Perception18 肤觉Skin Sensation19 视觉心理学Visual Psychology20 听觉心理学Hearing Psychology21 感光元Photoreceptor Cell22 明视、暗视、间视Phootopic Vision ,Scotopic Vision , Mesopic Vision23 光适应与暗适应Photopic Adaptation and Sscotopic Adaptation24 格式塔，完形Gestalt25 形状知觉Shape Perception26 轮廓Conotour27 主观轮廓Subjictive Contour28 图形与背景Figure and Ground29 图形与背景逆转Reversible Figure30 良好形状法则Prinzip der Guten Gestalt31 群化Grouping32 等质性法则Fsctor of Similarity33 伪装Camouflage34 形状的恒常性Shape Constancy35 大小的恒常性Size Constancy36 空间知觉Space Perception37 立体视Stereopsis38 运动知觉Movement Perception39 视错觉Optical Illusion40 残像After Image41 似动Apparent Movement42 视觉后效Aftereffects in Visuvl43 瀑布效应Waterfall Effect44 视线记录仪Eye Camera45 听觉刺激Auditory St。
工业设计专业英语翻译
专业英语课文翻译第一课面对新千年随着1970年代的到来，单独国际设计占统治地位的时代结束了。
一方面现代主义继续受到抨击并大范围地失去信用，另一方面当代的现代主义者着手证明这个运动的有效并说服（众人），即使经济、社会和文化等条件变化了，技术进步的冲击推动将引导我们走向光明的未来。
在早期的现代主义运动中，最激烈的争论发生在建筑界，其次是设计界。
有关后现代主义和它与材料文化关系的讨论是由像美国建筑师罗伯特.文丘里和密歇尔.格雷夫斯的作品引起的。
这些作品受到了从流行文化到复兴风格的影响，无论是古典主义或艺术装饰主题。
从这些争论和随之而来的对他们作品的批评中清楚看到：就风格而言，现代主义可选择的适当位置和在这个世纪最后持续30年最重要的主旋律将是走向多元化。
事实上没有一个建筑或设计理论或方法处于突出地位。
这种开放性反映了西方社会的分化和所谓的“特定市场”的出现。
后现代主义建筑反映了这种多样性。
在英国（设计的发展）采用了保守的方法，例如新青兰和泰瑞法内怀旧的新古典主义，而法国和西班牙则更前卫。
如今建筑师讨论建筑的可行性时，有点像他们19世纪的先驱者。
他们还要考虑到另外的事情，这些包括石油危机对塑料价格的影响和社会对生态事务再循环的日益关注，这样将不是重点争论风格问题，而是主张设计师应该扮演更加重要的社会角色。
这是由于设计师与制造工业的相互联系，随着技术发展神话的幻灭以及它所带来的希望前景，都威胁和损坏现代设计所创造的繁荣，可是，在80年代初期，所有的害怕和担心都被暂时忘掉，设计表现出像建筑一样有能力提升它的文化形象，而成为了讨论的焦点。
并不令人吃惊的是促使公众注意设计的催化剂来自意大利。
与城市年度贸易展相呼应的在1981年米兰举行的孟菲斯展览是一个转折点。
在年轻同事的帮助和具有同情心的的非意大利人的支持下，索特萨斯颠覆了已有国际设计对产品的价值观，孟菲斯设计的家具以及相关的物品都是颜色鲜艳、装饰考究和形状怪诞，参考了数不清的过去风格的视觉样式。
工业设计专业英语词汇
工业设计专业英语词汇设计的分类与方法学(英语)1 设计 Design2 现代设计 Modern Design3 工艺美术设计 Craft Design4 工业设计 Industrial Design5 广义工业设计 Generalized Industrial Design6 狭义工业设计 Narrow Industrial Design7 产品设计 Product Design8 传播设计 Communication Design 8 环境设计 Environmental Design 9 商业设计 Commercial Design 10 建筑设计 Architectural11 一维设计 One-dimension Design 12 二维设计 Two-dimension Design 13 三维设计 Three-dimension Design 14 四维设计 Four-dimension Design 15 装饰、装潢 Decoration16 家具设计 Furniture Design 17 玩具设计 Toy Design18 室内设计 Interior Design 19 服装设计 Costume Design20 包装设计 packaging Design 21 展示设计 Display Design22 城市规划 Urban Design23 生活环境 Living Environment 24 都市景观 Townscape25 田园都市 Garden City26 办公室风致 Office Landscape 27 设计方法论 Design Methodology 28 设计语言 Design Language 29 设计条件 Design Condition 30 结构设计Structure Design 31 形式设计 Form Design32 设计过程 Design Process33 概念设计 Concept Design34 量产设计，工艺设计 Technological Design 35 改型设计 Model Change36 设计调查 Design Survey37 事前调查 Prior Survey38 动态调查 Dynamic Survey39 超小型设计 Compact type40 袖珍型设计 Pocket able Type 41 便携型设计 Portable type42 收纳型设计 Selfcontainning Design 43 装配式设计 Knock Down Type44 集约化设计 Stacking Type45 成套化设计 Set (Design)46 家族化设计 Family (Design) 47 系列化设计 Series (Design) 48 组合式设计 Unit Design49 仿生设计 Bionic Design50 功能 Function51 独创性 Originality52 创造力 Creative Power53 外装 Facing54 创造性思维 Creative Thinking 55 等价变换思维 Equivalent Transformation Thought58 集体创造性思维法 Brain Storming 59 设计决策 (Design) Decision Making 62 印象战略 Image Strategy64 功能分化 Functional Differentiation 65 功能分析 Functional Analysis 66 生命周期 Life Cycle67 照明设计 Illumination Design 68 结构素描 Structure Sketching设计色彩方法(英)1 色 Color2 光谱 Spectrum3 物体色 Object Color4 固有色 Proper Color5 色料 Coloring Material6 色觉三色学说 Three-Component Theory7 心理纯色 Unique Color10 色彩混合 Color Mixing11 基本感觉曲线 Trisimulus Valus Curves 12 牛顿色环 Newton's Color Cycle 13 色矢量 Color Vector14 三原色 Three Primary Colors 15 色空间 Color Space16 色三角形 Color Triangle17 测色 Colourimetry18 色度 Chromaticity19 XYZ表色系 XYZ Color System 20 实色与虚色 Real Color and Imaginary Color21 色等式 Color Equation22 等色实验 Color Matching Experiment 23 色温 Color Temperature24 色问轨迹 Color Temperature Locus 25 色彩三属性 Three Attributesof Color 26 色相 Hue27 色相环 Color Cycle28 明度 lightness29 彩度(纯度) Chroma30 环境色 Environmental Color 31 有彩色 Chromatic Color32 无彩色 Achromatic Colors33 明色 Light Color34 暗色 Dark Color35 中明色 Middle Light Color36 清色 Clear Color37 浊色 Dull Color38 补色 Complementary Color39 类似色 Analogous Color40 一次色 Primary Color41 二次色 Secondary Color42 色立体 Color Solid43 色票 Color Sample44 孟塞尔表色系 Munsell Color System 45 奥斯特瓦德表色系 Ostwald Color System 46 日本色研色体系 Practical Color Co-ordinate System47 色彩工程 Color Engineering48 色彩管理 Color Control49 色彩再现 Color Reproduction 50 等色操作 Color Matching51 色彩的可视度 Visibility of Color 52 色彩恒常性 Color Constancy53 色彩的对比 Color Contrast54 色彩的同化 Color Assimilation 55 色彩的共感性 Color Synesthesia 56 暖色与冷色 Warm Color and Cold Color 57 前进色与后退色 Advancing Color Receding Color58 膨胀色与收缩色 Expansive Color and Contractile Color59 重色与轻色 Heavy Color and Light Color 60 色阶 Valeur61 色调 Color Tone62 暗调 Shade63 明调 Tint64 中间调 Halftone65 表面色 Surface Color66 平面色 Film Color67 色彩调和 Color Harmony68 配色 Color Combination69 孟塞尔色彩调和 Munsell Color Harmony 70 奥斯特瓦德色彩调和Ostwald Color Harmony 71 孟.斯本瑟色彩调和 Moon.Spencer' Color Harmony72 色彩的感情 Feeling of Color73 色彩的象征性 Color Symbolism74 色彩的嗜好 Color Preference75 流行色 Fashion Color76 色彩的功能性 Color Functionalism 77 色彩规划 Color Planning78 色彩调节 Color Conditioning79 色彩调整 Color Coordination80 色彩设计 Color Design材料与加工成型技术(英)1 材料 Material2 材料规划 Material Planning3 材料评价 Material Appraisal4 金属材料 Metal Materials5 无机材料 Inorganic Materials6 有机材料 Organic Materials7 复合材料 Composite Materials 8 天然材料 Natural Materials9 加工材料 Processing Materials 10 人造材料 Artificial Materials 11 黑色金属 Ferrous Metal12 有色金属 Nonferrous Metal13 轻金属材料 Light Metal Materials 14 辅助非铁金属材料 By player Nonferrous Metal Materials15 高熔点金属材料 High Melting Point Metal Materials16 贵金属材料 Precious Metal Materials 17 辅助非铁金属材料 By player Nonferrous Metal Materials18 高熔点金属材料 High Melting Point Metal Materials19 贵金属材料 Precious Metal Materials 20 陶瓷 Ceramics21 水泥 Cement22 搪瓷、珐琅 Enamel23 玻璃 Glass25 钢化玻璃 toughened Glass26 感光玻璃 Photosensitive Glass 27 玻璃纤维Glass Fiber28 耐热玻璃 Hear Resisting Glass 29 塑料 Plastics30 通用塑料 Wide Plastics31 工程塑料 Engineering Plastics 32 热塑性树脂 Thermoplastic Resin 33 热固性树脂 Thermosetting Resin 34 橡胶 Rubber35 粘接剂 Adhesives36 涂料 Paints37 树脂 Resin38 聚合物 Polymer39 聚丙烯树脂 Polypropylene40 聚乙烯树脂 Polyethylene Resin 41 聚苯乙烯树脂 Polystyrene Resin 42 聚氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyl Chloride Resin 43 丙烯酸树脂 Methyl Methacrylate Resin 44 聚烯胺树脂，尼龙 Polyamide Resin 45 氟化乙烯树脂Polyfurol Resin46 聚缩醛树脂 Polyacetal Resin47 聚碳酸脂树脂 Polycarbonate Resin 48 聚偏二氯乙烯树脂Polyvinylidene Resin 49 聚醋酸乙烯脂树脂 Polyvinyl Acetate Resin 50 聚烯亚胺树脂 Polyimide Resin51 酚醛树脂 Phenolic Formaldehyde Resin 52 尿素树脂 Urea Formaldehyde Resin 53 聚酯树脂 Polyester Resin54 环痒树脂 Epoxy Resin55 烯丙基树脂 Allyl Resin56 硅树脂 Silicone Resin57 聚氨酯树脂 Polyurethane Resin 58 密胺 Melamine Formaldehyde Resin59 ABS树脂 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Redin60 感光树脂 Photosensition Plastics 61 纤维强化树脂 Fiber Reinforced Plastic 62 印刷油墨 Printing Ink63 印刷用纸 Printing Paper64 铜板纸 Art Paper65 木材 Wood66 竹材 Bamboo67 树脂装饰板 Decorative Sheet68 蜂窝机制板 Honey Comb Core Panel 69 胶合板 Veneer70 曲木 Bent Wood71 浸蜡纸 Waxed Paper72 青铜 Bronze73 薄壳结构 Shell Construction 74 技术 Technique75 工具 Tool76 金工 Metal Work77 铸造 Casting78 切削加工 Cutting79 压力加工 Plastic Working 80 压力加工 Plastic Working 81 焊接Welding82 板金工 Sheet metal Work 83 马赛克 Mosaic84 塑性成型 Plastic Working 85 灌浆成型 Slip Casting86 挤出成型 Squeezing87 注压成型 Injection Molding 88 加压成型 Pressing89 水压成型 Cold Isostatic Pressing 90 加压烧结法 Hot Pressing 91HIP成型 Hot Isostatic Pressing 92 压缩成型 Compression Molding Pressing93 气压成型 Blow Molding94 压延成型 Calendering95 转送成型 Transfer Molding 96 雌雄成型 Slash Molding 97 铸塑成型Casting98 喷涂成型 Spray Up99 层积成型 Laminating100 FW法 Fillament Winding 101 粘接与剥离 Adhesion and Excoriation102 木材工艺 Woodcraft103 竹材工艺 Bamboo Work104 表面技术 Surface Technology 105 镀饰 Plating106 涂饰 Coating107 电化铝 Alumite108 烫金 Hot Stamping109 预制作 Prefabrication 110 预制住宅 Prefabricated House 111 悬臂梁 Cantilever112 金属模具 Mold113 型板造型 Modeling of Teplate 114 染料 Dyestuff115 颜料 Artist Color传播与传媒设计(英)1 传播 Communication2 大众传播 Mass Communication3 媒体 Media4 大众传播媒体 Mass Media5 视觉传播 Visual Communication6 听觉传播 Hearing Communication7 信息 Information8 符号 Sign9 视觉符号 Visual Sign10 图形符号 Graphic Symbol11 符号论 Semiotic12 象征 Symbol13 象征标志 Symbol Mark14 音响设计 Acoustic Design15 听觉设计 Auditory Design16 听觉传播设计 Auditory Communication Design17 图象设计 Visual Communication Design 18 视觉设计 Visual Design19 视觉传播设计 Visual Communication Design20 图形设计 Graphic Design21 编辑设计 Editorial Design22 版面设计 Layout23 字体设计 Lettering24 CI设计 Corporate Identity Design 25 宣传 Propaganda26 广告 Advertising27 广告委托人 Advertiser28 广告代理业 Advertising Agency 29 广告媒体 Advertising Media 30 广告目的 Advertising Objectives 31 广告伦理 Morality of Advertising 32 广告法规 Law of Advertising 33 广告计划 Advertising Plan34 广告效果 Advertising Effect 35 广告文案 Advertising Copy36 广告摄影 Advertising Photography 37 说明广告 Informative Advertising 38 招贴画海报 Poster39 招牌 Sign-board40 小型宣传册 Pamphlet41 大型宣传册 Portfolio42 商品目录 Catalogue43 企业商报 House Organ44 户外广告 Outdoor Advertising 45 POP广告 Point of Purchase Advertising46 展示 Display47 橱窗展示 Window Display 48 展示柜 Cabinet49 博览会 Exposition50 万国博览会 World Exposition 51 包装 Packaging52 工业包装 Industrial Packing 53 标签 Label54 企业形象 Corporate Image 55 企业色 Company Color56 动画 Animation57 插图 Illustration58 书法 Calligraphy59 印刷 Initial60 设计费 design fee61 标准 standard62 注册商标 registered trade mark设计美学与设计实验(英)1 美 Beauty2 现实美 Actual Beauty3 自然美 Natural Beauty4 社会美 Social Beauty5 艺术美 Artistic Beauty6 内容与形式 Content and Form7 形式美Formal Beauty8 形式原理 Principles and Form 9 技术美 Beauty of Technology 10 机械美 Beauty of Machine 11 功能美 Functional Beauty 12 材料美 Beauty of Material 13 美学 Aesthetics14 技术美学 Technology Aesthetics 15 设计美学 Design Aesthetics 16 生产美学 Production Aesthetics 17 商品美学 Commodity Aesthetics 18 艺术Art19 造型艺术 Plastic Arts20 表演艺术 Performance Art 21 语言艺术 Linguistic Art 22 综合艺术Synthetic Arts 23 实用艺术 Practical Art 24 时间艺术 Time Art25 空间艺术 Spatial Art26 时空艺术 Time and Spatial Art 27 一维艺术 One Dimension 28 二维艺术 two Dimension 29 三维艺术 Three Dimension 30 