US2503692 - Preparation of titanium dioxide pigments
Titanium Dioxide MSDS
Part I: Chemical nameChinese Chemical name: Titanium DioxideEnglish name of chemicals: titanium (IV) oxideChinese name 2: titanium dioxideEnglish name 2: titanium dioxideTechnical Manual Code: 1349CAS No.: 13463-67-7Molecular Formula: TiO2Molecular weight: 79.9Part II: COMPOSITION / INFORMATIONHarmful substances ingredients CAS No.≥ 98% 13463-67-7 titanium dioxidePart III: Overview of RiskHazard Class:Pathways:Health Hazards: the workers inhaled titanium dioxide dust, with out any change in the lungs, nor in contact dermatitis, allergic reactions.Environmental hazards:Explosion hazard: This product is flammable.Part IV: First Aid MeasuresSkin contact: Remove contaminated clothing, mobile water rins e.Eye contact: Did eyelid, mobile or saline irrigation water. Medi cal treatment.Inhalation: from the scene to fresh air.Ingestion: drink enough water, induce vomiting. Medical treatm ent.Part V: Fire Fighting MeasuresHazardous characteristics: no special characteristics of combus tion and explosion.Hazardous combustion products: Natural decomposition product s known.Inhalation: the container from the scene empty Department. Part VI: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESEmergency treatment: isolation leakage polluted area, restrictin g access. Recommended emergency personnel wearing a dust mask (full cover), wearing overalls general operations. Avoid dust, carefully scan, bag placed transfer to a safe place. If large spills, use plastic sheeting, canvas cover. Shipped to recycl ing or waste disposal sites.Part VII: Handling and StorageHandling Precautions: closed operation, local exhaust. The ope rator must go through specialized training, strict compliance wit h operating procedures. Proposed operators wear self-absorpti on filter respirators, wear chemical safety glasses, wear protec tive gloves general operations. To avoid dust. Avoid contact wi th acid. Handle with care disposal to prevent damaged packag ing. Equipped with emergency equipment leakage. Empty cont ainers may remain hazardous materials.Storage: Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Away from fire and heat. Acid should be stored separately and avoid mixing reservoir. Storage areas should be equipped with a suitable h ost material spill.Part VIII: Exposure Controls / Personal Protection Occupational exposure limitsChinese MAC (mg/m3): 10Former Soviet Union, MAC (mg/m3): 10TLVTN: ACGIH 10mg/m3TLVWN: Not EstablishedMonitoring Method:Engineering controls: closed operation, local exhaust. Respiratory protection: higher concentration of dust in the air, i t is recommended to wear self-absorption filter respirators. Eye protection: Wear protective chemical safety glasses. Physical protection: wear protective clothing general operations.Hand protection: wear protective gloves general operations. Other protection: wash clothes in a timely manner. Pay attenti on to personal hygiene.Part IX: Physical and Chemical PropertiesMain components: Content: ≥ 98%.Appearance: white powder.pH:Melting point (℃): 1560Boiling Point (℃): Not availableRelative density (water = 1): 3.9Relative vapor density (air = 1): Not availableSaturated vapor pressure (kPa): Not availableHeat of combustion (kJ / mol): meaninglessCritical temperature (℃): meaninglessCritical pressure (MPa): meaninglessOctanol / water partition coefficient values: No information Flash point (℃): meaninglessIgnition temperature (℃): meaninglessUpper explosive limit% (V / V): meaninglessExplosive limit% (V / V): meaninglessSolubility: insoluble in water, soluble in dilute alkali, acid, solub le in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric aci d.Main use: It is an important white pigment and porcelain glaze s.Other physical and chemical properties:Part X: Stability and reactivityStability:INCOMPATIBILITY: strong acid.Avoid contact with the conditions:Hazardous Polymerization:Decomposition products:Part XI: Toxicological InformationAcute toxicity: LD50: No dataLC50: Not availableSubacute and chronic toxicity:Irritation:Sensitization:Mutagenicity:Teratogenicity:Carcinogenicity:Part XII: Ecological InformationEcotoxicological toxicity:Biodegradable:Non-biodegradable:Bioconcentration or bioaccumulation of:Other harmful effects: no data.Part XIII: Waste disposalWaste characteristics:Waste disposal method: disposal of the national and local reg ulations. Safe disposal by landfill method.Waste Note:Part XIV: Transport InformationDangerous Goods Code: no informationUN Number: Not availablePackaging flag:Packing Group: Z01Packing method: no data.Transportation Note: Departure time to be a complete packing, loading should be safe. During transport to ensure that the c ontainer does not leak, did not fall, do not fall, no damage. M ixed mixed with acid and other non-transport. Transit should b e anti-exposure, rain, anti-high temperature.Part XV: Regulatory InformationRegulatory Information Chemical Safety Management of Dange rous Goods Ordinance (February 17, 1987 the State Council), the chemical Dangerous Goods Safety Management Regulation s implementing rules (of labor [1992] No. 677), the provisions of the workplace safe use of chemicals ([1996] Labour Ministr y 423) and other regulations for the safe use of hazardous ch emicals, production, storage, transport, handling, etc. are made by the corresponding provisions; titanium dioxide dust in the air of workplace health standards (GB 11522-89), the provision s of the Workplace air maximum allowable concentration of the substance and the detection method.Part XVI: Other InformationReferences:Completion time: 2011.4.28Guidance Department:Data Audit Unit: DEZHOU KERUI Chemicals Co., Ltd. Edit Description:Additional Information:MSDS Revision Date: 2011.04.28。
Titanium Dioxide MSDS2
Material Safety Data SheetTitanium DioxideSection 1: Chemical Product and Company IdentificationProduct Name: Titanium Dioxide CAS#: 13463-67-7TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory :Titanium DioxideCI#: Not available. Chemical Formula: TiO2Section 2: Composition and Information on IngredientsComposition:Name CAS # %by WeightTitanium Dioxide 13463-67-7100Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Titanium Dioxide LD50: Not available LC50 :Not availableSection 3: Hazards IdentificationPotential Acute Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.Potential Chronic Health Effects:Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS:A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal) by ACGIH ,3 (Not classifiable for human) MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cellSection 4: First Aid MeasuresEye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lensesSkin Contact: Wash with soap and water ,Cover the irritated skin with an emollientSerious Skin Contact: Not available.Inhalation: If inhaled , remove to fresh air .If not breathing, give artificial respiration.Serious Inhalation: Not available.Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.Serious Ingestion: Not available.Section 5: Fire and Explosion DataFlammability of the Product: Non–flammable.Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicableFlash Points: Not applicable.Flammable Limits: Not applicableProducts of Combustion: Not applicableExplosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances : Risks of the product in presence of mechanical impact :Not available .Risk of the in presence of static discharge ;Not availableExplosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available.Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available.Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not combustibleSpecial Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.Section 6: Accidental Release MeasuresSmall Spill:Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container.Large Spill:Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container.Section 7: Handling and StoragePrecautions: Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothingStorage: Keep container tightly closed .Keep container in a cool ,well-ventilated areaSection 8: Exposure Controls/Personal ProtectionEngineering Controls: Use process enclosures ,local exhaust ventilationPersonal Protection: Safety glasses Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent.GPersonal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves.Section 9: Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical state and appearance: Solid. Odor: Odorless.Taste: Tasteless. Molecular Weight: 79.9 g/moleColor: White. pH (1% soln/water): Not availableBoiling Point: 2750°C (4982°C ) Melting Point: 1855°C (3371°F)Critical Temperature: Not available. Specific Gravity: 4.26 (Water = 1)Vapor Pressure: Not applicable. Vapor Density: Not applicable.Volatility: Not available. Odor Threshold: Not available.Water/Oil Dist. Coeff .: Not available. Ionicity (in Water): Not available.Dispersion Properties: Not available.Solubility: Insoluble in cold water ,hydrochloric acid , nitric acid, dilute sulfuric acid ,organic solventsSection 10: Stability and Reactivity DataStability: The product is stable.Conditions of Instability: Not available.Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with acids.Special Remarks on Reactivity: Reaction of titanium dioxide and lithium occurs around 200°C with a flash of lightSection 11: Toxicological InformationRoutes of Entry: Inhalation .IngestionChronic Effects on Humans: Carcinogenic effects :A4(Not classifiable for human or animal) by ACGIH ,3 (Not classifiable for human)Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Possible carcinogen ( tumorgen ) base on animal data Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute Potential Health Effects.Section 12: Ecological InformationProducts of Biodegradation: Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely.Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are more toxic.Section 13: Disposal ConsiderationsWaste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal ,state and local environment control regulationsSection 14: Transport InformationDOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).Identification: Not applicable.Section 15: Other Regulatory InformationAdjusted according with the national standard.Section 16: Other InformationReferences: Not available.。
kronos_titanium_dioxide_all_types-dry_pigment_usa
Personal protective equipment General protective and hygienic The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed. measures Titanium dioxide pigments are not irritant but as with all fine powders can absorb moisture and natural oil from the surface of the skin during prolonged exposure. Prolonged exposure should be avoided by wearing suitable protective gloves and clothing. Breathing equipment: Use suitable respiratory protective device when high concentrations are present. For example use a NIOSH-approved respirator for particulates with N100, P100, or R100 filter. The respirator must be selected by a technically qualified individual. Use gloves ons to minimize prolonged skin contact and prevent drying and subsequent irritation of skin. Check protective gloves prior to each use for their proper condition. Preventive skin protection by use of skin-protecting agents is recommended. Safety glasses Protective work clothing. (Contd. on page 4)
