GRE的Argument写作方法：让步式攻击法
GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得分享
Despite opposition from some residents of West Roseville, the arguments in favor of merging the townships of Roseville and West Roseville are overwhelming. First, residents in both townships are confused about which authority to contact when they need a service; for example, the police department in Roseville receives many calls from residents of West Roseville. This sort of confusion would be eliminated with the merger. Second, the savings in administrative costs would be enormous, since services would no longer be duplicated: we would have only one fire chief, one tax department, one mayor, and so on. And no jobs in city government would be lost-employees could simply be reassigned. Most importantly, the merger will undoubtedly attract business investments as it did when the townships of Hamden and North Hamden merged ten years ago.
新GRE 北美范文精析 Issue 63 范文精析
63 There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts —especially at a great cost in money and jobs —to save endangered animal or plant species.What are the limits of our duty to save endangered species from extinction? The statement raises a variety of issues about morality, conscience, self-preservation, and economics. On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans neednot make "extraordinary" efforts--at the expense of money and jobs--to ensure the preservation of any endangered species. As I see it, there are three fundamental arguments for imposing on ourselves at least some responsibility to preserve endangered species. The first has to do culpability. According as dear-cutting of forests or polluting of lakes and streams, we humans have a duty to take affirmative measures to protect the species whose survival we've placed in jeopardy.The second argument has to do with capability. This argument disregards the extent to which we humans might have contributed to the endangerment of a species. Instead, the argument goes, if we are aware of the danger, know what steps are needed to prevent extinction, and can take those steps, then we are morally obligated to help prevent extinction. This argument would place a very high affirmative duty on humans to protect endangered species.The third argument is an appeal to self-preservation. The animal kingdom is an intricatematrix of interdependent relationships, in which each species depends on many others for its survival. Severing certain relationships, such as that between a predator and its natural prey, can set into motion a series of extinctions that ultimately might endanger our own survival asa species. While this claim might sound far-fetched to some, environmental experts assure us that in the long run it is very real possibility. On the other hand are two compelling arguments against placing a duty on humans to protect endangered species. The first is essentially the Darwinian argument that extinctionresults from the inexorable process of so-called “natural selection” in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not. Moreover, we humans are not exempt from the process. Accordingly, if we see fit to eradicate other species in order to facilitate our survival, then so be it. We are only behaving as animal must, Darwin would no doubt assert.The second argument, and the one that I find most compelling, is an appeal to logic over emotion. It is a scientific fact that thousands of animal species become extinct every year. Many such extinctions are due to natural forces, while others are due to anthropogenic factors.In any event, it is far beyond our ability to save them all. By what standard, then, should we decide which species are worth saving and which ones are not? In my observation, we tend to favor animals with human-like physical characteristics and behaviors. This preference is understandable; after all, dolphins are far more endearing than bugs. But there is no logical justification for such a standard. Accordingly, what makes more sense is to decide based on our own economic self-interest. In other words, the more money and jobs it would cost to save a certain species, the lower priority we should place on doing do.In sum, the issue of endangered-species protection is a complex one, requiring subjective judgments about moral duty and the comparative value of various life forms. Thus, there are no easy or certain answers. Yet it is for this very reason I agree that economic self-作者明确表明论述 的重点是“过多的”这是一个让步段落，来承认确实应该保护濒危物种让步段说的有道理，但是内容太多了，所以大家在考试中不需要写这么多，一段让步内容就够了这个用的很好这段话没有展开具体论述这个用词很到位这段话内容很多，这样说太泛泛on the other hand, 这个词组误用率太高了它是表转折的这段是攻击题目的可行性这句话不够严谨，因为题目里并没有说我们应该牺牲一部分动物来保护其他的物种interest should take precedence over vague notions about moral duty when it comes tosaving endangered species. In the final analysis, at a point when it becomes critical for ourown survival as a species to save certain others, then we humans will do so if we are fit – inaccordance with Darwin’s observed process of natural selection.这篇文章整体观点比较清晰但是一下问题需要注意：1. 让步段篇幅过大2. economic - interests 等这样的抽象名词并没有展开深刻的论述，因此整篇的论点不够insightful3. 没有具体事例的体现 -- 对大部分同学的压力比较大，不要全篇理论论述。
