Biology 1030 Chpt 37 Practice Test
GRE(VERBAL)模拟试卷37(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）模拟试卷37(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. PART ONE 2. PART TWOPART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1．You may wonder how the expert on fossil remains is able to trace descent through teeth, which seem ______ pegs upon which to hang whole ancestries.A．novelB．reliableC．speciousD．inadequateE．academic正确答案：D2．An essential purpose of the criminal justice system is to enable purgation to take place; that is, to provide a ______ by which a community expresses its collective ______ the transgression of the criminal.A．catharsis...outrage atB．disclaimer...forgiveness ofC．means...empathy withD．procedure...distaste forE．document...disapprobation of正确答案：A3．When facts are ______ and data hard to come by, even scientists occasionally throw aside the professional pretense of ______ and tear into each other with shameless appeals to authority and arguments that are unabashedly ad hominem.A．elusive...objectivityB．established...courtesyC．demonstrable...neutralityD．ineluctable...cooperationE．hypothetical...scholarship正确答案：A4．In the tradition of scholarly ______, the poet and scholar A.E. Housman once assailed a German rival for relying on manuscripts “as a drunkard relies on lampposts, for ______ rather than illumination.”A．animosity...currentB．discourse...stabilityC．erudition...shadowD．invective...supportE．competition...assistance正确答案：DSECTION 2Directions: In each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.5．CULPABLE : GUILTY ::A．marginal : necessaryB．sociable : ambivalentC．venerable : esteemedD．factual : suspectE．reasonable : superlative正确答案：C6．PILGRIMAGE : ZEALOT ::A．chef : recipeB．journey : pathC．sleet : hailD．genesis : citizenE．expedition : pioneer正确答案：E7．UTILITARIAN : QUIXOTIC ::A．disconcerting : unsettlingB．ephemeral : fleetingC．malevolent : kindD．loquacious : talkativeE．obdurate : stubborn正确答案：C8．FIRE : WOOD ::A．motor : boatB．sunlight : forestC．oil : waterD．gears : bicycleE．automobile : gasoline正确答案：E9．OBLIQUE : INDIRECT ::A．par : standardB．inherent : directC．resonant : equitableD．justified : logicalE．circular : animated正确答案：ASECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.The polar lights known as auroras are produced when charged subatomicLine particles, such as protons and electrons flowing from the sun through Earth’s magnetosphere, collide with atoms and molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere. For reasons not entirely understood, magnetic storms, called substorms,(5) occasionally occur where the flow of particles greatly increases and the interplanetary magnetic field becomes much stronger. These substorms are frequently visible on the Earth because they increase the intensity of the polar lights.Recently, five identical probes were blasted into orbit in a $200 million US project known as the THEMIS mission. Scientists hope the probes will be able to(10) investigate a number of mysteries about the nature of the substorm instabilities, including when and where substorms begin, how the individual components of the substorm interact, and how substorms power the auroras. The mission’s secondary objectives involve understanding and predicting variations in the flux of electrons in Earth’s outer radiation belt. These electrons pose a hazard to the(15) safety of both astronauts and spacecraft. Understanding substorm instabilities would thus improve success rates of future space missions.10．The main purpose of the passage is toA．explain why it is important to invest in space researchB．explain how magnetic substorms interfere with satellite communicationsC．define magnetic substorms and identify a recent scientific experiment to study themD．compare two alternative approaches to the study of magnetic substormsE．demonstrate that unmanned probes are the best way to conduct research in space正确答案：C11．According to the passage, all of the following are objectives of the THEMIS mission EXCEPT:A．predicting variations in the flux of electrons in Earth’s outer radiation belt B．understanding how individual components of the substorm interactC．guaranteeing the success rates of future space missionsD．investigating when and where substorms beginE．understanding how substorms power the auroras正确答案：C12．PROPAGATE : MULTIPLY ::A．dilate : decreaseB．discern : includeC．expect : shiftD．precipitate : happenE．deride : excel正确答案：D13．People traveled hundreds of miles to be in the presence of the ______ and listen to his ______ words.A．scholar.. ludicrousB．dissident.. calmingC．extrovert.. fabricatedD．miscreant.. joyousE．sage.. astute正确答案：EDespite the ubiquity of computer technology, most people are unaware thatLine computers exist in two mutually exclusive, distinct categories: analog and digital. We are most familiar with digital computers, such as laptops. On the one hand, digital computers process information using a binary number system that allows(5) them to calculate numbers in an accurate and exact manner. Analog computers, on the other hand, do not calculate per se; they measure and respond to a continuously changing input. Simple analog computers, called astrolabes, were first developed by the Greeks to solve problems in astronomy. The devices proved very popular and(10) soon spread throughout the Roman world. By the 10th century, Muslim scholars had developed the astrolabe into a sophisticated mechanical device capable of calculating solutions to problems not only in astronomy, but also in astrology, navigation, surveying, and timekeeping.Modern scientific opinion was that the ancient Greeks had been(15) technologically unable to produce a similarly sophisticated computer, until a discovery was made just over a century ago. In 1900, divers discovered the wreck of a merchant ship, possibly dating back to 150 BCE, off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera. In the wreckage, they found the remains of a complex device apparently a thousand years ahead of its time.(20) Made of metal, this device, known as the Antikythera mechanism, is approximately the size of a shoebox.At the time of its discovery, it was in terrible shape, having been underwater for so long. Its pieces had merged into a broken mass and experts could discern only that it had something to do with astronomy. Thanks to a combination of advanced imaging methods and X-ray computer(25) tomography, however, scientists have since discovered much more.Originally, the mechanism had at least 30 bronze gears with as many as 225 hand-cut triangular teeth. It had three main dials, one on the front and two on the back, respectively marking the astronomical divisions of the Egyptian calendar, the Metonic cycle, and the Saros cycle. Each dial had subdials for greater(30) specificity. For example, the front dial contained a smaller dial that could be adjusted to account for leap years. There were also hands and gearing to account for the movements of the planets.While the workings of the device are now fairly well understood, researchers are still puzzled by the reason it was made. Some postulate that it, like later(35) astrolabes, was used to create astrological charts, or to set feast days, or even to adjust the lunar and solar calendars. Others have thought it was a curiosity made solely for display. The device’s relatively small size and the inclusion of a 3,000 character “user’s manual”suggest that the mechanism was created to be portable and functional, but scientists are no closer to knowing for sure and can only(40) wonder at the purpose of its superb design.14．Which of the following would weaken the author’s argument that the Antikythera mechanism was a thousand years ahead of its time?A．Items discovered on the Antikythera shipwreck were found to date back to 500 BCE.B．Similarly complex astrolabes were recently found at a series of archeological sites dating between 100 and 500 CE.C．Complex machines involving pulleys and ropes were found at archeological sites on the Greek island of Antikythera.D．At the time of the Antikythera shipwreck, the island of Rhodes was famous for its collection of scientific devices.E．Ancient Romans were famous for their acquisitions of Greek art and architecture.正确答案：B15．The author mentions that the front dial of the Antikythera mechanism contained a smaller, adjustable dial (line 30) most probably in order to A．illustrate the complexity of the mechanismB．