四维艺术 Four Dimension31 舞台艺术 Stagecraft32 影视艺术 Arts of Movie and Television33 环境艺术 Environment Art 34 美术 Fine Arts35 戏剧 Drama36 文学 Literature37 意匠 Idea38 图案 Pattern39 构思 Conception40 构图 Composition41 造型 Formation42 再现 Representation 43 表现 Expression44 构成 Composition45 平面构成 Tow Dimensional Composition46 立体构成 Three Dimensional Composition47 色彩构成 Color Composition 48 空间构成 Composition of Space 49 音响构成 Composition and Sound 50 多样与统一 Unity of Multiplicity 51 平衡Balance52 对称 Symmetry53 调和、和声 Harmony54 对比 Contrast55 类似 Similarity56 比例 Proportion57 黄金分割 Golden Section 58 节奏 Rhythm59 旋律 Melody60 调子 Tone61 变奏 Variation62 纹样 Pattern63 形态 Form64 有机形态 Organic Form65 抽象形态 Abstract Form66 简化形态 Simplified Form67 变形 Deformation68 图学 Graphics69 透视画法 Perspective70 线透视 Linear Perspective 71 视点 Eye on Picture Plane 72 灭点Vanishing Point73 平行透视 Parallel Perspective 74 成角透视 Angular Perspective 75 斜透视 Oblique Perspective 76 单点透视 Single Paint Perspective 77 两点透视 Tow-Point Perspective 78 三点透视 Three-Point Perspective 79 鸟瞰图Bird's Eye View80 平面视图 Ground Plain81 轴侧投影 Axonometric Projection 82 设计素描 Design Sketch83 预想图 Rendering84 模型 Model85 粘土模型 Clay Model86 石膏模型 Plaster Model87 木制模型 Wooden Model88 缩尺模型 Scale Model89 原大模型 Mock Up90 仿真模型 Finished Model91 制造原形 Prototype92 计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 93 框架模型 Frame Model94 实体模型 Solid Model95 计算机辅助设计 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN 96 计算机辅助制造 Computer Aided Manufacture 97 计算机三维动画 Computer Three Dimensional Animation98 计算机艺术 Computer Arts99 计算机书法 Computer Calligraphy 100 计算机图象处理 Computer Image Processing 101 计算机音响构成 Computer Sound Composition实验心理学与人机工程学1 人类工程学 Human Engineering2 人机工程学 Man-Machine Engineering3 工效学 Ergonomic4 人因工程学 Human Factors Engineering5 人因要素 Human Factors6 人机系统 Man-Machine System7 人体工程学 Human Engineering8 人本位设计 Human Standard Design9 实验心理学 Experimental Psychology 10 物理心理学 Psychophysics11 感觉 Sensation12 知觉 Perception13 感觉阙限 Threshold of Sensation 14 心理量表 Psychological Scaling15 视觉 Visual Perception16 视觉通道 Visual Pathway17 听觉 Hearing Perception 18 肤觉 Skin Sensation19 视觉心理学 Visual Psychology 20 听觉心理学 Hearing Psychology 21 感光元 Photoreceptor Cell 36 空间知觉 Space Perception 38 运动知觉Movement Perception 39 视错觉 Optical Illusion40 残像 After Image41 似动 Apparent Movement42 视觉后效 Aftereffects in Visual 43 瀑布效应 Waterfall Effect 44 视线记录仪 Eye Camera45 听觉刺激 Auditory Stimulus 46 声压 Sound Pressure47 声压水平 Sound Pressure Level 48 频谱 Spectrum49 乐音与非乐音 Tone and Nontone 50 噪声 Noise51 听觉阙限 Auditory Threshold 52 响度 Loudness53 听觉掩蔽 Auditory Masking 54 音乐心理学 Psychology of Music 55 音响心理学 Psychology of Sound 56 音的四属性 Four Attribute Sound 57 音高Pitch58 音色 Timbre59 力度 Loudness60 频率辨别阙限 Difference Threshold of Frequency61 强度辨别阙限 Difference Threshold of Loudness62 混响 Reverberation63 音源距离感 Distance Perception of Sound 64 音源方位感 Orientation Perception of Sound 65 立体声 Stereophony66 语言心理学 Psycholinguistics67 语言声谱 Language Spectrum68 语言清晰度 Articulation69 人体尺寸 body dimension70 作业空间 Work Space71 模数 Module72 心理尺度 Psychological Measure 73 动作分析 Motion Analysis74 时间研究 Time Study75 动作时间研究 Motion and Time Study 79 脑波 Brain Wave80 生物钟 Bio-o'clock81 睡眠 Sleep82 疲劳 Fatigue83 姿态 Body Posture86 肌肉运动学 Kinesiology87 肌电图 Electromyography88 形态学 Morphology89 仿生学 Bionics90 人、环境系统 Man-Environment System 91 照明 illumination92 振动 Oscillate93 气候 Climate94 空气调节 Air Conditioning95 功能分配 Functional Allocation设计团体与部分人物(英)1 维也纳工厂 Wiener Werksttate2 德意志制造联盟 Der Deutsche Werkbund3 克兰布鲁克学院 The Cranbrook Academy4 国际现代建筑会议 Congres InternationauxD'Architecture Moderne5 现代艺术馆 Museum Of Modern Art6 芝加哥设计学院 Chicago Institute of Design7 英国工业设计委员会 Council of Industrial Design8 设计委员会The Desgin Council9 国际建筑师协会 Union Internationale des Architects10 设计研究组织 Design Research Unit11 日本工业设计师协会 Japan Industrial Desginers Association 12 日本设计学会 Japanese Society for Science of Design 13 乌尔姆造型学院 Ulm Hochschule fur Gestallung 14 国际设计协会联合会 International Council of Societies Industrial Desgin15 国际工业设计会议 International Design Congress ,ICSID Congress 16 国际设计师联盟 Allied International Designers 17 国际室内设计师联合会International Federation of Interior Designers18 国际图形设计协会 International Graphic Desgin Associations 19 国际流行色协会 International Commission for color in fashion and Textiles20 工业产品设计中心 The Centre de Creation Industrielle 21 中国工业设计协会 China Industrial Design Association 22 阿尔齐米亚集团 Alchymia Studio23 中国流行色协会 China Fashion Color Association 24 中国技术美学委员会 China Technological Aesthetics Association 25 莫里斯 Willian Morris (1834-1896E)26 奥斯特瓦德 Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald(1853-1932G) 27 孟赛尔 AlbertF.Munsell (1858-1918A)28 凡.德.维尔德 Henry Vande Velde (1863-1957) 29 莱特 Lloyd Wright (1867-1959A)30 贝伦斯 Peter Behrens(1868-1940G)31 霍夫曼 Joseph Hoffmann(1870-1956)32 皮克 Frank Pick(1878-1941)33 维斯宁兄弟 Alexander Leonid and Victor Vesnin 34 格罗皮乌斯Walter Gropius(1883-1969)35 蒂格 Walter Dorwin Teague36 利奇 Bernard Leach37 勒.柯不西埃 Le Corbusier(法)38 伊顿 Johennes Itten39 里特维尔德 Gerrit Thomas Rietvela40 庞蒂 Gio Ponti41 拉塞尔 Gordon Russel42 格迪斯 Norman Bel Geddes43 洛伊 Raymond Fermam44 里德 Herbert Read45 莫荷利.纳吉 Laszlo Moholy Nagy46 凡.多伦 Harold Van Doren47 阿尔托 Alvar Aalto48 拜耶 Herbert Bayer49 卡桑德拉 A.M.Cassandre50 佩夫斯纳 Nikolans51 布劳耶尔 Marcel Breuer52 佩里安 Charlotte Perriand53 德雷夫斯 Henry Dreyfuss54 迪奥 Christian Dior55 鲍登 Edward Bawden56 贾戈萨 Dante Giacosa57 伊姆斯 Charles Eames58 伊娃齐塞尔 Eva Zeiesl59 比尔MaxBill设计法规与标准(英)1 知识产权Intellectual Property2 著作权 Copyright3 工业产权 Industrial Property4 专利 Patent5 发明专利 Patent for Invention6 实用新型 Utility Model7 外观设计专利 Registration of Design 8 注册商标 Registered Trade Mark 9 广告法 Advertising Law10 反不正当竞争 Repression of Unfair Competition11 设计费 Design Fee12 标准 Standard13 德国工业标准 Deutsche Industrial Normen设计生产经营与评价1 工业工程学 Industrial Engineering2 工业心理学 Industrial Psychology3 科学管理法 Scientific Management4 生产管理 Production Control5 质量管理 Quality Control6 系统工程 System Engineering7 批量生产 Mass Production8 流水作业 Conveyer System9 互换式生产方式 Interchangeable Production Method10 标准化 Standardization11 自动化 Automation12 市场调查 Market Research13 商品化计划 Merchandising14 产品开发 Product Development 15 产品改型 Model Change16 产品测试 Product Testing17 产品成本 Product Cost18 营销学 Marketing19 买方市场 Buyer's Market20 卖方市场 Seller's Marker 21 促销 Sales Promotion 22 适销Marketability23 消费者 Consumer24 购买动机调查 Motivation Research25 深层面接法 Depth Interview 26 销售热点 Selling Point 27 卡通测试法 Cartoon Test 28 产品形象 Product Image 29 形象策略 Image Strategy 30公共关系 Public Relations 31 运筹学 Operations Research 32 设计策略Design Policy 33 艺术总监 Art Director设计思潮与流派(英)1 学院派 Academicism2 理性主义 Rationalism3 非理性主义 Irrationalism4 古典主义 Classicism5 浪漫主义 Romanticism6 现实主义 Realism7 印象主义 Impressionism 8 后印象主义 Postimpressionism 9 新印象主义Neo-Impressionism(法)10 那比派 The Nabject11 表现主义 Expressionism 12 象征主义 Symbolism13 野兽主义 Fauvism14 立体主义 Cubism15 未来主义 Futurism16 奥弗斯主义 Orphism17 达达主义 Dadaism(法)18 超现实主义 Surrealism19 纯粹主义 Purism20 抽象艺术 Abstract Art 21 绝对主义，至上主义 Suprematism 22 新造型主义 Neo-plasticisme(法)23 风格派 De Stiji24 青骑士 Der Blaus Reiter 25 抒情抽象主义 Lyric Abstractionism26 抽象表现主义 Abstract Expressionism27 行动绘画 Action Painting28 塔希主义 Tachisme(法)29 视幻艺术 Op Art30 活动艺术、机动艺术 Kinetic Art 31 极少主义 Minimalism32 概念主义 Conceptualism 33 波普艺术 Pop Art34 芬克艺术、恐怖艺术 Funk Art 35 超级写实主义 Super Realism 36 人体艺术 Body Art37 芝加哥学派 Chicago School 38 艺术与手工艺运动 The Arts & Crafts Movement39 新艺术运动 Art Nouveau40 分离派 Secession41 构成主义 Constructivism 42 现代主义 Modernism43 包豪斯 Bauhaus44 阿姆斯特丹学派 Amsterdam School 45 功能主义 Functionalism 46 装饰艺术风格 Art Deco(法)47 国际风格 International Style 48 流线型风格 Streamlined Forms 49 雅典宪章 Athens Charter 50 马丘比丘宪章 Charter of Machupicchu51 斯堪的纳维亚风格 Scandinavia Style 52 新巴洛克风格 New Baroque 53 后现代主义 Postmodernism 54 曼菲斯 Memphis55 高技风格 High Tech56 解构主义 Deconstructivism 57 手工艺复兴 Crafts Revival 58 准高技风格 Trans High Tech 59 建筑风格 Architecture60 微建筑风格 Micro-Architecture 61 微电子风格 Micro-Electronics 62 晚期现代主义 Late ModernismApplication(产品应用)Telecommunication(通讯行业)Medical(医疗行业) Automotive(汽车行业) PC Peripherals(计算机行业) TV / Audio & Visual (电视;音响)OA Equipment (自动化办公设备)Products(产品种类)General Silicone Rubber 普通硅胶Key-Film (IMD) 薄膜注塑键Key-Film (IMD) + Rubber(KEY-Film+硅胶)Plastic + Rubber (P + R)(塑料+硅胶)TPE or General Rubber特别塑料或橡胶*Various Options(其它选项):Metallic Spray(材料喷涂) / 2nd Surface Printing(底面印刷) /Coating(保护层) Chrome Plated (电镀)/ Laser Etching (激光雕刻) Mobile Communication(移动通讯)Corded (有绳电话)Cordless(无绳电话)Dect Phones(普通电话)2 Way Radio(对讲机)Platform for most applications 一般用途Examples : Laser-etched, P + R, Key-Film + R, Polydome Assembly, Metaldome Assembly, Spraypainted key mat(例如:镭雕，塑料+硅胶，IMD+硅胶，组装弹性导电薄膜和金属导电薄膜，键面喷涂)Various colors, material durometer, printing options to meet aesthetic requirements根据美工要求可选择多种颜色，材料硬度，印刷工艺。
工业设计毕业设计外文翻译中英文：吸尘器的技术与历史
