企业成本控制外文翻译文献
文献综述及外文翻译

关于钢铁制造企业的物料控制研究参考文献综述学号408417011320,姓名党杨前言:依美国生产及库存管理学会(American Production and Inventory Control Sociery,APICS)的定义,物料(Materials)是指制造产品或提供服务时所需直接或间接投入的物料。
物料一词所涉及的范围相当广泛,除企业生产过程中所需直接投入的物料外,还涉及所需间接投入的物料。
而物料控制简称物控,是指对企业生产经营活动所需各种物料的储存、请购与采购、收发、保管与搬运等业务活动进行的计划、实施及控制。
随着全球经济一体化进程的加快,制造企业正面临市场预测不准、计划多变、物料控制难度大、物流成本居高不下等严峻问题。
如何建立高效的物料控制运作体系,提高物料控制对生产与销售计划变动的适应性和快速反应能力;如何有效控制物料消耗,控制物料库存和在制品占用;如何强化采购业务管理,提升物料跟催力敌,确保物料供应;如何根据ISO9000和TS16949国际质量认证要求,实行物料从入库接收、储存保管到出库、配送全过程规范管理等,已成为制造企业降低物流成本、提升对市场需求快速反应能力的关键。
从查找的文献来看,我们了解到目前针对物料控制的研究越来越多,解决方法也各不相同,本文从近几年我国学者研究物料控制以及成本计划的相关文献20余篇中选择了其中的10篇,来说明我国物料管理的一些现实问题和发展方向。
在研读文献之后,笔者可以获知目前国内学者对物料控制的研究主要有以下三个方向:1.面向订单的物料控制;2.面向供应链的物料控制;3.面向物料清单管理的物料控制。
正文:物料控制的研究早在18世纪70年代的英国就已经初现雏形。
傅和彦的《现代物料管理》指出,自工业革命开始后,工厂制度逐渐形成。
物料的采购、储存、存量管制、加工及呆废料的处理问题等处处影响工厂经营的绩效与盈亏,物料控制因而逐渐引起普遍的重视,18世纪70年代单边检验的应用及双边检验的出现,开创了物品品质检验的里程碑。
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R.SemenovDepartment of Economics,University of Nijmegen,Nijmegen(荷兰内梅亨大学,经济学院)这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时,我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致,并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如,相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度),在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中,企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而,经济理论表明市场摩擦,诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵,并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素,例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性,共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料(可参考,例如Fazzari(1998)、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman(1996)、Samuel(1998)).大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本,减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置(参看Levine(1997)的评论文章)。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
外文文献翻译---企业施工成本控制

INTRODUCTION project a corporate image window and effectiveness of the source. With increasingly fierce market competition, the quality of work and the construction of civilizations rising material prices fluctuations. uncertainties and other factors, make the project operational in a relatively tough environment. So the cost of control is through the building of the project since the bidding phase of acceptance until the completion of the entire process, It is a comprehensive enterprise cost management an important part, we must organize and control measures in height to the attention with a view to improving the economic efficiency of enterprises to achieve the purpose. 2, outlining the construction project cost control, the cost of the project refers to the cost and process of formation occurred, on the production and operation of the amount of human resources, material resources and expenses, guidance, supervision, regulation and restrictions, in a timely manner to prevent, detect and correct errors in order to control costs in all project costs within the intended target. to guarantee the production and operation of enterprises benefits. 3, the cost of the construction enterprise principles of construction enterprises control the cost of control is based on cost control of construction project for the center, Construction of the project cost control principle is the enterprise cost management infrastructure and the core, Construction Project Manager in the Ministry of Construction of the project cost control process, we must adhere to the following basic principles. 3.1 Principles lowest cost. Construction of the project cost control, the basic purpose is to cost management through various means, promote construction projects continue to reduce costs, to achieve the lowest possible cost of the objective requirements. The implementation of the principle of minimum cost, attention should be given to the possibility of reducing costs and reasonable cost of the minimum. While various mining capacity to reduce costs so that possibility into reality; The other must proceed from actual conditions, enacted subjective efforts could achieve a reasonable level of the minimum cost. 3.2 overall cost control principles. Cost Management is a comprehensive enterprise-wide, and full management of the entire process, also known as the "three" of management. The full project cost control is a system of substantive content, including the departments, the responsibility for the network and team economic accounting, and so on, to prevent the cost control iseverybody's responsibility, regardless of everyone. Project cost of the entire process control requirements to control its costs with the progress of construction projects in various stages of continuous, neither overlooked nor time when, should enable construction projects throughout costs under effective control. 3.3 Dynamic Control principle. Construction of the project is a one-time, cost control should emphasize control of the project in the middle, that is, dynamic control. Construction preparation stage because the cost is under the control of construction design to determine the specific content of the cost, prepare cost plans, the development of a cost-control program for the future cost control ready. And the completion of phase cost control, as a result of cost financing has been basically a foregone conclusion, even if the deviation has been too late to rectify. 3.4 principle of management by objectives. Management objectives include : setting goals and decomposition, the goal of responsibility and implementation of the aims of the inspection results of the implementation, evaluation of the goals and objectives that form the management objectives of the planning, implementation, inspection, processing cycle, PDCA. 3.5 responsibility, authority, in light of the profit principle. Construction of the project, project manager of the department, the team shouldering the responsibility for cost control at the same time, enjoy the power of cost control, project manager for the department, Teams cost control in the performance of regular examination and appraisal of implementation of a crossword punishment. Only to do a good job duties, rights, and interests combining cost control, in order to achieve the desired results. 