GREArguement七种常见错误个人总结
一．经不起推敲的类推（false analogy）This argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B C.（开头）In order for BC to serve as models that A should emulate, the arguer must assume that all relevant circumstances involved are essentially the same.(环境、背景不同)However, this assumption is unwarranted.（过渡）For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that…..Perhaps …..（列举各种可能性）The arguer simply assumes that ….. but he does not provide any evidence that……are indeed comparable.As we know, the …and …differ conspicuously.It is true that both…... but even here exist fundamental differences:…. （两种东西本身不同）Therefore, even though the….proved effective in….., there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…..（结尾）二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confuse causal relationship with correlation ）The argument concluded based on a known correlation between A and B.Yet the correlation alone is only a scant evidence of the claimed “cause-and –effect” relationship.Perhaps…..Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that….The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that…. If this is the case, than the conclusion would lack any merit whatsoever.三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四．认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做2.按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)The recommendation d epends on the assumption that no alternative means of …are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admitittedly,…..However, it is entirely possible that means other than this would also achieve the desired result. （指出替代选项的存在）Perhaps the desired improvement could be achieved if…..（列举替代选项）Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…..must do…in order to achieve the goal.（收尾）b)The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that…..would by itself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that…..Thus, without better evidence that……, the argument remains unconvincing.（列举可能性一）Even assuming that…., the arguer provides no clear evidence that….. The mere fact that ….hardly suffices to prove……., at least not without more information about….（让步，列举可能性二）Even if …..,perhaps additional measures—such as…..—would also be required in order to achieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五．基于可能不具代表性的统计数据One problem with the argument involves the sited statistics about….It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about….based on statistics about….（指出数据不可依赖）The arguer fails to make clear the exact number of….If only small portions of the whole population are…..then the case might be that …（数据太小）Even if the sample size chosen from….is large enough, the statistics might also be incredible.Depending on the total number of….., it is entirely possible that…..are not representative of….For example, perhaps…..are particularly….Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…（数据没有代表性）六．基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。
雅思写作的让步技巧
雅思写作的让步技巧雅思写作中，让步句型和让步段落可以帮助提高考生的得分。
以下是一些常用的让步技巧：1. 提出对立观点：引入对立观点可以显示你对话题的全面理解，也可以增加你的论证力度。
例如：Some people argue that..., however, I believe that...2. 承认优点或合理性：在讨论某个观点时，承认其优点或合理性可以增加你的说服力。
例如：It is true that..., however, it is also important to consider...3. 对可能的反驳提出让步：提出可能的反驳观点并对其进行让步，可以显示你的论证更加客观和全面。
例如：Although itcan be argued that..., I still believe that...4. 引用权威观点：引用权威观点可以增加你的论证力度，并为你的立场增加信服力。
例如：According to a study conducted by..., it can be argued that...5. 使用转折连接词：合理使用转折连接词可以帮助你引入对立观点或进行让步。
例如：although, while, despite, regardless...6. 添加强调修饰词：在让步句中加入一些强调修饰词可以增加你的说服力。
例如：although it is true that..., it is essential to...总之，让步技巧可以帮助你在写作中展示全面的观点和深入的思考，同时也可以增加你的论证力度。
记住，让步并不是为了全盘否定对方观点，而是在均衡的基础上更好地支持自己的立场。
英语考试作文-【名师指点】GRE写作Argument驳论文高分写法顺序4步骤拆分讲解
英语考试作文【名师指点】GRE写作Argument驳论文高分写法顺序4步骤拆分讲解在GRE写作中，想要写出高分作文，就需要遵循一定的写作步骤，如此才能有条理的写出优秀的文章。
下面就为大家详细分析GRE考试写作步骤。
步骤1：读题审题写开头段首先，要浏览题目、审题(分析题目的结论、论据和假设)并写出开头段。
审题和开头段同时进行，一边看题一边写，这不是回避逻辑错误，而是将审题、找错和写作有机地结合。
第一段的任务无非就是指出论题的结论、假设、论据，并指出题目有错误。
在写作第一段的时候，逻辑错误会不断的涌现出来，而当考生把有问题的假设以及原论证的逻辑结构清理以后，该论证所存在的所有问题也就都暴露出来了。
步骤2：列逻辑问题写提纲在写完开头段并审好题后，要趁着头脑清醒，把主要的逻辑问题都打出来。
原文可能出现六七个逻辑错误，而考生只需要从中挑出3-4个最主要的进行有利的攻击就可以了。
因为这篇文章能不能拿高分，直接取决于与你能否抓住主要逻辑错误。
也就是说，如果忽视了非常致命的逻辑错误，那么即使把其它的错误批驳得再好，所用的语言再美，字数再多，最后照样不及格。
有人担心是不是要把所有的错误都清理出来，实际上只要把主要的错误都清理出来，进行有利的攻击，同样可以拿到六分，正如ETS的六分例文一样。
这样做的另一个好处是可以节约时间，因为考生在正文写作时往往会把顺手的段落大写特写，力争在某点上把敌人驳的体无完肤，但是等到意识到有其它的重要逻辑错误未被谈及的时候，时间却已经到了。
而首先列出提纲则可以提醒考生点到为止，切实做到合理分配时间。
与其把一个问题分析的特别透彻，不如把所有的主要问题都涉及到，即使不很透彻，也比前者要好。
简而言之，Argument这部分展开批驳的时候，与其“断其一指”，不如“伤其四指”。
步骤3：展开正文在完成了提纲之后，就要逐一展开正文段落了。
正文段落的展开有两种的顺序，第一种就是先攻击主要的问题，在第一个段落批驳最重要的逻辑错误，也花最多的笔墨，以后字数和重要性逐级递减。
英语考试作文-【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE官方5大评分标准3个要点
英语考试作文【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE 官方5大评分标准3个要点GRE作文是GRE考试中对考生英语水平要求比较高的一个部分，考生需要在两个30分钟的时间段内分别完成一篇ISSUE作文和一篇ARGUMENT作文，这对于英文基础，特别是遣词造句能力一般的中国考生可以说是不小的挑战。
如何在短暂的时间内完成作文部分的考试，取得满意的成绩，考生首先要对作文的评分标准有所了解，下面为大家收集了来自GRE官方的ISSUE作文满分评分标准，并稍做解读，一起来看吧。