The vacuum cleaner technology and historyVacuum cleaner - classificationVacuum cleaner species more, according to the structure points are mainly：1, vertical：a bucket or square round the majority，points on, under two parts，the upper part．is powered with motor，the lower for dust collection box．2, horizontal: rectangular or models shape，have two parts，front before for dust collection box，rear part for the motor．3 and portable，it usually has four kinds of form - shoulder type：smaller，when using back on his shoulders，smaller power；Pole type：shape like rod，handles，and on the top is for suction nozzle below，smaller power；Portable:smaller，which can be directly used in hand grip, smaller power；Mini type：multi-purpose battery-powered，smaller，more for clean clothes, instruments，smaller power．According to the drive motors to pointsvacuum cleaner and can be divided into the following categories: ac vacuum cleaners, dc cleaner and ac/dc amphibious vacuum cleaner．Vacuum cleaner - working principleCleaner mainly by up dust，vacuuming，blow 3 parts，generally includes string-excited motor, centrifugal blower KSF, blow device (bags) and vacuuming accessories. KSF string-excited motor speed up more than 20000r/min (mini vacuum cleaner analyzed．combined by micro，rated voltage dc machines for 3 ~ 6V). Blow is usually adopts mesh，flannelette or filter materials. General cleaner power for 400 ~ 1000W or higher，portable vacuum cleaner power generally lower than 250W．Cleaner principle of work is as follows：motor high-speed drive their impeller rotation, make air high-speed eduction, and the air blower front-end vacuuming cottrell constantly supply，make aspiration to fan cottrell，thus produced with outside the instantaneous vacuum forming negative pressure differential pressure，on the pressure difference，under the action of inhaled air，the dust scurf，ejecting purity is filtered air cleaner air．The greater the air pressure difference，the greater the greater ability，aspiration．A vacuum cleaner，commonly referred to as a vacuum is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. The dirt is collected by either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homesas well an in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models: from small battery-operated hand-held devices to huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litters of dust before being emptied.TechnologyA vacuum's suction is caused by a difference in air pressure. An electric fan reduces the pressure inside the machine. Atmospheric pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, and so the dust is literally pushed into the bag.Tests have shown that vacuuming can kill 100% of young fleas and 96% of adult fleas.A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Technology which instead of using a vacuum uses an air stream to collect dust from the carpet. This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programmer (MTP) and shown to be more energy efficient than the vacuum method. Although working prototypes exist Air Recycling Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner.Exhaust filtrationVacuums by their nature cause dust to become airborne, by exhausting air that is not completely filtered. This can cause health problems since the operator ends up inhaling this dust. There are several methods manufacturers are using to solve this problem. Some methods may be combined together in a single vacuum. Typically the filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes through it before it reaches the motor. Typically, the filtered air then passes through the motor for cooling purposes.HistoryThe vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The first manual models, using bellows, came in the 1869s, and first motorised models came in the beginning of the 20th century.Daniel HessDaniel Hess of West Union, Lowe, USA invented a vacuum cleaner in 1860.Calling it a carpet sweeper instead of a vacuum cleaner, his machine did, in fact, have a rotating brush like a traditional vacuum cleaner, which also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction of dust and dirt. Hess received a patent (U.S.No.29.077) for his invention of the vacuum cleaner on July 10, 1860.Elves W. Mc GaffeThe first manually-powered cleaner using vacuum principles was the “Whirlwind,”invented in Chicago, USA in 1868 by elves W. Mc Gaffe The machine was lightweight and compact, but was difficult to operate because of the need to turn a hand crank at the same time as pushing it across the floor. Mc Gaffe enlisted the help of The American Carpet Cleaning Co. of Boston to market it to the pubic. It was sold for$25. It is hard to determine how successful the Whirlwind was, as most of them were sold in Chicago and Boston, and it is likely that many were lost in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Only two are known to have survived, one of which can be found in the Hoover Historical Center.Mc Gaffney was but one of many 19th-century inventors in the United States and Europe who devised manual vacuum cleaners. He obtained a patent (U.S.No.91,145) on June 8,1869. Melville BissellIn 1876, Melville Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA created a vacuum cleaner for his wife, Anna, to clean up sawdust in carpeting. Shortly after, Bissell Carpet Sweepers were born. After Melville died unexpectedly in 1889, Anna took control of the company and was one of the most powerful businesswomen of the day.John S. ThurmanOn November 14,1898, John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Submitted for patent (U.S.No.634,042)a “pneumatic carpet renovator”. It was issued on October3, 1899. Thurman created a gasoline powered carpet cleaner for the General Compressed Air Company. In a newspaper advertisement from the St. Louis Dispatch, Thurman offered his invention of the horse drawn (which went door to door) motorized cleaning system in St. Louis. Louis. He offered cleaning services at $4 per visit. By 1906, Thurman was offering built-in central cleaning systems that used compressed air, yet featured n dust collection. Thurman’s machine is sometimes considered the first vacuum cleaner. However, the dust was blown into a receptacle rather than being sucked in, an in the machine now used . In later patent litigation, Judge Augustus Hand ruled that Thurman “does not appear to have attempted to design a vacuum cleaner or to have understood the process of vacuum cleaning.”H. Cecil BoothHubert Cecil Booth has the strongest claim to inventing the motorized vacuum cleaner in 1901. As Booth recalled decades later, in 1901 he attended “a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor” at the Empire Music Hall in London. The inventor is not named, but Booth’s description of the machine conforms fairly closely to Thurman’s design, as modified in later patents. Booth watched a demonstration of the device which blew dust off the chairs, and thought it would be much more useful to have one that sucked dust. He tested the idea by laying a handkerchief on the seat of a restaurant chair, putting his mouth to the handkerchief, and then trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief. Upon seeing the dust and dirt collected on the underside of the handkerchief he realized the idea could work. Booth created a large device, driven first by an oil engine, and later by an electric motor electric. Nicknamed the "Puffing Billy", Booth's petrol-powered, horse-drawn vacuum cleaner relied upon air drawn through a cloth filter. Gaining the royal seal of approval, Booth's motorized vacuum cleaner was used to clean the carpets of Westminster Abbey prior to Edward VII’s coronation in 1901. Booth received his first patents on February 18 and August 30, 1901David T. KenneyNine patents granted to the New Jersey, USA inventor David T. Kenney between 1903 and 1913 established the foundation for the American vacuum cleaner industry. Membership in the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers’ Associatio, formed in 1919, was limited to licensees under his patents.Walter GriffithsIn 1905 "Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets" was another manually operated cleaner, patented by Walter Griffiths Manufacturer, Birmingham, England. was portable, easy to store, and powered by "any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant he task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a removable, flexible pipe, to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached. This was arguably the first domestic vacuum-cleaning device to resemble the modern vacuum cleaner. Hermann BogenschildGerman immigrant engineer Hermann Bogenschild filed a patent in 1906 for a mechanical 'dust removing apparatus.' Emigrating from Berlin to Milwaukee in 1892, Bogenschild's device was mounted on wheels for portability and its motor was connected to a hose and filter system.James Murray SpanglerIn 1907, James Murray Spangler, a janitor Canton, Ohio, practical, portable vacuumcleaner. Crucially, in addition to suction that used an electric fan, a box, and one of his wife's pillowcases, Spangler's design incorporated a rotating brush to loosen debris. Unable to produce the design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908 to William Henry Hoover who had Spangler's machine redesigned with a steel casing, casters, and attachments. Subsequent innovations included the first disposal filter bags in the 1920s and the first upright vacuum cleaner in 1926.HooverSpangler patented his rotating-brush design June 2, 1908, and eventually sold the idea to his cousin's husband, Hoover. He was looking for a new product to sell, as the leather goods produced by his 'Hoover Harness and Leather Goods' company were becoming obsolete, because of the invention of the automobile. In the United States, Hoover remains one of the leading manufacturers of household goods, including vacuum cleaners; and Hoover became very wealthy from the invention. Indeed, in Britain the name Hoover became synonymous with the vacuum cleaner so much so that one "hovers one's carpets". Initially called 'The Electric Suction Sweeper Company', their first vacuum was the 1908 Model O, which sold for $60.NilfiskIn 1910, P.A. Frisker patented a vacuum cleaner using a name based on the company’s telegram address—Nilfisk. It was the first electric vacuum cleaner in Europe. His design weighed just 17.5 kg and could be operated by a single person. The company Frisker and Nielsen was formed just a few years before. Today the Nilfisk vacuums are delivered by Nilfisk-Advance.Electrolux Model VThe first vacuum cleaners were bulky stand-up units and not easily portable. But in 1921 Electrolux launched the Model V that was designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. This innovation, conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren, became