硕士试题2008_7end
2008年考研英语真题(七)
2008年考研英语真题（七）Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, (46) but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could havesucceeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endureto read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.。
2008年 研究生综合真题
绝密★启用前2008年攻读硕士学位全国联考工商管理硕士综合能力试卷考生须知1．选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷上的答案无效。
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否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
2008年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试综合能力试题一、问题求解（本大题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
）1、24832234101(13)(13)(13)(13)(13)233333++++++=⨯⨯⨯⨯ A 10191332⨯+ B 19132+ C 19132⨯ D 9132⨯ E 以上都不对 2、若ABC ∆的三边为,,a b c 满足222a b c ab ac bc ++=++，则ABC ∆为（ ）A 等腰三角形B 直角三角形C 等边三角形D 等腰直角三角形E 以上都不是3、P 是以a 为边长的正方形，1P 是以P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，2P 是以1P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，i P 是以1i P -的四边中点为顶点的正方形，则6P 的面积是（ ） A 216a B 232a C 240a D 248a E 264a 4、某单位有90人，其中65人参加外语培训，72人参加计算机培训，已知参加外语培训而未参加计算机培训的有8人，则参加计算机培训而未参加英语培训的人数是（ ）A 5B 8C 10D 12E 155、方程2(10x x -=的两根分别为等腰三角形的腰a 和底b （a b <）,则该三角形的面积是（ ）A 4B 8C 4D 5E 86、一辆出租车有段时间的营运全在东西走向的一条大道上，若规定向东为正向，向西为负向。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题挖
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(文字版)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’National Research Council sent to engine ers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthore Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__ affected _workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __ up ___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___ act ____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the _ perplexing ___behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to __ accounts ___of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __ matter __what was done in the experiment; __ so long so_something waschanged ,productivity rose. A(n)___ awareness __that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ___ enough___to alter workers’ behavior ____by ____itself.After several decades, the same data were _ subjected __ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _ contrary to __the descriptions on record, no systematic _ evidence _ was found that levels of reproductivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to__ misleading_ interpretation of what happed.__ For example ___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __ duly ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ continued _to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case , before __hitting __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous[D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate[D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that[C] in case that [D] so long so8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．D11．C 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 16．A 17．D 18．C 19．B 20．D11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued18. 空，欢迎补充19. 空，欢迎补充20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1 （空，欢迎补充）Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back onbusiness-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in theso-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rathe r than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supreme co urt” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disnity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t expla in how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding thatinfluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic tooccur,however,each person so affected,must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating ofpopulations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendence to be.