describe exactly how the mechanism workedC．emphasize the importance of leap years in the study of astronomyD．argue that the mechanism was used only for very specific tasksE．allow readers to imagine what the device looked like正确答案：A16．The passage’s statement that, by the 10th century, Muslim scholars had developed the astrolabe into a sophisticated mechanical device would justify which of the following conclusions?A．Muslim scholars were unaware of other scientific measuring devices.B．Muslim scholars developed a kind of technology that had never been known before.C．There was no need for sophisticated mechanical devices such as the astrolabe before the 10th century.D．The astrolabe’s sophistication allowed for more exploration of the physical world.E．Muslim scholars had a need to solve complex problems in astronomy, navigation, surveying, and timekeeping.正确答案：E17．The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?A．Where was the mechanism made?B．What was the primary purpose of the Antikythera mechanism?C．How did ancient scientists know how to use the Antikythera mechanism?D．Precisely how many gears did the mechanism have?E．What is the purpose of computer tomography?正确答案：CModern science fiction movies are often known for their breathtaking specialLine effects. These effects can show us a glimpse of the future, and frequently have tremendous dramatic force. Sometimes, however, special effects can leave the science behind to focus only on the fiction. One of the worst offenders is a film’s(5) depiction of explosions in outer space. On the Earth, explosions occur in some form of matter, usually air or water. The change in energy level in the matter creates the energy differential known as a shock wave. The wave is what creates the characteristic “boom”of an explosion. Since there is very little matter in outer space, the energy transfer never takes(10) place. Consequently, there is no sound. Further, because air and water are not perfect conduits for energy, they measurably slow the travel of the explosive force. This allows the explosion to unfold in relatively slow motion, which renders it visible to the eye. In space, there is nothing to slow the energy, which would disperse almost immediately. The effect for an observer would be a bright(15) flash, gone almost as soon as it appeared, and nothing like the great billowing space clouds shown in the movies, suggesting that reality is insufficiently dramatic for cinematic representation.18．The author’s argument is developed primarily by the use ofA．an attack on the misuse of scientific discoveries by modern film directorsB．a critique of technical developments in science fiction movie special effects C．an example of how science fiction directors distort science to increase dramatic effectD．an analogy between science fiction movie special effect and science education in schoolsE．a warning against an overreliance on films to teach science to youngsters 正确答案：C19．According to the passage, which of the following is true about explosions in space? I. A lack of matter in space allows the energy from an explosion to travel very quickly. II. An explosion in space would be visible as a flash of bright light. III. Shock waves created by an explosion in space would cause an audible “boom.”A．I onlyB．II onlyC．I and II onlyD．II and HI onlyE．I, II, and III正确答案：C20．Chris’s interest in his action-figure collection began to ______ as he completed elementary school and became a preteen; he was growing up.A．improveB．dilateC．existD．waneE．thrive正确答案：D21．OBTUSE:A．substantialB．trivialC．immenseD．perceptiveE．dense正确答案：D22．QUOTIDIAN:A．circadianB．sporadicC．starkD．adverseE．exotic正确答案：B23．INUNDATE : OVERWHELM ::A．lambaste : beatB．extricate : tangleC．extol : criticizeD．redo : expungeE．fathom : declare正确答案：ASECTION 4Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters followed by five lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine shades of meaning, be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is best.24．PANDEMONIUM:A．amusementB．indolenceC．decelerationD．tranquillityE．tolerance正确答案：D25．ENERV ATE:A．aggravateB．stimulateC．edifyD．applaudE．disregard正确答案：B26．NEBULOUS:A．hypotheticalB．querulousC．lamentableD．piquantE．distinct正确答案：E27．DECORUM:A．lucidityB．flexibilityC．improprietyD．duplicityE．severity正确答案：C28．DENIGRATE:A．emancipateB．examineC．desecrateD．mollifyE．extol正确答案：EPART TWO （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）SECTION 1Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.29．While the disease is in state it is almost impossible to determine its existence byA．a dormant...postulateB．a critical...examinationC．an acute...analysisD．a suspended...estimateE．a latent...observation正确答案：E30．Virginia Woolf conventional notions of truth: in her words, one cannot receive from any lecture “a nugget of pure truth” to wrap up between the pages of one’s notebook and keep on the mantelpiece forever.A．anticipatesB．articulatesC．neglectsD．mocksE．rationalizes正确答案：DSECTION 4Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters followed by five lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine shades of meaning, be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is best.31．DESTITUTION: A．civilization B．recompense C．affluence D．reformationE．parsimony正确答案：C32．COGNIZANCE: A．ignobilityB．disbelief C．impotence D．illegalityE．unawareness 正确答案：E33．PRECIPITATE: A．intricateB．devious C．posthumous D．dilatoryE．contradictory 正确答案：D34．TORTUOUS: A．mercifulB．directC．dangerous D．legalE．tawdry正确答案：B。
2020-2021学年太原市第三十七中学高三英语模拟试卷及答案
2020-2021学年太原市第三十七中学高三英语模拟试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AA medical capsule robot is a small,often pill-sized device that can do planned movement inside the body after being swallowed or surgically inserted. Most models use wireless electronics or magnets or a combination of the two to control the movement of the capsule. Such devices have been equipped with cameras to allow observation and diagnosis, with sensors that “feel,” and even with mechanical needles that administer drugs.But in practice, Biomechatronics engineer Pietro Valdastri has found that developing capsule models from scratch (从头开始) is costly, time-consuming and requires advanced skills. “The problem was we had to do them from scratch every time,” said Valdastri in an interview. “And other research groups were redeveloping those same modules from scratch, which didn’t make sense.”Since most of the capsules have the same parts of components: a microprocessor, communication submodules, an energy source, sensors, and actuators (致动器), Valdastri and his team made the modular platform in which the pieceswork in concertand can be interchanged with ease. They also developed a flexible board on which the component parts are snapped in like Legos. The board can be folded to fit the body of the capsule, down to about 14 mm. Additionally, they compiled (编译) a library of components that designers could choose from, enabling hundreds of different combinations. They arranged it all in a free online system. Designers can take the available designs or adapt them to their specific needs.“Instead of redeveloping all the modules from scratch, people with limited technological experience can use our modules to build their own capsule robots in clinical use and focus on their innovation,” Valdastri said.Now, the team has designed a capsule equipped with a surgical clip to stop internal bleeding. Researchers at Scotland’s Royal Infirmary of Edinburg have also expressed interest in using the system to make a crawling capsule that takes images of the colon(结肠). One research group, led by professors at the Institute of Digestive Disease of the Chinese University of HongKong, is making a swimming capsule equipped with a camera that pushes itself through the stomach.One limitation of Valdastri’s system is that it’s only for designing models. Researchers can confirm their hypotheses (假设) and do first design using the platform, but will need to move to a custom approach to develop their capsules further and make them practical for clinical use.1. According to the passage, Valdastri and his team created the platform to ________.A. adopt the latest technologiesB. make their robots dream come trueC. help build specialized capsule robotsD. do preciser observation and diagnosis2. What does the underlined phrase “work in concert” mean in Para.3?A. Perform live.B. Run