GRE写作Argument具体性指令有哪些

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GRE作文Argument万能模板

Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。

GRE写作 - ARGUMENT

ARGUMENT写作ARGUMENT作文写作关键问题：识别题目中的推理/论证缺陷和谬误从2～3个方面证明题目在那些逻辑链条上出了问题，梳理推理/论证过程中各个逻辑链条的可靠性与合理性，从题目中论者运用的推理/论证方法的切入，以求发现论证过程各个环节的缺陷和谬误ARGUMENT的分析和写作步骤：1、识别ARGUMENT题目中论者采用的论证方法（十大论证技巧中的某种）2、从每个ARGUMENT论证发的逻辑起点入手，发现每个推理/论证过程在各个逻辑链条上出现的推理/论证缺陷和谬误3、对每个推理/论证缺陷和谬误只展开具体的分析和论证，说明为什么可以认定它们是推理/论证的缺陷和谬误，及其是如何影响题目中论点和结论的有效性十大论证技巧及反驳切入点：1、演绎推理论证将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则而得出结论反驳切入点：其一，该演绎推理的总原则（大前提）是否成立。

其二，该演绎推理的论据（小前提）是否成立。

二者只要一个不成立，则无效2、定义法界定一个概念的关键内涵，或认定某个事物符合某个定义，从而得出结论反驳切入点：该定义反应了问题本质吗？没有例外情况吗？3、因果关系论证法将一个判断放入一个因果关系中，指出它是原因还是结果反驳切入点：是否有其他原因导致了这一结果？是否有其他更重要的原因与所讨论的原因共同导致该结果?4、归纳推理论证法从若干个体事例中推出具有共性的一般结论反驳切入点：归纳所依据的数量足够多吗？具有代表性吗？有没有特殊情况？5、列举特征式论证法指出某事物发生或存在的征候或迹象反驳切入点：有没有其他原因导致同样的征候或迹象？6、类比论证法用已知、熟悉的食物同未知、不熟悉的食物进行比较，并用前者的情况解释后者的情况。

A、纵向类比（过去的事物同现在的同一类食物的类比）反驳切入点：历史会重演吗？B、横向类比（同一时期、同一类事物之间的类比）反驳切入点：比较的对象之间有足够的可比性吗？C、比喻式类比（不同类别事物之间的类比）反驳切入点：一事物和其被比喻成的事物之间有足够的相似性吗？7、引用权威论证法引用工人的权威，或论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证反驳切入点：所引用的权威可信吗？8、诉诸常识法利用人们的常识（普遍性的价值观念、人们的普遍动机、生活常识）进行论证A、诉诸普遍性的价值观念反驳切入点：论者强调的价值果真那么重要吗？有没有其他更重要的价值？论者强调的价值的含义明确吗？B、诉诸普遍动机反驳切入点：论者强调的动机果真是大家最需要的吗？这些动机果真能像论者所说的那样得到实现D、诉诸生活常识反驳切入点：论者依据的生活常识成立吗？有无例外？9、反证法假设一个观点是正确的，然而推出荒谬的结论反驳切入点：推导出的这个结果果真荒谬么？10、统计数据论证法提供数据，以资论证反驳切入点：这些数据由谁调查的？这些调查的方案设计（如调查样本的选择、调查问卷的设计、调查数据的处理、调查结果的合适和验证等）和实施过程是严格按照科学程序进行的吗？其结论是客观、中立、可信的吗？调查的实施者没有受其行业及其他利益相关方面的影响吗？独立第三方的相关数据是否支持相同/相似的结论？AGUMENT题目经常在两个地方引用数据论证，须注意：其一，调查统计对于一般的调查统计，如果是随机抽样调查，注意挑选的样本是否足够多、样本空间是否有很大的误差、样本是否具备代表性。

GRE作文必备 Argument 20条

1、Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.1）需要证据证明只有通过船才能运篮子到河对岸去，由于这无法证明，所以篮子不一定非要通过船才可以运过去。

而且人们有可能游过去2）目前没有证据表明Palea人拥有船只，不代表实际上没有，可能还没发现。

GRE作文ISSUE和ARGUMENT写作指导

GRE作文ISSUE和ARGUMENT写作指导原则：先提正，再求反，因人因题合、反、散。

ISSUE的五种题目分析类型一、因果类(1)这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立？(2)假设这个原因成立，从他能否推出结果？Whether mutually shared ideas can make people learn more from each other is quite a personal matter.It's true that disagreement can cause stress and sometimes inhibit our learning, and as a result we might learn more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Anyhow, people are at least easier to understand each other when they find them sharing the same ground in most cases.However, disagreement can also benefit us greatly. On the one hand, distinct perspectives on an issue may turn out to sharpen our mind, broaden our ken and shed some new light on the issue in question, and therefore enhance our learning. On the other hand, throughout the human intellectual history, it is always the different schools of thought rather than those who share, on any issue, identical ideas with each other that combine to boost scientific and technological progress.All in all, which one, disagreement or agreement, will promote our learning from others is quite a personal matter which depends on so many factors such as one’s age, motivations, psychological maturity, personal understanding with each other and so on.二、建议类（1）题目中的建议可行性如何？（2）如果实施题目中的建议，能否导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果？（3）有无替代或折中方案？Connecting the courses on collegiate campus with the actual professional know-how is not always the necessary condition for improving the teaching quality in those courses.Workshop experience can really enrich subjects in classroom. This is especially true for such subjects as engineering, machinery manufacturing, economics, and so forth.But such cases by no means indicate that bridging workshops and classrooms can always work magic. In fact, for some subjects theoretical physics and some mathematical researchers in these areas to directly apply their knowledge to practical work. These sciences seem only to perform well within the brain cells.As for methods contributing to the teaching quality, they include many apart from sharing workshop experience, such as the long-term academic atmosphere, the good timing birth of geniuses etc.三、是非类（1）这种价值判断的标准是什么？（2）这种价值判断的标准是否值得修订？The statement that ”the human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds” sounds precarious for failing to clearly define the meaning of “superior”.When we say one thing is superior to another because the latter is a tool of the former, we are judging their relative status in a social or ethical sense. As a matter of fact, we human beings sometimes feel quite self-conceited before the nature is right forour assurance that we can, with the aid of science and technology, turn, sooner or later, all the things around us into a tool.But obviously, the ter m “superior” allows a definition from many perspectives. It can refer to the memory power, speed, creativity, extensibility, flexibility, and so forth. In these senses, can we still say that the human mind always performs better than machines?The above analysis might remind us human beings of a bare fact: yes, we are sitting on top of thepyramid of creatures on earth; but we are not perfect. Sometimes, it is man who brings himself to the dead mire, just because he is overly confident.四、定义类（1）题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质？（2）能否给出我自己的、更为恰当的定义（恰当的定义就是能很好解释自己的论点、论据以及所列举的现象的定义）？关键：若想使你的ISSUE作文有深度、有你自己独到见解，记住“下定义”这个十分重要的技巧。