GRE ARGUMENT作文满分评分标准In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.A typical paper in this category exhibits the following characteristics:1.clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully.2.develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions.3.provides compelling and thorough support for its main points.4.conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety.5.demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors.评分标准解读要点1：clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully 关键词：identifies important features, insightfully1.identifies important features即鉴别一篇Argument的逻辑漏洞和错误。
GRE考试写作
GRE考试写作GRE考试写作模板大全导语：下面小编为您收集整理了GRE考试写作模板，希望对您有帮助!一. 开头In the argument, the …(主题对象) recommends that …(对结论做论述，基本上可以抄原文，用另外一种方式表达即可). To support this recommendation the argument point out that …(说明文章用了什么论据去证明观点了，同上抄袭即可) however …This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects (说明这篇文章逻辑上是有缺陷的).二. 攻击论据1. 调查结果没有证据申明To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that… (阐述说出了一个没有根据的申明，并说出文中的原因) —rather than for some other reasons. Yet it is entirely possible that… (说明这种猜测可能的原因) or some other factor. Without ruling out all other reasons why… (重述这个申明)…(说出反方向的结论).2. 提到了样本，但是数据不具有代表性(数据不够)Firstly, the author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliabl e. Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of …(说明对象的数量和质量不够) For that matter, this survey is not strong enough to establish causation between… (在这里列出原因和结果，做比较) However, the other reasons of the survey which (叙述其他原因下的情况). As a result, without the evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion by relying on this survey.3. 猜测，但是没有证据Thirdly, the argument assumes that… (阐述文中的猜测) However, the letter provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. In fact, the letter suggests that this might be the case. By admitting that …, the letter implies that …说明影响他们happy的因素还有其他的方面，不光是研究中所列举三. 攻击论证过程1. 时间上的错误类比To begin with,…(陈述某个数据) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和现在相比较是不可信的). Perhaps the… (反例), For that matter, perhaps …(说出反例的情况下会导致何种结果). In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假设说出针对反例应该怎么做)the memo’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(说出应该有的结论)2.错误的因果关系3. 两个事实错误的类比Even if…(让步，即使某个条件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(说明错误的`类比的情况). It is entirely possible that the …(比较对象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具体说出反例) Without accounting for such differences between the two places is unreliable.4. 错误的推论Even if …(让步，即使某个条件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(说出要让步的是事实). Yet the only evidence the argument offer to substantiate this assumption (说出文中的根据). Perhaps …(说出有可能出现的其他情况导致这个事实)if so, (说出不一样的结果，与上面事实相矛盾). Or…(其他的情况) In short, without more infor mation about…(对上面的可能情况总结) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的结论). 四. 结论的攻击说明结论不完美，可以有其他的方法Finally, the argument fails to consider …(有更好的办法实现目标). Perhaps by…(办法一), or by (办法二), (对目标进行展望) In short, without weighing the suggestion against alternatives, it is unconvincing that (说明提供的方案不好).赢利Finally, even if the families support to build the new seafood restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result. Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. Thus, it is quite possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtaining high-quality and healthy seafood or of new promoting restaurant might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument’s conclusion is premature at best.同时叙述两个错误的论据The memo also makes two hasty assumptions about …(说明两个猜想相关的内容). One such assumption is that …(第一个猜想的情况说明). It is entirely possible that …(反例). Another assumption is that(另外一个错误的猜想) Common sense informs me that (反例) Furthermore, the d ifference in the two firms’ overall placement time last year does not necessarily indicate that Delany would be the better choice to serve XYZ’s laid-off employees. These employees might have particular skills or needs that are not representative of the tw o firm’s clients in general. Besides, one year’s placement statistics hardly sufficient to draw any firm conclusions.五. 结尾段In sum, the argument seems logical, but is based on nothing more than pure speculation and perhaps wishful thinking, yet lack of some warranted investigation. To strength it, the authorneeds to evaluate all possible alternatives and provide detail and comprehensive evidence before jumping to the conclusion that...。
GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育
GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育智课网G R E 备考资料GREArgument作文写作要求介绍-智课教育旗下智课教育本文与考生分享了GREArgument作文写作要求介绍，希望能够对考生的GRE成绩有所帮助，参加GRE考试的考生可以参照以下的解析进行GRE备考，祝大家取得满意的GRE成绩。
下面为大家详细地介绍了GREArgument作文写作的相关要求，包括了GREArgument作文的意义及ETS对GRE Argument作文的要求，同学们可适当进行应用，以便获得GRE写作高分。