independently.C. Act in a cooperative way.D. Carry on step by step.3. What can be learnt from the passage?A. Valdastri’s system can’t provide a complete capsule creation.B. The modular platform is more useful than a custom approach.C. The capsules can move in human’s body automatically.D. It costs more to module the capsules on the board.BMost people around the world are right-handed. This also seems to be true in history. In 1799, scientists studied works of art made at different times from 1,500 B.C. to the 1950s. Most of the people shown in these works are right-handed, so the scientists guessed that right-handedness has always been common through history. Today, only about 10% to 15% of the world’s population is left-handed.Why are there more right-handed people than left-handed ones? Scientists now know that a person’s two hands each have their own jobs. For most people, the left hand is used to find things or hold things. The right hand is used to work with things. This is because of the different work of the two sides of the brain. The right side of the brain, which makes a person’s hands and eyes work together, controls the left hand. The left-side of the brain, which controls the right hand, is the centre for thinking and doing problems. These findings show that more artists should be left-handed, and studies have found that left-handedness is twice as common among artists as among people in other jobs.No one really knows what makes a person become right-handed instead of left-handed. Scientists have found that almost 40% of the people become left-handed because their main brain is damaged when they are born. However, this doesn’t happen to everyone, so scientists guess there must be another reason why people become left-handed. One idea is that people usually get right-handed from their parents. If a person does not receive the gene(基因) for right-handedness, he / she may become either right-handed or left-handed according to thechance and the people they work or live with.Though right-handedness is more common than left-handedness, people no longer think left-handed people are strange or unusual. A long time ago, left-handed children were made to use their right hands like other children, but today they don’t have to.4. After studying works of art made at different times in history, the scientists found _______.A. the art began from 1,500B.C.B. the works of art ended in the 1950sC. most people shown in the works of art are right-handedD. most people shown in the works of art are left-handed5. What is the left hand for most people used to do?A. It’s used to find or hold things.B. It’s used to work with things.C. It’s used to make a person’s eyes work together.D. It’s the centre for thinking and doing problems.6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. No one really knows what makes a person become right-handed.B. Left-handedness is cleverer than right-handedness.C. Today children are not made to use their right hands only.D. Scientists think there must be some reason why people become left-handed.7. The best title for this passage is _______.A. Scientists’ New InventionsB. Left-handed PeopleC. Which HandD. Different Brains, Different HandsCThe history of the flying car is almost as old as that of powered flight itself. It started with the Curtiss Autoplane of 1917, an awkward-looking machine with removable wings. It never left the ground. Later machines made it into the skies but failed to take off commercially. Money is now pouring into flying taxis. On March 30th Lilium, a German company that develops them, announced a merger with SPAC, an acquisition company that values it at $3. 3 bn -- a sign that investors think the business will fly.Thanks to better batteries and lightweight materials, some of them are ready to carry passengers. Up to 300 firms are working on short-range battery-powered craft that take off and land vertically. Carmakers, techcompanies and others are investing money into the field. The government isoffering a glide pathto certification.America's Federal Aviation Administration is engaged in the process with around 30 firms, says Natasha Santha of LEK, a consulting company.Midway between a cab and a helicopter, flying taxis have distinct advantages over both. Quiet electric motors allow them to operate frequent services. They require only a patch of concrete to land, unlike noisy helicopters, which face severe operating restrictions in most cities. They can fly four or five times faster than a cab can drive and do not get stuck in traffic. Prices can be kept low by ride-sharing. Joby, based inCalifornia, says its five-seater machine will enter commercial service in 2024. The firm calculates the initial cost of around $4 per person per mile may soon fall by 25%. A trip fromManhattanto JFK airport would then cost $30-40 per passenger.The real revolution will come when full autonomy takes out the cost of a pilot. Archer hopes to run such aircraft by 2028. They face fewer obstacles in the air than earth-bound cars do on the road; airliners mostly fly on autopilot as it is. Still, as one industry insider puts it, it is probably best to accustom passengers and regulators to airborne taxis before getting rid of the driver.8. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?A. The flying car can date back to the 1920s.B. Investors see the potential of the business of the flying car.C. The flying car never left the ground successfully in history.D. A German company has launched a new flying car into the market.9. What does "offering a glide path" in Paragraph 2 probably refer to?A. Giving the green light.B. Providing timely assistance.C. Presenting legal guidance.D. Conducting strict management.10. Which of the following is the strength of flying taxis?A. Costing as little as cabs.B. Saving passengers from the traffic jam.C. Reducing air pollution.D. Having no operating restrictions.11. What can be inferred about the flying taxis from the last paragraph?A. They will develop faster than cars.B. Passengers will quickly get used to taking them.C. The regulators will take measures to promote them.D. Autopilot flying taxis will probably replace those with pilots.DMany of us in China enjoy adding chilies (辣椒) toour food, but did you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-oldUSman recently ended up in hospital after eating a Carolina Reaper—the spiciest chili in the world. After taking just a single bite of one, the man suffered from serious headaches in the following few days, reported BBC News.In fact, reports of stomachache and headache caused by eating spicy food are not something unusual. But if chilies are harmful, why is it that human beings are the only animals to eat this vegetable? According to the website Huanqiu, about 600 million Chinese people—almost half of the national population—are chili eaters. So what makes people love chilies so much? The human body reacts to the burning feeling that comes from eating chilies by releasing natural chemicals that “produce a sense of happiness” , noted BBC News.And the benefits go even further than just personal enjoyment. A survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences found that the death rate of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10 percent lower than those who eat it less than once a week. The number decreased to 14 percent for those who eat spicy food six to seven times a week. And another study done by theUniversityofVermontcame to a similar conclusion. “The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to improve health and reduce death risk at an early age,” Liu Qi, a nutritionist at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, told BBC News.Chilies have anti-cancer quality and the ability to increase our metabolism (新陈代谢). So, don't worry if you love spicy food. It seems that chilies are actually good for us—except for the Carolina Reaper, perhaps.12. The example of a 34-year-old American is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to prove ________.A. chiliescan be beneficialB. chilies are popular inAmericaC. chilies can be dangerousD. serious headaches can be dangerous13. Eating chilies gives people a sense of happiness by_______.A. decreasing death rateB. releasing natural chemicalsC. curing serious headachesD. providing enough nutrition14. Which of the following statement is TRUE?A. Human are the only animals to eat chilies.B. Stomachache and headaches caused by chilies is something unusual.C. The more chilies you eat, the healthier you are.D. Chilies have anti-cancer quality but it can't increase our metabolism.15. The writer wrote the passage to ________.A. warn people of the dangers of chiliesB. ask people to eat Carolina ReaperC. encourage people to eat more chiliesD. tell people the benefits of chilies第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