新型口腔修复用钛锆铌锡合金的生物安全性评价
� � � � � � � � � te s ts ho e dt ha ta ll s a mp le s ha dno a c ut ege � ne ra l t o ic it . :T he s eda t aindic a te dtha tTi-12 . 5Zr -3 N b -2. 5S n a llo , � a s a de nt a l re s to r a t io n ma t e r ia l, ha dthego o d b io lo gic a l s a fe t p rop e r tie s . � :Ti-Zr -N b-S n a l lo ;bio ma t e r ia l ;bio lo gic a l s a fe t
口腔颌面修复 学杂志 2010 年 1 月第 11 卷第 1 期 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2010 . 11 . 1
� 论著 �
新型口腔修复用钛锆铌锡合金的生物安全性评价 *
� �A � � � : � � To � � ea l ua tet hebio lo gic a l s a fe t o f T i-Zr -N b -S n a ll o fo r de nt a l re s to r a t io n. :A c c o r ding to theG B /T 1688 6 � . 5-20 0 3 , G B /T 1688 6 . 10 -2 0 0 5, YY-T0 2 7 9-1995, YY-T0 127 . 2 -1993 , t hes a mp le s e r ep re p a re da nd t e s t e d it ht hec to t o ic it t e s t ,guine apG PM T ), ora l muc o usme mbr a neir r ita t io n te s ta nd a c utege ne ra l � � to ic it te s t.� : � T here � la t i � � ep r o l ife ra t io n r a t e s o f T i-Z r N b -S n a ll o a s 124 % a ndthele e l o f c to t o ic it a s gr a de � � � 0 .S kin s e ns iti a t io n e p e r ime nts � ho e da ll t hete s t e dp a rts o fc aie s , hic h e r ea dhe re dt o theT i-Z r -N b -S n a ll o , did no t haee � r t he ma a nd e de mar e a c t io ns a ft e r 2 4a nd 48 ho ur s , a nd ther e a c t io n inte gr a l a s 0 .A c c o r ding t o thegr a ding s ta n� da r ds o fs kin s � e ns it i a tio ne � � p e r ime nt , Ti-Zr -N b-S n a l lo did no thaea p p a re ntp ot e nt ia ls e ns it i a tio nto c a .Ther e s ulto f o ra l muc o us ir r ita t io n te s ts ho e dt ha � ta ll � s a mp le s ha d no muc o us me mbr a neir r ita t io n.T her e s ulto f a c utege ne ra l to ic it
超高强铝合金研究进展与发展趋势
引用格式：邢清源，臧金鑫，陈军洲，等. 超高强铝合金研究进展与发展趋势[J]. 航空材料学报，2024，44(2)：60-71.XING Qingyuan，ZANG Jinxin，CHEN Junzhou，et al. Research progress and development tendency of ultra-high strength aluminum alloys[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials，2024，44(2)：60-71.超高强铝合金研究进展与发展趋势邢清源1,2*, 臧金鑫1,2, 陈军洲1,2, 杨守杰1,2, 戴圣龙1,2*（1．中国航发北京航空材料研究院 铝合金研究所，北京 100095；2．北京市先进铝合金材料及应用工程技术研究中心，北京100095）摘要：超高强铝合金具有密度低、比强度高等特点，广泛应用于航空、航天、核工业等领域。
合金的极限强度已从第四代铝合金的600 MPa级，逐步发展到650～700 MPa级、750 MPa级，甚至800 MPa级及以上第五代铝合金。
本文首先对超高强铝合金的发展历程和国内外发展现状进行概述；随后，从成分设计与优化、熔铸与均匀化技术、热变形技术、热处理技术、计算机辅助模拟计算共五个方面对近些年的研究进展和所遇到的问题进行了总结和讨论；最后，结合未来装备的发展需求和国内的技术现状，指出“深入研究基础理论，解决综合性能匹配等问题以及在特定应用场景下专用材料的推广应用”是超高强铝合金的发展趋势和重要方向。
关键词：超高强铝合金；Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金；熔铸法；高合金化doi：10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2023.000171中图分类号：TG146.21 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-5053(2024)02-0060-12Research progress and development tendency of ultra-highstrength aluminum alloysXING Qingyuan1,2*, ZANG Jinxin1,2, CHEN Junzhou1,2, YANG Shoujie1,2, DAI Shenglong1,2*（1. Aluminum Alloy Institute，AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials，Beijing 100095，China；2. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Aluminum Alloys and Applications，Beijing 100095，China）Abstract: Ultra-high strength aluminum alloy has achieved extensive application in the nuclear，aerospace，and aviation industries because of its high specific strength and low density. The fifth generation of ultra-high strength aluminum alloy has been produced，and in comparison to the fourth generation’s 600 MPa level，its ultimate strength has been consistently redefined and increased from 650-700 MPa to 750 MPa or even 800 MPa. This paper reviews the history of the research on aluminum alloys with ultra-high strengths and introduces the current state of development both domestically and internationally. The key issues and recent research development are further explored，including computer simulation，thermal deformation，heat treatment，homogenization，melting，and casting，as well as composition design. Finally，combined with the development needs of future equipment and domestic technology status，it is pointed out that in-depth study of basic theory to solve the problem of comprehensive performance matching，the promotion and application of special materials in specific application scenarios are the development trend and important direction of ultra-high strength aluminum alloy.Key words: ultra-high aluminum alloy；Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy；ingot metallurgy；high alloying超高强铝合金属于7×××系（Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系）合金，是该系列合金中的一个重要分支，具有低密度、高比强度等特点，被广泛用于航空、航天、核工业、兵器等领域，按照航空铝合金代次的划分，超高强铝合金已发展至第五代合金。
titanium dioxide of MSDS
CAS NO. 13463-67-7Chemical Formula TiO2Synonym Titania, Rutile, Anatase, BrookiteToxicological Titanium dioxide LD50: Not available. LC50: Notavailable.Chemical Name Titanium DioxidePhysical state Solid. (Powdered solid)Odor OdorlessTaste TastelessMolecular Weight 79.9g/moleColor WhiteBoiling Point 2750°C (4982°F)Melting Point 1855°C (3371°F)Specific Gravity 4.26 (Water = 1)Solubility Insoluble in cold water, hydrochloric acid,nitric acid, diluted sulfuric acid, organicsolvents. Soluble in hot concentrated sulfuricacid, hydrofluoric acid, alkaliPotential Acute Health Effects:Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.Potential Chronic Health Effects:CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS:A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH, 3 (Not classifiable for human.) by IARC.MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells.TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.The substance may be toxic to lungs, upper respiratory tract. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.Eye Contact:Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for atleast 15 minutes. Get medical attention if irritation occurs.Skin Contact:Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical attention if irritation develops.Serious Skin Contact: Not available.Inhalation:If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.Serious Inhalation: Not available.Ingestion:Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.Serious Ingestion: Not available.Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.Flash Points: Not applicable.Flammable Limits: Not applicable.Products of Combustion: Not available.Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of metalsExplosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available.Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available.Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:Not combustible.A violent or incandescent reaction with metals (aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium) may occur at high temperatures.Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.Accidental Release MeasuresSmall Spill:Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.Large Spill:Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.Handling and StoragePrecautions:Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing. If you feel unwell, seek medical attention and show the label when possible. Keep away from incompatibles such as acids.Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool,well-ventilated area.Engineering Controls:Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants below the exposure limit.Personal Protection:Safety glasses. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.Exposure Limits:TWA: 15 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] Inhalation Total. TWA: 10 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] Inhalation Total. TWA: 4 [United Kingdom (UK)] Inhalation Respirable.TWA: 10 [United Kingdom (UK)] Inhalation Total.Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.Stability: The product is stable.Instability Temperature: Not available.Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materialsIncompatibility with various substances:Reactive with acids.Slightly reactive to reactive with metals.Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.Special Remarks on Reactivity:Reaction of titanium dioxide and lithium occurs around 200 C with a flash of light; the temperature can reach 900 degrees C. A violent or incandescent reaction with metals (aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium) may occur at high temperatures. Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.Polymerization: Will not occur.Ecological InformationEcotoxicity: Not available.BOD5 and COD: Not available.Products of Biodegradation:Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation:The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic. Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States). Identification: Not applicable.Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.Waste Disposal:Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.。
纳米二氧化钛改性丙烯酸树脂涂饰剂的研究终稿
纳米二氧化钛改性丙烯酸树脂皮革涂饰剂的研究摘要纳米二氧化钛，亦称纳米钛白粉。
从尺寸大小来说，通常产生物理化学性质显著变化的细小微粒的尺寸在100纳米以下，其外观为白色疏松粉末。
具有抗紫外线、抗菌、自洁净、抗老化功效，可用于化妆品、功能纤维、塑料、油墨、涂料、油漆、精细陶瓷等领域。
本课题用超声波和分散剂协同分散金红石晶型纳米二氧化钛粉体，进行了分散剂的浓度为5％的选择，通过悬浮液的稳定性的比较最终确定较佳的分散工艺：在纳米TiO2条件下，分散剂六偏磷酸钠浓度0．3％、超声分散功率为540W，超声分散时间为30min。
向四口烧瓶中加入水、十二烷基硫酸钠、OP-10、丙烯酸。
搅拌15min(可先预先加热油浴到42℃)加入主单体（甲基丙烯酸甲酯，丙烯酸丁酯）总量的20%，乳化45min。
升温到75℃，开始滴加引发剂，1小时加完。
加剩余主单体同时在另一滴管中加N-羟基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸，1小时同时加完，然后加引发剂，30min加完，加冷凝水。
74-76℃保温2h。
降温到50℃，加氨水调pH值(7~8)，制得丙烯酸树脂乳液，与纳米二氧化钛共混，制得改性后的乳液，应用于皮革，发现皮革耐黄变性增强，吸水率变化不大，物理机械性能及耐干湿擦强度均得到提高。
，分散，丙烯酸树脂，皮革涂饰剂关键词：纳米TiO2Nano-titanium Dioxide Modified Acrylic Resin Leather FinishingStudiesABSTRACTTitanium dioxide, also known as nano-titanium dioxide. From the size, it typically produces a significant change in physical and chemical properties of the fine particle size of 100 nanometers or less, the appearance of loose powder is white. With anti-ultraviolet, antibacterial, self-cleaning, anti-aging effects, can be used in cosmetics, functional fibers, plastics, inks, coatings, paints, fine ceramics and other fields.The subject ultrasonic and dispersant coordinated distributed rutile titanium dioxide powders were dispersant selected through comparison of the stability of the suspension to finalize a better dispersion process: In the nano-TiO2 concentration of 5% of the conditions , a dispersing agent concentration of 0.3% sodium hexametaphosphate, ultrasonic dispersing power of 540W, ultrasonic dispersion time was 30min.Into a four-necked flask was added water, sodium lauryl sulfate, OP-10, acrylic acid. Stirring 15min (may be pre-heated oil bath to 42 ℃) added to the main monomer (methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate) 20% of total, emulsifying 45min. Heated to 75 ℃, began dropping initiator 1 hour addition was complete. Plus another while remaining dropper main monomer added N-hydroxy acrylamide, acrylic acid, 1 hour, while the addition was complete, then adding the initiator, 30min addition was complete, add condensate. 74-76 ℃ insulation 2h. Cooled to 50 ℃, adding ammonia to adjust pH (7-8) to give acrylic resin emulsion, blended with titanium dioxide, to obtain the modified emulsion used in leather, leather found enhanced resistance to yellowing, water absorption change small, physical and mechanical properties and resistance to wet and dry rubbing strength are improved.KEY WORDS: nano- TiO2，dispersion，acrylic resin，leather finishing2目录摘要 (1)ABSTRACT (2)1.1纳米材料和纳米科学技术 (5)1.2纳米二氧化钛的特性及应用 (6)1.2．1杀菌功能 (6)1.2.2防紫外线功能 (6)1.2.3光催化功能 (7)1．2．4纳米Ti02的颜色效应 (7)1.3纳米材料的分散 (8)1.3.1纳米材料团聚的原因 (8)1.3.2常用的分散方法 (8)1．4纳米复合材料 (9)1.4.1纳米复合材料的制备 (9)1.4.2纳米二氧化钛丙烯酸树脂复合涂饰剂 (10)1.5本课题的提出及研究的主要内容 (10)2.氧化钛水分散的研究 (12)2.1试验药品和仪器 (12)2.1.1试验药品 (12)2.1.2实验仪器 (12)2.2试验 (12)2.3结果与讨论 (13)2.4小结 (13)3．1试验药品及仪器 (14)3.1.1试验药品 (14)3．1．2试验仪器 (14)3.2实验过程 (14)3.2.1软丙烯酸树脂的合成 (14)3.3检测软丙烯酸酯 (15)3.3.1吸水率的测定 (15)3.3.2固含量的检测 (15)4 纳米Ti02改性丙烯酸树脂涂饰剂及应用研究 (16)4．1试验药品和仪器 (16)4.1.1试验药品 (16)4．1．2试验仪器 (17)4.2.1软性丙烯酸树脂的制备 (17)4．3检测 (17)4．3．1改性乳液检测 (17)4．3．2改性乳液薄膜性能检测 (17)4．3．3在皮革上的应用试验检测 (18)4．4结果与讨论 (19)4.4.1复合乳液相关结果与讨论 (19)4.4.2在皮革上的应用试验 (21)4．5小结 (23)5结论 (24)致谢 (25)参考文献 (26)41. 文献综述1.1纳米材料和纳米科学技术纳米（符号为nm）是长度单位，原称毫微米，就是10-9米（10亿分之一米），即10-6毫米（100万分之一毫米）。