GRE写作(argument )根据老师讲课内容个人整理,供参考

argument论证分析：前提、假设、结论1.质疑前提和假设的合理性提出一些有价值的问题，对这些问题的回答会营销对于结论的可靠性的评价，不一定要完全驳斥，也可看如何更合理地支持2.论证分析的第一步找出前提和结论（一般不质疑价值假设，即人类默认的）第二步：找出假设（没说出来的前提，它成立结论就成立）3.通过反问问题来分析论证攻击点（1）统计数据可靠吗？样本是否具有普遍的代表性代表性样本的量是否足够大数量采用手段是否合理，能真实反应情况手段，是否实话数据收集是否合理如果明显缺陷是统计，会有明显的“标记”，如果一语带过不纠缠（2）类比是否合理？同一时空两个事物同一类（个）事物在两个不同的时空（3）联系必然是因果联系吗？统计只能推出联系但不能推出结果（4）想死的概念是否相等？偷换概念根据OG给出的八类体型合并为五类一类：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.去评价前提和假设能否支持结论，什么样的证据影响它的结论二类：Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.前提和假设与结论的“差距”找出原文中用到的假设质疑假设的合理性三类：Write a response in which you discuss what question would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation (advice, prediction, and conclusion) and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation (advice, prediction, and conclusion)(合并来自3.4.6.8)寻找使得原文中的结论成立的前提假设，询问这样的前提和假设是否能够成立（有没有证明其合理呢？存在吗？）四类：Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.考察原文中的行为建议的结果，思考如果能够出现这样的结果，需要什么样的假设支撑，询问这样的假设是否能够成立五类：Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.提出合理的可能原因，解释文中提到的每一个现象写法：通用的准备工作一类1 前提和结论2 理清句子的支持关系，画出逻辑路线图3 考察每一个前提和每一个前提对应的假设思考是否有证据证明这样的前提和假设是否成立4 保留对全文结论成立有重大影响的要点约3到4个，上不封顶【因果关系、类比关系、数据、偷换概念】5 为每个要点构思支持的细节指出需要什么样的证据证明前提和假设是否能够成立，并且讨论这种可能性对于全文结论的影响6 草稿上写要点7 检查错误和漏点段落、句子间添加、修改必要的过度链接二类3 考察每一个前提对应的假设：只有对于全文的结论是否成立有影响的“假设”才能称之为假设5 思考在什么合理的情况下，这些假设是不成立的，把这些细节、例子写下，作为支持的细节三类3 同二类4 保留对全文结论的成立有重大影响的假设约3到4个，上不封顶要点要以问题的形式呈现即：这样的前提或假设成立吗？有充分的证据证明前提和假设成立吗？5 用细节和例子讨论这些问题的答案把这些细节作为支撑的小要点四类3考察每一个前提对应的假设：只有对文中的“措施”或“推荐”是否会有预想的效果有重大影响的假设才是攻击起来比较有力度的假设4 保留3到4个“有力”假设，要点要以问问题的形式出现：这样的前提或假设对于行动的结果有影响吗？这样的前提或假设成立吗？五类3 考察每一个事实分别思考什么样的其他原因能够导致或解释这样的事实（寻找他因）提出的解释必须与原解释不相同；必须能够解释原解释和事实的“巧合”4 每一个事实至少保留一个他因，最多不超过三个选择那些最巧妙、最简洁、最符合常识（少于4句话）、最易于理解他因5 用比较具体的语言（读者能够充分理解，但不能啰嗦）把他因展开对于argument来讲是客观的，开头结尾是装饰的。

GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育

GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育智课网G R E 备考资料GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育本文与考生分享了GREArgument作文写作要求介绍，希望能够对考生的GRE成绩有所帮助，参加GRE考试的考生可以参照以下的解析进行GRE备考，祝大家取得满意的GRE成绩。

下面为大家详细地介绍了GREArgument作文写作的相关要求，包括了GREArgument作文的意义及ETS对GRE Argument作文的要求，同学们可适当进行应用，以便获得GRE写作高分。