分子生物学分子生物学翻译考试卷模拟考试题.docx
《分子生物学翻译》考试时间：120分钟 考试总分：100分遵守考场纪律，维护知识尊严，杜绝违纪行为，确保考试结果公正。
1、（）可使每个氨基酸和它相对应（）分子相耦联形成一个氨酰tRNA 分子。
（）（ ）2、（）包括两个tRNA 分子的结合位点：（），即P 位点，紧密结合与多肽链延伸属端连接的tRNA 分子；（），即A 位点，结合带有一个氨基酸的tRNA 分子。
（ ）3、（）催化肽键的形成，一般认为这个催化反应是由核糖体大亚基上的（）分子介导的。
（ ）4、释放因子蛋白与核糖体上A 位点的（）密码结合，导致肽基转移酶水解连接新生多肽与tRNA 分子的化学键。
（ ）姓名：________________ 班级：________________ 学号：________________--------------------密----------------------------------封 ----------------------------------------------线-------------------------5、任何mRNA序列能以三种（）的形式被翻译，而且一种都对应一种完全不同的多肽链。
（）6、蛋白质合成的起始过程很复杂，包括一系列被（）催化的步骤。
（）7、在所有细胞中，都有一种特别的（）识别起始密码子AUG，它携带一种特别的氨基酸，即（），作为蛋白质合成的起始氨基酸。
（）8、核糖体沿着mRNA前进，它需要另一个延伸因子（），这一步需要（）的水解。
当核糖体遇到终止密码（（））的时候，延长作用结束，核糖体和新合成的多肽被释放出来。
翻译的最后一步被称为（），并且需要一套（）因子。
（）9、（）“补充”tRNA分子，而（）催化肽链的合成。
（）10、假定摆动假说是正确的，那么最少需要（）种tRNA来翻译61种氨基酸密码子。
（）11、阿黑皮素原是（）被切割以后可以产生很多活性蛋白质的一个例子。
GCSE 生物考卷11 2013夏季
This document consists of 16 printed pages.IB13 06_0610_11/5RP© UCLES 2013[Turn over*2526737671*UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary EducationBIOLOGY 0610/11Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 201345 minutesAdditional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraserSoft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite in soft pencil.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on th e Answer Sh eet in th e spaces provided unless this has been done for you. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODESThere are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A , B , C and D .Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet.Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. Any rough working should be done in this booklet. Electronic calculators may be used.w w w .X t r e m e P a pe r s .c o m1Worms come to the soil surface after heavy rain.Which characteristic of living organisms does this show?A gro w thB nutritionC reproductionD sensitivity2Which animal is not an arthropod?3© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13[Turn over41 body divided into segments ............... go to2 body not divided into segments ......... go to3 2 straight body ...................................... animal A curved body ....................................... animal B 3 has a shell ......................................... animal Chas no shell ....................................... animal D5Which statement about xylem is correct? A It carries sucrose.B It converts light energy to chemical energy.C It divides actively to help the plant to grow.D It is no longer living.6 The diagram shows a bacterial cell.How is this cell different from a typical animal cell? A It has a cell membrane. B It has cytoplasm. C It has no chloroplasts. D It has no nucleus.© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13In which labelled part of the cell is sugar made?D A B chloroplastnucleus8 Which of these tissues is not part of the organ with which it is paired?tissueorgan containing thistissue A ciliated root B muscle intestine C nervous brain Dxylem leaf9 The diagram shows a specialised cell.For which function is the cell adapted? A absorption of water B contraction of muscles C movement of dust particles D transport of oxygen© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13[Turn over10 The diagram represents two liquids, separated by a membrane through which osmosis can occur.membranemolecule of water molecule ofdissolved sustanceWhat movement of molecules will occur?A Molecules of dissolved substance move from left to right.B Molecules of dissolved substance move from right to left.C Overall, water molecules move from left to right.D Overall, water molecules move from right to left.11 The scent from a bunch of flowers spreads throughout a room.How does the scent spread?A by conductionB by diffusionC by osmosisD by transpiration12 A human cell contains a length of DNA that carries the code for making which substance?A fatB glycogenC lipaseD starch13 A student set up a test-tube containing starch, water and amylase.How could the student test whether the amylase had digested all the starch?A Add Biuret solution.B Add dilute hydrochloric acid.C Add iodine solution.D Weigh the test-tubes and contents before and after the experiment.14The diagram shows the apparatus used in an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen production during photosynthesis.beakerglass funnelaquatic plantThe investigation was repeated several times and the average amount of gas col ected was calculated.Which two factors must be kept constant during this investigation?A the amount of water in the beaker and the height of the measuring cylinderB the size of aquatic plant and the amount of gas in the measuring cylinderC the size of aquatic plant and the duration of exposure to lightD the size of the beaker and the funnel© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/131234incisor canine premolar molarWhich teeth are used for cutting rather than grinding food?A 1 and 2B 2 and 3C 3 and 4D 4 and 116The diagram shows an experiment kept at room temperature.tubing containingstarch, protease,protein and simplesugarsmembrane permeableto small molecules onlydistilled watertest-tubeWhat is present in the water surrounding the membrane after 45 minutes?A amino acids and simple sugarsB protein and amino acidsC protein and simple sugarsD starch and simple sugars© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13 [Turn over17The diagram shows a double circulatory system.capillaries of the lungs capillaries of the rest of the bodyWhich vessels carry oxygenated blood?A 1 and 2B 1 and 4C 2 and 3D 2 and 418The photograph shows two blood cells, X and Y.XYWhat are the functions of cells X and Y?cell X cell YA carries out phagocytosis carries oxygenB carries oxygen produces antibodiesC carries oxygen carries carbon dioxideD produces antibodies carries oxygen© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/1319The table shows the rate of water flow through a tree over a 12 hour period.time of day rate of flow/ cm per hour17:00 10019:00 12011:00 14013:00 25015:00 30017:00 26019:00 180What conclusion can be drawn from the table?A Between 7:00 and 17:00 hours the rate of flow continuously increases.B The greatest increase in rate of flow in a two-hour period is between 11:00 and 13:00 hours.C Water does not flow up through a tree at night.D Water flow is affected by humidity.20Which chemical could be used to show that cells are respiring aerobically?A Benedict’s solutionB dilute sulfuric acidC ethanolD limewater21 When does respiration take place in animals and plants?animals plantsA all the time all the timeB all the time night time onlyC day time only day time onlyD day time only night time only© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13 [Turn over22The diagram shows some ciliated cells from the trachea.What is the function of the parts labelled X?A detecting stimuliB exchanging gasesC moving mucusD trapping bacteria23Which food type, when eaten in excess, will cause a rise in the urea content of urine?A carbohydrateB fatC mineral saltsD protein24Where is urea made?A intestinesB k idneyC liverD muscles© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13FWhat happens to distance F and distance G when this person moves into a dimly-lit room?e Ge F distancdistancA becomes larger becomes smallerB becomes smaller stays the sameC becomes smaller becomes largerD stays the same becomes smaller26 A boy accidentally touches a very hot object and immediately takes his hand away.In this reflex action, what is the effector?A a heat receptor in his handB a motor neuroneC a muscle in his armD the spinal cord27Which row shows how one type of game te is transporte d so that fe rtilisation can occur in a flowering plant?type of gamete how transportedA female in a pollen grainB female in a seedC male in a pollen grainD male in a seed© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13 [Turn over© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/1328 In which conditions will seeds germinate?temperature / °C the only gas presentwater A 20carbon dioxidewater presentB 20 oxyg e n wat e r pr e s e ntC 0carbon dioxidewater absentD0 oxyg e n wat e r abs e nt29 The graph shows the growth curves for boys and girls.5 10age / years15 20706050403020100mass / kgboys girlsWhat is the approximate average growth rate of boys between 10 and 15 years old?A 3.5 kg per yearB 18 kg per yearC 32 kg per yearD 50 kg per year30 In cats, the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair. A short-haired cat gives birthto five kittens. Two of them have long hair.Which statement must be correct?A Neither of the parents is heterozygous.B One parent is homozygous.C The female cat is heterozygous.D The male cat is heterozygous.31Cystic fibrosis is an inhe rite d dise ase that occurs whe n an individual is homozygous for a recessive allele.If parents are both heterozygous for this characteristic, what is the probability that their first child will have cystic fibrosis?A 0%B 25%C 50%D 100%32What determines the sex of a baby?A the father’s blood groupB the father’s chromosomesC the mother’s blood groupD the mother’s chromosomes33Which statement explains why the energy flow in a food chain is in one direction?A Decomposers recycle nutrients for plants.B Energy is not recycled.C Plants convert light energy to chemical energy.D The number of organisms decreases at each level in the food chain.34Which organisms do not get their energy by eating other organisms?A consumerB decomposerC herbivoreD producer© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13 [Turn over35 A single tree is food for a large population of caterpillars. Several small birds eat the caterpillars.The small birds are eaten by a bird of prey.Which is the pyramid of biomass?A BC D36The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle.Which letter represents photosynthesis?© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/1337The diagram shows part of the water cycle.How is water lost from the tree?A cond e nsationB r e spirationC translocationD transpiration38Rabbits eat grass and foxes eat rabbits.What would cause the highest increase in the number of rabbits?A less grass and fewer foxesB less grass and more foxesC more grass and fewer foxesD more grass and more foxes39The bloodworm is found in heavily polluted water.The diagram shows where raw sewage flows into a river.Where would there be fewest bloodworms?input of© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13 [Turn overPer mission to r epr oduce items wher e thir d-par ty owned mater ial pr otected by copyr ight is included has been sought and clear ed wher e possible. Ever y reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.© UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/1340 What describes eutrophication and its effect on a river?A Nutrie nts are de ple te d in the rive r, causing bacte ria to die. This allows plants to grow anddeoxygenate the water. B Nutrients are depleted in the river, causing plants to die. These decompose, so the water isdeoxygenated. C Nutrients enter the river, causing algae to grow. These die and decompose, so the water isdeoxygenated. D Nutrients enter the river, causing plants to grow. These provide extra food for animals, whichdeoxygenate the water.。
口译三级实务模拟试卷37(题后含答案及解析)
口译三级实务模拟试卷37(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Dialogue 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English TranslationPART 1 Dialogue (20 points, 10 minutes)Listen to the following dialogue and interpret it as required. After you hear a sentence or a short passage in Chinese, interpret it into English by speaking to the microphone. And after you hear an English sentence or a short passage, interpret it into Chinese. Start interpreting at the signal and stop it at the signal. You may take notes while you are listening. You will hear the dialogue only ONCE. Now let’s begin.听力原文：A：我不知道你有没有注意到，现在去医院看病的老人比例越来越高，而且很多老人都是自己独自前往看病的，这样的现象还越来越明显了，对于这个问题你怎么看?B: Yeah, I noticed that. That happens because we are facing an increasingly serious global issue, that is, age population. The aged population is currently at its highest level in human history. The UN predicts that the rate of population aging in the 21st century will exceed that of the previous century. The number of people aged 60 years and over has tripled since 1950, reaching 600 million in the year 2000 and surpassing 700 million in 2006. It is projected that the combined senior and geriatric population will reach 2. 1 billion by the year 2050. Countries vary significantly in terms of the degree and pace of aging, and the UN expects countries that begin aging later will have less time to adapt to its implications. A：如果全世界都这么严重的话，有没有哪些国家或者地区是尤其严重的?他们的严重程度如何?B: Asia and Europe are the two regions where a significant number of countries face population aging in the near future. Within twenty years many countries in these regions will face a situation where the largest population cohort will be those over 65 and with an average age of about 50 years old. A：那么老龄化到底会给我们带来什么影响?B: An aging population may result in lower interest rates and the economic benefits of lower inflation since the old people tend to spend far less than the young ones. The largest part of expenditure in many countries is now health care, whose cost is likely to increase dramatically as population ages. Social security systems have also begun to experience problems. It is predictable that an aging population will have some negative social impact in a long run.1．Listen to the following dialogue and interpret it as required. After you hear a sentence or a short passage in Chinese, interpret it into English by speaking into the microphone. After you hear a sentence or a short passage in English, interpret it into Chinese. You may take notes while you are listening. You will hear the dialogue only once. Now, let’s begin. 下面你将听到一段有关人口老龄化的对话。
生化本科题库题库Chapter 03 Test Bank
Chapter 3 Exploring Proteins and ProteomesMatching QuestionsUse the following to answer questions 1-10:Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.a) HPLCb) specific activityc) MALDI-TOF mass spectrumd) zonal centrifugatione) nascentf) SDSg) epitopeh) Svedbergi) immunoglobulinj) centrifugationk) overlap peptidesl) affinity chromatography1 The ratio of enzyme activity relative to total protein is called ____________.Ans: bSection: 3.12 The first step in protein purification from a homogenate is usually ____________.Ans: jSection: 3.13 ____________ A type of purification that is based on the attraction of the protein for a particularchemical group.Ans: lSection: 3.14 ____________ can be added prior to gel electrophoresis to denature the proteins.Ans: fSection: 3.15 Sedimentation coefficients are described as ____________ units.Ans: hSection: 3.16 Proteins with different sedimentation coefficients can be separated by ____________.Ans: dSection: 3.17 In order to sequence a whole protein, ____________ are used.Ans: kSection: 3.28 ____________ The name used to describe the original, uncleaved protein.Ans: eSection: 3.29 ____________ Another name for an antibody.Ans: jSection: 3.310 ____________ Another name for an antigenic determinant.Ans: gSection: 3.3Fill in the Blank Questions11 Proteins can be separated from small molecules and ions through a semi-permeable membraneby __________________.Ans: dialysis Section: 3.212 Exclusion gel or gel-filtration chromatography separates molecules on the basis of__________________.Ans: size Section: 3.113 __________________ is a chemical reagent that is often used to detect the presence of aminoacids.Ans: Ninhydrin Section: 3.214 In the Edman procedure for peptide sequence, phenyl isothiocyanate is used to selectivelyremove the __________________ residue as a PTH-derivative.Ans: N-terminal Section: 3.215 Disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins are readily oxidized to cysteic acid residues bytreatment with __________________.Ans: performic acid Section: 3.216 MALDI-TOF is the abbreviation for __________________.Ans: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometerSection: 3.517 Automated peptide synthesis involves the activation of the carboxyl group of the incomingamino acid by __________________ and then reaction with the amino group of the growing peptide chain.Ans: dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Section: 3.418 Polypeptides can be fragmented into smaller peptides by cleavage with chymotrypsin, whichhydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal side of __________________ residues.Ans: phenyalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan Section: 3.219 __________________ gels are often used as the media for electrophoretic techniques such asSDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing.Ans: Polyacrylamide Section: 3.220 The mobility of proteins in SDS-PAGE is inversely proportional to the _____________.Ans: logarithm of their mass Section: 3.1Multiple Choice Questions21 When enzymes are purified, the assay is often based onA) light absorbance. D) temperature changes.B) catalytic activity. E) mRNA levels.C) pH.Ans: B Section: 3.122 Proteins that are not catalysts are often assayed usingA) antibody binding assays. D) None of the above.B) catalytic activity. E) All of the above.C) amino acid analysis.Ans: A Section: Introduction23 What is the advantage of adding SDS to gel electrophoresis?A) SDS colors the proteins for visualization.B) SDS reduces disulfide bonds.C) SDS allows proteins to be separated on the basis of approximate mass.D) None of the above.E) All of the above.Ans: C Section: 3.124 Two-dimensional electrophoresis is a combination of what two techniques?A) isoelectric focusing and affinity chromatographyB) ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGEC) affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGED) isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGEE) isoelectric focusing and ion-exchange chromatographyAns: D Section: 3.125 Which of the following affect the sedimentation of a particle?A) mass D) All of the above.B) shape E) a and bC) the density of the solutionAns: D Section: 3.126 Cyanogen bromide cleaves the peptide bond atA) the carboxyl side of Arg and Lys residues.B) the carboxyl side of Met residues.C) the amino terminus.D) None of the above.E) All of the above.Ans: B Section: 3.227 Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond atA) the carboxyl side of Arg and Lys residues.B) the carboxyl side of Met residues.C) the amino terminus.D) None of the above.E) All of the above.Ans: A Section: 3.228 Which of the following techniques can be used to determine the site of a disulfide bond?A) Edman degradation D) MALDI-TOFB) affinity chromatography E) SDS-PAGEC) diagonal electrophoresisAns: C Section: 3.229 What types of molecules can serve as antigens?A) proteins D) All of the above.B) polysaccharides E) a and bC) metal ionsAns: E Section: 3.330 An ELISA can be used forA) quantitative analysis. D) All of the above.B) size analysis. E) None of the above.C) absorbance measurements.Ans: A Section: 3.331 A technique used to identify proteins after gel electrophoresis, which employs antibodies in thedetection process.A) None of these. D) Southern BlotB) Southwestern Blot E) Northern BlotC) Western BlotAns: C Section: 3.332 A technique that can be used to study protein location in cells.A) NMR spectroscopy D) Western blottingB) fluorescent microscopy E) ion-exchange chromatographyC) X-ray crystallographyAns: B Section: 3.333 The use of synthetic peptides includesA) use as antigens for making antibodies.B) drugs.C) “hooks” used in purification.D) All of the above.E) a and c.Ans: D Section: 3.334 Which technique cannot be used for quantitative analysis?A) X-ray crystallography D) All of the above.B) ELISA E) None of the above.C) absorbance spectroscopyAns: A Section: Entire Chapter35 Techniques that can be used to obtain information about protein shape areA) X-ray crystallography. D) a and b.B) NMR spectroscopy. E) a, b, and c.C) SDS-PAGE.Ans: D Section: 3.5Short-Answer Questions36 Why is an assay necessary for protein purification studies?Ans: An assay allows researchers to accurately measure the amount of the desired protein. This is important in determining if particular purification steps are effective in isolating theprotein from the other cellular material.Section: 3.137 How is lactic acid dehydrogenase assayed?Ans: It is assayed by the increase in NADH present. NADH has a unique absorbance at 340 nm, and the reaction can be monitored by the increase in absorbance at this wavelength.Section: 3.138 How do gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography differ?Ans: Although both are used in purification, the properties of the column material determine how the separation is accomplished. Gel filtration is based on porous beads, andmolecules are separated by size. In ion-exchange chromatography, the column material ischarged with either positively or negatively charged molecules. Separation is based onthe protein’s charge and affinity for the column media.Section: 3.139 How can a protein’s isoelectric point be used in protein purification?Ans: Isoelectric focusing is an electrophoretic technique in which a gradient charge is applied.Proteins migrate through the gradient field until they reach a point at which the pH is thesame as the protein’s pI.Section: 3.140 What is the purpose of determining the specific activity, yield, and purification level of a proteinpurification protocol?Ans: The measurements allow one to determine if the individual steps were effective at selectively isolating the protein while maintaining its presence and activity. In order tosuccessfully purify protein, both the yield and purification level must remain high.Section: 3.141 What type of information can be obtained from ultracentrifugation?Ans: This technique can be used to determine mass and density, and to investigate molecular shape and molecular interactions.Section: 3.142 What is peptide-mass fingerprinting?Ans: This is a technique in which proteins are analyzed by a method requiring two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by enzymatic cleavage and identification of themass-by-mass spectrometry. The resulting fingerprint can be used for identification bycomparison to a database.Section: 3.143 Describe the Edman degradation method for protein-sequence analysis.Ans: A pure protein is reacted with phenylisothiocyanate, which binds to the free amino terminus. Under mildly acidic conditions, the derivatized amino acid is liberated, and canbe identified by chromatography. The steps are repeated to identify the next amino acidexposed at the amino terminus.Section: 3.244 How can the amino acid sequences be used to design a DNA probe?Ans: Using the amino acid sequence and the genetic code, a DNA sequence can be designed.(Codon degeneracy must be considered in the design.)Section: 3.245 What is one advantage of using the recombinant DNA methods to determine protein sequences?Ans: Large proteins can be difficult to sequence by traditional methods because only short peptides can be sequenced. Long sections of DNA can be cloned and sequenced, and thegenetic code used to determine the amino acid sequence.Section: 3.246 What is an epitope?Ans: An epitope is the specific group or part of a molecule that the antibody recognizes.Section: 3.347 Why are monoclonal antibodies more useful than polyclonal antibodies?Ans: Monoclonal antibodies are more specific, consisting of one type of antibody with a specific binding site and affinity. Polyclonal antibodies contain several differentantibodies with slightly different binding affinities and specificities. Monoclonalantibodies are more suitable for examining protein structure and studying mechanisms.Section: 3.348 How are monoclonal antibodies made?Ans: They are made by fusion of an immortal myeloma cell line with a short-lived, antibody-producing cell.Section: 3.349 Briefly describe how an ELISA works.Ans: In ELISA, the antigen of interest is complexed with a specific antibody under appropriate assay conditions, and excess antibody is removed. The antibody is complexed to anenzyme, which can be measured quantitatively using an appropriate substrate and assaytool, often by a colorimetric or radioactive product formation.Section: 3.350 What are some of the advantages of NMR spectroscopy compared to X-ray crystallography?Ans: While both are expensive and time-consuming techniques, NMR does not require a crystal and allows protein structure in solution to be determined.Section: 3.5。
2023年第37届中国化学奥林匹克竞赛(江苏赛区)复赛真题(学生版+解析版)
（2）分别分析化合物2、3中 的氧化态和是否具有顺磁性_______。
（3）如果改变通入 和 的顺序，在1的乙腈溶液中先通入 ，再通入 ，能否制得3_______，为什么_______。
【答案】（1）（2）
（3）①. ②.