What is an Argument?A strong argument attempts to persuade the reader to accept a point of view. As such, it consists of a proposition, a declarative statement which is capable of being argued, and a proof, a reason or ground which is supported by evidence. The evidence, in turn, is composed of relevant facts, opinions based on facts and careful reasoning. If you are analyzing an argument, you should look for both of these: a proposition and the evidence supporting the proposition.Attack the ArgumentEach argument''s stimulus has been intentionally “loaded" with flaws (fallacies) that you should acknowledge and discuss. If you fail to see the more fundamental problems in the argument, you will not get a high score.The purpose of the essay is for you to critique the reasoning in the argument (the stimulus will tell you to make this evaluation). Your personal opinions are not relevant. Your essay needs to focus on flaws in the argument. While in the Analysis of Issue you write your opinion on a subject, in the Analysis of Argument you write a logical critique of a flawed argument. Thus, the approaches to the two essays should be different.纵观整个GRE作文考试，似乎应该概括为“Issue让我们变得广博，Argument让我们成为辩手”，Argument也是最喜欢的一个教学环节，因为我喜欢辩论，过去参加辩论赛是和人在进行辩论，现在讲GRE，是在和一篇又一篇的文章进行文字辩论，他们之间存在极大的共性，那么如何去“辩”，如何让我们能如同当年在辩论赛上征服对方辩手一样地去征服GRE的Argument写作呢？ETS对GRE Argument作文写作的要求体现在：第一，要求考试敏锐的洞察出一篇文章的主要的几点逻辑错误(没有必要把所有的逻辑错误全部找出)；第二，既然是攻击对方文章的逻辑错误，那么考生本生所写的文章要有逻辑性，或者说逻辑合理性；第三，一篇Argument的用词用句有他特定的风格(和Issue有所区别)，因此考生要选择准确恰当的词句表达。
GRE写作规则(Argument部分)
GRE 写作规则（Argument 部分）一、学会使用TS不仅全文要有TS ，每个段落中也要有自己的TS ，这样写起来思路清晰，看起来也省力，TS 放在段首。
目标：在一个段落中不能找到任何一句与TS 无关或与TS 冲突的句子，但过渡到下一段的过渡句例外。
要善于使用连词二、保证段落的连贯性a)表示时间顺序的连词when, after, meanwhile, at last, soon, … b)运用表示方位的连词beneath, below, over, above, overhead, near to as, …. c)表示转折的词but, yet, however,… d)引出其他说法的词otherwise, on the other hand, still ,yet, …. e)进一步说明前面观点的词moreover, in addition, besides ,what ’s more,… f)表示结论的词thus, as a result, consequently, therefore, in summary, to sum up, all in all,…. g)表示确定的结论of course, no doubt ,undoubtedly, certainly, …三、语言要简洁切忌累赘，表述要完整 四、euphony [和谐, 悦耳]不要一味使用短句，要多用些长句。
尽量避免意群由相同长度的句子构成，要善于使用从句、复合句、并列句⎩⎨⎧,,,,any if not if 插入语 In fact, the problem was so serious that I had to …. = The problem was so serious, in fact, that …. 长句不适合做转折句或小的结论句，此时可以用短句。
“TS（short）＋1～2（long）＋1（short）…”，每段有1～2个短句足矣，短句一定不能多。
GRE写作ARGUMENT逻辑技巧
GRE写作ARGUMENT逻辑技巧GRE作文argument为批判性论述文，需要对给出的一段论述文字进行分析，找到其规律漏洞并加以攻击。
下面我就和大家共享GRE写作ARGUMENT区分主次要规律技巧，来观赏一下吧。
GRE写作ARGUMENT区分主次要规律技巧GRE写作怎样推断主次要规律漏洞?如上文所说，其实许多时候一篇argument题目素材里，存在的规律漏洞往往不止一处，对于一些写作驳论文阅历丰富的考生来说，有些题目甚至一眼望去就是千疮百孔的。
但这并不代表大家随便抓住一点就可以写出很有劝说力的文章。
学会区分规律漏洞的主要和次要，集中精力从主要漏洞入手进行写作才能让文章更有劝说力。
下面我通过一个实例为大家分析：GRE写作ARGUMENT真题实例分析The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.作文题目翻译最近一项讨论依据每晚平均睡眠时间对300名男性和女性Mentian广告经理需要的睡眠总量与他们公司的胜利之间的关联。
GRE写作3个部分常用结构和句式讲解
GRE写作3个部分常用结构和句式讲解GRE写作3个部分常用结构和句式讲解,有用写法思路分析，快来一起学习吧，共享下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE写作3个部分常用结构和句式讲解有用写法思路分析新GRE写作经典句型：第一段开头段。
主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在规律漏洞，预备发起进攻第一层：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…其次层：To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…第三层：However, this argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.新GRE写作经典句型分析：其次段和第三段甚至第四段分类别去攻击各个规律错误。
(以因果关系类错误为例)One problem with the argument is that, the editorial observes a correlation between… and …, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the editorial fails to rule out other possible explanations for…For example,… Any of these factors, or other social,political or economic factors, might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors it is unfair to conclude that…新GRE写作经典句型分析：第五段结尾段的结论好像是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。
【S.W.系列】备考GRE之AW篇_Argument_
【S.W.系列】备考GRE之AW篇 (Argument)Collected and arranged By ShrewdWolf (S.W.)For GTer in P.R.ChinaFor dream, for new life, and also victory.Good Luck !Just feel free to contact me via ShrewdWolf@一． Argument开头 (3)二． Argument结尾 (3)三．让步式攻击和组织结构过渡 (5)1. 让步式攻击 (5)2. 起承转合 (5)3. Argument常用替代词 (6)<1> 基础词汇 (6)<2> 反复替代 (7)4. 段落开引出、结尾总结以及段落间的过渡 (8)四．常见的逻辑错误及其表述 (9)1.常见的逻辑错误说法 (9)2.常见逻辑错误的表述模板 (10)<1> 通用句式 (10)<2> 调查类错误 (11)A．调查可信度 (11)B．调查数据类错误 (11)<3> 因果关系 (12)A．无因果关系 Non sequitur (13)B．混淆因果Cause and Effect Confusion (13)C．时序因果Past hoc ergo propter hoc和同时因果 Concurrence Fallacy..13D．因果关系简单化 Causal Oversimplification (14)<4> 外推类错误 (14)<5> 错误类比 (15)<6> 整体和个体推导错误 (15)A．整体推出个体Fallacy of Division (包括average的情形) (16)B．个体推出整体Fallacy of Composition (16)<7> 考虑问题不全面 (16)A．未权衡利弊Failing to weigh the merits and shortcoming (16)B．不完整或者选择性比较 Incomplete/Selected Comparison (16)C．急于概括 Hasty Generalization (16)D．非此即彼类 False Dilemma (16)E．利润类Incomplete thought about profit (17)F．充分类 Sufficient Evidence (17)G．必要类 Necessary Condition (18)<8> 无理假设 Unwarranted Assumption (18)五．常见论证思路和驳斥理由 (18)1.论证思路 (18)2.背诵句式(自己不习惯用的单独拿出来背背吧) (18)3.