What is an Argument?A strong argument attempts to persuade the reader to accept a point of view. As such, it consists of a proposition, a declarative statement which is capable of being argued, and a proof, a reason or ground which is supported by evidence. The evidence, in turn, is composed of relevant facts, opinions based on facts and careful reasoning. If you are analyzing an argument, you should look for both of these: a proposition and the evidence supporting the proposition.Attack the ArgumentEach argument''s stimulus has been intentionally “loaded" with flaws (fallacies) that you should acknowledge and discuss. If you fail to see the more fundamental problems in the argument, you will not get a high score.The purpose of the essay is for you to critique the reasoning in the argument (the stimulus will tell you to make this evaluation). Your personal opinions are not relevant. Your essay needs to focus on flaws in the argument. While in the Analysis of Issue you write your opinion on a subject, in the Analysis of Argument you write a logical critique of a flawed argument. Thus, the approaches to the two essays should be different.纵观整个GRE作文考试，似乎应该概括为“Issue让我们变得广博，Argument让我们成为辩手”，Argument也是最喜欢的一个教学环节，因为我喜欢辩论，过去参加辩论赛是和人在进行辩论，现在讲GRE，是在和一篇又一篇的文章进行文字辩论，他们之间存在极大的共性，那么如何去“辩”，如何让我们能如同当年在辩论赛上征服对方辩手一样地去征服GRE的Argument写作呢？ETS对GRE Argument作文写作的要求体现在：第一，要求考试敏锐的洞察出一篇文章的主要的几点逻辑错误(没有必要把所有的逻辑错误全部找出)；第二，既然是攻击对方文章的逻辑错误，那么考生本生所写的文章要有逻辑性，或者说逻辑合理性；第三，一篇Argument的用词用句有他特定的风格(和Issue有所区别)，因此考生要选择准确恰当的词句表达。

英语考试作文-【新手写作攻略】写好GRE作文Argument请遵循7个要求步骤

英语考试作文【新手写作攻略】写好GRE作文Argument请遵循7个要求步骤可能有很多新接触AW，还有一个月或者两个月就要考了却还不是很清楚应该怎么写文章的GRE考生，这篇文章主要是献给你们的。

希望能起到一点抛砖引玉的作用，让大家能形成自己的思考，不要只是搬范文或者套模板。

因为即使是Argument，它也有自己独特的感觉。

我猜一道题在形成的时候，它其实是很渴望大家能认真对待它，好好欣赏它的。

结果越来越多的人把它当成了模糊风景中一个无所谓的点，写到了的时候也只是生硬地套上去一个框。

试问你都不认真对待它，ETS凭什么认真对待你的分数？好了，不说废话了，先来说说写作的具体思路。

一、怎么分析Argument？1.首先从头至尾读一遍题，然后搞清楚题目在讲什么，避免发生理解错误。

2.找出题目的大结论，即在经过一大堆分析和延伸之后，作者得出了什么样的结论。

3.找出题目的关键点，即作者为了得出这样的结论给出了几个事实例证。

4.分析作者用了什么样的逻辑推理连接了事实和结论。

二、分析攻击点1.大家看到结论的荒谬了吧？还有分析的不可靠，数据没有得到论证，调查时间太短，可攻击点太多了！但是，请大家看清楚以下这句话：以上这些全都不是攻击点！2.真正的攻击点是第4点，即“分析作者用了什么样的逻辑推理连接了事实和结论”。

当作者说“所以”“因此”这样的词的时候，我们一定要提高警惕。

看看上下文，作者是怎么说出“所以”的，那里一定会有问题！3.一般来说这样找出的攻击点大概会有2-4个，这样足够了，如果太多了反而不便于展开。

将各个事实与小结论一一对应起来，然后化整为零，各个突破。

如果两个觉得少的话，可以稍微展开一下，这个后面再说！三、攻击顺序1.大家在整理完攻击点以后一定会有的困惑就是这个应该先说哪个呢？按顺序来说当然可以，只是这样组织出来的文章显得相当生硬。

如果有更好的办法，我们为何要用这样如同肢解一般的写法呢。

2.在确定顺序之前，大家还记不记得前面提到的，大结论？这个时候大家可以想一想，大结论的主要关注点是什么呢？从这个方向来拎，主线一下子就很清楚了。

新GRE作文argument万能模板

Argument1.1) In this argument the speaker concludes that2) To justify this contusion the speaker cites a recent survey of3) The speaker also points out that4) This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons.2.1) First, the survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any contusions based upon it.2) Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall3) Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the current dietary habits of3.1) Second, the argument relies on the dubious assumption that following the government's nutrition recommendations2) It is entirely possible that3) Thus without evidence to substantiate this assumption the speaker cannot reasonably conclude that4) Third, the speaker assumes too hastily that…Without ruling out this possibility the speaker cannot reasonably conclude with any confidence that5) Lacking firm evidence that …, the speaker cannot justify any conclusions about the4.1) Finally, even if the …, the speaker overlooks the possibility that2) Unless all other habits affecting health have remained unchanged, the speaker cannot justifiably conclude that the overall5.1) In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the speaker must show that the survey accurately reflects2) The speaker must also show that3) Finally, to better assess the argument I would need more information about the manner and extent to which。

新GRE argument提纲

提纲17:G附近的拥堵可能由于车道刚修好,BG两个车道上的commuters不均衡,大家都挤到新车道上来,长时间后两车道上的乘客平衡就好了.Moreover,G上的congestion正说明修一个车道不够,应该多修很多市民是keen bicyclist, 可能他们平时骑车锻炼休闲旅游,但是为上班节省体力所以不会骑车上班; 另外骑车速度慢,更容易拥堵.提纲18:A虽然有luxurious的设施,但arguer没有给出证据说明A profitable,可能这样并不能吸引顾客。

另外，R可能结构过于古老，不适于翻新（renovate）。

此外，向A学习refurnish剧院，成本增加，进一步提高票价，来的人更少。

剧院at risksurvey有问题，可能顾客并不全认为票价贵。

同时考虑到R有地理优势，历史悠久有群众基础，并不一定比A弱。

提纲19：没有给出两公司规模（scale，number of workers），可能P规模小，事故多，这样本公司本来就安全。

就算本公司事故多，也不一定是由于员工fatigue造成，可能员工不够skillful和proficient，可能公司机器操作起来本来就更危险。

另外，P公司事故少不一定是因为休息多，有可能公司本身生产食品，员工危险低，也可能设备先进不需要员工much work。

减少员工工作时间可能并不有效。

员工可能利用休息时间打牌泡妞而不去休息，即使休息也不一定保证profitable，提纲20：沙滩的腐蚀可能不是因为游客，可能因为storm，或者海水污染，减少游客数目不一定能保护沙滩。