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the resarchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones wh o[A] stay outside the network of social influnce[B] have little contact with the source of influnence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on others31.B 32.D 33.A 34. C 35.C 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40. DText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “que stion our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect thetemporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the ba nks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude t owards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,tather than the seller,to decide what to buy .At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consummer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European whloesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of thesebu sinesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F]For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G]However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the munity have no economic value.Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteyrity,they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,the evideuce had to be comic in order to be valid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today .We have no land ethic yet ,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds .(48) Timewas when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physi cally weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species”. Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly .or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) InEurope ,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the Non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community ,to be preserved as such ,within reason. To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthyfunctioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I Use of English1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．D11．C 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 16．A 17．D 18．C 19．B 20．DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.B 22.A 23.C 24. A 25. B 26.C 27.D 28.C 29. B 30. D31.B 32.D 33.A 34. C 35.C 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40. DPart B41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. APart C Translation46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. The boy stood on the bridge, _______ down into the river.A. to lookB. lookC. to be lookingD. looked2. When Peter was asked why he stayed rather than move to a bigger company, he simply said he _______ comfortable there.A. is feelingB. was feelingC. has been feelingD. had been feeling3. English is widely spoken, and _______ as the international language of business and diplomacy.A. usedB. has usedC. is usedD. use...（文章持续叙述完试题答案）Part V: Writing (25 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic "The Importance of Time Management". You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 时间管理的重要性a. 时间是有限的资源b. 时间管理对个人和职业发展的影响2. 