国贸名词解释

名字解释

1.gravity model: Tij=AxYixYj/Dij

The value of trade between any two countries is proportional, other things equal, to the product of the countries’s GDPs,and diminishes with the distance between the two countries.The equation is known as a gravity model of world trade.

引力模型：这方程式表明，在其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的贸易规模和两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。

2.service outsourcing

When a service previously done within a country is shifted to a foreign location,the change is known as service outsourcing.

服务外包：曾经必须在一国国内实现的服务现在可以在国外实现，这种变化就是服务外包parative advantage：a country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other country.

比较优势如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话，则称这个国家在生产该产品上就拥有比较优势

4.opportunity cost

The opportunity cost of A in terms of B is the number of B that could have been produced with the resources used to produce a given number of A.

A的机会成本若用B来表示的话，就是生产一定数量的A的资源所能生产的B的数量

5.production possibility frontier

Shows the maximum amount of A that can be produced once decision has been made to produce an given amount of B, and vice versa.

生产可能性边界表示在A产量给定时B的最大可能产量，反之亦然。

6.Ricardian model:this approach,in which international trade is solely due to international differences in the productivity of labor,is known as the Ricardian model.

李嘉图模型：国际间劳动生产率的不同是国际贸易的唯一决定因素

7.abundant factor:the resource of which a country has a relatively large supplyis the abundant factor in that country.

充裕要素：一个国家供给相对多的生产要素，称为这个国家的充裕要素。

8.equalization of factor prices:when Home and Foreign trade,the relativeprices of goods converage.this convergence,in turn,causes convergence of the relative land and labor.

要素价格均等化：贸易后产品相对价格的趋同导致了土地和劳动的相对价格趋同。

(书上没有)9.factor intensity:the proportions in which different factors of production are used in producing different goods

要素密集度：是指生产不同商品所需投入的生产要素之间的比率

10.factor-proportions theory :because the theory emphasizes the interplay between the proportions in which different factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are used in producing different goods,it is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory.

要素比例理论：由于这一理论强调了不同生产要素在不同国家的资源中所占比例和他们在不同产品的生产投入中所占的比例二者之间的相互作用，它又被称为要素比例理论.

11.Heckscher-Ohlin theory:the international trade is largely driven by differences incountries’resources，developed by two economists,heckscher and ohlin.

H-O理论：用各国间的资源差异来解释国际贸易原因的学说，由heckscher and ohlin提出。

12.expport-biased growth:growth that disproportionately expands a country’s production possibilities in the direction of the good it exports is expport-biased growth.

出口偏向型增长：使得一国生产可能性边界的扩张偏向于出口产品的经济增长称为出口偏向型增长。

13.immiserizing growth:export-biased growth by poor nations would worsen their terms of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not growth at all.

福利恶化型增长：发展中国家的出口偏向型增长会使得他们的贸易条件恶化，以至于他们的福利水平比经济增长前还要低。

（书上没有）14.indifference curves：p90 That is, at each point on the curve, the consumer has no preference for one bundle over another. One can equivalently refer to each point on the indifference curve as rendering the same level of utility (satisfaction) for the consumer

无差异曲线：p87 无差异曲线是用来表示两种商品或两组商品的不同数量的组合对消费者所提供的效用是相同的，无差异曲线符合这样一个要求：如果听任消费者对曲线上的点作选择，那么，所有的点对他都是同样可取的，因为任一点所代表的组合给他所带来的满足都是无差异的。

15.terms of trade：the price of a country’s exports divided by the price of its imports----on a nation’s welfare

贸易条件：一个国家出口产品的价格除以进口产品的价格-------对国家福利的影响。

16.Ad valorem tariffs：taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods

按进口商品的价值收取一定比例的税收

17.Consumer surplus：An economic measure of consumer satisfaction, which is calculated by analyzing the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service relative to its market price

一个消费者愿意的买价和实际买价的差额

18.Import quota: the limitations on the quantity of imports

对进口量的限制

19.Producer surplus：An economic measure of the difference between the amount that a producer of a good receives and the minimum amount that he or she would be willing to accept for the good.

一个生产者愿意的售价和实际售价的差额

20.Specific tariff: it is levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported

是对每单位进口商品征收固定的税额的关税

21.Optimum tariff：the tariff that maximizes national welfare

是社会福利最大化的关税

22.Rent-seeking：When a company, organization or individual uses their resources to obtain an economic gain from others without reciprocating any benefits back to society through wealth creation.

23.Import-substituting industrialization:the strategy of encouraging domestic industry by limiting imports of manufactured goods

通过限制工业产品的进口而对国内工业进行鼓励的战略