a standard feature on generations of future vacuum cleaners.There is a recorded example of a 1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving in use for over 70 years, finally breaking in 2008.Post-World War IIFor many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item; but after World War II they became common among the middle classes. They tend to be more common in Western countries because, in most parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped, or mopped.Vacuum cleaners working on the cyclone principle became popular in the 1990s, although some companies (notably Filter Queen and Regina) have been making vacuum cleaners with cyclonic action since 1928. Modern cyclonic cleaners were adapted from industrial cyclonic separators by British designer James Dyson in 1985. He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US$1,800 and later the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK in 1993 for £200. It was expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of a normal cleaner, but it later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.Cyclonic cleaners do not use bags instead; the dust collects in a detachable, cylindrical collection vessel. Air and dust are blown at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall, creating a vortex. The dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force, where they fall due to gravity, and clean air from the center of the vortex is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently. Since Dyson, several other companies have introduced cyclone models, including Hoover, Bissell, Eureka, Electrolux, etc and the cheapest models are no more expensive than a conventional cleaner.In early 2000 several companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners. Some examples are Roman, Robomaxx, Intellibot, Trilobite and Floor Bot. These machines propel themselves in patterns across a floor, cleaning surface dust and debris into their dustbin. They usually can navigate around furniture and find their recharging stations. Most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use, although there are more capable models for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc. Some such as the Roman are equipped with an impeller motor to create an actual vacuum. By the end of 2003 about 570,000 units were sold worldwide.In 2004 a British company released Airider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion of air. It has claimed to be light weight and easier to maneuver (compared to using wheels), although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do this—the Hoover Constellation predated it by at least 35 years.吸尘器的技术与历史吸尘器的种类较多，按结构分主要有：1、立式。
工业设计专业英语翻译考试第一篇打印版
设计驱动创新In2006our former Chairman,Sir George Cox,was commissioned by The Treasury to undertake a review of creativity in business,and to recommend how the government, educational institutions and businesses could help support economic growth. 2006年，英国设计委员会的前主席，George Cox先生被财政部委任，去考察企业的创新能力，并就政府、教育结构和企业如何支持经济增长提出建议。
Supporting innovation sat at the heart of his recommendations because he saw that the UK currently earns most of our living through high value creative industry,and that without protection,investment and development,our creative industries could falter in the face of developing international competition.Sir George saw that designers working as part of a multi-disciplinary team,with business managers, engineers,scientists and technologists,can support innovation in the UK.在George Cox先生的数条建议中，支持创新的措施是核心内容。
工业设计专业英语(第三版)
Lesson33 Just in Time DesignA dizzying array of choices is available to designers needing to output their CAD designs as physical prototypes. The question of which is best requires some careful consideration. Much depends on what the designer is trying to achieve with the prototype,whether it is a study of form--requiring some degree of high finish and detail-or function, requiring a more robust technique or a particular type of material.The accuracy of many of the techniques listed below is within a margin of around 0.1 to 0.2 mm, but this tends to vary relative to the direction of the slicing and size of models. (Designers should check with the vendor first if this is a major concern.) All rapid prototyping techniques are limited by the size of parts they can produce in one piece, but vendors can be asked to divide and conquer. They are very savvy at splitting a CAD model and rejoining the pieces to create very large parts.The Web is a useful resource for keeping an eye on all of these continually changing techniques. Rapid prototyping is such a competitive industry that vendors are always improving materials and processes. Models now take a third of the cost and time that they did five years ago. As a consequence, design teams can now, in theory, make three times as many models, creating a more sophisticated and mature end product.It is worth remembering that while it is easy to be romanced by all of this computer-aided design and virtual prototyping, the tried and tested foam model, generated in an afternoon from simple 2-D drawings, will often beat out its hi-tech sister in both schedule and cost Here' s an overview of the latest modeling techniques.Rapid prototyping: the choices.Selective Laser Sintering(SLS) DTM Corp. Austin, TX; 512-339-2922Method: Uses laser energy to melt layers of powdered nylon, polycarbonate or elastomer 5,000th of an inch (mils) thick to build up parts with 75 percent the properties of the normal polymer.Uses: The parts have a slightly granular look making them best suited to models needing strength rather than looks. Good for medical applications.Laminated Object Modeling(LOM)Helisys Inc., Torrance, CA; 310-891-0600Method: Build up low-cost sheet materials, such as paper and plastic, into models.Uses: The main advantage is model size(up to 22'' x32 " x20" )and slightly lower cost. Parts are less accurate and have a thicker,stepped look.Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM)Stratasys Inc., Eden Prairie, MN; 612-937-3000Method: Weaves models from a thermoplastic thread ofABS or elastomer.Uses: Atechnique still in its infancy, FDM produces a coarse 3-D fabric look unsuitable for anything aesthetic.Ballistic Particle Manufacturing(BPM)BPM Technology, Greenville, SC; 803-297-7700Method: uses a nozzle to spray tiny molten particles of thermoplastic into 3-D models. The nozzle can deliver the material from any angle, which reduces the stepping effect.Uses: Holds promise for curvy shapes.Laser Cutting Lasrcam, Menlo Park, CA, 650-324-2525Method: Used extensively for architectural models of plastic, paper and wood (not always considered a rapid prototyping technique)Uses: Any design that can be built up, kitlike, from 2-D CAD profiles can be lasercut. A widevariety of thicknesses (up to 0.5 " ) are possible. Highly cost-and speed-effective. Excellent for mocking up the sheet metal of a design, complete with intricate vent patterns, as well as for testing hinge and other complex dynamic mechanism ideas.CNC Machining Checking your normal modelmaking or machinist vendors.Method: Familiar to all as the best way of showing off organic surfaces, it has kept improving in schedule and cost to compete with the emerging rapid prototype industry.Uses: If you can afford a little more cost and time, CNC is still the best way to represent smooth surfaces. As an added bonus,better plastics are used in the process, so models will not warp in the car trunk, nor fall apart during user tests.Stereolithography(SLA) 3D systems, Valencia, CA; 805-295-5600Method: The ever-handy and most popular modeling technique. Uses light to photopolymerize and build up thin layers of special resins direct from digital data.Uses: Great for form and surface studies that check out CAD model progress, as well as for limited functional testing of detailed parts(injection molding, die casting, etc.). The direct transfer of data eliminates the chances of human error. Can produce parts in steps of between 3 and 5 mm, but the resins are brittle and thermally unstable.Solid Ground Curing (SGC or "Cubital " ) Cubital America Inc., Troy, MI; 810-585-7880Method: a relatively new variation on Stereolithography, producing parts layer by layer using a photopolymer that is fixed with UV light then backfilled with wax, but in coarser 6 mm steps.Uses: Much the same as Stereolithography, except that Cubital parts stand up better to heat and aging and are stronger. It is best to see parts unfinished rather that risk sanding away small details or subtle surface irregularities.Lesson33准时设计令人眼花缭乱的选择提供给设计师无需输出他们的CAD设计为物理样机。
工业设计专业英语翻译
第一课以70年代来了末端到唯一国际设计运动的控制权。
一方面当现代主义继续受到攻击和广泛被抹黑时，另一方面现代现代主义者下决心证明这片刻有效性，并且说服我们那，甚而以改变经济，社会和文化情况，技术进展冲动将带领我们入明亮的未来。
和以早现代主义最激烈的辩论在建筑学之内世界发生了，以设计跟随。
讨论关于后现代主义和它的联系对物质文化由美国建筑师工作刺激例如罗伯特文丘里管和迈克尔坟墓，谁由流行文化做事件为影响和为文体的信仰复兴运动，是否古典过去或艺术装饰主题。
从这些辩论以及对这些作品的评论可以清晰的看出：对现代主义的变更正在进行中并且本世纪最近的三十年，最重要的主题就是多元主义，也就是没有一个建筑设计理论和方法可以独占。
这种开放性反射了西方社会的分化和所谓的“特定市场”的出现。
后现代的建筑师反映出了这种差异。
在英国采纳了保守而怀旧的新古典主义，然而，在法国和西班牙更有这种前瞻性。
虽然建筑师讨论了有效的作风，每天，而不是像他们的19世纪的前身，在20世纪70年代的设计师也有其他事情要考虑。
这些措施包括影响的石油危机的成本塑料和社会的日益关心的生态问题，如回收利用。
这些为设计人员强调了远离辩论风格和建议更严重的社会作用.在通用意义上的一个发展中国家的技术和已经幻灭所有它已承诺还威胁要破坏前提现代设计。
所有这些恐惧和焦虑是暂时的忘记了，然而，当1980年代初的设计表明，它有能力作为结构提高其文化形象，并成为一个核心的讨论焦点。
孟菲斯展览，在米兰举行的1981年，以配合该市一年一度的家具博览会，是一个转折点。
，在他的年轻同事的帮助下和同情的支持下，非意大利以及，埃托索索特萨斯抨击国际设计建立一个显示的对象，把大家熟知的所有价值观颠倒。
孟菲斯设计的家具和相关项目进行了色彩鲜艳，装饰和偏心型无数视觉提及过去的风格。
这是设计第一次在没有建筑的帮助下宣布：不再受现代主义的约束，而要满足后工业时代的需要。
这次影响是国际的和本次活动的解放效果在其他许多国家，包括法国，西班牙，德国，荷兰，大，英国，捷克斯洛伐克和日本索特萨斯自己被称为“新设计”。
工业设计专业英语翻译
Lesson17Insect.won’.tak.ove.th.earth.the.ow.i.now..leadin.biologis.explai n.wh.bug.ar.th.world’.mos.successfu.design.昆虫没有占据地球, 它们现在属于地球, 一个杰出的生物学家解释为什么昆虫是世界上最成功的设计。