常用辩驳的客观条件 (23)一． A rgument开头(In this argument), the author/arguer/speaker (of 简单介绍) attempts/intends to convince us/prove that/draws a conclusion/concludes/recommends that … To justify/support/strengthen/substantiate this conclusion/claim, the author/arguer/speaker cites/provides a study/poll/survey/correlation/ result of …/points out/states/indicates/claims/reasons (evidence) that … In addition/Moreover/ Besides/Meanwhile, the author/arguer/speaker also takes it for granted that/indicates/points out/states/claims/reasons that … At first glance/thought, the arguer’s underlying reasoning seem to be convincing/appealing, but from a sane/advisable perspective,/further reflection reveals that , this argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated/poor/unwarranted/unfounded/dubious/vague assumptions and omits enough warranted/insufficient/unconvincing evidence/concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument, which render it wholly unpersuasive/untrustworthy as it stands / and is therefore unpersuasive/untrustworthy as it stands. / A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is. /From my perspective, this argument based on problematic/critical/ vulnerable/unconvincing/doubtful/vague/ insufficient reasoning /suffers from several problematic/critical/logical flaws/fallacies which can be deeply analyzed as follows.上文是先说结论再说作者论据，也可以先说论据再说结论，前两句颠倒过来然后, Based on this unsubstantiated/poor/unwarranted/unfounded/dubious evidence/assumption the author draws a conclusion/concludes that … The author also concludes that … (适用于多个结论)以上是比较实用的语言和套路，下面来点变化的句式Although well‐presented this argument is, it’s not well‐reasoned enough from my perspective.It is far from well reasoned.By making an analogy of region A and BThis argument contains several facets that are questionable/unwarranted/not well‐reasoned二． A rgument结尾To put the conclusion in a nutshell, In conclusion/summary/sum / To sum up/conclude / As it stands, the argument is unconvincing as it stands, the arguer/conclusion/argument fails to substantiate its claims that /establish a causal relationship between A and B / is not well reasoned / is unconvincing/not persuasive as it stands / is invalid and misleading / is weak on several grounds. Tostrengthen/bolster/ support/substantiate the argument/conclusion/ To make it more convincing/ more logical acceptable, the arguer would have to/must demonstrate/provide clearer/more convincing evidence/concerning/facts/data/details about and more information about that … Moreover/Additionally/In addition/To better solidify/evaluate/access/bolster/substantiate the argument, we should need more information/evidence about/with regard to/concerning … / the arguer must provide evidence to rule out all the above‐mentioned possibilities that might weaken the argument. Therefore/Thus/As a result, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable/convincing适当添加和加以变化的句式：From what have been discussed/analyzed above /Taking into account all these analysis/ Judging from all factors above, we can draw a conclusion that … However, before any final decisions are made about that/whether … , better evidence of … should be provided to …The argument can be further improved/convincing by …Many more studies/surveys and much more work should be taken to demonstrate/rule out all possible factors which ….; before this can be made into a final decision/recommendationFacts/Statistics conclusion 1. Without ruling out/eliminating/excluding these possible scenarios, the arguer cannot reasonably rely on these (statistics/facts) to support the claim that …Analogy 1. Without showing that (the two firms) are similar in these and other respects, the (vice president) cannot justifiably concludethat ….Other possibilities 1. Without ruling out/eliminating/excluding such scenarios, the editor cannot establish a cause and effect relationship uponwhich the editor’s recommendation depends.Consequently, unless the author can demonstrate that…., theauthor’s concern about these issues is unfounded.The author explains result contributed by many causes with justone reason which can not guarantee the result.Any of these scenarios, if true, will undermine the rationalityof the argument.三． 让步式攻击和组织结构过渡1. 让步式攻击It is correct that …, however, …I admit that …, yet/but …Admittedly, even if … (it is correct/warranted and acceptable)Granted that …Assuming that …Even so …, Apart from, notwithstanding Admittedly, take it for granted, granted that, assuming that, now that, even if/assuming,To some extent that this is the case, appear/seemWhile this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible thatEven if XXX has been proved as a result of ….While this maybe true/reasonable in some cases, it is equally possible that … Admittedly, the reasoning that/linking … seems reasonable on the surface/in some case.If so, even though XXX occurred after the change/policy, the argument that YYY would be seriously be weakened/unwarranted.While the argument has some merits, there are a few assumptions deserve careful/further attention.2. 