即使减少游客可以保护沙滩，由于收入减少可能没钱填充沙滩。

B和T位置不同、沙子数量不同、沿岸房子结构材料不同，不能用同样的方法保护建筑物。

即使海滩和建筑保护好了，能否提高旅游业还要看service facility以及climate等因素。

提纲21：arguer草率的认为学生成绩提高是因为老师因为评估而给高分，可能是学生更努力，或者老师因为考虑学生意见讲课更好了，因此没有理由取消评估措施，需要proof。

GRE写作规则(Argument部分)

GRE 写作规则（Argument 部分）一、学会使用TS不仅全文要有TS ，每个段落中也要有自己的TS ，这样写起来思路清晰，看起来也省力，TS 放在段首。

目标：在一个段落中不能找到任何一句与TS 无关或与TS 冲突的句子，但过渡到下一段的过渡句例外。

要善于使用连词二、保证段落的连贯性a)表示时间顺序的连词when, after, meanwhile, at last, soon, … b)运用表示方位的连词beneath, below, over, above, overhead, near to as, …. c)表示转折的词but, yet, however,… d)引出其他说法的词otherwise, on the other hand, still ,yet, …. e)进一步说明前面观点的词moreover, in addition, besides ,what ’s more,… f)表示结论的词thus, as a result, consequently, therefore, in summary, to sum up, all in all,…. g)表示确定的结论of course, no doubt ,undoubtedly, certainly, …三、语言要简洁切忌累赘，表述要完整四、euphony [和谐, 悦耳]不要一味使用短句，要多用些长句。

尽量避免意群由相同长度的句子构成，要善于使用从句、复合句、并列句⎩⎨⎧,,,,any if not if 插入语 In fact, the problem was so serious that I had to …. = The problem was so serious, in fact, that …. 长句不适合做转折句或小的结论句，此时可以用短句。

“TS（short）＋1～2（long）＋1（short）…”，每段有1～2个短句足矣，短句一定不能多。

GRE作文Argument 4 提纲

Argument 4 提纲1.论者的论述不能充分说明A比F卖的更快更好。

首先，A公司虽然比F公司经纪人多，但是A公司的经纪人可能都不是全工，而且他们的业务水平、个人资历和客户源不一定比F 公司强。

2.其次，论者说去年A公司的收入是F公司的两倍但是不一定A公司的经营状况好，可能F 公司的利润比A公司要好。

况且，论者只提到了去年一年的收入情况，一年的数据偶然性较大，并不能说明长期以来两个公司的经营状况。

A公司卖出房子的均价比F公司高，这可能是由于两个公司的经营范围有所不同。

A公司主要经营高端的房产，而F公司则主要经营中低端的房产。

3.论者通过自己两次卖房子的经历来试图说明A公司比F公司卖的快，这是缺乏依据的。

如果十年前房地产市场不景气，很少有人买房，而现在房地产市场繁荣，房屋买卖比十年前增多。

而且作者两次卖的房子也不具有可比性。

在缺乏更多普遍例子的条件下，得出A公司比F公司卖的快这样的结论是没有道理的。

In this argument , the author conclude that Adams Realty can help sell homes more quickly and at higher price than Fitch Realty. To strengthen this conclusion ,the author provides statistics about the number of agents and the averaged prices of two companies respectively. The author also cites supporting evidence that his own experience about selling two homes in Adams and Fitch. At first glance, the argument might be somehow reasonable, but close scrutiny reveals that it contains several unconvincing assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.First of all, although Adams possesses more agents that Fitch,the author fails to consider other situation about them. It is possible that many of agents in Adams also work part-time. In addition, no evidence could prove that agents in Adams have better professional skills and wider range of client source.Second, under the premise that Adams’ revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, we cannot conclude that Adams are capable to earn more profit. Moreover, the author mentioned only last year’s statistic which can hardly stand for the true conditions of two companies during a long period. On condition that Adams primarily works on big homes while Fitch works on the small, it is reasonable that the difference occurs.Third, the author’s own experience also remains questionable. The author fails to consider the difference between current condition and that before. It is possible that estate market was in depression ten years ago and hence few people purchased homes. With the booming of estate market, housing sale quantity increase dramatically now. What’s more, the two homes the author had sold are not able to compare with each other. Without ruling out more ordinary example,the author cannot reasonably get a conclusion that the Adams can help sell homes quickly.To sum up, the argument , while it seems logical at first, has several flaws as discussed above.。

GRE作文argument写作技巧介绍

GRE作文argument写作技巧介绍GRE写作部分，想要写出一篇高分作文，同学们还是需要苦下功夫。

那么在具体的备考中，又有哪些写作技巧能够减少我们的备考障碍，更好地拿到写作高分呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考，希望帮助考生更好地提分。

GRE作文argument写作技巧介绍GRE作文中的Argument是分析一个论证过程，所以考生需要写出一篇驳论。

由于题目所给的Argument一般是不完整因而不可信的，所以我们的文章是以削弱为主要形式的评论型文章什么是Argument?Argument译为论证过程，指的是作者为了说服他人而使用一个前提——结论式结构得出自己观点的推理过程一个完整的Argument包含以下四个要素l Premise——前提，能直接退出结论的一个条件l Assumption——假设，为了使论证更可信而额外设定的条件l Evidence——论据，为了使论证更可信而引用的客观事实l Conclusion——结论，作者最终用于说服他人而得出的观点、立场一个说服力较强的，完整的argument通常包含多个Assumption+Evidence来支持文章整体结构。