They incorporate astonishingly sophisticated design features, both structurally and functionally, which render them especially well suited for survival on this planet.无论在结构上还是机能上, 它们具有令人惊讶的设计能力特征, 来展示出它们在这个星球上的适应性。
There’lio.insect.fo.e ver.man.woma.an.child.O.th.specie.identified.mor.tha.hal.ar.insects.不可否认的是: 昆虫法那么。
当前每一个人都对应2亿虫类。
1.5亿被人所识别, 其中一半以上为昆虫。
W.human.ma.no.lik.th.idea.bu.ther.i.n.denyin.it.Bug.Rule.Estimat e.hav.i.tha.ther.ar.som.101.bug.no.aliv.o.th.planet.I.i.no.onl.thei.she e.number.bu.als.thei.diversit.tha.i.staggering.O.th.tota.millio.specie.o.animals.plant.an.microorganism.tha.hav.bee.identifi ed.mor.tha.half—o.ove.800,000—ar.insects.An.whil.ne.specie.o.insect.ar.bein.discovere.daily.ove.1.mi llio.ma.ye.remai.unknown.我们人类可能不喜欢这个主意, 但是不可否认: 昆虫法那么。
工业设计外文文献翻译及原文
The impact of “3r” principles to industrial designAbstractWhile industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” p rinciple，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over indust rial design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．Key words3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign1 IntroductionIndustrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized： First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion，to effectively stimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， but also enjoy the new technology and material； Third， it puts technology to link up with the market， making products enhance competitiveness； Last but not the least， it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival andsustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system" without taking into account production， use， process waste， such as the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life， the industrial design objectively becomes essential mediumto encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20th century， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ，the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce， Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion ofsocio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design，based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles in tended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy， green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system； on the other hand，it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify，however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loopsystem， can maintain economic production of low， high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle“3r” principle is the basic ma nifestation of the economic cycle， and its specific contents are as follows："Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy， that is the source of control method， which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage，pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials and conservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions； In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace，thus prolonging the service life of products； In the consumer area， to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products， such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy， that is， terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product， put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design“3r” principle is not only on products from the design， production， sales， use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on the industrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes：3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people，just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do not consider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept，put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place， the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design， from product design at the beginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the 20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model， the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people，then in the recycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design，sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth， specific， practical significance.First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate；Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasantform of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify， optimize， and makes the core functions briefly products； Fourth， the product is intended to be simpleand clear language； Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create； Sixth， the choice of degradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are： modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-life design.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis， and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design： First， make products with good performance Recycling demolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources； Second， it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhance the versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products， they can re-use or recycling； Third， improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements， Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified type fasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting， bonding and other non-removable the connection； Second， in the selection and processing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection； to use and reuse of recyclable materials，the types of materials， such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions， thus saving materials and reducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to makeour products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following： First， improving product reliability and durability；Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance； Third，using standard， modular product structure3.4 The impact of design material“3r” principle in guidance and norms， product design， material selection should be taken into consideration： First of all， minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products； the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big， look for the corresponding sound material substitution； Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly， the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material， after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material， preferred low power，low cost， low-polluting materials， preferred easy processing， and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials， preferred materials recycling. Finally， to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials；maintain original material， as far as possible the use of simple materials， the use of alloy materials， to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment；Marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.4. From “3r” to 4RIn the recycling economy mode， the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product， after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them，so that the product design is no longer a product before， but the other products. Therefore，the design process we will call it "re-engineering (Redesign)"4.1 The concept of re-engineeringThe so-called re-engineering， that is， through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as： "Materials by Product， the structure of a meaningful way to re-use， in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise，to extend the product life cycle， and tap the potential ecological value of the design method." In short， the product re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend， or the design of a self-activity changes， which are related to the sustainable development strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually consideredthe entire product life-cycle environmental impact， and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem， it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. Therefore， the re-engineering in conjunction with the “3r” principle， as a mode of circular economy 4R principles of industrial design.4.2 The form of re-engineeringProduct re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms，for the same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms， can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering.Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products，have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example， before the re-design car audio， re-engineering the home was converted into sound.Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products， re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example， re-engineering before the cell phone components， into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of； In another example， the re-engineering of old jeans before， by re-engineering can be turned into shorts， vest and so on.5. ConclusionsCircular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model，“3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle， the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. "Re-design" are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development， is a matter of deep study and practice the new task， it should be，together with the “3r” principle， become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design，Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor， with the exception of self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind， human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today， in the framework of national sustainable development strategies， the role of industrial design is changing， and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.“3r”原那么对的工业设计的阻碍摘要在工业设计为人类制造了现代生活和生活环境的同时，也进一步加速自然资源和能源资源的消耗。