ICP-AES Ti标准稿
钛量的测定电感耦合等离子发射光谱法Determination of TitaniumInductively coupled plasma emission spectrographic method1范围本标准规定了稀土金属中钛量的测定方法本标准适用于稀土金属中钛量的测定。
测定范围：0.005~0.5%。
2原理试样经硝酸溶解，氢氟酸分离稀土同时络合钛，直接以等离子体光谱仪进行测定。
3试剂3.1焦硫酸钾3.2硝酸（ｐ）3.3氢氟酸（ｐ）3.4硼酸溶液，50g/L。
3.5硫酸溶液，5%。
3.6盐酸，ρ１.１９3.7钛标准溶液（500µg Ti/mL）：称取0.1669g氧化钛（TiO2, >99.99%,105℃烘1h）于铂坩埚中，加入4g焦硫酸钾（3.1），于650~700℃熔融10min（中间摇一次），取下冷却，用硫酸溶液（3.5）提取，转移至200mL容量瓶中，用硫酸溶液（3.5）稀释至刻度，混匀。
3.8钛标准溶液（20µgTi/mL）：移取10mL钛标准溶液（3.7）于250mL容量瓶中，加入25mL 盐酸（3.6），用水稀释至刻度，混匀。
3.9氩气，>99.99%4仪器ICP-AES 美国(TJA)公司。
5试料将试样去掉氧化皮，制成屑状，立即称量。
6分析步骤6．1分析试液的制备6.1.1称取1.000g试料（5）于200mL聚四氟乙烯烧杯中，缓慢加入5mL硝酸（3.2），待溶解后，加入50mL水，加热至沸。
滴加2mL氢氟酸（3.3），边加热边搅动至沸。
保温10min，放置冷却。
转移至100mL容量瓶中，用水稀释至刻度，混匀。
待沉淀下沉后，用两张慢速滤纸干过滤。
6.1.2按表1分取试液（6.1.1）于5０mL容量瓶中，加入5mL硼酸溶液（3.4），用水稀释至刻度，混匀。
表1钛含量，% 0.005～0.1 0.1～0.5分取体积，mL 10 26.2标样溶液的配制：移取0.00，1.00，5.00ml钛标准溶液（3.8）于50mL容量瓶中，加入1mL盐酸（3.6），5mL硼酸溶液（3.4），用水稀释至刻度，混匀。
钛合金检验标准
钛合金检验标准钛合金是一种重要的金属材料，广泛应用于航空、航天、医疗、化工等领域。
以下是一些与钛合金检验相关的常见标准，这些标准通常由国际或国家标准化组织制定：1. ASTM标准：- ASTM B265 - 20a《无缝和焊接的钛和钛合金薄板、薄片和箔》（Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate）- ASTM B348 - 20《锻制和热处理的钛和钛合金条、棒、线》（Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets）- ASTM E165 - 12(2017)《固溶热处理的金属光谱分析》（Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry）2. ISO标准：- ISO 5832-2:2016《外科植入物. 钛及钛合金》（Implants for surgery -- Metallic materials -- Part 2: Unalloyed titanium）- ISO 6892-1:2019《金属材料的拉伸试验. 第1部分：试验方法》（Metallic materials -- Tensile testing -- Part 1: Method of test at room temperature）3. ASME标准：- ASME SB-265《无缝和焊接的钛和钛合金薄板、薄片和箔》（Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes With Integral Fins）4. 中国标准（GB）：- GB/T 3620.1-2007《钛和钛合金化学分析方法第1部分：钛量测定》（Chemical analysis methods of titanium and titanium alloys - Part 1: Determination of titanium content）- GB/T 3620.2-2007《钛和钛合金化学分析方法第2部分：钛铁、铝、钒、铬、锰、硅、锆含量的测定》（Chemical analysis methods of titanium and titanium alloys - Part 2: Determination of iron, aluminium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, silicon and zirconium content）这些标准覆盖了钛合金的不同方面，包括化学成分、机械性能、热处理、金相组织、检验方法等。
二氧化钛表面超强酸化光氧复合降解罗丹明B
第40卷第2期2021年3月Vol.40No.2Mar.2021大连工业大学学报JournalofDalianPolytechnicUniversityDOI：10.19670/ki.dlgydxxb.2021.0210二氧化钛表面超强酸化光氧复合降解罗丹明B温宇，杨大伟(大连工业大学轻工与化学工程学院，辽宁大连116034)摘要：采用共结晶方法制备了锌锆共掺杂的介孔二氧化钛，前驱体用硫酸处理使其具有超强酸性。
将制备的介孔二氧化钛用于降解废水模拟物罗丹明B,测试其光催化与氧催化降解能力。
通过紫外-可见分光光度计、X射线衍射、电镜扫描等对催化剂进行表征，实验结果表明，在强酸修饰二氧化钛前驱体的影响下，掺杂锌锆的介孔二氧化钛具有光催化与氧催化活性。
锌锆共掺杂介孔二氧化钛的光催化与氧催化效率分别达到了72%与25%o硫酸处理后在TiO2与掺杂原子表明形成酸性中心，在无光条件下氧化降解废水效率为30%,提高了降解效率。
关键词：二氧化钛；光催化；酸催化；罗丹明B中图分类号：X703.5文献标志码：A文章编号：1674-1404(2021)02-0136-04Composite degradation of rhodamine B using TiO2withphotocatalytic oxygen and super acidWEN Yu,YANG Dawei(SchoolofLightndustryandChemicalEngineering,DalianPolytechnicUniversity,Dalian116034,China) Abstract:The mesoporous titania doped with zinc oxide,zirconium dioxide,zinc and zirconium were prepared by the co-crystallization method and the precursor of mesoporous titania was pretreated with sulfuric acid to endowed it super acidic.The mesoporous titania was used for degradation of rhodamine B in simulated wastewater and its photocatalytic activity and oxygen catalytic ability was analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometer,X ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy.The results showed that the T1O2doped metal oxides and super acid exhibited excellent photocatalytic and oxygen catalytic ability.The degradation rate of rhodamine B photocatalyzed and oxygen catalyzed by the prepared catalysts were72%and25%,respectively.After treatment with sulfuric acid,the acidic centers were formed between the doped atoms and the surface of titanium dioxide,which improved the oxygen degrading efficiency of wastewater to30%.Keywords：TiO2;photocatalytic;acidic catalysis;rhodamine B0引言工业生产中生成的有机废水对环境造成严重污染,国家对废水排放标准执行越来越严格,如何降低或消除有机废水中大分子有机物成为研究的重点。
硫酸法钛白粉生产过程中废酸和废水的治理
当代化工研究Modem Chemical Research 2021•门本刊特稿硫酸法钛白粉生产过程中废酸和废水的治理*陈海平胡越桂晨冉丁文娟（安徽金星钛白（集团）有限公司安徽243000）摘耍：硫酸法生产钛白粉，无论采用钛精矿作为原料，还是采用高钛渣为原料均要产生大量餉稀硫酸，一吨钛白粉要生产5.0-6.5吨18%-23%左右浓度的稀废酸.近年来随着人们的环保意识增强，国内外对环境污■染控制越来越严，大多数硫酸法生产厂家对废酸的治理难以达到环保要求而面临停产、减产和转产时困境，因此，如何将这些废酸进行综合利用和治理，以降低生产成本和达到达标排放，直接关系到硫酸钛白生产企业的生存和发展，以及我国钛白粉工业在世界钛白市场上的地位.关键词：硫酸法；钛白粉；废酸和废水中国方类号：TQ111.1文献标识码：ATreatment of Waste Acid and Waste Water in Production of Titanium Dioxide by SulfuricAcid ProcessChen Haiping,Hu Yue,Gui Chenran,Ding Wenjuan(Anhui Jinxing Titanium White(Group)Co.,Ltd.,Anhui,243000)Abstract:Sulfuric acid production of t itanium dioxide,whether using titanium concentrate as raw material,or using high titanium slag as raw material to produce a large number of d ilute sulfuric acid,a ton of t itanium dioxide to produce5.0-6.5tons of d ilute waste acid concentration of a bout18%-23%.In recent years,as people's awareness of e nvironmental protection has increased,environmental pollution control at home and abroad has become more and more stringent.Most sulphuric acid p rocess manufacturers are unable to meet environmental p rotection requirements f or the treatment of w aste acid and are f acing the dilemma of p roduction suspension,production reduction and conversion.Therefore,how to manage the comprehensive utilization of t he waste acid and g overnance,to reduce p roduction costs and achieve national standards,is directly related to enterprise survival and development of t itanium white p roduction ofsulfuric acid and titanium dioxide industry in China's p osition in the market of t itanium white in the world.Key words：sulfuric acid methods titanium dioxide\waste acid and y^aste water当前我国的金红型钛白粉并不具备明显的竞争优势，这一方面是由于我国的钛白粉生产技术并未达到国外的先进水准，产品质量相比于国外产品具有一定的差距。
镍钛合金医疗器械产品疲劳测试断裂原因分析
第40卷第4期2019年8月热处理技术与装备RECHULI JISHU YU ZHUANGBEIVol.40,No.4Aug,2019•失效分析•鎳钛合金医疗器械产品疲劳测试断裂原因分析刘艳文，施小立，罗丹，胡君源，李晓玲(先健科技(深圳)有限公司，广东深圳518057)摘要：铢钛合金医疗器械在疲劳测试结束后，发现波峰区域断裂，通过宏、微观对产品断裂原因进行分析。
结果表明，产品断裂是由于丝材在编织前预热处理效果欠佳，导致编织波峰区域丝材产生塑性变形(出现微裂纹)，致使材料强度降低，在周期性循环外力作用下，优先在微裂纹区域产生疲劳裂纹源，导致疲劳断裂。
关键词：操钛合金；塑性变形；疲劳;微裂纹中图分类号：TG146.1,TG115.21文献标志码：A文章编号：1673-4971(2019)04-0045-04Analysis on Fracture Cause of Nickel-Titanium Alloy MedicalDevices Products in Fatigue TtestingLIU Yan-wen,SHI Xiao-li,LUO Dan,HU Jun-yuan,LI Xiao-ling(Lifetech Scientific(Shen zhen)Co.,Ltd.,Shenzhen Guangdong518057,China) Abstract:The fracture of nickel-titanium alloy medical device was found in the wave peak area after the fatigue test.The fracture reasons of the products were analyzed by macro and micro analysis.The results show that the fracture of the product is due to the poor preheating treatment of the wire before braiding, leading to the plastic deformation(microcrack)of the wire in the braiding peak area,in which reduces the strength of the material.Under the action of cyclic external forces,the fatigue crack source occurs first in the microcracks area,leading to the fatigue fracture.Key words:nickel-titanium alloy；plastic deformation；fatigue；microcrackNiTi合金具有良好的形状记忆效应和超弹性，较好的生物相容性等特性，在医学领域广泛应用于以及较长的疲劳寿命、优异的抗腐蚀性、抗打结性、医疗器械。
Titanium Dioxide
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETTITANIUM DIOXIDE, SOLIDEMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS (FOR EMERGENCIES INVOLVING CHEMICAL SPILLS OR RELEASE)Toronto, ON (416) 226-6117 Montreal, QC (514) 861-1211 Winnipeg, MB (204) 943-8827Edmonton, AB (780) 424-1754 Calgary, AB (403) 263-8660 Vancouver, BC (604) 685-50361. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATIONBrenntag Canada Inc.43 Jutland Rd.Toronto, ON M8Z 2G6(416) 259-8231Website: http:\\www.brenntag.caWHMIS#:00060859Index:2010 August 10PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION Titanium Dioxide, Solid.Product Name: 2010 August 10Date of Revision:Effective Date:GCD3174/10C Titanium Dioxide.Chemical Name:Titanic Acid Anhydride; C.I. Pigment White 6; C.I. 77891; Titania; Titanium (IV) Oxide; Titanium Peroxide; Titanium White.Trade names include:BSI Titanium Dioxide 323;BSI Titanium Dioxide 325;BSI Titanium Dioxide 3328;BSI Titanium Dioxide 3330;BSI Titanium Dioxide 3333;Kemox RC 808; and Kemox RC 822..Synonyms:Inorganic Oxide.Chemical Family:TiO2.Molecular Formula:Pigmentation.. Chemical intermediate.Product Use:WHMIS Classification / Symbol:READ THE ENTIRE MSDS FOR THE COMPLETE HAZARD EVALUATION OF THIS PRODUCT.D-2A: Very Toxic (carcinogen)IngredientCAS#ACGIH TLV% Concentration2. COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS (Not Intended As Specifications)Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)13463-67-710 mg/m³60 - 100*A4Some grades may contain: Aluminum Hydroxide 21645-51-2--- 0 - 9Silica gel112926-00-8---0 - 11A4 = Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. (ACGIH-A4).4. FIRST AID MEASURESFIRST AID PROCEDURES If respiratory problems arise, move the victim to fresh air. Give artificial respiration ONLY if breathing has stopped. Give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if there is no breathing AND no pulse. Obtain medical advice IMMEDIATELY.Inhalation:Start flushing while removing contaminated clothing. Wash affected areas thoroughly with soap and water. If irritation, redness, or a burning sensation develops and persists, repeat flushing and obtain medical attention.Skin Contact:Immediately flush eyes with running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. Hold eyelids open during flushing. If irritation persists, repeat flushing. Obtain medical attention IMMEDIATELY.Eye Contact:Do not attempt to give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If victim is alert and not convulsing, rinse mouth out and give 1/2 to 1 glass of water to dilute material. DO NOT induce vomiting. Ifspontaneous vomiting occurs, have victim lean forward with head down to avoid breathing in of vomitus, rinse mouth and administer more water. Obtain medical attention IMMEDIATELY.Ingestion:Treat symptomatically. Medical conditions that may be aggravated by exposure to this product include diseases of the skin, eyes or respiratory tract.Note to Physicians:3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONSuspect cancer hazard. Dust may cause mechanical irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. May cause pulmonary fibrosis and pneumoconiosis. Can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases. See "Other Health Effects" Section.EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS Product may be mildly irritating to the nose, throat and respiratory tract and may cause coughing and sneezing. Excessive contact with powder may cause drying of mucous membranes of nose and throat due to absorption of moisture and oils. See "Other Health Effects" Section.Inhalation:This product may cause irritation due to abrasive action. Excessive contact with powder may cause drying of the skin due to absorption of moisture