为什么要写Analysis?从ARGUMENT结构角度来讲：我们题库中的Argument文章一般是Assumption和Evidence大量缺失甚至出现错误，导致原文的结论很容易无法得出的文章。

所有的ARGUMENT文章，其基本表现形式为：“原文作者无法得出结论(因为)——削弱条件1+削弱条件2+削弱条件3——因此作者结论无法得出，如果想得出结论，就必须考虑到可能的削弱条件(123)”。

详解GRE作文2大扣分重灾区GRE写作扣分主要原因1：观点类问题GRE写作在论点上出问题的情况是非常多的，其中最主要的情况有两种，一种是论点过于宽泛，另外一种则是论点过于狭窄。

a. 观点过于宽泛在各类教导写作的材料中，大家应该时常会发现关于强调GRE写作论点一定要写得具体，越细越好的指导建议。

GRE_Arguement 高频提纲

GREArgument终极提纲使用说明：这里是Argument全部242题的完整提纲。

题号后面括号里的三项分别是：题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。

题目中带下划线的部分为题目背景信息；斜体部分为题目假设；无任何标记部分为一般论据；黑体部分为题目结论。

题目中括号里的数字表明这句话体现的是提纲中第几号缺陷。

题目后面的星星数量表示题目论证难度，星数越多题目越难。

题目后面的数字为论证结构与之类似的其他题目题号，可以参考准备。

提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型，缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程度，星数越多缺陷越严重。