起承转合逻辑结构：Finally, in the first place, in the second place, last but not least, first of all, to begin with, next, another, First and foremost递进扩展：Additionally, in addition, moreover, furthermore, meanwhile, besides, what’s more, particularly, what really/also matters/counts is让步：Admittedly, take it for granted, granted that, assuming that, now that, even if/assuming, to the extent that this is the case, appear/seem, while this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that, even so, apart from, despite, in spite of, after all, notwithstanding对照和对比：In contrast, as compared to, in comparison with, at the same time, differentiate between ~ and ~, differentiate ~ from ~, by comparison, by contrast转折：Unlike, otherwise, however, nevertheless, though/although, instead, yet, while, in any case, on one hand, on the other hand, in spite of, rather than, on the contrary, anyway, whereas, conversely推理和反复说明：Since, because, actually, in fact, as a matter of fact, as a result, due to, owing to, thus, accordingly, consequently, hence, ultimately, thereby, therefore, as a consequence, if so, if not, according to, in other words, briefly, that is, for this/that matter引出解释：specifically, particularly, for example/instance, as a case in point, inthis/that case, as well as, such as, in addition to, consider the fact that, that is to say, in like manner, similarly, likewise, along with, in combination, in the same way, coincide with因果关系：(后接原因) owing to, in respect that, on account of, due to, since, as a consequence/result of, derive from, result from, be a response to(后接结果) result in, be responsible for, attribute/attributable to, contribute to, lead to, case, give birth to, give rise to, serve to, hence, thereby, thus, as a result, eventually, correspondingly, accordingly, consequently, (为了) so as to, for the purpose of, for the sake of, in an attempt to, in efforts to断言和反映：Assert, claim, postulate, declare, affirm, emphasize, advocate; indicate, reveal, reflect, demonstrate, imply, illustrate, infer, predict, state, point out, reason程度副词：(完全) inescapably 不可避免地, thoroughly, indeed, wholly, in any case, certainly, clearly, obviously, apparently, surly, undoubtedly, naturally, for certain, for sure, of course, never, always (有保留) possibly, perhaps, likely, probably, potentially, presumably, to some extent, in a large sense, normally, generally, likely3. Argument常用替代词<1> 基础词汇鉴于此：for that matter; in that case; for that reason; as for;断言：assert; claim; postulate; declare; affirm; emphasize; advocate;反映： indicate; reveal; reflect; demonstrate; imply; illustrate; infer; predict;表面上：on the surface; superficially; ostensibly; apparently;具体的：concrete; specific; detailed; particular; definite; informative;不管：no matter what; irrespective of whether/~; regardless of; whatsoever;缺少：in the absence of; for lack of; lacking; a lack of; in short of;不足：scant; insufficient仅仅：mere; only; nothing more than (仅仅，只不过);很多大量：a myriad of; a variety of; a multitude of; numerous; a large amount of; a great deal of;无数：innumberable, countless过度：undue; exceedingly; excessive; overstate; overemphasize;好像、可能：likely; possible; probably; perhaps; as though; maybe; may; might;解决方案：solution; approach; recipe; scheme获得：acquire; gain; attain; achieve; pursue;满足：meet; satisfy; accommodate the demand of; be accustomed to;很明显的：it is conceivable/ obvious/ apparent; conspicuous; strikingly; notably;类比：apply specifically/equally to;逻辑：reasoning; way of thinking; line of reasoning; analysis;影响：interfere with~; have/exert a profound influence on life/personality; have a dramatic/undesirable effect on;方面：angles; aspect; facet; side; viewpoint;in all respects; in many fields; highlight an aspect of; in all likelihood;<2> 反复替代（忽略了）把某因素考虑进去：(fail to; omit to); take ~ into account/ consideration; give an insightinto; account for（解释）; considering and weighing; considering andruling out/eliminate; weighing ~ against alternatives/~; concerning;按照原文的假设/推断：rest on; rely on; depend on; base on; on the basis of;upon which the argument depends;upon which the argument rest;upon which the argument relies;支持：substantiate; bolster; justify; solidify; support; strengthen;validate; in favor of; in support of;否定：=>fail;=>miss; neglect; in ignorance of; is hardly suffice to / do not suffice to; suggest nothing about;=> refute; undermine; deny; refuse; weaken;可行性：feasibility;好： vital; crucial; essential; overriding; significant; profound; play a key role; potency;逻辑好：=〉valid; feasible;=〉sound; forceful; reliable; convincing; effective;=〉persuasive; compelling; credible;好（副词）：necessarily; justifiably; confidently; reasonably;逻辑不好：=〉unwarranted; unsubstantiated; unreliable; unjustified; unfounded;without justification/warrant; premature; poor; vulnerable;indefensible; groundless; reachless=〉dubious; open to doubt; questionable; suspectable; problematic;which render it unconvincing as it stands/which render it whollyunpersuasive;=〉insufficiently; atypical /exceptional; oversimplified;=〉fallacious; flawed;=〉plausible; gratuitous;不好（副词）：unfairly; “好”的副词前面加一个can not/could not可能不是这样：(unfortunately)=>this is not necessarily the case;this is often/certainly not the case;this might not be the case;this need not be the case;common sense and experience tell us this is not the case/this assumption is a poor one;=>the argument fails to substantiate this assumption;perhaps ~that have nothing to do with~;this argument by analogy is wholly unpersuasive;this argument, nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of~ and the presumptuous correlation is unacceptable;=>although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption;if this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that~;lacking evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that ~;4. 