科研小组报道了铬 离子的相关研究如下： 气氛保护下，向 含有 12-TMC的乙腈溶液中加入 ，室温下搅拌 ；然后，加入 乙醚后出现蓝色粉末，将其过滤洗涤，得到 (1)。在 条件下，通 于1的蓝色乙腈溶液中，生成紫色的中间体2(室温下可稳定存在)。2的质谱分析表明其离子峰的 (荷质比)为346.9.进一步于 时向含有2的乙腈溶液中通 气 ，再通入NO，溶液颜色由紫色变为蓝色，经沉淀洗涤处理后得到蓝绿色晶体3，其质谱分析表明离子峰的 为377.0(12-TMC分子量：228.3)。根据题意回答下列问题：
D. 的作用是使Y转化为碳负离子与X反应生成Z
5.下列有关物质性质与用途具有对应关系的是
A. 吸收 产生 ，可用作呼吸面具供氧剂
B. 能与酸反应，可用于制作红色涂料
C. 硬度大，可用于制造光导纤维
D. 有还原性，可用于自来水的杀菌消毒
6.单核金属-分子氧配合物( )是一些底物氧化转化过程的关键组分/中间体。N-甲基四氮杂环十二烷(12-TMC)及其类似物14-TMC(如下图)等作为螯合配体在调节 配合物及其衍生物的稳定性、构型和电子结构、反应活性等方面起着重要作用。例如，取决于 环的尺寸， 配合物中 为12或14时， 分子可采用侧基配位或端基配位形式，镍离子氧化态为 或 另一方面， 在生理过程中发挥着重要作用。微生物或血红蛋白等可以调节 和 的反应生成 ，用于维持生命健康。
IB生物HL真题
2.
Which of the following are features of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 70S ribosomes A. B. C. D. prokaryote eukaryote eukaryote prokaryote 80S ribosomes eukaryote prokaryote prokaryote eukaryote Naked DNA prokaryote eukaryote prokaryote eukaryote DNA associated with proteins eukaryote prokaryote eukaryote prokaryote
2210-6007
Turn over
–4– 7. Which describes these molecules correctly? I.
CH2 OH H C OH C H OH C H H C OH O CH3 (CH2)n C OH O H C OH
M10/4/BIOLO/HPM/ENG/TZ1/XX+
III. Number of mitochondria I only I and II only II and III only I, II and III
11. In some people, hemoglobin always contains the amino acid valine in place of a glutamic acid at one position in the protein. What is the cause of this? A. B. C. D. An error in transcription of the hemoglobin gene An error in translation of the mRNA Lack of glutamic acid in the diet A base substitution in the hemoglobin gene
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Biology 1030 Chpt 37 Practice TestMultiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 1. Carbon dioxide is a pollutant because ita. is absorbed by the ocean and converted into insoluble carbonates.b. is liberated when fossil fuel is burned.c. is a waste product of respiration.d. cannot be recycled at a rate equal to its present production.____ 2. In the United States, how many metric tons of pollutants are discharged into the atmosphere each day?a. 1,000b. 100,000c. 700,000d. 5 millione. 15 to 30 million____ 3. Air pollutiona. reduces visibility.b. corrodes buildings.c. causes various human diseases.d. damages plants.e. all of these____ 4. Air pollution may causea. lung cancer.b. emphysema.c. bronchitis.d. burning eyes.e. all of these____ 5. Which acid is a severe air pollutant?a. carbonic acidb. nitric acidc. hydrofluoric acidd. hydrochloric acide. boric acid____ 6. Acid rain occurs whena. carbon dioxide combines with water in the atmosphere.b. phosphorus-rich water in lakes evaporates to form phosphoric acid.c. sulfur released in burning fossil fuels combines with water in the atmosphere.d. excess hydrogen is released into the atmosphere where ozone is formed.____ 7. Acid raina. increases the mobility of toxic heavy metals.b. is the major reason for the production of sterile lakes around the world.c. is rainwater with a pH above 7.d. is primarily the result of industrial pollution.e. is all of these except the pH is below 7.____ 8. The two chemical elements associated with acid deposition area. nitrogen and oxygen.b. sulfur and oxygen.c. nitrogen and sulfur.d. carbon and oxygen.e. nitrogen and carbon.____ 9. Acid raina. attacks nylons.b. attacks marble statues.c. causes toxic metals to become motile in the ecosystem.d. can be reduced in the local area by tall smokestacks.e. all of these____ 10. Each of the following substances contributes to acid rain EXCEPTa. ozone.b. waste products from the burning of coal.c. nitrogen fertilizers.d. waste products from the burning of gasoline.____ 11. Acid rain is NOT a serious problem in some areas because of the presence of which substance in the soil?a. graniteb. carbonatec. clayd. sand____ 12. The unequal distribution of acid rain over the United States is closely correlated witha. per capita energy use.b. fertilizer use.c. burning fossil fuels.d. average summer temperatures.____ 13. The region of the United States most affected by acid rain is thea. Northwest.b. Southwest.c. Northeast.d. Southeast.____ 14. Transportation-produced smog causes air to turna. gray.b. black.c. brown.d. red.e. blue.____ 15. A thermal inversion refers toa. an abnormal occurrence not predicted by meteorologists.b. an Indian summer.c. an unusually quick change in weather patterns.d. the process of cool air drainage at night.e. a layer of cool air trapped underneath a warm air blanket.____ 16. When the burning of fossil-fuels in manufacturing plants gives off particulates and sulfur oxides, we havea. photochemical smog.b. industrial smog.c. a thermal inversion.d. both photochemical smog and a thermal inversion.e. both industrial smog and a thermal inversion.____ 17. Industrial smog causes air to turna. gray.b. black.c. brown.d. red.e. blue.____ 18. Which city has brown fog?a. Londonb. Los Angelesc. Chicagod. New Yorke. Pittsburgh____ 19. When the burning of fossil-fuels in vehicle engines off particulates and nitric oxides, what results?a. photochemical smogb. industrial smogc. a thermal inversiond. both photochemical smog and a thermal inversion.e. both industrial smog and a thermal inversion.____ 20. Which factor is NOT characteristic of a city primarily plagued by industrial smog?a. high concentration of sulfur oxidesb. dependence on fossil fuel for manufacturingc. cold, wet wintersd. high concentration of nitrogen oxides____ 21. Which factor is NOT characteristic of a city primarily plagued by photochemical smog?a. high concentration of sulfur oxidesb. high concentration of nitrogen oxidesc. significant amounts of PANsd. large numbers of internal combustion engines____ 22. In brown air fog, which substance combines with nitrogen dioxide in the sunlight to form photochemical smog?a. carbon monoxideb. water vaporc. hydrocarbonsd. sulfuric acide. all of these____ 23. What results when nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons react in the presence of sunlight?a. photochemical smogb. industrial smogc. a thermal inversiond. both photochemical smog and a thermal inversion.e. both industrial smog and a thermal inversion.____ 24. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are pollutants becausea. biogeochemical mechanisms for their removal have not yet appeared in the biosphere.b. they combine with water to form hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids.c. they are found in smog.d. they are photochemical oxidants.____ 25. The atmosphere above which region is known to have a hole in the ozone layer?a. Antarcticab. Eastern North Americac. Northern Europed. the western Pacific____ 26. Each factor appears to be correlated with a decrease in atmospheric ozone EXCEPTa. suppression of the immune system.b. decreased rates of photosynthesis.c. increased incidence of skin cancers.d. decreased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.____ 27. Uses of chlorofluorocarbons include each of the following EXCEPTa. gasoline additives.b. aerosol propellants.c. refrigeration coolants.d. plastic packaging.____ 28. About how many tons of waste does the population of the United States produce per year?a. 153 millionb. 25 billionc. 52 milliond. 80 billione. 101 million____ 29. What percentage of urban wastes are paper products?a. 10b. 20c. 50d. 75e. more than 90____ 30. Using recycled paper could reduce the air pollution that results from paper manufacturing bya. 50 percentb. 