题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。

51，（医疗/建议/对比）The following appeared in a medical newsletter."Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills(3), although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced(1,2). Therefore, all patients(4) who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics(5) as part of their treatment." ★★★★1.The author does not inform us about the severity of injuries, physical conditions of the two groups ofpatients. (I.C) ★★★★2.There might be other differences between treatments offered by the two doctors.(I.C) ★★★★3.Sugar pills may cause negative effects on the healing of the second group of patients. (I.T) ★★4.Not all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain will suffer from secondary infections. (C.S) ★★★★5.Not all patients with muscle strain are suitable to taking antibiotics. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★——————————————————————————————53, （生命科学/科学假说/并列）Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants(1) who showed signs of mild distress(4) when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn(2), a time when their mothers' production of melatonin(3)—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy(5). Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness(4) during infancy and this shyness continues into later life(6).★★★★1.The sample of the mentioned study is too limited. (quantity of the sample) ★★★2.No direct evidence is provided to show that it is the high levels of mothers’ production of Melatonin thatresulted in the distress showed by the infants studied. (confusing concurrence with causality) ★★★★3.The author fails to prove that increased levels of mothers’ production of Melatonin will directly affecttheir infants. (U.A) ★★★★4.The author simply equates mild distress with shyness. (U.C) ★★★★5.Different individuals may define the term shy in various ways. (definition of the term ‘shy’)★★★★6.Many other genetic or environmental factors will cause shyness in those teenagers. (I.T) ★★★★——————————————————————————————203, （医疗卫生/论断/对比）The following appeared in a newspaper feature story."At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days(2); at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days(1). Also, the cure rate(2) among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice(3) that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient(5) than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints(6) about service at the local hospital(4). Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals(8) is more economical(7) and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals." ★★1.The time length of a patient’s stay is not a good indi cation of the quality of treatment in the hospital.(U.C) ★★★★2.Other factors might also explain the shorter length of patient stay and higher cure rate in the Saludahospital. (I.C) ★★★★★3.We do not know the severity of illness among patients in the Saluda hospital and in Megaville hospital,thus cannot evaluate the cure rate in the two hospitals. (I.I) ★★★★4.More employees per patient and few complaints do not necessarily indicate that treatment in Saludahospital is better than that in Megaville hospital. (U.C) ★★★★5. A higher employee-patient ratio may just indicate organizational inefficiency at Saluda. (negativeevidence) ★★★6.Without the total number of patients going to each hospital, we cannot evaluate what percentage of theirpatients complained. (V.D) ★★★7.The author fails to provide the actual expenditures of patients in the two hospitals, thus the assumptionthat treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospital is more economical is unwarranted. (I.I) ★★8.The author hastily generalizes that treatment in other smaller, nonprofit hospitals will necessarily bemore economical and of better quality than that in larger, for-profit hospitals. (C.S) ★★★★————————————————————————————-7, （政治经济，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper. "In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council(3), because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled(1), air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses(2). If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved(4,5)." ★★★1481.The argument unfairly assumes that last year's increase in the number of factories was due to the citycouncil's decisions—rather than to some other phenomenon—and that this increase poses environmental problems for Clearview. (NCR) ★★★★2.The argument also assumes unfairly that last year's increase in the number of patients reporting respiratoryproblems indicates worsening environmental problems in Clearview. (NCR) ★★★★3.The editorial provides no evidence to substantiate the assumption that Braun was a factor in the citycouncil’s decisions. (I.I) ★★4.The mere fact that Green is a member of the Good Earth Coalition hardly suffices to prove her willingnessand ability to help solve Clearview's environmental problems. (I.E) ★★★★★5.The author provides no firm evidence that electing Green is necessary to solve those problems, or thatelecting Green would suffice. (necessity and sufficiency of the solution) ★★★——————————————————————————————188, （医药卫生/建议/对比）A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications(3). When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women(1) who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported(5) feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women(2). This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required(4), whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication(6). In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications(7) on men versus women.★★2001. The number of subjects might be insufficient to constitute a representative sample. (quantity of thesample) ★★★2. Other differences between those men and women could also explain the difference between their feelingson pain. (I.C) ★★★★3. The effect of kappa opioids on pain feeling could not be hastily generalized to all other pain medications.(C.S) ★★★★4. The effect of kappa opioids on patients who have their wisdom teeth extracted could not be hastilygeneralized to all conditions where pain medication is required. (C.S) ★★★5. The level of pain reported by the patients may not reflect their actual level of pain. (U.C) ★★★6. Without more information concerning the thorough effect of kappa opioids, and lacking comparisonbetween the effectiveness of kappa opiods and other available pain medications, we cannot conclude that it is not suitable for all male patients merely based on the fact cited above. (adv:disadv/confusing comparison and variation) ★★★7. Granted that pain medications should be prescribed discriminatingly, the necessity of reevaluating theeffects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. (C.S/necessity of the solution) ★★★★——————————————————————————————186, （生产，管理/预言/对比）The following is a recommendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company."In a recent telephone survey(1) of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity. Among workers aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor, compared to 12 percent for those aged 30 or over, and only 8 percent for those aged 50 or over(2). Clearly, if our printing company(3) hires mainly older employees(4), we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors."★★★★1.Since the survey is a telephone survey, the reliability of its result is suspicious at many aspects, e.g. thesize of the sample, who responded to the survey, if the respondents could exactly understand the questions, if the respondents were forthright when answering the questions, etc.(reliability of the survey) ★★★2.The director fails to make any comparison between the actual productivity of different groups ofemployees. (confusing comparison and variation/I.C) ★★★★3.The automobile industry may not be comparable with a printing company. (F.A) ★★★4.The director fails to consider many negative effects of hiring mainly older employees. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★——————————————————————————————169, （人事，学校建设/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University."Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier(1) living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most(5) gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire(3) staff(5), we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire(2,4,7,9). Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent(6) because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers(8)." ★★1.The fact that professors are happier living in small towns might be due to other factors, but not becausethey are living together with their spouses. (NCR) ★★2.The chairperson fails to consider the possible differences between Bronston College and PierceUniversity, thus merely copying Bronston’s activity may not be same effective at Pierce. (F.A) ★★★3.The chairperson fails to point out what fraction of our faculty will be new members, thus the assumptionthat the morale of entire staff could be improved is open to doubt. (I.I/U.A) ★★★4.The chairperson fails to consider many other relevant factors that may influ ence new professors’ decision.(I.T/sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★5.Even if the proposed actions are effective in attracting new professors, we cannot guarantee that theaction will attract the most gifted teachers and researchers, and necessarily improving the morale of stuff.(sufficiency of the solution) ★★★6.The chairperson does not analyze the cost of the proposed actions, hence we cannot evaluate if the newprofessors attracted by the action are worthy of the investment. (adv:disadv) ★★★7.The chairperson fails to consider if the university has the capability of offering employment to thespouse of every new faculty member. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★8.The chairperson fails to illustrate that new gifted professors will not accept our offers if we do not offersuch employment. (necessity of the solution) ★★★9.The chairperson overlooks other better ways to achieve the same result. (necessity of the solution) ★★——————————————————————————————241, （失业，就业/论断/对比）The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company."When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resumés and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not(1). Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within ayear(2,3,4,5). Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff(7) and larger number of branch offices(6). After all, last year(10) Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine(8,9)." ★★1.The author unfairly attributes the successful employment result of the laid-off employees who usedDelany to Delany’s assistance. (NCR) ★★★★2.The fact that only half of the laid-off workers found jobs within a year may not result fromineffectiveness of Walsh. (NCR/I.C) ★★★★3.Many factors could explain the differences between the employment results of using each company. (I.C)★★★★4.Without any comparative data, we cannot determine if the employment result of workers who use Walsheight years ago are poor. (lack of comparison) ★★★★5.Many conditions would have changed during the past eight years. (P→C) ★★★6.The size of staff and number of branch offices do not necessarily indicate the quality and effectiveness ofa company’s service. (U.C) ★★★★7. A bigger staff may just indicate that the efficiency at Delany is lower. (negative evidence) ★★8.There is no significant difference between finding job within six months and within nine months. (I.E)★★9.Without detailed description of jobs found by Delany’s clients and Walsh’s clients respectively, andwithout more information about their clients, we cannot evaluate which company is more effective.(I.I/I.C) ★★★★10. A single year's placement statistics hardly suffices to draw any firm conclusions. (selective sample/ P→F)★★★——————————————————————————————237, （城市，经济/建议/——）The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper. "According to a government report, last year(5) the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people(1,2,3). Therefore, the fastest way(6) for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies(7) to relocate here(4)." ★★2,251.The author unfairly assumes that Dillton’s current prosperity, if any, results from the policiesimplemented last year. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★★2.The fact that two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton and employ 300 people is insignificantevidence to show that Dillton are experiencing prosperity. (I.E) ★★★★3.Without more information about Dillton's economic conditions and employment level both before andafter the incentives were established it is impossible to assess whether those incentives had a positive or negative impact—or any impact at all—on Dillton's overall economy. (adv:disadv/I.I/lack of comparison) ★★★4.Granted that the policies are responsible for the prosperity of Dillton, we cannot ensure that Beauvillecould experience the same prosperity through providing similar incentives. (F.A) ★★★★★5.The author fails to substantiate the assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions upon whichthe effectiveness of the policies depends have remained unchanged. (P→C) ★★★6.The arguer ignores other possible methods that may improve Beauville’s economy more efficiently.(necessity of the solution) ★★★7.Granted such incentives are indeed necessary, the author fails to illustrate why we should target onprivate companies. (I.E) ★★——————————————————————————————161, （社会/论断/对比）In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents(1) said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study(4,5) conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out(2) of each of the public libraries(6) in Leeville was the mystery novel(3). Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits(7).★★★1.We do not know how many, and what kind of citizens responded to the survey, thus therepresentativeness of the result is open to doubt. (are the respondents representative?) ★★★2.The frequency of certain type of book being checked out from the public libraries is not a goodindication of what kind of reading material do citizens prefer. (U.C) ★★★★3.The author does not analyze to what extent the literary classics and mystery novels mentioned in theargument overlap. (I.I) ★★★★4.The author fails to provide evidence to show that the result of the follow-up study is representative ofall-time reading habits of Leeville citizens. (C→F)★★★5.We do not know how long is the interim period between the two studies, many conditions may changeafter sufficient long time.(P→C)★★★★6.The author unfairly assumes that the respondents in the first study borrow most of their reading materialsfrom public libraries. (U.A) ★★★7.The author fails to consider other explanation that could explain the discrepancy between therespondents’ answer and the result of the follow-up study, e.g. if the respondents were forthright, if they correctly understood the survey’s question, etc. (necessity of the solution) ★★★——————————————————————————————45, （动物/推测/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal."Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters(1), the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends(2) that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns(4) across the frozen sea(3)."★★★★★1.The accuracy of the reports from local hunters can be cast doubt on. (selective sample) ★★★★2.The global warming trends may have no effects on the specific region mentioned by the editorial. (C.S)★★★★3.Alternative explanations can also account for the decline in arctic deer population.(NCR) ★★★★4.The change in climate patterns does not necessarily lead to the decline in deer population, deer mayadapt themselves to the new weather by certain means. (NCR) ★★★★——————————————————————————————209, （人事/提议/——）The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company."In the last three quarters of this year(1), under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably(2). Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings(6,7). Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry(4), a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years(3). Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably(5)." ★★26,85,140,2251.The manager fails to illustrate that the decreased profits in the last three quarters are not temporaryfluctuation but will continue in the future. (P→F)★★★2.Many other factors could also contribute to the decline in the profits of Fancy Toy Company. (NCR) ★★★★3.The manager unfairly attributes the increased profits of Starlight Jewelry to the leadership of RosaWinnings. (NCR) ★★★★4.Even if Rosa is highly competent in her current position, we could not ensure that she can also do anexcellent job as the manager of the toy company. (F.A) ★★★★5.The company’s profits will not necessarily increase merely because the replacement of the manager.(sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★6.The manager fails to consider if Rosa is willing to accept the offer. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★7.The manager fails to inform us if there are any other competent candidates we can choose from.(necessity of the solution) ★★★——————————————————————————————207, （动物，环境/论断/先并列后递进）It is known that in recent years, industrial pollution has caused the Earth's ozone layer to thin, allowing an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. At the same time, scientists have discovered, the population of a species of salamander that lays its eggs in mountain lakes(1) has declined. Since ultraviolet radiation is known to be damaging to delicate tissues and since salamander eggs have no protective shells, it must be the case that the increase in ultraviolet radiation has damaged many salamander eggs andprevented them from hatching(2,3). This process will no doubt cause population declines in other species, just as it has in the salamander species(4).★★★★1501.The scientists only studied the population of salamanders at one certain cite, thus we could not assert thatthe overall salamander population is declining. (selective sample) ★★★2.The author fails to compare the populations of other species of salamander whose eggs are not affectedby ultraviolet radiation. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★★3.The author fails to rule out other possible factors that could result in the decline in the population of thesalamander species. (NCR) ★★★★★4.We could not hastily generalize that other species will also be affected by the process merely based onthe decline in the population of certain salamander species. (C.S) ★★★★★——————————————————————————————14, （商业/决策/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town."There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey(1) conducted last month indicated that many consumers(3) were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand(6) three months in a row(4,5). Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners(2) this coming spring(7)."★★1,40, 117, 2191.The argument depends on a dubious assumption that the national levels of satisfaction with store-boughtgroceries could reflects the level of a certain area. (C.S) ★★★★2.The argument falsely assumes that consumers who are dissatisfied with store-bought groceries are likely togrow their own vegetables instead. (U.A/I.E) ★★★★★3.The arguer fails to provide any information about what fraction of consumers buy their vegetables fromsupermarkets. (V.D/selective sample) ★★4.The arguer fails to convince us that the gardening magazine Great Gardens is indeed popular amongresidents. (I.I) ★★5.We do not know the content and circulation of the magazine, thus the fact that the magazine has sold outthree months in a row does not necessarily indicate that people in this area are interested in planting vegetables themselves. (I.I/I.E) ★★★6.The situation at one certain news stand does not prove that people in this area are interested in gardening.(quantity of the sample) ★★★7.The arguer fails to consider the possible cost of the proposed action. (I.T/adv:disadv) ★★★★——————————————————————————————233, （工程建设/决策/对比+并列）The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a company that builds shopping malls throughout the country."The surface of a section of Route 101(1), paved two years ago by McAdam Road Builders, is now badly cracked and marred by dangerous potholes. In another part of the state, a section of Route 66(1), paved by Appian Roadways more than four years ago, is still in good condition(2). Appian Roadways has recently purchased state-of-the-art paving machinery, and it has hired a new quality-control manager(3,4,5). Because of its superior work and commitment to quality, we should contract with Appian Roadways rather than McAdam Road Builders(9) to construct the access roads(6,8) for all(7) our new shopping malls."★17,41,931.Only one of all roads built by each company is compared, and only one section of each road is compared,thus we cannot evaluate the overall quality of construction of the two companies. (I.C) ★★★★2.Many other factors that would influence the condition of a road are ignored by the president. (I.C) ★★★★★3.The arguer does not provide any information about the machinery used and the status of quality-controlpersonnel at McAdam. (ex parte information) ★★★4.No information about the performance of the new quality-control manager at Appian is provided. (I.I)★★★5.Many factors besides equipment and on-site management would also affect the quality of a pavement job.(I.C) ★★★★6.Granted that the quality of routes paved by Appian is superior, we cannot guarantee Appian could also doan excellent job in constructing the access roads for shopping malls. (U.C) ★★★7.The president hastily assumes that Appian is capable of constructing the access roads of all newshopping malls. (C.S) ★★★8.The president fails to consider if Appian are willing to contract with the company to construct accessroads. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★9.Other competent companies might be available for the president to choose from. (F.D) ★★★——————————————————————————————238, （就业/提议/对比）The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Mira Vista College to the college's board of trustees."At nearby Green Mountain College, which has more business courses and more(1) job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year's graduating seniors had job offers(4) from prospective employers(5). But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors who informed the placement office that they would be seeking employment(2) had found full-time jobs(4) within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduates were employed in their major field of study(3). To help Mira Vista's graduates find employment(8), we must offer more courses in business and computer technology(6) and hire additional job counselors(7) to help students with their resumés and interviewing skills." ★★9,2111.The president fails to inform us the total amount of students at each college, thus we cannot compare thenumber of job counselors per student. (V.D/I.C) ★★★2.The survey does not include all the graduates in MVC, thus it is impossible to evaluate the employmentresult in MVC. (selective sample) ★★★★3.The comparison between GMC and MVC is incomplete, many other factors would contribute to thedifferences in the employment results of the two colleges. (I.C) ★★★★★4.Without further description of the job offers received by graduating seniors of the two colleges, wecannot evaluate if Mira Vista's job-placement record is comparatively poor. (I.I) ★★★★5.The president fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that GMC has more businesscourses and job counselors than MVC and the fact that 90% of last year’s graduating seniors from GMC got job offers.(confusing concurrence with causality) ★★★★★6.The president fails to convince us that offering more courses in computer technology will necessarilycontribute to the employment of graduates in MVC. (I.E) ★7.GMC and MVC might not be comparable in several aspects such as reputation, ranking, alumni, etc.(F.A) ★★★★8.The proposed actions might be neither sufficient nor necessary for Mira Vista to improve its employmentresult. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★——————————————————————————————15, （经济，投资/建议/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.。