段落开引出、结尾总结以及段落间的过渡Another point the author stresses is that …In evaluating the evidence of the survey, one must consider how the survey was conducted …Even if one accepts the survey results (is acceptable), the argument remains questionable.Finally, the author fails to rule out alternative/other possible explanationsAnother fallacy that weakens in this argument is that …Moreover, as mentioned in this argument …As discussed above, this argument is wakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences/regional disparity between A and B, It is at least likely that …In addition, there is absolutely no evidence provided that …is any more beneficial than any other kinds of …Finally, before I draw my conclusion, one necessary flaw/fallacy in this argument still have to be pointed that …Another important factor to consider is that ….First, the argument is based on a false analogy./ the arguer fails to consider/take into account XXX/other relevant factors that may influence in the final decision Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of hast generalization.The major problem with this argument is thatAnother fundamental point worthy considering is that/the arguer’s fallacy of XXX One unwarranted/gratuitous major assumption in this argument is the causal correlation/relationship between A and BA second problem involves the fact that …Firstly, a threshold problem/fallacy involves thedefinition/assumption/presumption/the statistical reliability of the survey. Secondly, the argument unfairly infers from the fact/assumes that …But the arguer supplies noThirdly, the argument fails to account for the possibility that …evidence to substantiate this assumption.Besides, the arguer also overlooks many other possible explanations/factors for … Although the fact above/that …might be relevant to …., for others this feature would not be relevant.Moreover, the author hasty generates that …Lacking evidence that XXX, the arguer cannot confidently draw the conclusion about/that …Without ruling out/considering/accounting for possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot convince us that his recommendation for XX is sound and absolutely beneficial.Unless the survey/study is correctly conducted among random and valid respondent, it is possible to draw a conclusion that …In view of/ Given other possible explanations for these argument/conclusion/factors, this evidence in itself lends little credible support to the final conclusion/theory about …Without accounting for this likelihood the author cannot rely on this claim to conclude that …If so, this fact would seriously weaken the argument that …Absent evidence to substantiate the assumption that the two city’s various needs and differences are similar or negligible, any analogy between them is dubious at best.Not only does the arguer fail to AAA, the arguer also fails/omits to BBB. Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual case of …四． 常见的逻辑错误及其表述1.常见的逻辑错误说法样本数据不能代表整体（数据片面）The biased sample fallacy/ a fallacy of biased sample样本不充足不充分 The insufficient sample fallacy非正即反(A或者‐A正确) The Either‐or thinking fallacy非此即彼 False Dilemma (mutually exclusive)错误类比 The “All things are equal” fallacy/ False Analogy/ Faulty Analogy无因果 Non Sequitur/ Fallacy of False Cause时序因果 The “after this, therefore, because of this” fallacy 或者 a fallacy of “Post hoc ergo propter hoc” a fallacy of “after this, therefore, because of this”偶然因果 Fallacy of cum hoc ergo propter hoc (偶然发生的事情强加因果关系)同时因果 Concurrence Fallacy a fallacy of concurrence混淆因果 Cause and Effect Confusion/ Wrong Direction因果关系简单化(忽略其它因素) Causal Oversimplification含糊类 Vague Evidence/Statistics充分类(只要有了A就能…) Sufficient Evidence Fallacy必要类(没A不行…) Necessary Condition Fallacy整体<—>个体 Composition and Division Fallacy成分‐>整体 Fallacy of Composition (such as band members and the whole band)整体‐>成分 Fallacy of Division (such as the age of univs and the age of staffs)统计数据中的以全盖偏 Ecological Fallacy (假设所有群体中的个体都具备群体的特性)利润问题 Incomplete Thought about Profit过去推出将来 Past conditions remain unchanged in present and future现在推出将来 Present conditions remain unchanged in the future不完整或者选择性比较 Incomplete comparison or selective comparison不一致比较 Inconsistent Comparison (两个不同的测试方法但是结论不相同)无理假设 Unwarranted Assumption基于概括 Hasty Generalization忽略特殊情况 (绝对主义) Fallacy of Accident (such as cutting people)由特殊情况推出一般情况 Converse Fallacy of Accident (such as white swan)充分不必要 Affirming the Consequent (such as A‐>B, but B‐>A is false)使用方法：The arguer/argument/author commits a fallacy of XXX.2.常见逻辑错误的表述模板<1> 通用句式There mere fact that XXX is insufficient evidence to conclude that ….The argument fails to rule out the possibility that …The argument provides no evidence that XXX is the reason for its predominance. But no evidence is provided to show that …The claim/evidence/assumption that … is far from being proved.Besides, what is also worth noticing is that …The arguer’s implicit claim that XXX is poorly supported.Common sense tells us that …The argument fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for XXX. Lacking more information about XXX, it is impossible to access the reliability of the survey’s results or to make an informed recommendation.The arguer’s proposal is inconsistent with the author’s conclusion about XXX. Substantiating this assumption requires XXX.Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual case of …As it stands, the argument suffers from a host/couple/multitude of critical flaws/fallacies.Not only does the arguer fail to AAA, the arguer also fails to BBB.<2> 调查类错误A．调查可信度A threshold problem with this argument involves a survey/ study/ research itself. The statistical reliability of the survey/study/research/ is really questionable. Namely (也就是), the speaker provide no evidence that the number of the respondents (这里建议替换成调查研究中的群体。