工业设计专业英文文献及翻译
工业设计专业英文文献及翻译'Green design' and emotional return'Green design' is a late 20th century, there at the moment 80 international design trends. As early as the late 20th century, 60 well-known industrial designer and educator-dimensional multi-Peipanike on the publication aroused strong repercussions in the design world works 'is designed for real-life', presented in the book and the public at the time different points of view, he considered that the things around us are created by designers, designers in the Marketingand customer satisfaction is not only just play 'beautify' the role of the designer should also be emphasized that the social and moral ethics Worth . Far-reaching impact of this book has continued to this day.Into the 21st century, because of the world's governments on environmental issues seriously. The establishment of laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, competition among enterprises, making with the idealism of 'green design' step by step with the trend of practical significance. Based on the attention and understanding of environmental issues, people from the 20th century,60's too radical a 'green movement', developed to present a relatively mature 'green consumption' behavior, which is 'green design' has brought new opportunities.The main planning as a product designer and creator of the productat all stages of the environmental issues will have a direct andindirect effects. In particular,often by their decision to use the product key materials, products, how to make? Adopt in a special surface treatment method to achieve the final surface effect? Products How to use? How to deal with the waste after use? Whether to use recyclable or re-use of materials? design players a decisive role in many issues.More importantly, designers connecting link between the product and people. They can lead and change the way people use products, while responsible for these products and services.Designed to influencepeople's lifestyles and sociol-cultural changes. It has gradually grown accustomed through the design to reflect their social status and personal taste. Design is 'consumerism' of the promoter of products from style 'planned obsolescence', speed up the pace of product replacement. Design is also involved in advertising activities, thus further boosting consumer spending. Is designed to make social and cultural changes took place, while the majority of them represents a certain lifestyle, so in theory, 'green lifestyle' could also be that people praise and follow, this lifestyle is not unusual to be frugal, but is to promote a low-key and simple way of life as much as possible.The commercial value of Industrial Design increasingly recognized and valued by anumber of manufacturers, designers in a number of the company's R& D department has been entrusted with the task, all this allowsdesigners to have the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to deal with environmental issues, as well as environmental issues, ethical a sense of responsibility.'Green design' from the scope of non-mainstream areas to expand into the mainstream.With the 'Green Design' approach and the associated name of the many people in this article follow the common concepts, collectively referred to as the design from an environmental point of view of the design method for 'green design'. 'Green design' focuses on the impact of nature and the resolution of certain individual issues, such as resource andenergy efficiency, reducing waste through recycling and so on. In some developed countries, abandoned most of metals and plastics can now be sorted and recycled, or re-use of the sorting carried out. To enhance household garbage sorting and 'emerged' in the product design, waste management has become one of the hot contemporary industrial design.Eco-design, also known as life cycle design, namely the use of ecological thinking, in the product life cycle, to give priority products environmental attributes, in addition to considering the product performance, quality and cost, but also take into account the product recovery and processing. The product must also take into account the economic, functional and aesthetic factors.Product eco-design its basic theoretical foundation of industrial ecology in the theory of industrial metabolism and life cycle assessment.Sustainable design is a broader design approach than the earlier ones. Involved in more aspects, such as the nation's future development phase and the sharing of resources in the development of future generations, how to ensure the functionality of the product at the same time, reducing the burden on the entire planet. A typical theory is to improve the efficiency of products, while promoting the services associated with development of the system: To study the products of the necessary functions for the user to extend the life of the product; for product development of the sustainability of the overall system design, rather than just the design of the product itself is more important.The focus of sustainable product design, product life-cycle impact of external factors analysis.In addition, there is other product design optimization method. Such as environmentalmaterials (recyclable and recycled materials) use. Studies have shown that, in order to change the impact on the environment of the wasteful consumption of the status quot to the earth's resources for sustainable development in the consumption level of development, our long-term goal should be to strive to build stronger long-term with the product links. For these originally, in the development of environmentally friendly products to extend the life of the product is more important than other strategies, while also encouraging consumers to form sustainable, long-term consumption patterns.Designer is also the founder of design style and taste, the product of the visual image of environmental protection will also have an indirect impact.Is mainly reflected in the product lifetime of two aspects of the relative choice of materials. Because people in the past way of life caused by a large number of product varieties obsolete, and the frequent replacement of the speed of products for environmental protection had a bad effect, if they can extend the product life time, we can reduce the unnecessary waste of resources. Studies have shownthat in promoting existing products obsolete, consumers of psychological factors and materials play an important role. Relative prosperity in the material economy of today, often likes and dislikes of consumers for some products directly to determine the 'life'.In some point of view, 'green design' cannot be seen as a style of performance.The success of 'green design' products from the designer a high degree of awareness of environmental issues, and in the design and development process, designers and relevant organizations to use the experience, knowledge and creativity of crystallization. At present there are several general design themes and trends:1) The use of natural materials in order to 'raw' form of furniture products, building materials and fabrics to be reflected and utilized.2) The nostalgia of the simple style, well into the 'high tech' factor, allowing users to find product is amiable, warm.3) Utility and energy conservation.4) Emphasized the use of the material economy, get rid of useless features and purely decorative style, and create vivid shape and return to the classic simplicity.5) The multi-purpose product design, changes can increase the fun by design, to avoid boredom and replacement needs; it can upgrade, update, by as little as possible to use other materials to extend the life; the use of 'add-on smart' or dismantling components.6) The products and services, the non-materialistic.7) The combination of design and cycle schemes.We do not simply believe in a clear recyclable materials, theproduct will certainly be a 'green product', because the product recyclability of products may become obsolete to accelerate the speed of an excuse, people have recognized the appearance of recyclable materials, the degree may also be would have an impact on product sales.When the'Green Design' gradual integration into the mainstream product design, designers face is not only a small number of 'green fanatics', but ordinary consumers. If you only focus on the design functionality, while the neglect of the aesthetic needs of the user, you cannot extend the product life.People-oriented design ideas from the European Renaissance of the humanitarian ideology. To promote care of people pay attention to people, people-centered world view. In terms of modern product design, human-centered thinking that is the core of the design process, the coordination of product - social - environment relationships betweenthese three. Of human knowledge and transform the nature, purpose is simply to create a good human being living conditions and environmentfor development. However, this simple truth, have repeatedly been vague and misinterpreted. In the past quite a long period of time, people's respect through a variety of activities are acts of science and technology as a means to conquer nature for the purpose, to growth of material wealth as the driving force of the traditional development model, to a certain extent, the destruction of human Lai basis in order to survive, people at the same time trying to conquer nature, often become the object of being a natural punishment. Large industrial era machinery of industrial product is a very typical example, their presence to meet