and oils. Avoid handling when the skin is moist, wet or abraded.Skin Contact:Not likely to be absorbed through the skin.Skin Absorption:This product may cause irritation, redness and possible damage due to abrasiveness. Excessive contact with powder may cause drying of mucous membranes of the eyes due to absorption of moisture and oils.Eye Contact:This product may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Ingestion of large amounts may cause nausea, gastrointestinal upset and abdominal pain.Ingestion:Effects (irritancy) on the skin and eyes may be delayed, and damage may occur without the sensation or onset of pain. Strict adherence to first aid measures following any exposure is essential.May cause shortness of breath, lung damage, pulmonary fibrosis and pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis is the deposition of dust in the lungs and the tissue's reaction to its presence. When exposure to the dust is severe or prolonged, the lungs' defenses are overwhelmed.Titanium dioxide dust is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans based on animal evidence, which shows that high concentrations of pigment-grade (powdered) and ultrafine titanium dioxide dust causes respiratory tract cancer in rats exposed by inhalation and intratracheal instillation. (4)Other Health Effects:5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURESFlashpoint (°C)AutoIgnition Temperature (°C)LELUELFlammability Limits in Air (%): Non-combustible (does not burn).Not applicable.Not applicable.Not applicable.Not regulated.Flammability Class (WHMIS):Thermal decomposition products are toxic and may include oxides of silicon and oxides of titanium.Hazardous Combustion Products:Minimize air borne spreading of dust. Spilled material may cause floors and contact surfaces to become slippery.Unusual Fire or Explosion Hazards:Not expected to be sensitive to mechanical impact.Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact:Not available.Rate of Burning:Not available.Explosive Power:Not expected to be sensitive to static discharge.Sensitivity to Static Discharge:EXTINGUISHING MEDIA Foam. Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or water spray.Fire Extinguishing Media:FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONSUse water spray to cool fire-exposed containers or structures. Use water spray to disperse vapours. Spilled material may cause floors and contact surfaces to become slippery.Instructions to the Fire Fighters:Use self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.Fire Fighting Protective Equipment:6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESInformation in this section is for responding to spills, leaks or releases in order to prevent or minimize the adverse effects on persons, property and the environment. There may be specific reporting requirements associated with spills, leaks or releases, which change from region to region.In all cases of leak or spill contact vendor at Emergency Number shown on the front page of this MSDS. Minimize air borne spreading of dust. Wear respirator, protective clothing and gloves. Avoid drysweeping. Do not use compressed air to clean surfaces. Vacuuming is preferred. Do not allow to enter sewers or watercourses. Collect product and contaminated soil for re-use or disposal. Ventilate enclosed spaces. Notify applicable government authority if release is reportable or could adverselyaffect the environment. Where a package (drum or bag) is damaged and / or leaking, repair it, or place it into an over-pack drum immediately so as to avoid or minimize material loss and contamination of surrounding environment.Containment and Clean-Up Procedures:7. HANDLING AND STORAGEHANDLING Use normal "good" industrial hygiene and housekeeping practices. Minimize air borne spreading of dust. Clean up immediately to eliminate slipping hazard.Handling Practices:See Section 8, "Engineering Controls".Ventilation Requirements:Use only with adequate ventilation and avoid breathing dusts. Avoid contact with eyes, skin or clothing. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling. Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly before re-use.Other Precautions:STORAGESee below.Storage Temperature (°C):General exhaust is acceptable. Local exhaust ventilation preferred.Ventilation Requirements:Store in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area. Keep away from heat, sparks and flames. Keep containers closed. Avoid moisture contamination. Prolonged storage may result in lumping or caking.Storage Requirements:Confirm suitability of any material before using.Special Materials to be Used for Packaging or Containers:8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTIONRecommendations listed in this section indicate the type of equipment, which will provide protection against overexposure to this product. Conditions of use, adequacy of engineering or other control measures, and actual exposures will dictate the need for specific protective devices at your workplace.ENGINEERING CONTROLS Local exhaust ventilation required. Make up air should be supplied to balance air that is removed by local or general exhaust ventilation. Ventilate low lying areas such as sumps or pits where dense dust may collect.Engineering Controls:PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)Safety glasses with side shields are recommended to prevent eye contact. Use chemical safety goggles when there is potential for eye contact. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this material.Eye Protection:Gloves and protective clothing made from cotton, canvas or rubber should be impervious under conditions of use. Prior to use, user should confirm impermeability. Discard contaminated gloves.Skin Protection:No specific guidelines available. A NIOSH/MSHA-approved air-purifying respirator equipped with dust, mist, fume cartridges for concentrations up to 100 mg/m³. An air-supplied respirator if concentrations are higher or unknown.Respiratory Protection:Wear regular work clothing. The use of coveralls is recommended. Locate safety shower and eyewash station close to chemical handling area. Take all precautions to avoid personal contact.Other Personal Protective Equipment:EXPOSURE GUIDELINES SUBSTANCEACGIH TLV (STEL)OSHA PEL(TWA) (STEL)NIOSH REL(TWA) (STEL)Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)—15 mg/m³ (TotalDust)--- --- ---Solid.Dry, white granules: fine sized, beads, pucks, or powder.Odourless.Not applicable.Not available.> 1000.Not applicable.Not applicable.3.7 - 4.2.Not available.Not applicable.Not applicable.Not soluble in water.Not available.8 - 10.5 (slurry).Not available.Not applicable.Physical State:Appearance:Odour:Odour Threshold (ppm):Boiling Range (°C):Melting/Freezing Point (°C):Vapour Pressure (mm Hg at 20° C):Vapour Density (Air = 1.0):Relative Density (g/cc):Bulk Density:Viscosity:Evaporation Rate (Butyl Acetate = 1.0):Solubility:% Volatile by Volume:pH:Coefficient of Water/Oil Distribution:Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC):9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (Not intended as Specifications)Non-combustible (does not burn).Flashpoint (°C):11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONTOXICOLOGICAL DATA:10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITYCHEMICAL STABILITY Stable.Under Normal Conditions:Not flammable.Under Fire Conditions:Will not occur.Hazardous Polymerization:High temperatures, sparks, open flames and all other sources of ignition. Minimize air borne spreading of dust. Clean up immediately to eliminate slipping hazard.Conditions to Avoid:Lewis or mineral acids. Lithium. Metals. Combines with most metallic oxides at elevated temperatures to form "glass".Materials to Avoid:Thermal decomposition products are toxic and may include oxides of silicon and oxides of titanium.Decomposition or CombustionProducts:SUBSTANCELD50 (Oral, Rat)LD50 (Dermal, Rabbit)LC50 (Inhalation, Rat, 4h)Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)> 10 000 mg/kg (3)> 10 000 mg/kg (3)6.8 mg/L (3)Titanium Dioxide: Possibly carcinogenic to humans. (IARC-2B)Carcinogenicity Data:No adverse reproductive effects are anticipated.Reproductive Data:No adverse mutagenic effects are anticipated.Mutagenicity Data:No adverse teratogenic effects are anticipated.Teratogenicity Data:None known.Respiratory / Skin Sensitization Data:None known.Synergistic Materials:The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that titanium dioxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. This conclusion relates to long-term inhalation exposure to high concentrations of pigmentary (powdered) or ultrafine titanium dioxide.Long-term inhalation of high concentrations of titanium dioxide dust has caused lung tumours in rats but not in hamsters or mice. The tumours are believed to be related to the inflammation resulting from dust overloading of the lungs. Ultrafine titanium dioxide has increased the incidence of lung tumours at much lower exposure concentrations than are required with the larger sized pigment grade particles. The effects are more closely related to lung burden in terms of the surface area rather than the mass of the particles. (4)Female rats were exposed whole-body to filtered air or to an aerosol of ultrafine titanium dioxide (primary particle size, 15-40 nm; MMAD of aerosol particles: 0.80 micrometres) for up to 2 years (18 hr/d, 5 d/wk). The concentrations of titanium dioxide used were 7.2 mg/m3 for the first 4 months, 14.8 mg/m3 for the next four months and 9.4 mg/m3 for the remaining 16 months. There was a significant decrease insurvival, body weight and lung clearance and a significant increase in lung weight of exposed rats. The number of rats with lung tumours was 32/100 compared to 1/217 for unexposed controls. Female mice similarly exposed for 13.5 months had no increase in lung tumours. Tumours in the airways and lungs were observed in rats following inhalation of 250 mg/m3 titanium dioxide dust (MMAD of aerosol particles: 1.5-1.7 micrometres; 84% respirable) for 2 years (6 hr/d, 5 d/wk). (4)Other Studies Relevant to Material:12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATIONNot available. Low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms.Ecotoxicity:Not available. May be harmful if allowed to enter drinking water intakes. Do not contaminate domestic or irrigation water supplies, lakes, streams, ponds, or rivers.Environmental Fate:13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSNone required.Deactivating Chemicals:This information applies to the material as manufactured. Reevaluation of the product may be required by the user at the time of disposal since the product uses, transformations, mixtures and processes may influence waste classification. Dispose of waste material at an approved (hazardous) wastetreatment/disposal facility in accordance with applicable local, provincial and federal regulations. Do not dispose of waste with normal garbage, or to sewer systems.Waste Disposal Methods:See "Waste Disposal Methods".Safe Handling of Residues:Empty containers retain product residue. Treat package in the same manner as the product.Disposal of Packaging:14. TRANSPORTATION INFORMATIONCANADIAN TDG ACT SHIPPING DESCRIPTION:This product is not regulated by TDG.Label(s): Not applicable. Placard: Not applicable.ERAP Index:-----.Exemptions:None known.US DOT CLASSIFICATION (49CFR 172.101, 172.102):This product is not regulated by DOT.Label(s): Not applicable. Placard: Not applicable.CERCLA-RQ:Not available.Exemptions:None known.15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONCANADA All constituents of this product are included on the DSL.CEPA - NSNR:Titanium (and its compounds).CEPA - NPRI:Controlled Products Regulations Classification (WHMIS):16. OTHER INFORMATIONREFERENCES RTECS-Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety RTECS database.1.Clayton, G.D. and Clayton, F.E., Eds., Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd ed., Vol. IIA,B,C, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981.2.Supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet(s).3.CHEMINFO chemical profile, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.4.Guide to Occupational Exposure Values, 2008, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, 2008.5.Regulatory Affairs Group, Brenntag Canada Inc.6.The British Columbia Drug and Poison Information Centre, Poison Managements Manual, Canadian Pharmaceutical Association, Ottawa, 1981.7.Lewis, Sr., Richard J., Carcinogenically Active Chemicals, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991, ISBN 0-442-31875-8.8.