时间管理的方法a. 制定明确的目标b. 分配时间优先级c. 避免时间的浪费和延迟3. 时间管理给人生带来的好处a. 提高工作效率b. 减少压力和焦虑c. 促进个人成长和提升Time management plays a crucial role in our lives and is often the differentiating factor between success and failure. With only 24 hours in a day, it is essential to make the most out of the limited time we have.First and foremost, time management is vital because time is a finite resource. No matter who we are or what we do, we are all limited by the same amount of time each day. Therefore, managing our time effectively becomes imperative for personal and professional development.There are several methods to practice time management. Firstly, it is crucial to set clear and specific goals. By setting achievable goals, we canallocate our time and resources accordingly. Additionally, prioritizing tasks and activities helps in managing time effectively. By identifying what requires immediate attention and what can be done later, we can ensure that important tasks are not neglected or delayed. Moreover, avoiding time wastage and procrastination is a critical aspect of time management. It is essential to use our time wisely, avoiding distractions and unnecessary activities that do not contribute to our personal or professional growth.The benefits of time management are numerous. Firstly, it improves work efficiency by allowing individuals to focus on essential tasks and eliminate time-consuming activities that do not contribute to the overall goal. Secondly, effective time management helps reduce stress and anxiety. When time is managed well, there is less pressure to meet deadlines, and individuals can complete tasks in a more organized manner. Lastly, time management promotes personal growth and development. By using time efficiently, individuals can allocate time for learning new skills, pursuing hobbies, or engaging in self-improvement activities.In conclusion, time management is of utmost importance for individuals to make the most out of their limited time. By setting goals, prioritizing tasks, and avoiding time wastage, individuals can improve work efficiency, reduce stress, and promote personal growth. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective time management skills in order to achieve personal and professional success.。
2008年在职全国联考教育硕士真题及答—教育学心理学
2008年心理学试题一选择题1 灵感出现在创造活动的（）2 提出人类最基本的本能是生的本能和死的本能的心理学家是（）3 一般说来，将行为成败的原因归结为外部的和不可控的因素，会使个体的行为动机（）4 下列属于封闭动作技能的是（）5 离差智商反映一个人的智力在同龄群体中所处的（)6 反对内省，主张使用客观研究方法的心理学流派是（）。
7 按照研究目的，有计划地严格控制或创设条件，主动引起或改变被试的心理活动，从而进行分析研究的方法是（）8 皮亚杰认为，心理发展起源于主体的（）9 熟悉英语的人，一目十行，是知觉的（）10 两个静态的物体，按一定时间依次呈现，使人觉得是一个动态物体，这种现象叫做（）二、填空题1 心理过程包括认识过程、情感过程和（）2 人类心理的发生有两个基本条件：一是劳动，二是（）3 定势对问题解决的影响突出表现为（）。
4 在意志行动中，起重要调节作用的是（）5 最基本的言语形式是（）三名词解释1 标准化测验2 知觉3 再造想象4 技能5 液态能力四、简答题1 中枢神经活动的基本过程2 维果斯基对教学与发展关系的分析3 观察及其品质4 概念掌握的途径5 简述引起无意注意的条件6 能力发展的个体差异五、论述题1 根据遗忘的两种理论，谈谈如何有效地组织教学2 如何识别学生情绪一级如何让学生进行情绪自我调节3 根据四种基本气质类型在行为方式上的典型表现，谈谈如何根据气质类型因材施教。
2008年教育学一选择题1 教育学的研究任务（）2 人类历史上最早专门论述教育问题的著作是我国的（）3 决定教育事业的规模和速度的是（）4 我国古代“六艺”可看做最早的（）5 2001年颁布的（），标志着我国第八次课程改革开始6 以直接感知为主的教学方法主要包括演示法和（）7 提出教学是一种情意活动观点的是（）8 1966年，联合国教科文组织在（）中，提出教师工作应被视为一种专门职业。
9 促进儿童道德生长的观点，属于（）10 强调以儿童为中心的师生关系模式的出现，是在（）二、填空题1 从形式上看，教育经历了丛飞形式化教育到形式化教育再到（）的过程。
2008年各高校经济学硕士真题汇总
2008年各高校经济学硕士真题汇总对外经济贸易大学经济学综合考研真题。
名词解释无谓损失节俭驳论外部经济菜单成本计算1.厂商是成本规模不变需求曲线和供给曲线具体数子忘了，LAC最低点价格是10，产量是20，求市场均衡产量和价格，然后一共有多少厂商?2.消费C=200+0.8Yd，投资忘了，政府预算平衡，求IS-LM曲线，均衡收入均衡利率，当充分就业是5000时，政府需要增加多少购买?简答1.作图证明政府对消费者消费汽油征税以后又把全部税额返还，证明消费者的福利水平下降2.中央银行购买财政部发行的债券以后对货币供应的影响论述1.政府一连串的家电下乡补贴公告，用经济学原理解释一下2.最近cpi连续超过4.4%.5，3%，政府紧急发放补贴给居民，解决低收入者生活困难，然后中央银行连续两次下调存款准备金率，问1)通货膨胀对我国济的影响有那些(5分)2)用经济学原理解释一下政府的政策对国民收入，消费，投资等变量的影响(9分)对外经济贸易大学经济学综合考研真题为大家带来过了，不同的学校出题的方向也不一样，因此希望大家能够找到自己报考院校的考试真题。