GRE作文argument写作技巧介绍
GRE作文argument写作技巧介绍GRE写作部分，想要写出一篇高分作文，同学们还是需要苦下功夫。
那么在具体的备考中，又有哪些写作技巧能够减少我们的备考障碍，更好地拿到写作高分呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考，希望帮助考生更好地提分。
GRE作文argument写作技巧介绍GRE作文中的Argument是分析一个论证过程，所以考生需要写出一篇驳论。
由于题目所给的Argument一般是不完整因而不可信的，所以我们的文章是以削弱为主要形式的评论型文章什么是Argument?Argument译为论证过程，指的是作者为了说服他人而使用一个前提——结论式结构得出自己观点的推理过程一个完整的Argument包含以下四个要素l Premise——前提，能直接退出结论的一个条件l Assumption——假设，为了使论证更可信而额外设定的条件l Evidence——论据，为了使论证更可信而引用的客观事实l Conclusion——结论，作者最终用于说服他人而得出的观点、立场一个说服力较强的，完整的argument通常包含多个Assumption+Evidence来支持文章整体结构。
为什么要写Analysis?从ARGUMENT结构角度来讲：我们题库中的Argument文章一般是Assumption和Evidence大量缺失甚至出现错误，导致原文的结论很容易无法得出的文章。
所有的ARGUMENT文章，其基本表现形式为：“原文作者无法得出结论(因为)——削弱条件1+削弱条件2+削弱条件3——因此作者结论无法得出，如果想得出结论，就必须考虑到可能的削弱条件(123)”。
详解GRE作文2大扣分重灾区GRE写作扣分主要原因1：观点类问题GRE写作在论点上出问题的情况是非常多的，其中最主要的情况有两种，一种是论点过于宽泛，另外一种则是论点过于狭窄。
a. 观点过于宽泛在各类教导写作的材料中，大家应该时常会发现关于强调GRE写作论点一定要写得具体，越细越好的指导建议。
GRE写作argument和issue模板准备技巧
GRE写作argument和issue模板准备技巧GRE写作Argument模板准备：掌握逻辑Argument要求考生分析所给题目，完成一篇驳，指出并且有力地驳斥题目中的主要逻辑错误。
Argument部分，首先要熟悉每一个题目，找出主要的逻辑错误，也就是Argument题目的提纲，同时每一个逻辑错误准备一套语言套路去说。
写完每一个题目的提纲后，写10-15篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话，可以增加写作量)，找partner帮你改，知道错误以后再重写。
有些考生写GRE文章，喜欢用专业性的逻辑用语，其实没有必要，就事论事比较好。
在批驳的时候为了显得有力，可以多用用for example、it isssible that、it is likelythat之类的句型，因为Argument就是挑错与找茬的过程。
如果实在觉得错误不好找，那么就根据每一句话批，基本上，每一个表示原因的句子中都可能存在逻辑错误。
有人认为，Argument背一下错误分类就可以了。
但是在中这些只是次要的方面，主要的还在于寻找论述者的论据和事实是否对论点做了充分且必要的证明。
只有找出他们之间的缺点和不足,文章才会流畅。
掌握逻辑的因果关系，更好地把握文章的结论,会写出更漂亮的文章，而不是仅仅的survey、resnse、data等一些谁都用的西，无论什么都是越具体越有说服力。
GRE写作Issue模板准备：准备提纲Issue要求考生根据所给的题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立。
Issue题库涉及、文化、科技、历史、治、艺术等诸多方面。
不同类型的题目有较大差别，但在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题方向非常接近的题目。
Issue写作对于论据的要XX非常高的，因此你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的积累是非常重要的。
这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。
因此要多读历史，积累例子，尤其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、治领袖等人的生平事迹、主要贡献。
2019年GRE写作范文学习：让步式攻击
2019年GRE写作范文学习：让步式攻击导读：本文2019年GRE写作范文学习：让步式攻击，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
让步式攻击：首先，攻击原文第一个错误，例如是调查类错误，攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。
然后，在攻击第二个错误时，假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下进行的，也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断，言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。
最后，在攻击第三个错误时，假定第二个问题也是成立的(没有错误)，也无法导出第三个论断。
这样一种让步式的体系，到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系，让原文的逻辑无法成立，题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。
下面我们拿Argument38题来做一个讲解Argument 38The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.“An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly,eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism.”分析：A.调查类错误+因果类错误：论断引用一份在东部地区的研究，说当地人吃鱼多，一年只去医院看一两次感冒。
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GRE的Argument写作方法：让步式攻击法
本文是为广大考生整理的GRE Argument写作技巧：让步式攻击，希望协助大家解决GRE考试难题，取得好的成绩。
让步式攻击：
首先，攻击原文第一个错误，例如是调查类错误，攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。
然后，在攻击第二个错误时，假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下实行的，也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断，言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。
最后，在攻击第三个错误时，假定第二个问题也是成立的(没有错误)，也无法导出第三个论断。
这样一种让步式的体系，到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系，让原文的逻辑无法成立，题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。
下面我们拿例题来做一个讲解
Argument
The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
“An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of
Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as
a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism.”
分析：
A.调查类错误+因果类错误：
论断引用一份在东部地区的研究，说当地人吃鱼多，一年只去
医院看一两次感冒。
首先，东部地区的调查样本选择是否随机，是
否具有代表性，样本数量是否充足大。
其次，感冒的人不一定都会
去医院，一年去医院接受一两次感冒治疗并不意味着一年只得一两次
感冒，有很多感冒的人自己在家里休息或吃药。
第三，即便东部的
人确实一年只感冒一两次，但未必是因为吃鱼而防止了感冒，可能
是其他原因，例如东部地区的水土、环境、卫生措施。
没有这些资料，就不能从这份研究中确信东部人是因为吃鱼使患感冒的频率少了。
B.错误类比类(地区间的错误类比)：
即便东部地区的人吃鱼防止了感冒，但是西部地区未必能引用这
个个做法来预防感冒，因为东西部地区环境不同，引起的感冒原因
可能不同，吃鱼预防感冒未必能解决西部地区的感冒问题。
C.错误类比类(物质间的错误类比)：
即便西部地区的人也能通过吃鱼预防感冒，但是正如论者所说，
从鱼油里面提炼出的Ichthaid物质未必能够起到和鱼同样的作用。
论
断的前提是Ichthaid能起到和鱼一样的效果，但论者没有提供任何
资料证明这个点。
虽然说吃鱼能够防止感冒，但这不意味着鱼油也能
防止感冒，更不能保证鱼油中的某种成份如Ichthaid能有这样的效果。
因为从鱼到鱼油再到Ichthaid有一个提炼过程，论者没有提供
证据证明防止感冒的成分都留在了Ichthaid里。
D.急于概括类错误：
论者认为感冒是旷工旷课最常用的理由，所以减少感冒也就是减
少旷工旷课的好办法。
但是论者没有提供资料有多少旷工旷课的人是
因为感冒，还是以感冒为借口。
我们都知道身体不舒服是最容易请到
假的，另外Ichthaid有没有副作用，论者也没有提供资料。
如果说
感冒减少后，人们改用其他的借口，或是患肠胃病的人又多了，这
就显然不是一个好办法。
以上就是GRE Argument写作让步式攻击体系，其实，gre写作还
有更多的方法能够拓展思路，这就需要大家日常多做积累，多看范文，锻炼自己的思维灵活水准。