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________The information contained herein is offered only as a guide to the handling of this specific material and has been prepared in good faith by technically knowledgeable personnel. It is not intended to be all-inclusive and the manner and conditions of use and handling may involve other and additional considerations. No warranty of any kind is given or implied and Brenntag Canada Inc. will not be liable for any damages, losses, injuries or consequential damages which may result from the use of or reliance on any information contained herein. This Material Safety Data Sheet is valid for three years.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________To obtain revised copies of this or other Material Safety Data Sheets, contact your nearest Brenntag Canada Regional office.British Columbia: 20333-102B Avenue, Langley, BC, V1M 3H1 Phone: (604) 513-9009 Facsimile: (604) 513-9010Alberta: 6628 - 45 th. Street, Leduc, AB, T9E 7C9Phone: (780) 986-4544 Facsimile: (780) 986-1070Manitoba: 681 Plinquet Street, Winnipeg, MB, R2J 2X2Phone: (204) 233-3416 Facsimile: (204) 233-7005USAAll constituents of this product are included on the TSCA inventory.Environmental Protection Act:Carcinogenic.OSHA HCS (29CFR 1910.1200):Text22:NFPA: Health, Fire, Reactivity (Not available.)Text22:HMIS: 2 Health, 0 Fire, 0 Reactivity (6)INTERNATIONALTitanium Dioxide is found on the following inventories: EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances), Australia (ACOIN), Japan (MITI) and Korea (ECL).D-2A: Very Toxic (carcinogen)Ontario: 43 Jutland Road, Toronto, ON, M8Z 2G6Phone: (416) 259-8231 Facsimile: (416) 259-5333Quebec: 2900 Jean Baptiste Des., Lachine, PQ, H8T 1C8Phone: (514) 636-9230 Facsimile: (514) 636-0877Atlantic: A-105 Akerley Boulevard, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1R7Phone: (902) 468-9690 Facsimile: (902) 468-3085____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By: Regulatory Affairs Group, Brenntag Canada Inc., (416) 259-8231.。
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials Synthesis, Properties, Modifications
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials:Synthesis,Properties,Modifications,andApplicationsXiaobo Chen*and Samuel S.Mao†Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,and University of California,Berkeley,California94720Received March27,2006Contents1.Introduction28912.Synthetic Methods for TiO2Nanostructures28922.1.Sol−Gel Method28922.2.Micelle and Inverse Micelle Methods28952.3.Sol Method28962.4.Hydrothermal Method28982.5.Solvothermal Method29012.6.Direct Oxidation Method29022.7.Chemical Vapor Deposition29032.8.Physical Vapor Deposition29042.9.Electrodeposition29042.10.Sonochemical Method29042.11.Microwave Method29042.12.TiO2Mesoporous/Nanoporous Materials29052.13.TiO2Aerogels29062.14.TiO2Opal and Photonic Materials29072.15.Preparation of TiO2Nanosheets29083.Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29093.1.Structural Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29093.2.Thermodynamic Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29113.3.X-ray Diffraction Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29123.4.Raman Vibration Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29123.5.Electronic Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29133.6.Optical Properties of TiO2Nanomaterials29153.7.Photon-Induced Electron and Hole Propertiesof TiO2Nanomaterials29184.Modifications of TiO2Nanomaterials29204.1.Bulk Chemical Modification:Doping29214.1.1.Synthesis of Doped TiO2Nanomaterials29214.1.2.Properties of Doped TiO2Nanomaterials29214.2.Surface Chemical Modifications29264.2.1.Inorganic Sensitization29265.Applications of TiO2Nanomaterials29295.1.Photocatalytic Applications29295.1.1.Pure TiO2Nanomaterials:FirstGeneration29305.1.2.Metal-Doped TiO2Nanomaterials:Second Generation29305.1.3.Nonmetal-Doped TiO2Nanomaterials:Third Generation 29315.2.Photovoltaic Applications29325.2.1.The TiO2Nanocrystalline Electrode inDSSCs29325.2.2.Metal/Semiconductor Junction SchottkyDiode Solar Cell29385.2.3.Doped TiO2Nanomaterials-Based SolarCell29385.3.Photocatalytic Water Splitting29395.3.1.Fundamentals of Photocatalytic WaterSplitting2939e of Reversible Redox Mediators2939e of TiO2Nanotubes29405.3.4.Water Splitting under Visible Light29415.3.5.Coupled/Composite Water-SplittingSystem29425.4.Electrochromic Devices29425.4.1.Fundamentals of Electrochromic Devices29435.4.2.Electrochromophore for an ElectrochromicDevice29435.4.3.Counterelectrode for an ElectrochromicDevice29445.4.4.Photoelectrochromic Devices29455.5.Hydrogen Storage29455.6.Sensing Applications29476.Summary29487.Acknowledgment29498.References29491.IntroductionSince its commercial production in the early twentiethcentury,titanium dioxide(TiO2)has been widely used as apigment1and in sunscreens,2,3paints,4ointments,toothpaste,5etc.In1972,Fujishima and Honda discovered the phenom-enon of photocatalytic splitting of water on a TiO2electrodeunder ultraviolet(UV)light.6-8Since then,enormous effortshave been devoted to the research of TiO2material,whichhas led to many promising applications in areas ranging fromphotovoltaics and photocatalysis to photo-/electrochromicsand sensors.9-12These applications can be roughly dividedinto“energy”and“environmental”categories,many of whichdepend not only on the properties of the TiO2material itselfbut also on the modifications of the TiO2material host(e.g.,with inorganic and organic dyes)and on the interactions ofTiO2materials with the environment.An exponential growth of research activities has been seenin nanoscience and nanotechnology in the past decades.13-17New physical and chemical properties emerge when the sizeof the material becomes smaller and smaller,and down to*Corresponding author.E-mail:XChen3@.†E-mail:SSMao@.2891 Chem.Rev.2007,107,2891−295910.1021/cr0500535CCC:$65.00©2007American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web06/23/2007the nanometer scale.Properties also vary as the shapes of the shrinking nanomaterials change.Many excellent reviews and reports on the preparation and properties of nanomaterials have been published recently.6-44Among the unique proper-ties of nanomaterials,the movement of electrons and holes in semiconductor nanomaterials is primarily governed by the well-known quantum confinement,and the transport proper-ties related to phonons and photons are largely affected by the size and geometry of the materials.13-16The specific surface area and surface-to-volume ratio increase dramati-cally as the size of a material decreases.13,21The high surface area brought about by small particle size is beneficial to many TiO 2-based devices,as it facilitates reaction/interaction between the devices and the interacting media,which mainly occurs on the surface or at the interface and strongly depends on the surface area of the material.Thus,the performance of TiO 2-based devices is largely influenced by the sizes of the TiO 2building units,apparently at the nanometer scale.As the most promising photocatalyst,7,11,12,33TiO 2mate-rials are expected to play an important role in helping solvemany serious environmental and pollution challenges.TiO 2also bears tremendous hope in helping ease the energy crisis through effective utilization of solar energy based on photovoltaic and water-splitting devices.9,31,32As continued breakthroughs have been made in the preparation,modifica-tion,and applications of TiO 2nanomaterials in recent years,especially after a series of great reviews of the subject in the 1990s.7,8,10-12,33,45we believe that a new and compre-hensive review of TiO 2nanomaterials would further promote TiO 2-based research and development efforts to tackle the environmental and energy challenges we are currently facing.Here,we focus on recent progress in the synthesis,properties,modifications,and applications of TiO 2nanomaterials.The syntheses of TiO 2nanomaterials,including nanoparticles,nanorods,nanowires,and nanotubes are primarily categorized with the preparation method.The preparations of mesopo-rous/nanoporous TiO 2,TiO 2aerogels,opals,and photonic materials are summarized separately.In reviewing nanoma-terial synthesis,we present a typical procedure and repre-sentative transmission or scanning electron microscopy images to give a direct impression of how these nanomate-rials are obtained and how they normally appear.For detailed instructions on each synthesis,the readers are referred to the corresponding literature.The structural,thermal,electronic,and optical properties of TiO 2nanomaterials are reviewed in the second section.As the size,shape,and crystal structure of TiO 2nanomate-rials vary,not only does surface stability change but also the transitions between different phases of TiO 2under pressure or heat become size dependent.The dependence of X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman vibrational spectra on the size of TiO 2nanomaterials is also summarized,as they could help to determine the size to some extent,although correlation of the spectra with the size of TiO 2nanomaterials is not straightforward.The review of modifications of TiO 2nanomaterials is mainly limited to the research related to the modifications of the optical properties of TiO 2nanoma-terials,since many applications of TiO 2nanomaterials are closely related to their optical properties.TiO 2nanomaterials normally are transparent in the visible light region.By doping or sensitization,it is possible to improve the optical sensitiv-ity and activity of TiO 2nanomaterials in the visible light region.Environmental (photocatalysis and sensing)and energy (photovoltaics,water splitting,photo-/electrochromics,and hydrogen storage)applications are reviewed with an emphasis on clean and sustainable energy,since the increas-ing energy demand and environmental pollution create a pressing need for clean and sustainable energy solutions.The fundamentals and working principles of the TiO 2nanoma-terials-based devices are discussed