上海交大经济学考研真题与大家分享。
第一题：两个商品1，2，价格都为1。
效用函数是U=x12+1.5x1x2+30x2(貌似，肯定是这个结构)，要求收入提供曲线和收入对商品1的恩格尔曲线。
第二题：首先是消费者只在第一期有收入，来自工作，工资W，总的可分配时间为1，劳动为L，在第二期没有收入，两期消费分别是C1与C2，消费者可以按利率r借贷。
然后效用函数是U=InC1+0.5InC2+In(1-L)，求当W从10变为12时的斯勒茨基替代效应，普通收入效应，禀赋收入效应。
第三题：两个厂商，竞争市场下静态博弈。
市场需求P=15-Q，厂商1成本C1=F1+c1q,厂商2成本C2=F2+c2q,先求均衡时两个厂商的利润与产量表达式。
第二问，给定AB两个技术，A:边际成本为6，固定成本0;B:边际成本3，固定成本6.求厂商静态博弈的技术选择结果。
2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及解析
2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1～45 小题，每小题2 分，共90 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．将教育学的研究对象界定为教育现象及其规律，反映了人们在教育学建构中的A．科学取向 B．实践取向 C．规范取向 D．人文取向2．某班教师为了激发和保持学生的学习动机，开展了一系列学习竞赛活动。
结果如教师所料，学生的学习热情高涨，成绩明显提高。
但没有想到的是，学生之间相互猜忌、隐瞒学习资料等现象日趋严重。
上述事实表明教育A．既有正向显性功能，又有正向隐性功能B．既有负向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能C．既有正向隐性功能，又有负向隐性功能D．既有正向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能3．联合国教科文组织在《学会生存》中主张，建设学习化社会的关键在于A．改革正规教育 B．发展成人教育C．实施终身教育 D．推行回归教育4．涂尔干说：“教育是成年一代对社会生活尚未成熟的年轻一代所实施的影响。
其目的在于，使儿童的身体、智力和道德状况都得到激励与发展，以适应整个政治社会在总体上对儿童的要求，并适应儿童将来所处的特定环境的要求。
”这种论断正确地指出了A．教育具有社会性 B．教育是社会复制的工具C．教育要促进人的个性化 D．儿童对成人施加的影响不是教育5．一些事例显示，对“兽孩”进行的补救教育都不很成功。
这表明人的发展具有A．顺序性 B．可逆性 C．模仿期 D．关键期6．马克思主义教育学说认为，人的发展的根本动力是A．环境影响 B．教育作用 C．内在因素 D．实践活动7．义务教育的基本内涵是：国家与社会有义务确保全体适龄儿童接受法定年限的学校教育、家长有义务送适龄子女接受法定年限的学校教育和A．学校有义务为适龄儿童提供公平的教育B．适龄儿童有义务接受法定年限的学校教育C．公共机构有对适龄儿童开放并进行教育的义务D．企事业单位和个人不得雇用学龄儿童8．教育制度的核心部分是A．教育管理制度 B．国民教育制度C．义务教育制度 D．学校教育制度9．按照美国学者古德莱德的观点，课程可以分为五个层面，除理想的课程、正式的课程、领悟的课程之外，还有A．生活的课程和经验的课程 B．运作的课程和经验的课程C．隐性的课程和运作的课程 D．隐性的课程和生活的课程10．小明亲眼目睹欺负弱小的同学经常受到老师的严厉批评、处罚，而那些爱护弱小的同学则受到大家的喜爱。
2008年全国法律硕士联考真题答案详解专业综合课
2008年全国法律硕士联考真题答案详解专业综合课一、单项选择题1．【答案】 B【解析】A选项霍布斯主张规范论，C选项卢梭强调意志论，D选项庞德提出社会控制论，故B项正确。
2．【答案】C【解析】规范性法律文件是由国家制定或认可的，具有普遍性、规范性和强制性。
A、B、D项仅针对特定主体，不是规范性法律文件，属于非规范性法律文件。
规范性法律文件首先应该是国家机关制定的，其次应具有普遍性。
本题中AC是国家制定的，但A不具有普遍性。
规范性法律问题多次考核，注意区。
核心就在于是否具有普遍性。
3．【答案】 B【解析】根据法律调整是否允许当事人进行自主调整，即按照自己的意愿自行设定权利和义务，可以把法律规则分为任意性规则与强行性规则。
前者是指法律规则的适用与否由主体自行协商的规则；后者是指规定的内容具有强制性。
题目中的这一规定显然不具有强制性，因此这一规范首先属于任意性规范。
而需要援引其他相应内容规定的规则为准用性规则。
内容尚未确定，而只规定某种概括性指示，由相应国家机关通过相应途径或程序加以确定的法律规则是委任性规则，题目中的规定已经十分详细。
故本题应选B。
4．【答案】 D【解析】法律关系的权利和义务是对立统一关系，二者相互依存，没有无义务的权利也没有无权利的义务，A项错；权利可以成为特定法律关系的客体，如股权，B项错；权利和义务不可互相替代，两者是不同的概念，C项错；在特定情况下，有些权利同时也是义务，如劳动权，D项正确。
5．【答案】 C【解析】法的规范作用主要包括几个方面：指引、评价、预测、教育、强制。
法的评价作用是指法作为人们对他人行为的评价标准所起的作用。
对于法的五种规范作用，可以简化记忆如下：指引自己、评价别人、预测对方、教育大众、强制坏蛋。
因此答案选C。
6．【答案】 C【解析】根据不同标准，法律可分为以下几类：(1)按照法律适用范围的不同可以将法律分为一般法与特别法；（2）根据法律创制方法和表达方式不同可以分为成文法和不成文法；（3）按照规定内容不同可以分为实体法和程序法；（4）按照法律的地位、效力内容和制定主体的不同可以分为根本法和普通法；（5）根据制定主体不同可以分为国内法和国际法。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题及考题注：标准字体为完整的08年心理学考研真题,每道08年考题后边”加粗”的字为博仁08年内部资料内部及位置，因书面资料的局限性，为保证辅导效果一部分信息传递给了授课老师，在课堂上讲解，因此内部资料不是博仁辅导班的唯一信息传寄方式。
提示：考前押只是在时间有限的情况下的权宜之计，押题是有风险，根据老师在基础时的讲解认真复习打好基础才是正确之选，切不可从一开始就存侥幸心理。
今年继续会将部分信息出在内部资料上，也会将部分信息传递给授课老师在课堂上讲解，内部资料不再将这部分内容作为训练的重点，请学员上课时认真听讲。
一、单项选择题：l-65题，每小题2分，共130分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．强调心理学不应该以意识为主要研究对象的学派是A．构造主义 B．机能主义 C．人本主义 D．行为主义博仁内部资料《心理学考研模拟试题B卷》普通心理学试题一、选择题1、强调“整体”的心理学观点以及关心一个人是如何知觉环境的是:A.格式塔心理学B. 精神分析学派C.机能主义D. 行为主义《心理学考研辅导系列资料八》普心一、单项选题43，主张抛开意识，探索刺激与反应之间联系的心理学派是（）A 行为主义B 人本主义C 认知主义D 社会心理学2．现代心理学诞生和发展的两个重要历史渊源是哲学和A．生理学 B．社会学 C．人类学 D．物理学3．通过裂脑人研究来揭示大脑两半球功能单侧化的科学家是A．布洛卡(P．Broca) B．拉什利(K．s．Lashley) C．斯佩里(R．S peny) D．威尔尼克(C．Wernicke)《心理学考研辅导系列资料八》普心一、单项选题24，用“割裂脑”实验证明了，对右利手的人来说左半球言语功能占优势，右半球空间知觉和形象思维占优势的神经生理学家是（）A 布洛卡B 罗杰.斯佩里C 巴甫洛夫D 艾宾浩斯4．颜色视觉的三个基本属性是A．色调、波长、照度 B．色调、明度、照度C．波长、明度、饱和度 D．色调、明度、饱和度5．视觉感受野位于A．外侧膝状体 B．额叶 C．视网膜 D．视觉皮层博仁内部资料《心理学考研模拟试题A卷》普通心理学试题一、选择题6、马赫带可以用（）来解释。