people's material needs, can bring with it more of an emotional loss and the living environment of the hit. Repeatedly by natural warnings, people began to realize that the essence of people-oriented is a real concern of humanity, people started digging people and the harmonious relationship between society and nature. The product design, product-oriented pursuit of emotional and humane products emphasize the purpose of people-oriented under the natural. And people - society - environment, harmonious relations in product design can also be understood as personal qualities - products - emotional harmony. Materials, environmental protection, technology is simple, beautiful shape, making excellent products is the people really psychologically acceptable.Second, the values of stress also contributed to people foremotional awareness. In the past quite a long period of time, the design process is seen as an artistic process, the artist's aesthetic choices to replace the more often the user can only be passively accepted. Such an outcome, making the distance between the product and the user has become increasinglyalienated, people even do not feel the product, with any function other than to enjoy. The feelings of the people and therefore become numb up. As the market changes in the mode of operation, the user's thinking of a more active participation in the design process, the designer is no longer an artist, a professional designer should be to reconcile a variety of design factors. The pursuit of good design is the recognition of values, ideas of resonance, emotional touch. Thoughts on design-related emotions also were born in the fertile soil where the values set.In addition, the design of the regional culture and promote the protection of people also reflects the concern for the feelings. Design is no longer the pursuit of volume, standardization brought about by a single aesthetic, but to diversify into account. The emotional needs of the design was gradually realized that it was multi-directional. Regional differences in the deposition as well as the name of ethnic culture, customs and practices which are in the design to be discussed and explored. In the end, be able to reflect the name of ethnic identity and personality of the product is designed for success stories. This isthe design of emotion-oriented evidence. Of modern product design, product and make people aware of the relationship between communication, the design also focused on how to locate the user object's emotional needs and how to express such feelings, the design of various forms of emotional factors for considerations change is more comprehensive than ever.If the design theory for the design of the improvement means that people re-think, then the birth of a new design type is the mostrealistic and practical needs and the most direct response is all about. More and more on the emotional issues were referred to the process of designing for, so people were the design, interface design, interaction design, accessible design, and so a series of related to the design of communication and emotional way of thinking has been more and more to attention and research, and ultimately applied to the design and production process. Product design and all kinds of psychology,sociology and other disciplines related to human characteristics of the study of collaborative research between the guidance has become an important part of the design.ConclusionWhether the product design and development from the vertical profile view, or from the horizontal status of a modern product design, look at the relationship between the various disciplines, Emotional Design has undoubtedly become a contemporary design, one of the most popular topics. People gradually realize that product design process, designers of theproduct of the soul to give the process is essential. Here the soul refers to the expressed product, and can communicate with the user-generated emotions. In other words, modern product design should be a planning activities related to emotion, early stage of development is no longer a simple physical modeling process. Its entire design process, a certain sense, is a physical emotional process. Contemporary designers should also be taken fully into account in the design of emotional factors, grasp the emotional positioning, designed to communicate with the real products. Such a materialistic in the modern information era of rapid change, due to the severe lack of emotional feeling, it is the demand for the emotional satisfaction of a period of time than ever before are obviously urgent. Designers will face more challenges and responsibilities of a good design to meet the function, on the basis of serving other, and more are expected to return is the emotional.The requirements of sustainable development of society indicatesthat 'green design' remains will be the 21st century, one of the hot industrial design. In order to reduce environmental problems, designers should be the product environmental performance improvement, environmental issues and want to have a good understanding of their impact; this was in science and Technology than ever before to learn more about, and needs tocreativity, new thinking and imaginative. 'Green design' to the Industrial Design has broughtadditional challenges, it also brings more opportunities.The impact of "3r" principles to industrial design 1. Introduction Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closelyrelated to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized: First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrialproducts enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectivelystimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， butalso enjoy the new technology and material; Third， it puts technology to link up with themarket， making products enhance competitiveness; Last but not the least， it can bringthe innovation into the enterprise. Therefore， the economic development needs industrialdesign which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds upthe consumption of resources and energy. What's more ，it dose harm to the ecologicalbalance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans toabolish the system" without taking into account production， use，process waste， suchas the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomesessential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to theessence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20thcentury， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry outa profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is "3r" (is Reduce， Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the conceptof sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design， based on this ongoing exploration and practice. "3r" principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts toexplore the "3r" principles of industrial design at the extension.2. Cycle economic model and the principle of "3r"Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， whichis to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after thetime of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between theresources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterizedeco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy，green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system; on the other hand， itbears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， howeverit is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has ledto a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of theecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low，high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity ofnatural resources andenvironmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode "3r" principle"3r" principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specificcontents are as follows:"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source ofcontrol method， which requires the source of economic activity -the design stage， payattention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials andconservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy andsimple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions;In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principleof a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with theaim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design toinitial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace， thusprolonging the service life of products; In the consumer area， to promote the purchase ofdurable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-salesservice by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is， terminalcontrol method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， throughthe "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste ofresources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the "3r" principle of to industrial design"3r" principle is not only on products from the design，production， sales， use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on theindustrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes:3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， justfrom the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do notconsider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissionson the environment and other ecological problems. "3r" principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept， putpeople and nature live in harmony and common development in thefirst place， the use ofsystems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at thebeginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products inthe production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment.So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human -machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of theindustrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in therecycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity ofproduct design， sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. "3r" Productsdoctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific， practicalsignificance.First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate;Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasantform of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify，optimize， and makes thecore functions briefly products; Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and clearlanguage; Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create; Sixth，the choice ofdegradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the "3r" principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are: modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-lifedesign.