寻找和定位GREargument的论据方法

寻找和定位GREargument的论据方法
寻找和定位GRE argument的论据方法
如果我们把先发生的记做A，后发生的记做B，那么所有的Argument文章逻辑论证就会简单地被划分为两大推理模式，假设寻找的技法如下：
l A, B模式
1). 由某个原因而试图得到某个结果，标志词通常为because，since，for等因果引导词，假设通常为因果之间确有关联;
2). 由某一条件而试图得到一个结论，标志词通常为if，when，as long as等条件连词，假设通常在条件和结论间架桥;
3). 由某一方法而试图达到某一目的时，标志词通常为by，to不定式，in this way等方法目的关键词)，假设通常为该方法确能实现此目的;
4). 当推理由一个fact，phenomenon，experiment而试图类推或外推或不完全归纳推理时，假设通常为两者本质相似。

B, A模式
1). 题目是由一个survey，record，data，study，experiment，phenomenon等得出一个解释性的原因做结论，隐含假设多为A是唯一的原因。

此类推理模式的标志词通常为demonstrate，show，result，due to，attribute to，reason，hypothesize，the explanation is，be responsible for等。

2). 题目是为了达到一个目的`而提出一方法或建议时，隐含假设为这个方法或建议是唯一或最具关键性的能够实现目的的方法或建议。

漫谈GRE考试中的Argument写作与实战准备方略

随着GRE作⽂考试的普及，其对考⽣真实写作能⼒的反馈，使越来越多的学校要求申请⼊学的学⽣提供此项成绩。

GRE Analytical Writing部分包括：presenting your perspective on an issue（写作时间为45分钟）和argument analysis（写作时间为30分钟）两部分。

要写好GRE写作中的Argument部分，⾸先要熟悉⼀下思路及写作⽅式。

⼀些⼈写GRE⽂章，喜欢⽤专业性的逻辑⽤语，其实没有必要，就事论事⽐较好。

在批驳的时候为了显得有⼒，可以多⽤⽤for example，it is possible that，it is likely that之类的句型，因为argument就是挑错与找茬的过程，如果实在觉得错误不好找，那么就根据每⼀句话批，基本上，每⼀个表⽰原因的句⼦中都可能存在逻辑错误。

⼀、关于论证、论据和论点有⼈认为，argument背⼀下错误分类就可以了。

但是在实践中这些只是次要的⽅⾯，主要的还在于寻找论述者的论据和事实是否对论点做了充分且必要的证明。

只有找出他们之间的缺点和不⾜⽂章才会流畅。

掌握逻辑的因果关系，更好的把握⽂章的结论会写出更漂亮的⽂章，⽽不是仅仅的survey、response、data等⼀些谁都⽤的东西，⽆论什么都是越具体越有说服⼒。

要注意论据与论点之间的承接和递进，这⼀点也是造成⽂章微观上逻辑不好的重要原因。

往往是这样⼀种情况：⼤体上看总论点分论点结尾很明确清楚，可⼀到具体的每⼀段，就感觉跟在论点之后的论据来得很突兀，只是论点—论据—结尾，缺少了深⼊的分析和思考。

这就要求我们在论点和论据之间加⼀些适当的分析性语⾔过渡⼀下；在论点和每⼀段的结论之间如果适合的话也分析或递进⼀下。

⼆、关于论证⽅法例证是第⼀推荐的论证⽅法。

⾸先写作⽂不像做数学题⽬：照着公理定律往下⼀步步推就⾏了。

现实世界中放之四海⽽皆准的东西寥寥⽆⼏，⽤逻辑的⽅法推演往往会使⽂章显得说服⼒不强。