4, the construction cost control measures cost control measures. Reduce the cost of construction projects means, we should not only increase revenue is also reducing expenditure, or both also increase savings. Cutting expenditure is not only revenue, or revenue not only to cut expenditure, it is impossible to achieve the aim of reducing costs, at least there is no ideal lower cost effective. Project Manager of the project cost management responsibility for the first, comprehensive organization of the project cost management, timely understand and analyze profit and loss situation and take prompt and effective measures; engineering technology department should ensure the quality, Regular tasks to complete as much as possible under the premise adopt advanced technology in order to reduce costs; Ministry of Economic Affairsshould strengthen budget management contract, the project to create the budget revenue; Finance Ministry in charge of the project's financial, Analysis of the project should keep the financial accounts of reasonable scheduling of funds. Develop advanced economies reasonable construction program, which can shorten the period, and improve quality, reduce costs purpose; paid attention to quality control to eliminate redone, shorten the acceptance and reduce expenses; control labor costs, material costs, Machinery and other indirect costs. With the construction market competition intensifies, more and the price low, the scene increasingly high management fees. This requires project managers to more scientific and more rigorous management approach to the management of the project. As a management departments should be a reasonable analysis of regional economic disparities, to prevent the input across the board. From the foregoing analysis, project management and cost control are complementary, it is only by strengthening project management, can control project costs; only achieve cost control project aims to strengthen the management of construction project can be meaningful. Construction of the project cost control of construction reflects the nature of project management features, and represents construction project management at the core. Construction of the project cost control of construction project management performance evaluation of the objectivity and fairness of the scale. 5. strengthen project cost control practical significance 5.1 strengthen project cost control railway construction enterprises out of their predicament, the need to increase revenue. At present, the railway construction enterprises just into the market, to participate in market competition, will face a tough test of the market. Now the construction market liberalization, implement bidding system, and the strike has very low weight, To create efficiency is the only way to strengthen internal management and improve their internal conditions, internal efficiency potentials. Therefore, the strengthening of project cost control is a very realistic way. 5.2 Strengthening Project Cost control is adapt to the market competition, and strengthening internal management to the needs of their work. With the railway enterprise's rapid development, construction increasingly fierce market competition. For a period of time, the railway construction enterprises will face the increasingly fierce market challenges Construction of the business environmentdifficult to be improved. Efficiency increases, effective cost control and claims will be strengthened in the future management focus. This requires the railway construction enterprises should respect the unity of the work to reduce costs and enhance efficiency objectives. In accordance with the requirements of the market economy research, adjustment and improve the management system, to further strengthen the management of infrastructure, enterprise management from the physical management to value management, thus enabling cost management into enterprise management centers. 6, the construction project cost control of construction cost control in many ways, this highlights deviation analysis. Deviation refers to the actual value of the construction costs with the planned value of the difference. Deviation analysis available Bar Graph method, the form, method. (A) Bar Graph method is different Transverse-Line marking the completion of the project has been the construction costs, End to construction projects have been completed and cost (the cost-effective construction, Transverse-Line length is proportional to the amount of their cases. Bar Graph with image, audio-visual, very clear advantages, It can accurately express construction cost deviations, but one can feel the gravity of deviation. However, this method of information below. (2) Form method is error - Analysis of the most commonly used method, it will project code name, Construction of the cost parameters and construction cost deviation integrated into the number one form, and in the form of direct comparison. As the deviations are shown in the table. Construction costs makes integrated managers to understand and deal with these data. flexible, applicability; informative; forms can be handled by computer, thus saving a large amount of data to deal with the human, and greatly improve speed. (3) curve is a total construction cost curve (S OK curve) for the partial construction costs A differential analysis methods. a figure which indicated the actual value of the construction cost curve, p. construction cost of the scheme said the value curve, The curve between two vertical distance between construction cost deviation. The method used is the same image analysis, and visual characteristics, But this is very difficult to direct for quantitative analysis of quantitative analysis can play a role. 7. Currently construction enterprise project cost control analysis of the current project cost 7.1 problems and the causes of the current project implementation After the restructuringprojects implemented "five responsibility for the costs," "100 of responsibility for the content of the output value of wages" and "contracting indicators Kau" various forms of economic management contract responsibility system. Construction projects in the Ministry of Production and quality aspects of the rapid progress. But beyond doubt is just working, regardless of the mode of production accounts still exist. Some only production tasks are completed, the cost of a weak awareness cost management as dispensable. In the past two years the Department of grasping items complain, enterprise project appraisal of the indicators, all focus on the production tasks to complete, objective, fueled by such acts. Specific indications : 1. in the use of labor, not by post, according to the actual needs staffing, they can complete the work for three, can be used for low-cost trades and the use of subjects of labor costs. To take care of relations, sensibilities and TWA also retained his spare time. workers can be indifferent to the production and operation, but the monthly wages, allowances, bonuses can spend less. artificially expand the expenditure of funds. 