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination ofmodules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design: First，make products with good performance Recyclingdemolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources; Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhancethe versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products，they can re-use orrecycling; Third， improve the repair of products can extend thelife of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has agood performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials . The demolition of the design requirements，Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified typefasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection; Second， in the selection andprocessing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection; to use and reuse ofrecyclable materials， the types of materials， such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the variousmaterials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recyclingand product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials andreducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following: First， improving product reliability and durability;Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance; Third，using standard， modularproduct structure.3.4 The impact of design material。
工业设计专业英语翻译1
1、AALTO，ALVAR（1898——1976）Finish architect and designer. Aalto studied architecture at the Polytechnic in Helsinki from 1918 to 1921. He established himself as an architect in 1923，and his Sanatorium at Paimio (1929——1933）is a classic of International Modern architecture. At the same time he began to design plywood chairs，and in 1935 set up a firm，Artek，to market his simple and successful furniture. Some of his plywood is cantilevered like Bauhaus tubular steel，but clearly softer in finish. His furniture was successful in England and in America and prompted other experiments in that direction，notably by Jack Pritchard. From 1937 he designed glass for Iittala，using asymmetrical shapes and subtle curves. Though part of the International Modern movement，Aalto was always sensitive to brick as a material，and he was one of the gentler exponents Modern forms.阿尔瓦尔，阿尔托（1898——1976）芬兰建筑师和设计者。
工业设计专业英语lesson2课后自由阅读翻译
工业设计专业英语lesson2课后自由阅读翻译Why Good Design Doesn‘t Always Guarantee Success为什么好的设计并不总是成功的保证If a customer‘s total experience surrounding a product is bad, it can supersede everything else about the product, even its outstanding design. 如果一个客户围绕一个产品的总经验是坏的，它可以取代一切有关的产品，即使其卓越的设计。
―Good design is, of cours e, a primary building block of the total cu stomer experience,‖acknowledges Daniel Cuffaro of Altitude, a Boston-based product design and development firm. But good design in itself does not guarantee a positive customer experience. To achieve that, you need to build customer awareness, make the product easily available, price it properly, package it well, and offer support after the purchase. ―When these things are achieved in support of an excellent product,‖ says Cuffaro, ―they make three things possible - three things that make up a sort of ?valu e pyramid‘‖―当然，好的设计, 是总用户体验的一个主要组成部分‖,Daniel Cuffaro 承认,一个位于波士顿的产品设计和开发公司。
工业设计英文论文(有中文版)
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human。
In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality，anything，whatever it is tangibile or intangible，that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire，can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products。
Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self—expression，market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy，techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface。
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How Much Do We Need? ——Materials KnowledgeThe information superhighway has paved the way to a wealth of information for designers. Computerized databases, the Internet and the availability of“virtual libraries”on-line provide resources once available to only the largest corporations.But while technology has changed the way designers work, many still rely on old habits; especially in the selection of materials and processing technology. Material specifications are almost an afterthought or“someone else’s task,”in part because we prefer to work on the intangible qualities of a product.The marketplace demands more. Today, the material often becomes the product. We know that materials can help to differentiate our product’s character, add value, enhance per formance and make the difference between success and failure. In a world where new processes and new materials keep appearing in a sea of acronyms coined to define endless combinations, we need to constantly challenge ourselves. We need to take more risks, do more research, explore more alternatives and learn how to optimize our selections.We know what we want, we just have trouble asking the right questions to find the correct answers and resources. Take the following examples:“What’s so great about this material, and why is it so gummy?”I remember an industrial designer asking this question as he proceeded to explain that he required a material that was both stiff and flexible in certain circumstances.“Can you help specify a material without modi fying our design?”A well-known design company insisted on modeling a computer housing with zero draft on all four sides, regardless of cost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the project because of its bad economics.“We need a mate rial that has a medium to high level of comfort.”This request came from a furniture designer for a new office chair. The project required categorizing levels of comfort“by the seat”of this designer’s parts.The role of education in this“knowledge gap”cannot be discounted. Design curricula have dome little to foster the exploration of materials and production methods. On a recent tour of the Bayer facility, a design student asked me the difference between a polymer and a monomer. Although this and similar questions reflect an appalling ignorance of materials, they also show an encouraging interest among students as well as professionals.To address this interest, IDSA has created a Materials and Processes Special Interest Section. Our goals are to spark and nurture the natural curiosity of designers with regard to manufacturing processes; cultivate a better understanding of the differences, and demonstrate how we can apply them to the success of our products. We strongly believe that a basic understanding of materials and processes should be a fundamental part of a designer’s entry-level education, and we will work with IDSA’s Eudcation Committee to define the minimum requirements of such know-how a design student should possess upon graduation.The section also has formalized an alliance with the Society of the Plastics Industry(SPI)Structural Plastics Division(SPD) to share communication and programs. To that end, we’ve agreed to host our spring meeting at the annua l SPI conference, scheduled for Atlanta this year. We have expanded our activity there to include a full day’s preconference. We’re also working similar relationships with the Society of Plastics Engineers’Product Design and Development Division and the American and Iron and Steel Institute.Within IDSA, the section has established a strong working relationship with the Environmental Responsibility Section including archiving speaker presentations on video as a resource for IDSA members and benefit for those not able to attend, We will host a section Web page at the IDSA Chicago Chapter site and enhance our communication by posting section activities, reference information and a list of member“key contacts”and their field of expertise.Many section members share an enthusiasm for materials and production methods and feel a sense of responsibility to share their expertise. With this type of networking members of IDSA gain not only resource recommendations, but also the benefit of another member’s experience in that area. It’s designers talking with other designers to find the solutions.Today, we do not need a vast working knowledge of material and processes. All we need is to know how to find that knowledge. And most of it exists within the framework of IDSA, through the experiences of its members, their personal contacts and resources. The networking, programs and education of IDSA’s special Interest Section on Materials and Processed tap this knowledge base and put the information we need literally at our fingertips.我们需要多少钱？——材料知识信息高速公路为设计师提供了丰富的信息。