(完整word)2008年考研英语真题及解析
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s） for each numbered blank and mark ［A］, [B], [C] or [D］ on ANSWER SHEET 1。
(10 points）The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name。
But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird， a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。
5 he， however， might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others， but explains the process that has brought this about。
2008年教育硕士考试教育学部分真题及答案解析
2008年教育硕士考试教育学部分真题及答案解析一、填空古代希腊的教育：雅典和斯巴达教科书的编写要同时兼顾学科知识的逻辑顺序和受教育者学习的心理顺序。
二、名词解释：1.教育的目的：广义的教育目的是指人们催受教育者的期望，即人们希望受教育者通过教育在身心诸方面发生什么样的变化，或者产生怎样的结果。
狭义的教育目的是国家对教育什么样人才的总的要求，教育目的对所有的学校都具有知道意义。
2.人力资本：“人力资本”是人力资本理论的核心概念。
它指的是人所拥有的诸如知识、技能及其他类似的可以影响从事生产性工作的能力，它是人的资本形态，因为它是未来薪水和报酬的源泉；它是人的资本形态，因为它体现在人身上，属于人的一部分。
3.课程计划：课程计划是课程设置的整体规划。
它规定不同课程类型相互结构的方式，也规定了不同课程在管理及学习方式上的要求，及其所占比例，同时，对学校的教学、生产劳动、课外活动等做出全面安排，具体规定了学校应设置的学科、学科开设的顺序及课时分配，并对学期、学年、假期进行划分。
4.相对性评价（常模参照性评价）：——绝对性评价（目标参照性评价：绝对性评价又称为目标参照性评价，是运用目标参照性测验对学生的学习成绩进行的评价，它主要依据教学目标和教材编制试题来测量学生的学业成绩，判断学生是否达到了教学目标的要求，而不以评定学生之间的差异为目的。
5.德育方法：德育方法是为达到德育的目的，在德育过程中采用的教育者和受教育者互动作用的活动形式的综合，它包括教育者的施教传道方式和受教育者的受教修养方式。
三、判断题1.义务教育是强制的吗？我们 认为这个题目是正确的。
辨析主要从两个方向答：（1）义务教育是当代各个国家以立法形式推行和保护的，阻碍义务教育将会受到相应的惩罚；（2）义务教育是实现现代国民教育和公民培养的基本形式，作为一项公共事业给当代各个国家的政府和教育部门高度重视。
2.帮助少年起飞说的是高中生的任务吗？初中教育在促进少年身心发展方面的任务可形象地比喻为“帮助少年起飞”。
2008年考研英语真题与答案解析
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re de aling with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. A lvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered h er household expenses[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, madehandsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is theso-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population to day, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by th e genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says W iencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free sla ves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use ou tlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could havewritten it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
2008年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题
四、不定项选择题（每题至少有一个选项是正确的，请选出，每题1分，共15分）。
（1）下列著名语言学家中，＿＿＿是历史比较语言学的代表人物之一。
A．乔姆斯基B．萨丕尔C．索绪尔D．拉斯克
（2）狭义的应用语言学指的是＿＿＿。
A、语言教学B、语言学教学
C、语言信息处理D、心理语言学
第2页，共4页
A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的
B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的
C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言
D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言
（11）下列选项中有关国际音标的论述正确的是＿＿＿。
A．国际音标是国际语音协会1888年8月制定的一套记音符号
B.音素和音标一一对应，记音精确
2008年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题
科目代码及名称:语言学概论（813）（A）卷适用专业：汉语言文字学、语言学及应用语言学
（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）
一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）
（1）语言学
（2）语法范畴
（3）音位
（4）语流音变
（5）历史比较法
（6）语言融合
二、判断题，下列句子表述正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”。（每题1分，共12分）
（1）语言是思维的重要工具，没有语言人类就无法思维。
（2）文字是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的工具，始终从属于语言。
（3）语言是人类最重要的交际工具，哑巴不能发声，不会交际。
（4）“石头”的“头”和“船头”的“头”都是成词语素。
（5） 从本质上看，语言也是一种符号，也有形式和声音两个方面。
（6）以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言是屈折语。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合(代码311)真题及详解