2, material management, can be simplified to what extent on what is the level of simplification, operational staff only to facilitate easy and timely withdrawal credit card, and some kind of engineering materials and book a difference to thousands of dollars, tens of thousands or even hundreds of some of its few. Consuming the works, the procedure is incomplete. not fixed by the material. placing arbitrary site materials, engineering materials stolen have occurred from time to time; Consuming accessories not review, bad on the other, very few people to repair; fill empty fuel consumption result was secretly putting the oil sold. 3. Construction machinery efficiency is not high (example : Monthly leasing machinery and equipment), less to him, usually poor maintenance. With mechanical equipment failure analysis is not objective and subjective reasons, not to pursue the responsibility of the parties, have bad information on the exchange, no other information on. TWA did not undergo a rigorous examination on the induction training mechanical damage to the non-normal, impact of the construction progress. In summary, the current project of cost management, accounting only after the accounting, rather than advance the prevention and control things. The reasons are : lack of cost awareness. simply that the cost of management is the financial sector or the superior leadership, have nothing to do withthem. only focused on the "production tasks are completed" and "contracting profit and loss," the groups have a "negative effect." Therefore, project to mobilize the full participation of the Ministry of cost control, deepening of the project cost management imperative. 7.2 Project Department analysis of the reasons for the losses as a project of building products Commodities direct producers, both under the contract and construction drawings, self-regulating organizations of the construction authority, Construction of that arrangement, the deployment of personnel, materials, equipment parts procurement, custody, use, consumption, safety, Quality of management with a measure of autonomy; but also by contracting, design, Enterprises and other projects related to the construction of the units affected and constrained. In addition, geological and climate changes, Design changes, but on objective factors of the construction projects have a significant impact, and all of the above factors will affect the cost of project expenditures. 1. subjective reasons lost control of the cost of the so-called subjective reasons, refer to the project, can not dispose of any external influence on the control of the costs, As mentioned above the project with the Ministry of Construction for the autonomy of the cost. mainly include the following aspects : ⑴ no strict cost control of the overall goal or no cost control goals. Most of the loss items Department head, there is no cost control goals. Although some but not strictly enforced, thus the cost of the project is out of control. ⑵ materials, spare parts planning, procurement, inspection, custody, out of the reservoir, consumption of the system is not sound. the loss of the item, the purchase of materials and accessories unplanned phenomenon abound. procurement lies in the number of project managers even material, the result is bound to lead to a backlog of material, cost overruns. As the project is difficult to grasp the Department of the relatively reasonable price information for the procurement of materials not calculated the cost of capital. so that the item purchased a large quantity of high-value materials. some items of no transceiver system, the purchase of materials unmanned testing, No more physical account, which can not be kept out and the. particularly aggregate, tile, etc. to build. Some project the Ministry never specialized departments managed to purchase substituting consumption; serious or even false invoices for reimbursement of materials. Projects not on the scale expected, the number of construction workers tobe the number, the result of multiple materials is not a waste of throwing at the site, the site is being sold secretly staff, Many can recall no more waste management. ⑶contract measures are incomplete. Projects within the ranks of the contract is not be supporting management measures implemented after contracting loopholes 100, resulting in cost overruns. For example, Some contracting for the completion of the mission and the number of wages, but the consumption of materials and equipment use, maintenance is not explicitly required to form the contracting not-included, the surplus excluding packet loss, some contracting program, though reasonable, but pricing is not timely, not in accordance with the contract or program honored so that the contractor could not continue. ⑷ sub-loopholes. Projects contingent on the labor subcontractor, the contracting not-included, to allocate more projects; or sub-unreasonable price; or the extensive use of sub-teams, resulting in super funds arrears sub-teams such phenomena occurring; or to link a number of external units, all lead to the rehabilitation costs are all linked by the Department of the project. ⑸serious quality problems. serious losses Project Department, almost all relatively serious quality problems, resulting in rework, repair, It seems a repetition of construction, increase the costs of construction. For example, in the bridge construction, there is the basis sank, Pier deflect such phenomena. ⑹construction equipment utilization rate is not high. Some of the projects undertaken projects a loss what to do, To ensure uninterrupted construction, acquisition or blind items transferred from other large equipment reserve, even bought some of the projects do not require the equipment, resulting in long-term suspension equipment. , Construction ⑺unreasonable arrangements. During the construction process, the project was not in a reasonable allocation of manpower, materials, equipment and other resources. lead to a waste of sabotage work; Construction of the manufacturing arrangements unreasonable to step in to complete the actual conduct of the second, three complete, the resulting redone, and so on. ⑻ more accidents. the loss of the item, Most of the projects have occurred in the Department of varying degrees of security incidents and minor injuries affected employees work injuries have affected staff work, Also the cost of medical expenses, but can also enable the staff of physical and skills decline, reduced labor and labor efficiency; fatal accidents resulting in hugepension costs to be incurred, directly increasing costs, and may also affect sentiment reduce production efficiency. ⑼overhead control ineffective. the loss of the item, almost all of this problem. The largest of these is the administrative expenses, travel, transport costs and operational Hospitality. ⑽ chaotic financial management. All loss of the item, its financial management in every case there is confusion. shown in the following ways : First, no complete financial management system, think how expenditure on how expenses; Second, currency and capital management, the creation of a number of bank account deposits. But without timely check cleared lead to bank deposits and cash accounts are inconsistent. hide the huge cost of bank deposits and cash balances Lane; Third debts inaccurate confirmation, settlement is not timely, leading to pay more money and projects, uncollectible receivables; Fourth, income, the calculation of the costs of inaccurate, the cost is not real, and losses are not allowed; 5 is a poor basis of accounting, accounts were inconsistent. The existence of these problems will inevitably affect the accuracy of cost information. then caused the loss of the project. ⑾ contract management confusion. the loss of the item, Most of the projects the Ministry failed contract management awareness, knowledge of the contract, and have little do not understand the basic elements of the contract, contract management led to confusion, enterprises suffered huge economic losses. 