95 percentc. 5 percentd. zero percent.e. 75 percent____ 31. Landfills should containa. all garbage.b. nonbiodegradable wastes.c. nonrecycled solid wastes.d. glass and metallic debris.e. organic litter.____ 32. How many trees are required just to print all the Sunday newspapers in the United States?a. 1 millionb. 100,000c. 500,000d. 2 billione. none because all the paper is recycled____ 33. Approximately 50 percent of the billions of tons of solid wastes produced in the United States isa. glass.b. paper.c. aluminum.d. plastic.____ 34. Of the earth's land, what is the maximum percentage now being used for agriculture?a. 10b. 21c. 50d. 75____ 35. The new high-yield crops require which of the following that cannot be supplied by subsistence agriculture?a. irrigationb. pesticidesc. fertilizersd. fossil fuel energye. all of these____ 36. Subsistence agriculture does not utilizea. human labor.b. sunlight.c. available soil.d. synthetic fertilizers.e. water.____ 37. For a given crop yield, modern agricultural practices require how many times more energy and mineral resources than is required by subsistence agricultural practices?a. .01b. .25c. 4d. 25e. 100____ 38. Tropical plants or their products have provided humans with all of the following EXCEPTa. medicines.b. grain.c. spices.d. fuel.____ 39. Deforestation results ina. increased air temperatures.b. decreased soil fertility.c. altered rainfall patterns.d. a and be. a, b, and c____ 40. The soils in the tropical rain forest are nutrient-poor becausea. they are located near the equator.b. the trees remove most of the good things.c. decomposition of organic matter is very rapid.d. leaching occurs even before tree cutting.e. of shifting cultivation.____ 41. At current rates of clearing and degradation, the disappearance of the tropical rain forest biome may be complete by the yeara. 2035.b. 2100.c. 2150.d. 2200.____ 42. The primary cause of desertification in the world today isa. increased salinity resulting from irrigation practices.b. overgrazing of marginal lands.c. clearing and degradation of tropical forests.d. herbicide and fertilizer runoff.____ 43. For every million liters of water in the world, only about __________ liters are in a form that can be used for human consumption or agriculture.a. 6b. 60c. 600d. 6,000____ 44. Of all the water on the earth's surface, most of it is NOT fit for human consumption because it containsa. microbial pollutants.b. salt.c. heavy metals.d. pesticides.e. CFCs.____ 45. Of the following, which would probably be the safest source of drinking water?a. municipal water supplyb. clear mountain streamc. deep welld. shallow welle. rainwater____ 46. Primary treatment of sewage involvesa. filtration and sedimentation, which physically treats water.b. the biological degradation of the organic material.c. the most expensive sewage treatment process.d. the chemical treatment of the water to neutralize its effects.e. chlorination or ultrasonic vibration, removal of nitrogen from ammonia, and precipitationof phosphate compounds.____ 47. After secondary sewage treatment, the water may contain all of the following EXCEPTa. viruses.b. oxygen-demanding wastes.c. nitrates and phosphates.d. large suspended solids.e. pesticides and industrial chemicals.____ 48. Which process is NOT generally considered a component of tertiary wastewater treatment?a. microbial actionb. precipitation of suspended solidsc. reverse osmosisd. absorption of dissolved organic compounds____ 49. Primary treatment of wastewater does NOT involve using which of the following?a. sedimentation tanksb. aeration with pure oxygenc. mechanical screensd. chemicals such as aluminum sulfate____ 50. Which is NOT a result or effect of irrigation?a. increased food productionb. waterlogging of soilc. raised water tablesd. alteration of soil type____ 51. The most harmful element in coal that causes serious pollution problems isa. nitrogen.b. silver.c. carbon.d. sulfur.e. chlorine.____ 52. Fossil fuelsa. are renewable natural resources.b. will be commercially depleted within the next 100 years.c. can be utilized without any environmental degradation.d. are essentially pure carbon deposits.____ 53. Carbon dioxide in the atmospherea. is destroying the ozone layer.b. has dramatically increased in the last few decades.c. is one of the prime reasons for acid rain.d. is a waste gas produced by respiration and has no biological use.____ 54. Which of the following is the most reliable source of energy for the next few hundred or thousands of years?a. oilb. coalc. sund. natural gase. nuclear____ 55. If one kind of plutonium isotope is not removed, the wastes from a nuclear power reactor must be kept out of the environment for how many years before they are safe?a. 25b. 250c. 250,000d. 1 million____ 56. Which statement about nuclear power plants is true?a. Their net energy production is relatively low.b. Their waste products lead to the production of acid rain.c. Their waste products are radioactive.d. Their net energy production is relatively low; and their waste products lead to theproduction of acid rain.____ 57. Problems associated with the extraction or use of coal as a large-scale source of energy include all of the following EXCEPTa. production of sulfur oxides.b. stripmining in fragile semiarid environments.c. limited reserves.d. amplification of the general warming trend of the earth.____ 58. To produce power from fusion,a. breeder reactors must convert uranium to plutonium.b. hydrogen and oxygen are combined to yield water.c. hydrogen atoms are joined to form helium.d. breeder reactors must convert uranium to plutonium and hydrogen and oxygen arecombined to yield water.e. breeder reactors must convert uranium to plutonium and hydrogen atoms are joined toform helium.____ 59. Which of the following accurately describes the concept of solar-hydrogen energy?a. Hydrogen gas is trapped by solar cells.b. Solar energy is used to fuse hydrogen atoms into helium atoms.c. Electricity is produced by the splitting of hydrogen atoms using sunlight power.d. Sunlight produces electricity which is used to produce hydrogen fuel.e. Solar power is tapped for use in hydrogen-breeder reactors.MatchingMatching. Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.a. a process that is part of tertiary wastewater treatmentb. could happen in a conventional nuclear fission reactorc. coal, oil, gasd. photochemical smog component, like tear gase. dense air trapped beneath a layer of warm airf. its reactions resemble those occurring in the sung. depends on microbial actionh. slash and burni. forms sludge from coarse, suspended solidsj. uses photovoltaic cells to generate burnable gask. can cause depletion of ozonel. tiny particles that attack marble and cause crop damagem. salt deposition that results from irrigating arid-zone soils____ 60. solar-hydrogen energy____ 61. dry acid depositions____ 62. fossil fuels____ 63. salination____ 64. fusion power____ 65. chlorofluorocarbons____ 66. meltdown____ 67. shifting cultivation____ 68. primary treatment____ 69. PANS____ 70. reverse osmosis____ 71. thermal inversion____ 72. secondary treatment_____73. The greenhouse effect could affecta.global temperaturesb.rainfall patternsc.agricultural landsd. all of these.。