A．敃育具有社会性 B．敃育是社会复制癿工具 C．敃育要促迚人癿个性化 D．儿童对成人斲加癿影响丌是敃育
7．丿务敃育癿基本内涵是：国家不社会有丿务确保全体适龄儿童接受法定年限癿学校 敃育、家长有丿务送适龄子女接受法定年限癿学校敃育和（ ）。
A．学校有丿务为适龄儿童提供公平癿敃育 B．适龄儿童有丿务接受法定年限癿学校敃育 C．公共机构有对适龄儿童廹放幵迚行敃育癿丿务 D．企亊业单位和个人丌得雇用学龄儿童
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
丿反映了人们在敃育学廸构中癿科学取向。因此，答案选 A。
2．某班敃师为了激发和保持学生癿学习劢机，廹展了一系列学习竞赛活劢。结果如敃 师所料，学生癿学习热情高涨，成绩明显提高。但没有想到癿是，学生乀间相于猜忌、隐瞒 学习资料等现象日趋严重。上述亊实表明，敃育（ ）。
A．既有正向显性功能，又有正向隐性功能 B．既有负向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能 C．既有正向隐性功能，又有负向隐性功能 D．既有正向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能
【考点】敃育癿功能 【答案】D 【解析】仍作用癿斱向上来看，敃育功能可分为正向功能和负向功能。正向敃育功能是 挃有劣二社会迚步和个体发展癿积极影响和作用；负向敃育功能是挃阻碍社会迚步和个体发 展癿消极影响和作用。仍作用癿呈现形廽看，敃育功能可分为显性功能和隐性功能。显性敃 育功能是挃依照敃育目癿，敃育在实际运行中所出现癿不乀相符合癿结果；隐性敃育功能是
在职攻读硕士联考教育学真题2008年
在职攻读硕士联考教育学真题2008年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.教育学的研究任务是A．研究教育现象 B．解决教育问题 C．探索教育规律 D．总结教育经验（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：2.人类历史上最早专门论述教育问题的著作是我国的A．《学记》 B．《大学》 C．《论语》 D．《中庸》（分数：1.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：3.决定教育事业发展的规模和速度的是A．政治经济制度 B．科学技术 C．文化 D．生产力（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：4.我国古代的“六艺”可看作是最早的A．活动课程 B．学科课程 C．综合课程 D．核心课程（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：5.以直接感知为主的教学方法主要包括演示法和A．练习法 B．实验法 C．参观法 D．讨论法（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：6.2001年颁布的( )，标志着我国第八次课程改革的开始。
A．《中华人民共和国义务教育法》 B．《全日制普通高级中学课程计划(试验)》C．《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》 D．《中小学教材编写审定管理暂行办法》（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：7.提出教学是一种情意活动观点的是A．行为主义 B．科学主义 C．主知主义 D．人本主义（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：8.1966年，联合国教科文组织在( )。
中，提出教师工作应被视为一种专门职业。
A．《关于教师职业的性质》 B．《关于教师地位的建议》C．《有关教师地位的决议》 D．《关于教师工作的性质》（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：9.“促进儿童道德生长”的观点，属于A．道德原则 B．道德价值 C．道德目的 D．道德过程（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：10.强调以儿童为中心的师生关系模式的出现，是在A．19世纪中期 B．19世纪末 C．20世纪初期 D．20世纪中期（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：二、填空题(总题数：5，分数：5.00)11.从形式上看，教育经过了从非形式化教育到形式化教育再到 1的过程。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析-推荐下载
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one大1家of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to大2家大3家say it anyway. He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any大4家institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5家大6家he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process大8家that has brought this about. The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.大9家大10家This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above the大11家value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the 大12家West, as the of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 大13家. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic大14家diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have previously been thought大15家unrelated. The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 大16家大17家education. The latter was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation. Dr.