2. the influence of objective factors of the project is to increase the total cost of a connection so-called objective factors, Project Department is unable to control its own and must take place or because there are things or phenomena, such as contracting, design, enterprises in terms of the contract for the project outside the Ministry of Construction issued the directive, geological and climate changes, Design changes such. These factors for the emergence of the cost incurred, Project Department is not the objective to control costs. These factors are : ⑴ costs. Some enterprises in order to gain access to a particular market in the qualifications, thereby meeting the quality of construction projects built on the premise that right to take the tender bid price is lower than the cost of bidding strategy for the final bidding process, in the operating strategy is bound to happen, but projects are concerned, no matter what steps are taken it will be difficult to make these projects profitable. ⑵geological changes. the geological conditions are inconsistent with the design, Projects will be forced to change theconstruction method, thus affecting the construction period, so that the total project costs. the same time will also cost breakdown of a larger change. ⑶ climate change. Winter, Construction of the rainy season and the number of days of sandstorms construction increase, the Ministry will allow the project to increase various fees. For example, the number of days in winter, If unchanged in the period, the Ministry of projects or increase in the winter construction costs, such as antifreeze materials, Construction of antifreeze, winterization supplies, machinery and equipment due to reduced efficiency and increased costs; rush or increase costs, If staff overtime, additional equipment and other expenses. ⑷design changes. various engineering design changes so that the project will cost changes affect the total project cost. For example, contracting unit to increase the number of extend or shorten the construction period. changes in construction plans and projects to improve the quality of grading, etc.. ⑸ enterprises raise requirements. In order to achieve a certain goal, Enterprises sometimes requires projects in the Ministry of Construction Organization war or to achieve a certain quality standards, However, as the Department of projects in the process of implementing arrangements or less thorough understanding of the deviation, in the majority of cases formed a human fight, fight equipment, fight funds or improving quality standards. ⑹construction design less reasonable. As a construction site with the actual difference individual projects in construction design at the time of the existence of irrational phenomena, such as the personnel, materials, equipment arrangements and plans for the accuracy of individual projects or processes of the time, the lack of quality considerations. Projects can make the cost increase. ⑺sabotage work of the project. As work on the link between tasks or for other reasons, Projects have some sabotage work, in this period sabotage work needed to meet various costs, such as wages or basic living expenses. fixed asset depreciation charges, indirect costs of the project. Projects 7.3 containment measures for the loss of containment for a variety of reasons over the project losses, in accordance with the requirements of clear responsibilities, Projects should control the cost of the project is able to cost control measures were taken. for a project to control the cost of the project by the Ministry of control; and the project beyond the control of the costs or losses, by the enterprises should take measures to control it. 1. Construction projectsto the Ministry of the so-called cost control measures to the Ministry of Construction of the project. refer to enterprises directly organized by the staff and farmers contract workers, temporary workers and the labor force composed of the internal construction team, mixed construction team and construction services sub-teams composed of Construction Projects. ⑴determine the total project cost targets and the profit and loss targets. Every one of the successful projects, in a formal pre-construction, identify the project and sub-project for the dates, materials, equipment and identify the project and sub-project of the labor, materials, machinery and indirect costs. On this basis, The project will determine the profit or loss targets. ⑵implemented material bidding procurement. Projects must thoroughly change the past, piecemeal purchase goods, the enterprises of all projects, including the main material to build on all the tender for the procurement, Obviously choice of material suppliers. Meanwhile, we should fully consider the time value of money. choose a suitable form of payment.⑶controllable according to the principle of cost control. The Ministry of Construction of the project team and staff, In accordance with the principle of cost control and distinguish the project department, the construction team and the staff of the costs of monovalent responsibility, including dates Price, Materials Unit, select the unit and units, or fixed rates. We must strictly enforce the internal inspection system for pricing, timely construction team and staff honored economic interests. ⑷enhance safety, and quality management. Projects must establish security, Quality is the major benefits of efficiency. actively prevent and avoid possible security, quality accidents, for the accident-prone regions of constant surveillance. to strictly implement the responsibility for the accident the penalty system so that all staff clearly establish the safety, quality consciousness. ⑸ strengthen contract management. All of the projects, In particular, the main sub-projects of the need for a designated person responsible for contract management, In addition to the timely settlement or deal with the things, with the other units or individuals from the economic, technical, labor matters, must sign the formal contract, not with the verbal agreement. at the contract process, should act in strict accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract for disposal. ⑹improve the management system, establish a cost-control mechanism. Projects must connect with reality, the development and control of thecost to draw up rules and regulations, such as material procurement, custody, inspection, warehousing, consumption system, the labor remuneration management systems, equipment management, financial management, accounting, security, quality management approach, the post-mortem valuation methods, and to establish the cost of the project department of internal control and supervision mechanisms. 