to facilitate the under-standing and further improvement of current and practical TiO 2nanotechnology.2.Synthetic Methods for TiO 2Nanostructures2.1.Sol −Gel MethodThe sol -gel method is a versatile process used in making various ceramic materials.46-50In a typical sol -gel process,a colloidal suspension,or a sol,is formed from the hydrolysis and polymerization reactions of the precursors,which are usually inorganic metal salts or metal organic compounds such as metal plete polymerization and loss of solvent leads to the transition from the liquid sol into a solid gel phase.Thin films can be produced on a piece ofDr.Xiaobo Chen is a research engineer at The University of California at Berkeley and a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientist.He obtained his Ph.D.Degree in Chemistry from Case Western Reserve University.His research interests include photocatalysis,photovoltaics,hydrogen storage,fuel cells,environmental pollution control,and the related materials and devices development.Dr.Samuel S.Mao is a career staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and an adjunct faculty at The University of California at Berkeley.He obtained his Ph.D.degree in Engineering from The University of California at Berkeley in 2000.His current research involves the development of nanostructured materials and devices,as well as ultrafast laser technologies.Dr.Mao is the team leader of a high throughput materials processing program supported by the U.S.Department of Ener-gy.2892Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.7Chen andMaosubstrate by spin-coating or dip-coating.A wet gel will form when the sol is cast into a mold,and the wet gel is converted into a dense ceramic with further drying and heat treatment.A highly porous and extremely low-density material called an aerogel is obtained if the solvent in a wet gel is removed under a supercritical condition.Ceramic fibers can be drawn from the sol when the viscosity of a sol is adjusted into a proper viscosity range.Ultrafine and uniform ceramic powders are formed by precipitation,spray pyrolysis,or emulsion techniques.Under proper conditions,nanomaterials can be obtained.TiO 2nanomaterials have been synthesized with the sol -gel method from hydrolysis of a titanium precusor.51-78This process normally proceeds via an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis step of titanium(IV)alkoxide followed by condensa-tion.51,63,66,79-91The development of Ti -O -Ti chains is favored with low content of water,low hydrolysis rates,and excess titanium alkoxide in the reaction mixture.Three-dimensional polymeric skeletons with close packing result from the development of Ti -O -Ti chains.The formation of Ti(OH)4is favored with high hydrolysis rates for a medium amount of water.The presence of a large quantity of Ti -OH and insufficient development of three-dimensional polymeric skeletons lead to loosely packed first-order particles.Polymeric Ti -O -Ti chains are developed in the presence of a large excess of water.Closely packed first-order particles are yielded via a three-dimensionally devel-oped gel skeleton.51,63,66,79-91From the study on the growth kinetics of TiO 2nanoparticles in aqueous solution using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)as precursor,it is found that the rate constant for coarsening increases with temper-ature due to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the solution and the equilibrium solubility of TiO 2.63Second-ary particles are formed by epitaxial self-assembly of primary particles at longer times and higher temperatures,and the number of primary particles per secondary particle increases with time.The average TiO 2nanoparticle radius increases linearly with time,in agreement with the Lifshitz -Slyozov -Wagner model for coarsening.63Highly crystalline anatase TiO 2nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes could be obtained with the polycondensation of titanium alkoxide in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide.52,62In a typical procedure,titanium alkoxide is added to the base at 2°C in alcoholic solvents in a three-neck flask and is heated at 50-60°C for 13days or at 90-100°C for 6h.A secondary treatment involving autoclave heating at 175and 200°C is performed to improve the crystallinity of the TiO 2nanoparticles.Representative TEM images are shown in Figure 1from the study of Chemseddine et al.52A series of thorough studies have been conducted by Sugimoto et ing the sol -gel method on the formation of TiO 2nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes by tuning the reaction parameters.67-71Typically,a stock solution of a 0.50M Ti source is prepared by mixing TTIP with triethanolamine(TEOA)([TTIP]/[TEOA])1:2),followed The diluted with ashape controller solution °C for 1day and at 140°C for3days.The pH of the solutioncan be tuned by adding HClO 4or NaOH solution.Amines are used as the shape controllers of the TiO 2act as surfactants.amines include TEOA,and triethyl-enetetramine.The morphology of the TiO 2nanoparticles changes from cuboidal to ellipsoidal at pH above 11with TEOA.The TiO 2into ellipsoidal above pH 9.5with diethylenetriamine with a higher aspect ratio than that with TEOA.Figure 2shows representative TEM images of the TiO 2nanoparticles under different initial pH conditions with the shape control of TEOA at [TEOA]/[TIPO])2.0.Secondary amines,such as diethylamine,and tertiary amines,such as trimethylamine and triethylamine,act as complexing agents of Ti(IV)ions promote the ratios.The shape of the TiO 2nanoparticle can also be tuned from round-cornered cubes to sharp-edged cubes with sodium oleate and sodium stearate.70The shape control is attributed to the tuning of the growth rate of the different crystal planes of TiO 2nanoparticles by the to these planes under different pH conditions.70A prolonged heating time below 100°C for the as-prepared be used to avoid the the TiO 2nano-during the crystallization process.58,72By heating amorphous TiO 2in ana-2with average particle sizes between 7and 50nm can be obtained,as reported by Zhang and Banfield.73-77Much effort has been exerted to achieve highly crystallized and narrowly dispersed TiO 2nanoparticles using the sol -gel method with other modifications,such as a semicontinuous reaction method by Znaidi et al.78and a two-stage mixed method and a continuous reaction method by Kim et al.53,54By a combination of the sol -gel method and an anodic alumina membrane (AAM)template,TiO 2nanorods have dipping porous into a boiled TiO 2sol followed processes.92,93In a typical experiment,a TiO 2sol solution is prepared by mixing TTIP dissolved in ethanol with a solution containing water,acetyl acetone,and ethanol.AAM is immersed into the boiled it is dried in air and calcined at 400°C for 10h.The AAM template is removed in a 10wt %H 3PO 4aqueous solution.The calcination temperature can be used to control the crystal phase of the TiO 2nanorods.At low temperature,anatase nanorods can be obtained,while at high temperature rutile nanorods can be obtained.The pore size of the AAM template can be used to control the size of these TiO 2nanorods,which typically range from 100to 300nm in diameter and several micrometers in length.Appar-ently,the size distribution of the final TiO 2nanorods is largely controlled by the size distribution of the pores of the AAM template.In order to obtain smaller and mono-sized TiO 2nanorods,it is necessary fabricate high-quality AAM templates.Figure 3shows a for TiO 2nanorods fabricated with this method.Normally,the TiO 2nanorods are composed of small TiO 2nanoparticles or electrophoretic deposition of TiO 2colloidal suspensions into 2nanowire arrays can be obtained.94In a typical procedure,in ethanol at room temperature,with deionized water and ethanol 2-3with nitric acid.is used as the anode,and an AAM with attached to Cu foil is used as the cathode.A TiO 2sol is deposited into the pores of the AMM under a voltage of 2-5V and annealed at 500°C for 24h.After the AAM a 5wt %NaOH solution,isolated TiO 2nanowires are obtained.In order toTitanium Dioxide Nanomaterials Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.72893fabricate TiO 2nanowires instead of nanorods,an AAM with long pores is a must.TiO 2nanotubes can also be obtained using the sol -gel method by templating with an AAM 95-98and other organic compounds.99,100For example,when an AAM is used as the template,a thin layer of TiO 2sol on the wall of the pores of the AAM is first prepared by sucking TiO 2sol into the pores of the AAM and removingit under vacuum;TiO 2nanowires are obtained after the sol is fully developed and the AAM is removed.In the procedure by Lee and co-workers,96a TTIP solution was prepared by mixing TTIP with 2-propanol and 2,4-pentanedione.the AAM was dipped into thisFigure 1.TEM images of TiO 2nanoparticles prepared by hydrolysis of Ti(OR)4in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide.Reprinted with permission from Chemseddine,A.;Moritz,T.Eur.J.Inorg.Chem.1999,235.Copyright 1999Wiley-VCH.Figure 2.TEM images of uniform anatase TiO 2nanoparticles.Reprinted from Sugimoto,T.;Zhou,X.;Muramatsu,A.J.Colloid Interface Sci.2003,259,53,Copyright 2003,with permission from Elsevier.2894Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.7Chen and Maosolution,it was removed from the solution and placed under vacuum until the entire volume of the solution was pulled through the AAM.The AAMhydrolyzed by water vapor over a HCl solution for 24h,and then calcined ina furnace at 673K for 2h and cooled to room temperaturetemperature ramp of2°C/h.Pure TiO 2nanotubes were dissolved in a 6M NaOH solution for several minutes.96Alternatively,TiO 2nanotubes could be obtained by coating the AAM membranes at 60°C for a certain period of time (12-48h)4under pH )2.1and removing the AAM after TiO 2nanotubes were developed.97Figure 4shows a typical SEM image of the 2array from the AAM template.97In another scheme,a ZnO nanorod array on a glass substrate can be used as a template to fabricate TiO 2nanotubes with the sol -gel method.101Briefly,TiO 2sol isdeposited on a ZnO nanorod template by dip-coating with a slow withdrawing speed,then dried at 100°C for 10min,and heated at 550°C for 1h in air to obtain ZnO/TiO 2nanorod arrays.The ZnO nanorod template is etched-up by immersing the ZnO/TiO 2nanorod arrays in a dilute hydro-chloric acid aqueous solution to obtain TiO 2nanotube arrays.Figure 5shows a typical SEM image of the TiO 2nanotube array with the ZnO nanorod array template.The TiO 2nanotubes inherit the uniform hexagonal cross-sectional shape and the length of 1.5µm and inner diameter of 100-of the ZnO nanorod template.As the concentration of the TiO 2sol is constant,well-aligned TiO 2nanotube arrays can only be obtained from an optimal dip-coating cycle number in the range of 2-3cycles.A dense porous TiO 2thick film with holes is obtained number further increases.The heating rate is critical to the formation of TiO 2nanotube arrays.When the heating rate is extra rapid,e.g.,above 6°C min -1,the TiO 2coat will easily crack and flake off from the ZnO nanorods due to great tensile stress the TiO 2coat and the ZnO 2film with loose,porous nanostructure is obtained.2.2.Aggregates of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid the surfactant concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC).The CMC free solution in equilibrium with surfactants in aggregated form.In micelles,the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains of the surfactants are and the hydro-the surfactants are oriented toward the medium.The concentration of lipid present in solution determines the self-organization molecules of surfactants and lipids.The lipids form a single layer on the liquid surface and are dispersed in solution below the CMC.The lipids organize in spherical micelles at the first CMC (CMC-I),into elongated pipes at the second CMC (CMC-II),and into stacked lamellae of pipes at the lamellar point (LM or CMC-III).The CMC depends on the chemical composition,mainly on the ratio of the head area and the tail length.Reverse micelles are formed in nonaqueous the hydrophilic headgroups are directed toward of the micelles while the hydrophobic groups areFigure 3.TEM image of anatase nanorods and a single nanorod composed of small TiO 2nanoparticles or nanograins (inset).Reprinted from Miao,L.;Tanemura,S.;Toh,S.;Kaneko,K.;Tanemura,M.J.Cryst.Growth 2004,264,246,Copyright 2004,with permission from Elsevier.Figure 4.SEM image of TiO 2nanotubes prepared from the AAO template.Reprinted with permission from Liu,S.M.;Gan,L.M.;Liu,L.H.;Zhang,W.D.;Zeng,H.C.Chem.Mater.2002,14,1391.Copyright 2002American Chemical Society.Figure 5.SEM of a TiO 2nanotube array;the inset shows the ZnO nanorod array template.Reprinted with permission from Qiu,J.J.;Yu,W.D.;Gao,X.D.;Li,X.M.Nanotechnology 2006,17,4695.Copyright 2006IOP Publishing Ltd.Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.72895directed outward toward the nonaqueous media.There is no obvious CMC for reverse micelles,because the number of aggregates is usually small and they are not sensitive to the surfactant concentration.Micelles are oftenglobular roughly spherical in shape,but ellipsoids,cylinders,and bilayers are also possible.The shape of amicelle is a functionmolecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and surfactant concentration,tem-perature,pH,and ionic strength.Micelles and inverse micelles are commonly employed to synthesize TiO 2nanomaterials.102-110A statistical experi-mental design method conducted by Kim et al.to for the preparation of TiO 2nanoparticles.103The values of H 2O/surfactant,H 2O/titanium precursor,ammonia concentration,feed rate,and reaction temperature were significant TiO 2nanoparticle size and size distribution.Amorphous TiO 2nanoparticles with diameters of 10-20nm were synthesized and converted to the anatase phase at 600°C and to the more thermodynamically stable rutile phase at 900°C.Li et al.developed TiO 2nanoparticles with the chemical reactions between TiCl 4solution and ammonia in a reversed micro-emulsion system consisting of cyclohexane,poly(oxyethyl-5ether,and poly(oxyethylene)9nonyle phenol ether.104The produced amorphous TiO 2nanoparticles transformed into anatase when heated at temperatures from 200to 750°C and into rutile at temperatures higher than 750°Agglomeration and growth also occurred at elevated Shuttle-like crystalline TiO 2nanoparticles were synthesized by Zhang et al.with hydrolysis of titanium tetrabutoxide in the presence of acids (hydrochloric acid,nitric acid,sulfuric acid,and phosphoric acid)in NP-5(Igepal CO-520)-room temperature.110The particle size of the TiO 2nanoparticles were largely controlled by the reaction condi-tions,and the key factors affecting the formation of rutile at room temperature included the acidity,the type of acid used,and the microenvironment of the reverse micelles.Ag-glomeration of the particles occurred with prolonged reaction times and increasing the [H 2O]/[NP-5]and [H 2O]/[Ti-(OC 4H 9)4]ratios.When suitable acid was applied,round TiO 2nanoparticles could also be obtained.Representative TEM images of the shuttle-like and round-shaped TiO 2nanopar-ticles are In the study carried out by Lim et al.,TiO 2nanoparticles were prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of TTIP in reverse micelles formed in CO 2with the surfactants ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether (PFPECOO -4+ethyl methacrylate-block-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl meth-acrylate)(PDMAEMA-b-PFOMA).106It was found that the crystallite size prepared in the presence of reverse micelles increased as either the water to surfactant or the precursor to The TiO 2nanomaterials prepared with the above micelle and reverse micelle methods normally have amorphous structure,and calcination is usually necessary in order to induce high crystallinity.However,this process usually leads to the growth and agglomeration of TiO 2nanoparticles.The crystallinity of TiO 2nanoparticles initially (synthesized by controlled hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide in reverse micelles in a hydrocarbon solvent)could be improved by annealing in the presence of the micelles at temperatures considerably lower than those required for the traditional calcinationtreatment in the solid state.108This procedure could produce crystalline TiO 2nanoparticles with unchanged physical dimensions and minimal agglomeration and allows the preparation of highly crystalline TiO 2nanoparticles,as shown in Figure 7,from the study of Lin et al.1082.3.Sol MethodThe sol method here refers to the nonhydrolytic sol -gel processes and usually involves the reaction of titanium chloride with a variety of different oxygen donor molecules,Figure 6.TEM images of the shuttle-like and round-shaped (inset)TiO 2nanoparticles.From:Zhang,D.,Qi,L.,Ma,J.,Cheng,H.J.Mater.Chem.2002,12,3677(/10.1039/b206996b).s Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 7.HRTEM images of a TiO 2nanoparticle after annealing.Reprinted with permission from Lin,J.;Lin,Y.;Liu,P.;Meziani,M.J.;Allard,L.F.;Sun,Y.P.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2002,124,11514.Copyright 2002American Chemical Society.TiX 4+Ti(OR)4f 2TiO 2+4RX (1)TiX 4+2ROR f TiO 2+4RX(2)2896Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.7Chen and MaoThe condensation between Ti -Cl and Ti-OR leads to the formation of Ti -O -Ti bridges.Thealkoxide groups can be provided by titanium alkoxides orby reaction of the titanium chloride with alcohols or ethers.In the method by Trentler andColvin,119a metal alkoxide was rapidly injected into the hot solution of titanium halide mixed with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO)heptadecane at 300°C dry inert gas protection,completed alkyl substituents including rate of R,while average particle sizes were relatively unaffected.Variation of X yielded a clear trend in average particle size,but without a discernible trend in reaction rate.Increased nucleophilicity resulted in Average sizes ranged from 9.2nm for TiF 4to 3.8nm for TiI 4.The amount of passivating agent influenced the chemistry.was slower and resulted in smaller particles,while reactions without TOPO were much quicker and yielded mixtures of brookite,and anatase with average particle sizes nm.Figure 8shows typical TEM images of TiO 2nanocrystals developed by Trentler et al.119In the method used by Niederberger and Stucky,111TiCl 4was slowly added to anhydrous benzyl alcohol vigorous stirring at 40-150°C for 1-21days in the reaction vessel.The precipitate was calcinated at 450°C for 5h after thoroughly washing.The reaction between TiCl 4and benzyl alcohol was found suitable for the synthesis of highly crystalline anatase phase TiO 2nanoparticles with nearly uniform size and shape at very low temperatures,such as 40°C.The particle size could be selectively adjusted in the range of 4-8nm with the appropriate thermal conditions and a proper choice of the and titanium tetrachloride.The particle growth depended strongly on temperature,and lowering the titanium tetrachloride led to a considerable 111Surfactants have been widely used in the preparation of a variety of nanoparticles with good size distribution and Adding different surfactants acetic acid and acetylacetone,can help synthesize monodispersed TiO 2nanoparticles.120,121For example,Scolan and Sanchez found that monodisperse nonaggregated TiO 2nanoparticles in the 1-5nm range were obtained through hydrolysis of titanium butoxide in the presence of acetylacetone and p -toluenesulfonic acid at 60°C.120The dispersed in water -alcohol or alcohol solutions at concentrations higher than 1M without aggregation,which is attributed to the complexation of the surface by acetylacetonato ligands hybrid made with acetylacetone,p -toluenesulfonic acid,and wa-ter.120With the aid of surfactants,different sized and shaped TiO 2nanorods can be synthesized.122-130For example,the growth of high-aspect-ratio anatase TiO 2nanorods has been reported by Cozzoli and co-workers by controlling the hydrolysis process of TTIP in 122-126,130Typically,TTIP was added into 80-100°C under inert gas protection (nitrogen flow)and stirred for 5min.A 0.1-2M aqueous base solution was then rapidly injected and kept at with stirring.The bases employed included organic amines,such as trimethylamino-N-oxide,trimethylamine,tetramethylammonium hydroxide,tetrabut-ylammonium hydroxyde,triethylamine,and tributylamine.precursor with the carboxylic acid,the hydrolysis rate of titanium alkoxide (in 4-6h)crystal-lization in mild conditions was promoted with the use of suitable catalysts (tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium hydroxides).A kinetically overdriven growth mechanism led 2Typical TEM images of the TiO 2nanorods are shown in Figure 9.123Recently,Joo et al.127and Zhang et al.129reported similar procedures in obtaining TiO 2nanorods without the use of catalyst.Briefly,a mixture of TTIP and OA was used to generate OA complexes of titanium at 80°C 1-octadecene.Figure 8.TEM image of TiO 2nanoparticles derived from reaction of TiCl 4and TTIP in TOPO/heptadecane at 300°C.The inset shows a HRTEM image of a single particle.Reprinted with permission from Trentler,T.J.;Denler,T.E.;Bertone,J.F.;Agrawal,A.;Colvin,V.L.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1999,121,1613.Copyright 1999American Chemical Society.Figure 9.TEM of TiO 2nanorods.The inset shows a HRTEM of a TiO 2nanorod.Reprinted with permission from Cozzoli,P.D.;Kornowski,A.;Weller,H.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2003,125,14539.Copyright 2003American Chemical Society.Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.72897。
硫酸法钛白粉生产能耗分析与降耗对策
87硫酸法钛白粉生产能耗分析与降耗对策文_李庆 赵昕 张修臻 安徽金星钛白（集团）有限公司摘要：我国是钛白粉的生产大国，每年的钛白粉产量堪称天文数字。
当前我国钛白粉生产方式主要应用的是硫酸法，这一方式优点众多，适合我国当前的国情。
但随着我国高度重视环境保护工作，节能减排的要求及企业降低生产成本的需要，如何有效地降低硫酸法钛白粉生产能耗已成为钛白粉生产企业重要的研究方向。
因此，相关单位必须从分析硫酸法钛白粉生产能耗入手，针对硫酸法钛白粉生产中耗能较高的环节加以分析，以此减少硫酸法钛白粉生产成本。