大18家Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately . His大19家argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique大20家evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding waysto diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, andresearchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slavestheir freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42)是大家网原创出品Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44)是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines sothat you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, payparticular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printermay look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, whichexplains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, youwill very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, suchas every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.B12.D13.A14.C15.D16.D17.C18.A19.B20.A Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21.A22.D23.C24.B25.D26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.A32.C33.B34.D35.C36.D37.B38.C39.A40.BPart B (10 points)41.D42.G43.A44.C45.EPart C (10 points)46.他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
08年同等学力申请硕士学位心理学考试真题
08年同等学力申请硕士学位心理学考试真题第一篇：08年同等学力申请硕士学位心理学考试真题2008年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试心理学试卷及参考答案一、单项选择题（第小题1分，共20分）1．视觉区位于大脑皮层的（）。
A．额叶 B．顶叶 C．枕叶 D．颞叶2．人脑对直接作用于感官的客观事物个别属性认识称为（）。
A．感觉 B．知觉 C．记忆 D．注意3．双耳分听范式（追随耳与非追随耳程序）通常用于研究（）。
A．空间方位定向 B．注意的选择性C．绝对感受性 D．差别感受性4．“悲伤由哭泣引起，愤怒由打斗而致”的看法来自（）。
A．康南的丘脑学说 B．詹姆士一兰格理论C．阿诺德的评定一兴奋学说 D．伊扎德的动机一分化理论5．斯金纳认为，教育就是塑造行为，而塑造行为的关键是（）。
A．试误 B．顿悟 C．强化 D．模仿6．下列说法中含有学习迁移思想的是（）。
A．“闻一知十” B．“勤能补拙” C．“重复是学习之母”D．“兴趣是最好的老师”7．为课文列结构提纲的学习策略属于（）。
A．认知策略 B．元认知策略 C．计划监控策略 D．资源管理策略8．概念教学中的变式是指变更（）。
A．教学方法 B．表达方式 C．概念的本质属性 D．概念正例的无关特征9．某个平时遵纪守法的人却敢于混在**的人群中打砸抢烧，对这种行为原因较好解释是（）。
A．习惯化 B．却习惯化 C．个性化 D．去个性化10．各种自我表现策略主要用于（）。
A．印象形成 B．印象管理 C．社会促进 D．社会惰性11．艾斯沃斯的“陌生情境”用于研究儿童的（）。
A．依恋 B．道德认知 C．自我 D．观点采择12．采用两难问题研究道德认知发展的研究者是（）。
A．维果斯基 B．皮亚杰 C．艾里克森 D．柯尔伯格13．下列分数中属于常模参照分数的是（）。
A．掌握分数 B．正确百分数 C．等级评定量表 D．标准九14．对一个测验中题目间一致性的估计属于（）。
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案7
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案7参考译文：达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。
应用文范文Dear Bob,I am writing to express my apology to you.Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.Sincerely yours,Li Ming大作文范文As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a commonphenomenon in today’s society: the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others’ assistance. Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To begin with, the government should make laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.。
2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解
2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解D5、答案：C解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。
Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C6、答案：A解析：本题测试词义搭配。
空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….”“At thought of ”意为“一看到…”；at sight of意为年“一看见”；at cost of 意为“以…的代价”；at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A7、答案：B解析：本题测试动词辨析。
advice意为“建议”；suggest意为“建议，提出’”；protest“主张，断言”；object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B8、答案：D解析：本题测试词组搭配，in progress 意为“进行中”；in fact 意为“事实上”；in need意为“在危难中”；in question 意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“group群体”,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D9. 答案：B解析：本题考查动词辨析。
从该句中的12-15 points 可知，前面的动词是与分数相关的。
score的意思是得分，打分，而其他三项没有这层意思。
故答案为B。
10. 答案：C解析：本题考查形容词辨析。
文中提到这组人IQ测试得分比100分高12-15分，按照常识，100分是平均分，mean的意思是平均的。
所以答案为C。
11. 答案：B解析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和副词辨析。
disproportionately的意思是不成比例地，不相称地，比例太大(或太小的)。
这句话要传达的意思是这组人做贡献的比例非常大，故答案选B。
12. 答案：D解析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和名词辨析。
as引导的状语从句用一些精英(包括科学家)的职业证明前面提到的这组人所做的贡献非常大，career的意思是职业，事业，符合此意，故选D。