2. Construction of the sub-item of cost control measures in the so-called sub-Construction Projects, refers to the shoulder of the main tasks of the project subcontracted to external team of mainly construction of the project. ⑴ determined in accordance with the assembly The objectives of the sub-projects to determine the price. their specific operational process : First, According to determine the total cost of the project and the sub-units of construction commitments, identify the sub-project is the direct costs and field; Secondly, the intelligence sub-unit level, its terms should obtain the enterprise management fee, labor insurance and financial costs to lower the rate to 30% -50%; Third, According to the above-mentioned projects identified in the direct costs, the scene funds, management fees, insurance and financial labor, the total cost put the project plans to reduce profit 60% or above plan for profit; Fourth, In accordance with the state or the project in the tax rate to 1 -3 items of the total cost base of dollars from taxes; Fifth, these costs are added together, namely, the price of sub-projects. In accordance with this method of sub-price, works with the normal value of the budget shortfall is about 18 -20%. ⑵ allocated in strict accordance with the requirements of the project and the clearing. Projects must be in accordance with the provisions of the contract settlement price of the project, completion of the sub-units of qualified engineering post-mortem will be conducted on a monthly basis for the valuation and then clearing projects, sub-units will not be allowed to advance baiting, and for projects. Clearing of the project, the need for timely deduction of pay various fees to establish the settlement works in conjunction sign system, the clearing of the project, In addition to the post-mortem valuation report, even with the sub-unit business-related business departments Deductions views. ⑶strictly prohibited construction of higher units link . Projects must be in accordance with the requirements of enterprises, prohibit external units linked to various forms of external construction enterprises. All enterprises in the name of the successful projects。
中小企业代理记账外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字

中小企业代理记账外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字XXX in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)。
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船舶企业成本控制外文翻译

中文2130字Shipping Cost ControlIn accordance with the thinking of the whole life cycle cost of developing green shipbuilding shipbuilding in the increasingly fierce market competition, with the idea of life cycle cost control costs more and receive your agreement. Throughout the ship life cycle cost information consistent with a comprehensive cost management and management accounting requirements of enterprise information integration can become the core of shipbuilding, ship cost analysis of the more accurate and comprehensive.Green ship is in its design, manufacture, operation, dismantling scrapped the entire life cycle, through the use of advanced technology that can economically ship product to meet user functional and technical performance requirements, saving resources and energy, reduce or eliminate environmental pollution, and good for producers and users of advanced construction techniques to protect. I believe that the following two aspects should be carried out green ship:(1) from the choice of materials to consider, in the ship construction of the whole life cycle, the greatest impact on the environment during the first shipbuilding welding, painting, and second, after the dismantling of ships abandoned cabin insulation, so choice of materials is particularly important.(2) from the ship and the manufacturing process to consider, in the ship's design and manufacturing process, various factors should be considered to optimize the various design aspects, improving the entire manufacturing system resource utilization, conserve resources.1 control strategyAround the world shipbuilding power in strategic cost management. Ship manufacturing cost control to a strategic level should be up to. 2010 China's shipbuilding capacity will be more than 40 million dwt, which is almost equal to the total amount of shipbuilding orders worldwide each year, but with the greatest shipbuilding capacity of the large and powerful ship in the world are two totally different concepts.Shipbuilding power can not be simplified to yield power, as power, its industry and the overall strength of the influence of the international industry and marketposition to be first-class, mainly in brand reputation, product development and process technology innovation, marketing and market coverage capability. These countries need to shipbuilding shipbuilding enterprises in the international market with strong competition.A strong competitive culture need to be considered strategic. A shipping industry, strategic cost management system in construction, shipbuilding enterprises from the perspective of strategic cost management, shipbuilding industry is an important position in our national economy and the structural contradictions in the current shipbuilding industry and the urgent need to foster disharmony shipbuilding enterprise competitive advantage demands a decision to ensure that the development strategy of shipbuilding enterprises in China do not deviate from the strategic goal of world shipbuilding power.2 control tacticsTo target costing and cost control wears integrated shipbuilding costs. Target costing and activity-based costing integration, you can target cost as a starting point, according to market research, combined with long-term development plans and the recent corporate business strategy, determine the market price and corporate profit goals, and then determine the target cost, divided by horizontal FINE technology, cost pressures will be passed to the different responsibility centers, all of the different responsibility centers in turn by the target share of the cost of further vertical refinement, the pressure is passed to the next level of commitment to responsible departments, until the pressure part of the transmission costs to raw materials or parts suppliers.Integrated cost management system after the job analysis and evaluation can be the result of revised target cost, thus making target costing and activity-based costing to form a closed loop system.Target costing and activity-based costing integration is reflected in:(1) The target cost setting and the decompositionIn this part of the full use of target costing strong market-oriented, making the cost of the expansion areas ranging from manufacturing to product design stage. Application of target costing to calculate the cost to set up and decompose, providing objective, real, comprehensive and accurate cost information in advance of effective control.