关键词： 钛白粉生产；能耗分析；降耗对策；生产成本Analysis of Energy Consumption in Production of Titanium Dioxide by Sulphuric Acid Method and Measures for Reducing ConsumptionLi Qing Zhao Xin Zhang Xiu-zhen[ Abstract ] China is a big producer of titanium dioxide, and the annual output of titanium dioxide can be regarded as astronomical figures. At present, sulfuric acid method is mainly used in the production of titanium dioxide in China, which has many advantages and is more suitable for the current situation of our country. However, with our country attaching great importance to environmental protection, energy saving and emission reduction requirements and the need of enterprises to reduce production costs, how to effectively reduce the energy consumption of titanium dioxide production by sulfuric acid method has become an important research direction of titanium dioxide production enterprises. Therefore, relevant units must start with the analysis of energy consumption in the production of titanium dioxide by sulphuric acid method, and analyze the high energy consumption link in the production of titanium dioxide by sulphuric acid method, so as to reduce the production cost of titanium dioxide by sulphuric acid method.[ Key words ] titanium dioxide production; energy consumption analysis; consumption reduction countermeasures; production cost硫酸法是我国当前生产钛白粉的主要方式，这一方式优点众多，例如工艺成熟、原材料来源充足等。
低价钛氯化物复合电解质的制备与应用
矿 冶MINING & METALLURGY第30卷第1期2021年2月Vol. 30 , No. 1February 2"21doi ： 10. 3969/j. issn. 1005/854. 2021. 01. 012低价钛氯化物复合电解质的制备与应用吴延科张顺利陈松王力军(1.有研工程技术研究院有限公司"北京101407；2.有研资源环境技术研究院(北京)有限公司"北京101407)摘 要：以四氯化钛和海绵钛为原料，采用歧化反应法制备了低价钛氯化物复合电解质％研究了四氯化钛的滴加速度、反应温度、保温时间对低价钛离子复合电解质制备的影响,获得了优化的制备工艺％在优化的工艺条件下得到了钛离子浓度为11.25%的复合电解质％以制备的低价钛氯化物复合电解质和海绵钛为原料，经过熔盐电解精炼制备出枝晶状金属钛，主要研究了钛离子浓度对电解精炼钛产品形貌和氧含量的影响,获得了最佳钛离子浓度值为5% ,在该条件下得到了氧含量为5-8X10 7的电解精炼钛产品%采用枝晶状金属钛为原料，经过电子束熔炼制备出金属钛锭,采用GDMS 对金属钛锭进行分析并与现行标准进行比较，结果表明，制备的金属钛锭纯度达到5N 金属钛的标准要求％关键词：高纯钛&熔盐电解精炼&低价钛氯化物&复合电解质中图分类号：TF823文献标志码：A 文章编号：1005-7854(2021)01-0063-06Preparation and application of low valent titanium chloridecomposite electrolyteWU Yan-ke ZHANG Shun-ii CHEN Song WANG Li-Jun(1. GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co. Ltd. ,Beijing101407,China &2. GRINM Resources and Environment Tech. Co. Ltd. ,Beijing101407,China )Abstract : Low valent titanium chloride composite electrolyte was prepared by disproportionation reactionusing titanium tetrachloride and titanium sponge as raw materials. The e f ects of titanium tetrachloridedroppingspeed ,reactiontemperatureand holdingtimeonthepreparation oflow valent titanium ions compositeelectrolytewerestudied.Theoptimizedpreparationprocess wasobtained.Undertheoptimizedprocess conditions ,the composite electrolyte with titanium ion concentration of 11.25% wasobtained.Dendritictitanium metalwasobtainedby molten salt electrorefining using low valence titanium chloridecomposite electrolyte and titanium sponge.The e f ect of titanium ion concentration on themorphologyandoxygencontentofpurifiedtitanium products wasstudied.Theoptimalconcentrationof titanium ion was 5 %. Under this condition , the product with oxygen content of 5. 8 X 10_7 wasobtained. The results show that the purity of the prepared titanium ingot after electron beam melting usingdendritic titanium metal can meet the requirements of 5N titanium standard.Key words : high purity titanium ； molten salt electrorefining ； low valent titanium chloride ； composite electrolyte随着微电子技术的迅速发展，半导体芯片用溅射靶材、航空航天用高端钛合金、3D 打印用高端收稿日期：2020-08-06基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0305403)第一作者：吴延科，博士，正高级工程师，主要从事熔盐电解精炼提纯稀有金属研究％ E-mail : ***************钛粉、超导、植入医疗器材等众多现代工业和先进加工技术的原材料都需要超高纯度的金属钛 高纯钛的制备技术主要是以海绵钛为原料经过熔盐电解精炼提纯或者碘化热分解提纯，最终经过电子 束熔炼后得到高纯钛锭％对金属钛来说，考虑到生产成本，熔盐电解精炼法比碘化物热分解法具有优-64-矿冶势，因此熔盐电解精炼法是制备高纯金属钛的一种+5心，霍尼韦和宁波创T材料有限，采用熔盐电解精高纯钛+7]o熔盐电解精据杂质元素的阳极熔解和阴电位的差异进％制格的低价钛氯复合电解质是电解精炼钛的工艺技术％低价钛氯复合电解质的制备，已经开展了大量的研究[8-12]%采TiCl通入含有海绵钛的NalKCl共晶熔盐中的熔盐电解法制备，这种方法反应速率较慢、反应速度不好控制，得到的低价钛复合电解质中钛离子浓度低％基于此，本文以小粒度海绵钛作为原料，通过改变四氯化钛的加入方式，研究四氯化钛滴加速度、温度、保温时间等参数对制备低价钛氯化复合电解质的影响，以期获得的低价钛氯化复合电解质制备工艺，得到钛离子浓度电解精求的低价氯化物复合电解质。
钛铱不溶性阳极制作工艺流程
钛铱不溶性阳极制作工艺流程英文回答：The process of manufacturing insoluble anodes using titanium-iridium alloy involves several steps. First, the titanium-iridium alloy is obtained by combining titanium and iridium in the desired ratio. This alloy is known for its excellent corrosion resistance and high strength, making it suitable for use as an anode material.Once the alloy is obtained, it is shaped into the desired anode form. This can be done through various methods such as casting, extrusion, or machining. For example, if the anode is to be in the form of a rod, the alloy can be cast into a cylindrical shape and then further machined to achieve the desired dimensions.After shaping, the anode is subjected to surface treatment to enhance its performance. This typically involves processes such as pickling and passivation.Pickling removes any impurities or oxide layers on the surface of the anode, while passivation forms a protective oxide layer to prevent further corrosion.Next, the anode is coated with a layer of mixed metal oxide (MMO). This coating further enhances the anode's corrosion resistance and conductivity. The MMO coating can be applied through various methods such as thermal spraying or electrochemical deposition. For example, electrochemical deposition involves immersing the anode in a solution containing the desired metal ions and applying an electric current to deposit the MMO coating onto the surface.Once the MMO coating is applied, the anode is ready for use. It can be installed in various electrochemical systems where it will serve as a durable and efficient anode. For instance, in a seawater electrolysis system, the titanium-iridium insoluble anode can be used to generate chlorine gas for water disinfection.中文回答：制作钛铱不溶性阳极的工艺流程包括几个步骤。
高强韧性纯钛骨科内固定植入物注册审查指导原则(2022年第13号)
附件高强韧性纯钛骨科内固定植入物注册审查指导原则医用高强韧性纯钛是指预期用于制造人体植入物的具有高强度、高韧性特点的金属纯钛，其力学性能指标与GB/T 13810中TC4、TC4ELI相当，在不添加合金元素的情况下，通过调控微观结构和降低杂质元素含量，避免了钛合金材料离子毒性和常规纯钛材料强度低的问题。
本指导原则旨在指导注册申请人对高强韧性纯钛骨科内固定植入物注册申报资料的准备及撰写，同时也为技术审评部门对注册申报资料的审评提供参考。
本指导原则是对用于骨科内固定植入物的高强韧性纯钛和相关产品的注册申报资料的一般要求，注册申请人需依据产品的具体特性确定其中内容是否适用。
若不适用，需具体阐述理由及相应的科学依据，并依据产品的具体特性对注册申报资料的内容进行充实和细化。
本指导原则是对注册申请人和技术审评人员的指导性文件，但不包括注册审批所涉及的行政事项，亦不作为法规强制执行，需在遵循相关法规和强制性标准的前提下使用本指导原则。
如果有能够满足相关法规要求的其他方法，也可以采用，但是需要提供详细的研究资料和验证资料。
本指导原则是在现行法规和标准体系以及当前认知水平下制定的，随着法规和标准的不断完善，以及科学技术的不断发展，本指导原则相关内容也将进行适时的调整。
一、适用范围本指导原则适用于高强韧性纯钛替代常规纯钛材料和钛合金(TC4、TC4ELI)材料制备的骨科内固定植入物，并以采用常规机加工工艺制造的高强韧性纯钛的骨针（分类编码为13-01-06）、接骨螺钉（分类编码为13-01-01）、髓内针（分类编码为13-01-04）为例进行评价。
其他未举例的骨科内固定植入物产品，在符合相应产品的指导原则同时，可参考本指导原则适用部分。
二、注册审查要点（一）监管信息1.产品名称的要求产品的命名需采用《医疗器械分类目录》或国家标准、行业标准中的通用名称，或以产品结构及组成、适用范围为依据命名，需符合《医疗器械通用名称命名规则》、《无源植入器械通用名称命名指导原则》等相关法规的要求。
219524951_先进航空钛合金材料研究进展
科技与创新┃Science and Technology&Innovation ·90·2023年第13期文章编号：2095-6835（2023）13-0090-03先进航空钛合金材料研究进展张安，张元东，刘秀良，车安达，马思琴，张力（江西景航航空锻铸有限公司，江西景德镇333000）摘要：钛合金具有比强度高、密度低、耐腐蚀和工艺性能好等特点，被广泛应用于航空航天领域的结构材料中，是飞机结构件的重要组成部分。
为探究先进钛合金材料的性能以及在航空领域的应用前景，综述了航空用先进钛合金材料的研究进展。
从应用广泛的五大钛合金材料（高温钛合金、高强韧钛合金、低温钛合金、阻燃钛合金、特殊功能钛合金）出发阐述高性能钛合金的应用与研究概况，讨论目前研究存在的问题，分析了先进航空钛合金材料未来所面临的机遇和挑战。
关键词：钛合金；航空应用；高性能；研究进展中图分类号：TG146.23文献标志码：A DOI：10.15913/ki.kjycx.2023.13.025以钛元素为基体，在其中加入其他元素的材料被称为钛合金。
钛合金作为一种新型结构材料，被赋予优异的综合性能，如抗裂纹扩展和疲劳强度良好、比强度高和断裂韧性好、低温韧性和优异的耐腐蚀性。
其中，部分钛合金的最高工作温度可达550℃，预计未来有望达到700℃，因此，钛合金在航空、航天、化工、造船和其他工业部门被广泛应用。
中国的钛工业始于国家第一个五年计划，即1954年。
在过去的几十年中，中国钛工业经历了3个重要的发展阶段：初创期（1954—1978年）、增长期（1979—2000年）和崛起期（2001年至今）[1]。
崛起期是中国成为世界主要钛产业的腾飞期，钛工业水平显著提高，科研生产呈现蓬勃发展态势；钛产量逐年大幅增长，2009年，中国27家钛锭生产企业的钛锭总产量为6.65万t，30家钛加工材料生产企业的钛合金产品总产量为4.95万t，远远超过美国等其他钛工业国家。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a method of hydrolyzing titanium sulfate solutions in a relatively inexpensive man her. A further object of the invention resides in the provision of hydrous titanium oxides of optimum particle size and of a desirable texture. Another object of the invention is the production of hydrolyzed titanium dioxide of noncrystalline. structure which may be easily converted to either anatase or rutile form by ordinary'calcination methods. Additional objectsof "the invention’ will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description.
to copending application, Serial No. 429,118, is
of the present invention as they are received treated with hydrochloric acid to neutralize the from the clari?cation treatment, thus providing a combined alkali metal, but terminating the acid decided advantage over the methods of prior ; > treatment short of conversion of any of the hy
' signor to-American Cyanamid Company, New
York, N. Y., a corporation of Maine
No Drawing. Application May 31, 1946,
Serial No. 673,606
5 Claims.
1
This invention relates to the preparation of titanium dioxide pigment, and relates more par ticularly to the provision of a nucleating agent for hydrolyzing titanium salt solutions to obtain
. The hydrolysis treatment is carried out on the
metal present to yield from about 20% to about‘ 50% of theoretical'for the formation of the nor‘ mal tetra-salt of the monobasic acid. The seed so produced is not a nucleating agent for hydrolyzing titanium sulfate solutions since it does not accelerate the precipitation of hydrous titanium oxide when introduced into a titanium
whiteness, stability, hiding power, higher tinting
strength, and ready dispersibility in a variety of
gestion of titanium-bearing ores with sulfuric acid, followed by reduction'of all ferric iron to ferrous iron,.removal of a part of the iron by crystallization as ferrous sulfate, clari?cation and adjustment of concentration. The hydroly sate is calcined, in the presence of various condi-, tioning agents, to produce the desired white pig ment.
x are insu?icient for the production of any crystal-
sulfate liquor prior to hydroylsis, but is carried
through as an inert material.v .
liquors obtained from the sulfuric acid digestion of titanium-bearing ores, after the liquors have been subjected to the various clari?cation treat ments referred to above. These liquors, ordi narily containing from about 12% to about 15% titanium dioxide, may be employed in the method
Patented Apr. 11, 1950
2,503,692
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
2,503,692
PREPARATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE
PIGMENTS -
Charles A. Tanner, Jr., Collingswood, N. J.‘, as
alkali metal compound is carried out in an aque-'
ous medium under relatively mild conditions.
The temperatures employed are not in substan tial excess of 100° C., and are usually within the range of from about 85° C. to about 95° C., which
(Cl. 23-202)
solutions, to titanium dioxide having rutile crys-l .
tal structure. This rutile calcination seed is pre pared by treating an alkali metal titanate with certain de?nite quantities of a monobasic acid hydrous titanium oxide in noncrystalline form 413 such as hydrochloric acid. The alkali metal ti from which the hydrous oxide may be converted tanate is prepared by heating an aqueous pulp of by calcination treatment to either rutile or ana substantially pure hydrated titanium dioxide, tase crystal structure. containing a small amount of combined and/or - Titanium ‘dioxide, within recent years, has be adsorbed sulfuric acid, obtained by thermal hy come widely accepted as the outstanding white drolysis of a titanium sulfate solution, with an pigment material used in the coating and allied excess of an alkali metal hydroxide solution for a industries. This popularity is due mainly to its period of time ranging from about 1 hour to
. Copending application, Serial No. 429, 118,015 1
drated titanium dioxide to titanium tetrachloride. The present invention is based on the discovery that the alkali metal titanate produced according to the method of the above identi?ed application‘ is an extremely effective titanium sulfate hy-l drolysis nucleating agent. This titanate differsv materially from alkali metal .titanates produced by other methods in that the reaction between the titanium sulfate hydrolysate and the alkaline