(2) Cost Analysis and ImprovementCosting enables designers to reduce the production of new products, production concentrated in the composition of operations activities. Then, designers will work activities in particular the cost of the improvement in the attempt to make the expected cost of new product and its target cost consistent.Target cost-effective application of the law must also be combined with value engineering, activity based costing and total quality cost management. Necessary functions to meet the product under the premise of function caused by removing unnecessary unnecessary operations and reduce costs. The combination of cost-effectively control the flow of things.(3) cost control and performance evaluationThe real goal of achieving cost control also depends on the ex post control and motivation. The main purpose is to control and guide the staff help complete the target cost of action, demands corporate responsibility report as the basis to analyze the differences in the causes, control and regulate the activities of each responsibility center, strict reward and punishment system, motivate staff to achieve the target cost and effort. Motivation and work through the analysis of the target cost control is more effective to make performance evaluation more objective.Ship manufacturing industry is a complicated system, the shipbuilding industry chain is very long. Many shipbuilding companies at this stage the project manager is responsible for most of the main scope of the project's construction phase, the project's preliminary decision and the contract is signed and most advanced stage of after-sales service from the company's other departments, cost-effective in the control of the most significant decision-making and design phase, project managers rarely intervene. This led to the division of project cost control rather than letting the project manager in decision-making and design of prior control on the effect of greatly discounted.Cooper R, Kaplan R Harvard Business Review, 2009,(5): 96-103.船舶企业成本控制摘要作业成本法是西方国家于上个世纪八十年代末开始研究、九十年代在制造企业首先应用起来的一种全新的企业管理理论和方法。
成本管理外文文献及翻译

成本管理外文文献及翻译关键词:成本管理管理措施在市场经济条件下,随着全球经济一体化的发展,市场竞争日趋激烈,企业利润空间缩小。
在这种情况下,业务成本的高低水平,直接决定企业的盈利能力和竞争实力的大小。
因此,加强企业成本管理业务已经成为一个生存和发展的必然选择。
从成本管理的目的来看,许多企业局限于降低成本,但较少从成本效益的降低来着手,主要依靠储蓄成效方面来实现的,不能合乎成本效益。
传统的成本管理目的已经减少,以降低成本,节约成本为基本手段。
从成本管理的角度来分析这一目标成本管理,不难发现,成本降低是有条件和限制的,在某些情况下,成本控制可能导致产品质量和企业效益下滑。
此外,绝大多数企业在成本管理也都缺乏整体观念,大多数公司都有一个共同的现象,那就是,依靠财务人员进行管理成本。
在成本管理过程的实施中,一些企业只注重成本核算,一些企业领导只关心财务和成本报表,从而使用报表来管理成本。
这种做法虽然减少了成本的一定作用,但归根结底,成本会计或事后控制,没有做到在成本控制和过程控制发生之前,不可替代成本费用管理。
(三)成本信息严重失真在中国,有相当数量的企业有成本信息不真实的情况下,这种状况正在恶化。
成本信息失真主要是由以下原因引起:首先,成本仅在材料,人工,制造费用的环节成为了一个焦点,现代企业的产品开发正在日益增加,却忽略了测试和中间试验和售后服务上与内容相关的投入成本的小群产品,对这些产品不完整的,不正确的评价,在整个生命周期成本效益过程起着非常重要的作用。
第二是成本核算方法不当造成的失真。
一个高度劳动密集型企业,在过去几年中,简单的假设(即直接人工小时或生产为基础分配间接费用),通常不会严重的引起扭曲产品成本的核算。
但在现代制造业环境中,直接劳动成本所占的比例显著下降,而制造成本的比例大幅增加,因此,使用传统的成本计算方法会产生不合理的行为,利用传统的成本核算,在产品成本信息中将导致严重的扭曲,使企业错误的选择产品的方向。
财务管理外文文献及翻译

附录A财务管理和财务分析作为财务学科中应用工具。
本书的写作目的在于交流基本的财务管理和财务分析。
本书用于那些有能力的财务初学者了解财务决策和企业如何做出财务决策。
通过对本书的学习,你将了解我们是如何理解财务的。
我们所说的财务决策作为公司所做决策的一部分,不是一个被分离出来的功能。
财务决策的做出协调了企业会计部、市场部和生产部。
无论企业的形式和规模如何,财务原理和财务工具均适用。
就像对小规模的私营企业而言存在如何筹资的问题,大企业面临所有权和经营权分离时出现的代理问题。
不管公司的规模和形式是如何的,公司财务管理的基本原理是一样的。
例如,无论是独资企业做出的决策还是大企业做出的决策,今天一美元的价值都高于未来一美元的价值。
我们所说的财务原理和财务工具适用于全球的企业,不仅限于美国的企业。
虽然国家习惯和法律可能与国家的原则理论存在着不同,但财务管理用到的工具是一样的。
例如,在评估是否要买一个特殊设备的价值时,你需要评估企业未来现金流的发生(设备成本和支出的时间和设备的不确定性),这个企业位于美国、英国还是在其他的地方?此外,我们相信拥有强大的财务原理和数学相关工具的依据对于你了解如何做出投资和财务决策十分必要。
但是建立这种依据比不费力。
我们试图帮你建立这种依据的途径是通过直觉提出财务原理和财务理论。
而不是原理和证据。
例如,我们引导你通过数字和真实例子对资本结构原理产生直觉,而不是利用公式和证据。
再者我们试图帮助你通过仔细的逐步的例子和大量数据处理财务工具。
财务管理和财务分析分为7个部分。
前两个部分(第一部分和第二部分)涉及到基础部分,它包括财务管理、估价原则的目标以及风险和回报之间的关系。
财务决策涉及到第三、四、五部分的内容,我们提出了长期投资管理(通常被称为资本预算)的长期来源、管理和资金管理工作。
第六部分涉及到财务报表分析,它包括财务比率的分析,盈利分析和现金流量分析。
最后一个部分(第七部分)涉及到一些专业论题:国际财务管理,金融结构性金融交易(例如资产证券化),项目融资,设备租赁贷款和财务规划策略。
成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:COST CONTROLRoger J. AbiNaderReference for Business,Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed.Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accountingmethods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations.Control of the business entity , then, is essentially a managerial and supervisory function .Control consiets of those actions necessary to assur e that the entity’s resources and operations are focused on attaining established objectives , goals and plans. Control, exercised continuously, flags potential problems so that crises may be prevented. It also standardizeds the quantity of output , and provides managers with objective information about employee performance . Management compares actual performance to predetermined standards and takes action when necessary to correct variances from the standards.Keywords : Cost control, Applications, Control reports, Standards, Strategic Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accountingmethods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations.During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestmentof peripheral activities, mass layoffs,or outsourcing,cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level.Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management.COST CONTROL APPLICATIONSA complex business requires frequent information about operations in order to plan for the future, to control present activities, and to evaluate the past performance of managers, employees, and related business segments. To be successful, management guides the activities of its people in the operations of the business according to pre-established goal and objectives. Management’s guidance takestwo forms of control: (1) the management and supervision of behuvior , and (2) the evaluation of performance.Behavioral management deals with the attitudes and actions of employees. While employee behavior ultimately impacts on success, behavioral management involves certain issues and assumptions not applicable to accounting's control function. On the other hand, performance evaluation measures outcomes of employee's actions by comparing the actual results of business outcomes to predetermined standards ofsuccess. In this way management identifies the strengths it needs to maximize, and the weaknesses it seeks to rectify. This process of evaluation and remedy is called cost control.Cost control is a continuous process that begins with the proposed annual budget. The budget helps: (1) to organize and coordinate production, and the selling, distribution, service, and administrative functions; and (2) to take maximum advantage of available opportunities. As the fiscal year progresses, management compares actual results with those projected in the budget and incorporates into the new plan the lessons learned from its evaluation of current operations.Control refers to management's effort to influence the actions of individuals who are responsible for performing tasks, incurring costs, and generating revenues. Management is a two-phased process: planningrefers to the way that management plans and wants people to perform, while controlrefers to the procedures employed to determine whether actual performance complies with these plans. Through the budget process and accounting control, management establishes overall company objectives, defines the centers of responsibility, determines specific objectives for each responsibility center, and designs procedures and standards for reporting and evaluation.A budget segments the business into its components or centers where the responsible party initiates and controls action. Responsibility centersrepresent applicable organizational units, functions, departments, and divisions. Generally a single individual heads the responsibility center exercising substantial, if not complete, control over the activities of people or processes within the center and controlling the results of their activity. Cost centersare accountable only for expenses, that is, they do not generate revenue. Examples include accounting departments, human resources departments, and similar areas of the business that provide internal services. Profit centersaccept responsibility for both revenue and expenses. For example, a product line or an autonomous business unit might be considered profit centers. If the profit center has its own assets, it may also be considered an investment center,for which returns on investment can be determined. The use of responsibility centers allows management todesign control reports to pinpoint accountability, thus aiding in profit planning.A budget also sets standards to indicate the level of activity expected from each responsible person or decision unit, and the amount of resources that a responsible party should use in achieving that level of activity. A budget establishes the responsibility center, delegates the concomitant responsibilities, and determines the decision points within an organization.The planning process provides for two types of control mechanisms:Feedforward: providing a basis for control at the point of action (the decision point); andFeedback: providing a basis for measuring the effectiveness of control after implementation.Management's role is to feedforwarda futuristic vision of where the company is going and how it is to get there, and to make clear decisions coordinating and directing employee activities. Management also oversees the development of procedures to collect, record, and evaluate feedback.Therefore, effective management controls results from leading people by force of personality and through persuasion; providing and maintaining proper training, planning, and resources; and improving quality and results through evaluation and feedback.Control reports are informational reports that tell management about an entity's activities. Management requests control reports only for internal use, and, therefore, directs the accounting department to develop tailor-made reporting formats. Accounting provides management with a format designed to detect variations that need investigating. In addition, management also refers to conventional reports such as the income statement and funds statement, and external reports on the general economy and the specific industry.Control reports, then, need to provide an adequate amount of information so that management may determine the reasons for any cost variances from the original budget.A good control report highlights significant information by focusing management's attention on those items in which actual performance significantly differs from thestandard.Because key success factors shift in type and number, accounting revises control reports when necessary. Accounting also varies the control period covered by the control report toencompass a period in which management can take useful remedial action. In addition, accountingdisseminates control reports in a timely fashion to give management adequate time to act before the issuance of the next report.Managers perform effectively when they attain the goals and objectives set by the budget. With respect to profits, managers succeed by the degree to which revenues continually exceed expenses. In applying the following simple formula, managers, especially those in operations, realize that they exercise more control over expenses than they do over revenue.While they cannot predict the timing and volume of actual sales, they can determine the utilization rate of most of their resources, that is, they can influence the cost side. Hence, the evaluation of management's performance and its operations is cost control.For cost control purposes, a budget provides standard costs. As management constructs budgets, it lays out a road map to guide its efforts. It states a number of assumptions about the relationships and interaction among the economy, market dynamics, the abilities of its sales force, and its capacity to provide the proper quantity and quality of products demanded.Accounting plays a key role in all planning and control. It does this in four key areas: (1) data collection, (2) data analysis, (3) budget control and administration, and (4) consolidation and review.The accountants play a key role in designing and securing support for the procedural aspects of the planning process. In addition, they design and distribute forms for the collection and booking of detailed data on all aspects of the business.Although operating managers have the main responsibility of planning, accounting compiles and coordinates the elements. Accountants subject proposed budgets to feasibility and profitability analyses to determine conformity to accepted standards andpractices.Management relies on such accounting data and analysis to choose from several cost control alternatives, or management may direct accounting to prepare reports specifically for evaluating such options. As the Chainsaw Al episode indicated, all costs may not be viable targets for cost-cutting measures. For instance, in mass layoffs, the company may lose a significant share of its human capitalby releasing veteran employees who are experts in their fields, not to mention by creating a Decline in morale among those who remain. Thus management must identify which costs have strategic significance and which do not.To determine the strategic impact of cost-cutting, management has to weigh the net effects of the proposed change on all areas of the business. For example, reducing variable costs related directly to manufacturing a product, such as materials and transportation costs, could be the key to greater incremental profits. However, management must also consider whether saving money on production is jeopardizing other strategic interests like quality or time to market. If a cheaper material or transportation system negatively impacts other strategic variables, the nominal cost savings may not benefit the company in the bigger picture, e.g., it may lose sales. In such scenarios, managers require the discipline not to place short-term savings over long-term interests.One trend in cost control has been toward narrowing the focus of corporate responsibility centers, and thereby shifting some of the cost control function to day-to-day managers who have the most knowledge of and influence over how their areas spend money. This practice is intended to promote bottom-up cost control measures and encourage a widespread consensus over cost management strategies.Control of the business entity, then, is essentially a managerial and supervisory function. Control consists of those actions necessary to assure that the entity's resources and operations are focused on attaining established objectives, goals and plans. Control, exercised continuously, flags potential problems so that crises may be prevented. It also standardizes the quality and quantity of output, and provides managers with objectiveinformation about employee performance. Management compares actual performance to predetermined standards and takes action when necessary to correct variances from the standards.译文:成本控制成本控制成本控制,也被称为遏制成本或管理成本,一个广阔的成本管理技术,它的经济增长目标是降低成本提高企业效率。
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企业成本控制外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:在价值链的成本控制下减少费用和获得更多的利润摘要:根据基于价值链的成本管理理念和基于价值的重要因素是必要的。
首先,必须有足够的资源,必须创造了有利的价值投资,同时还需要基于客户价值活动链,以确定他们的成本管理优势的价值链。
其次,消耗的资源必须尽量减少,使最小的运营成本价值链和确保成本优势是基于最大商业价值或利润,这是一种成本控制系统内部整个视图的创建和供应的具实践,它也是一种成本控制制度基于价值链,包括足够的控制和必要的资源投资价值的观点,创建和保持消费的资源到合理的水平,具有价值的观点主要对象的第一个因素是构造有利的价值链,从创造顾客价值开始;第二个因素是加强有利的价值链,从供应或生产客户价值开始。
因此它是一个新型的理念,去探索成本控制从整个视图的创建和供应的商品更盈利企业获得可持续的竞争优势。
关键词:成本控制,价值链,收益,支出,收入,成本会计1、介绍根据价值链理论,企业的目的是创造最大的顾客价值;和企业的竞争优势在于尽可能提供尽可能多的价值给他们的客户,作为低成本可能的。
这要求企业必须首先考虑他们是否能为顾客创造价值,和然后考虑在很长一段时间内如何创造它。
然而,竞争一直以“商品”(或“产品”)作为最直接的载体,因此,传统的成本控制方法主要集中在对“产品”和生产流程的过程。
很显然,这不能解决企业的问题,企业是否或如何能为客户创造价值。
换句话说,这至少不能从根本上解决它。
因此,企业必须首先投入足够的资源,以便他们能够创建客户值取向,然后提供它以最少的资源费用。
所以在整个视图中对价值创造和提供整体的观点来控制成本,它可以为客户提供完美的动力和操作运行机制运行成本的控制,也可以从根本上彻底克服了传统的成本控制方法的缺点,解决了无法控制的创造和供应不足的真正价值。
基于此,本文试图从创作的整体观讨论成本控制提供价值并探讨实现良性循环的策略,也就是说,“创造价值投资成本供应价值创造价值”。
2、成本及其控制的基于价值链理念2.1基于价值链的成本观念根据价值链理论,如果企业是要被客户接受,它必须创造和提供能满足其客户的价值。
因此,成本(价值或资源支付费用)这不离为创造和提供顾客价值的活动,其活动的价值链。
因此,我们应该从价值链角度看成本的重要。
因此,根据基于价值链的成本的概念,成本有三层含义:首先,投资资源;其次,资源消耗;第三,投资时间和资源消耗。
虽然成本是指相同的价值创造过程中产生的牺牲,从不同角度扫描的成本,它的意义和作用是完全不同的。
因此,基于价值链的控制它提供了强大的支持成本理论,并使它有可能控制企业的实践操作。
根据价值链理论,企业,获得“持续竞争优势”,应该首先构建价值链,创造客户价值,实现企业的基础目的,这是赢得客户的基本。
一方面,企业必须投入资源创建客户价值;另一方面,创造价值的活动时也消耗资源,提供客户价值(产品或服务)。
同时,在整个价值链的同时,从纵向和横向价值链关系看活动构成的价值链的各个环节。
事实上,“时间链”,这种意味着两件事:首先,从价值创造活动的物理的角度来看,价值的操作链需要时间(简称,“时间消费观”);其次,从关系的角度价值链的各个环节来看,时间本身是一种资源的项目(简称,“时间投资观”)。
2.2基于价值链的成本控制的思想基于价值链的成本控制思路是“基于成本控制的”三元和二元价值”。
即,它是基于投资和资源消耗和成本控制的思想时间链。
因此,从价值链的构建和运行看,基于成本控制的思想价值链具有双重性质。
首先,它是必要的控制,确保有足够的资源投入为客户创造价值(代表更多的价值和高质量的产品)。
其次,它是必要的保证对它是有必要的投资的前提下,资源要消耗的最低水平和必要的资源,以提供尽可能多的顾客价值(代表更多的利润低成本)。
此外,从投资的时间和非时间资源消耗的角度来看,思想对基于价值链的成本控制具有''三维控制成本”,即,投资和消费时间和非时间资源。
因此,在本质上,基于价值的成本控制的思想供应链成本控制具有“二元和三元”。
2.3基于价值创造和供应的双重视角的成本控制在本质上,顾客价值是在使用产品的客户满意度。
这包括基于价值链的同时赚取更多的收入和降低成本费用的控制满意度(以定量的方式,例如:性能)和精神上的满足(仅在定性的方式)。
客户认可的价值产品,他们购买(客户价值)包括至少在三个方面。
首先是产品的性能,二是顾客使用产品的成本和第三是产品的质量。
性能(即基本功能)的产品主要取决于产品的独特性,它主要取决于投资资源的使用成本的程度。
产品取决于其性能和质量。
它主要取决于产品的设计,因此,也就在资源的投入程度。
质量主要取决于产品的设计和制造。
因此,投资资源的投入程度有密切的关系。
一般来说,客户价值是指这些客户愿意支付的上述三方面的产品的价值。
然而,从制造过程或活动链的观点,在活动中,任何产品生产需要消耗的资源,资源的消耗量对间接的影响购买价格,在为产品支付客户的直接费用时,如果资源消耗低,对客户的直接费用低,这将对所提供的总价值会直接影响价值链。
然而,在创造价值的人会对资源的消耗产生更直接的影响,(即价值链机械手)。
显然,如果消耗少,剩余价值(利润)更少。
根据基于价值链的成本控制的思想,基于价值链的成本是投资资源旨在通过价值链创造客户价值。
这也是对资源的消耗其目的是提供顾客价值。
因此,从成本,实质意义,是一种资源(创造顾客价值的资源)。
基于价值链的成本控制思路有两个目的。
第一是确保资源的投资是必要的和足够的价值链创造必要的顾客价值。
第二是确保资源的消耗是尽可能低,价值链可以提供价值的客户。
很明显,成本基于价值链的优势有两方面:首先,必须投入足够的资源创造价值基于顾客价值优势;其次,资源消耗,必须尽可能降低建立基于企业价值最大化的剩余或利润的成本优势。
因此,成本控制在创造价值和供应的整体观实际上是一种成本控制这两者并重赚取收入和削减开支。
3、为赚取更多的基于价值链的成本控制的基本思想收入和减少支出根据价值链理论,成本可以作为获取利润或创建资源和提供顾客价值。
因此,赚取更多的收入可以提高收益和降低费用使这些收益最大化。
前者在于它是必要的,确保有足够的投资资源,确保资源的合理消费对后者的控制要求。
3.1基于价值链的成本控制从赚取更多的收入,必要的和足够的控制资源投资关于创造价值,基于价值链的成本控制首先要确保有在资源足够的投资。
然后一个价值链构建具有竞争优势,(即投资资源,注重如何打造核心竞争力)。
最后,价值链是独一无二的。
不能违背传统的成本控制观念。
3.1.1 基本含义基于价值链的成本控制从赚取更多的收入有两层含义。
首先是保证资源是必要的投资,构建价值链是目的。
二是确保足够的投资资源。
这些意义的重要性是双重的。
一方面,在资源的投资应确保价值链战略优势(例如汽车制造企业必须投入足够的资源,以确保它处于汽车产业链中的一个有利的位置上)。
另一方面,在资源投入要构建的有利的价值链利润公司。
例如,在研发一个汽车制造企业的投资时,应确保它可以不断的开发新的技术和产品。
3.1.2 控制准则(1)顾客价值的标准。
客户价值的标准是从客户价值链的构建需求,具有竞争优势或是从其他公司的历史,价值链不同可以供应更多的顾客价值。
例如,建立一个新的生产线,可生产大尺寸液晶电视,一在资源电视企业的投资应确保有明显的液晶电视优于别人。
否则不良资产存量将很快增长。
这是对国有企业传统悲剧的教训。
(2)核心竞争力的标准。
核心能力的标准是,在资源的投资以保证价值链,企业构建核心竞争力,比如,汽车企业建立一个新的汽车制造厂。
在这种情况下,最重要的是没有建立一个先进的生产线,以确保产品是相当灵活的,即市场,需求,利益,企业的产品可以很好地适应了市场的需求。
否则,其有形和无形的资产将会贬值,因为他们不能满足及时为客户创造价值。
(3)标准的核心产品。
核心产品的标准是,在资源的投资应确保企业的核心能力可以成为其核心产品。
飞跃从核心能力的核心产品的关键是内部管理的资本运营战略。
例如,制冷具有核心竞争力的企业不能设施制造所有类型的冰箱,但它应该只生产的产品可以代表或显示自己的核心竞争力。
在这种方式下,企业会有相对竞争优势。
3.1.3控制方式我们可以选择基于上述控制标准控制方法。
首先,企业可以采取SWOT等方法来定位其战略价值链。
因此,其投资的重点和规模可以决定的。
其次,企业可以识别自身的核心竞争力,根据三个标准来确定自己的核心能力。
因此企业应确保在建立和维持其投资核心能力是足够的。
此后,在价值链的运作过程中,企业应支付的专注于核心竞争力的变化,确保有足够的投资。
具体而言,本企业可以采用ERP,业务流程再造,并加强其核心竞争力的其他方法。
最后,企业可以采用计算机集成制造系统,目标成本,并确保核心产品的生产方法。
3.2 基于节支,控制合理的价值链成本控制消费从价值的供给和创造价值的途径出发,基于价值的成本控制的关键链是降低资源消耗,使价值链的经营成本是最低的,而价值供应最。
本质上,它的思想从传统的成本控制的不同。
它的目的是在控制在创造顾客价值的前提下,资源的合理消费。
3.2.1 基本含义基于顾客价值的生产或提供合理化的方法,目的是确定对价值链在保证客户价值的供应的基础上最小的资源消耗。
因此,成本控制涉及到优化价值链而不是简单地减少消费的观念。
因此,保持合理的资源消耗意味着三件事。
首先,它是必要的减少基于整个企业价值链的资源消耗。
其次,它是必要的减少投资和基于单元或价值链环节的资源消耗。
第三,本最重要的是资源投入的充足性和资源消耗的合理化基于价值链的优化。
例如,如果没有足够的在制备曲投资正式的制造程序,有一个低的材料的质量,因此,它可能会增加生产的后续制造过程的成本(例如一个煤矿的投资挖掘进程程序是不足以满足采矿工艺的要求,这会影响它的成本。
否则它会引起关闭)。
3.2.2 控制标准(1)有利的标准成本优势。
成本标准是基于成本领先的标准战略。
这意味着企业的价值链整体成本具有相对竞争优势。
即,它的整个价值链的成本低于其他同类企业。
例如,如果一个生产线汽车业务是其竞争对手的同时,应确保其成本不高于竞争对手,但这并不意味着较低的,更好的。
(2)优势的价值链的标准。
一个有利的价值链是一个具有核心竞争力。
因此基于一个有利的价值链成本控制是以最小的成本消耗的构建一个有利的价值链的基础,换句话说,它意味着成本最小化消耗价值链的分解与整合的基础。
作为上述汽车业务,其成本控制要确保成本消耗于独特的单位和价值链环节的基础上最低的。
(3)可追溯的标准。
这意味着成本的每一项可以追溯到一个特定的或可控成本在基于价值链的成本控制过程中的驱动程序。