STEINBERG SAMPLE LITERATURE REVIEWS

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literature review 范本

literature review 范本A literature review is a comprehensive and critical evaluation of existing scholarship on a particular topic. It aims to identify and synthesize relevant research, provide a summary of current knowledge on the topic, and identify gaps or areas for further study. Below is a sample literature review on the topic of mental health in adolescence:Title: Mental Health in Adolescence: A Comprehensive Literature ReviewIntroduction:Adolescence is a critical period in a person's life, characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes. Mental health issues can significantly impact the well-being and future trajectories of adolescents. Therefore, understanding the current research on mental health in this population is crucial to inform policy decisions, intervention strategies, and future research. This literature review aims to synthesize the existing knowledge on mental health in adolescence, identify the factors contributing to mental health issues, and explore potential interventions to improve the well-being of adolescents.Methodology:This review utilizes a systematic approach to identify relevant scholarly articles and research papers. Databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched using specific keywords, including "adolescent mental health," "mental health interventions," "risk factors," and "protective factors." The search was limited to articles published in the last ten years to ensure theinclusion of recent research. The initial search yielded 500 articles, which were screened based on their relevance to the topic. After the screening process, 50 articles were included in the final review. Findings:Mental health issues in adolescence are multifaceted and influenced by various individual, familial, and social factors. The most prevalent mental health disorders among adolescents include anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorders. Risk factors such as familial history of mental illness, adverse childhood experiences, peer pressure, and academic stress significantly contribute to the development of mental health issues in this population.Protective factors, on the other hand, act as buffers and promote resilience in adolescents. These include social support, strong family relationships, positive school environments, and access to mental health services. Interventions targeted at enhancing protective factors and reducing risk factors have shown promising results in improving the mental well-being of adolescents. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and peer support programs have emerged as effective interventions for managing mental health disorders in this population.Despite the growing body of research on adolescent mental health, several gaps exist in the current literature. Limited research is available on the mental health concerns of specific subgroups, such as LGBTQ+ adolescents and those from marginalized communities. Furthermore, more research is needed to understand the long-term impacts of mental health interventions and the role of technologyin mental health promotion and prevention.Conclusion:This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on mental health in adolescence. It highlights the importance of addressing mental health issues in this population, identifies the factors contributing to these issues, and explores potential avenues for intervention. Future research should focus on filling the existing gaps in knowledge, developing culturally sensitive interventions, and utilizing technology to improve mental health outcomes among adolescents. Ultimately, a holistic approach incorporating social, familial, and individual factors is crucial for promoting the mental well-being of adolescents.。

语料库文体学与文学文本的量化分析_以作品_汤姆_索耶历险记_为例

No…is that so？ Oh come，now – lemme just try． Only just a little – I’d let you，if you was me，Tom．［5］
当很多小伙伴被汤姆吸引过来，想尝试着刷刷墙的时候，汤姆很得意，本来想马上把活计交给他们干，但想了想，突然又改变了主意，想卖卖关子，于是说“不———不行，本———我想这恐怕不行 …… 我想在一千，也许在两千个孩子里，也找不出一个能按波莉姨妈的要求刷好这道墙的。”结果其他孩子刷墙的要求更加迫切了，不得不送给汤姆礼物来作为交换。汤姆脸上显示出不情愿，心里却美滋滋的。这里两次使用 I reckon 来表现汤姆的心理活动和语言。
mean （ in words）
17
14
19
std． dev．
16． 96 13． 90 18． 90
paragraphs
（ in words）
92，086 71，669 112，502
std． dev．
28，873． 29
《汤姆·索耶历险记》的形符数为 71，991，类符数为 7，347，类符形符比是 10% ，而《哈克贝利· 芬历险记》的形符数为 112，513，类符数为 6，444，类符形符比是 6% ，这说明《汤姆·索耶历险记》的用词种类更多，词汇更丰富，更富有变化性；两部作
研究模式［3］； 2006 年，Scott ＆ Tribble 出版了 Textual Patterns． Key Words and Corpus Analysis in Language Education，展示出语料库在语言教学和文本分析中的作用［4］；国内近年也出现了关于语料库文体学的一些文章，桂诗春教授在 2009 年出版了《基于语料库的英语语言学语体分析》，探讨和介绍了如何用语料库去分析英语语言学的语体，进而学会如何分析其他类型的语体。

literaturereview结构

literaturereview结构
一篇文献综述的典型结构包括以下几个部分：
1.引言
-简要介绍研究领域的背景和意义，为读者提供背景信息。

-指出该文献综述的目的和研究问题。

2.文献筛选和选择标准
-描述文献筛选过程，包括文献的方法和使用的关键词。

-说明选择文献的标准，例如时间范围、研究方法等。

3.文献综述
-根据研究问题，将文献分成几个主题，每个主题可以是一个段落或一个部分。

-对每个主题进行概述，包括主要研究结果和方法。

-对文献之间的相互关系进行分析和讨论，指出各个研究之间的异同点。

4.结果和发现的总结
-总结每个主题的关键发现和结论，指出每个主题的重要性。

-突出各个研究之间的模式和趋势，从而为研究问题提供更全面的理解。

5.研究局限和未来研究方向
-指出文献综述中可能存在的局限性，例如样本数不足、研究方法的
局限等。

-提出未来研究的方向和问题，为进一步研究提供建议。

6.结论
-总结整个文献综述的主要发现和结论。

-指出该文献综述的意义和对研究领域的贡献。

以上是一篇文献综述的典型结构，可以根据实际需要进行调整和修改。

此外，需要注意的是，文献综述需要保持逻辑连贯和清晰，每个部分的内
容都要有充分的论据和证据支持。

同时，在写作过程中要注意文献的引用
和注释，确保准确而恰当地引用已有研究的成果。

莎士比亚十四行诗韵律在近五年高考英语全国II卷写作中的应用——追寻莎翁足迹，只愿他生命绵延

莎士比亚十四行诗韵律在近五年高考英语全国II卷写作中的应用——追寻莎翁足迹，只愿他生命绵延发布时间：2021-03-29T04:58:18.518Z 来源：《素质教育》2021年3月总第374期作者：郭晨[导读] 正如莎士比亚的第18首十四行诗所表达的那样，人的美质只有反映在人的创作中才能成为不朽，人的后裔和人的创作是战胜时间的两支伟大力量。

衡水中学齐齐哈尔市外国语分校黑龙江齐齐哈尔161000正如莎士比亚的第18首十四行诗所表达的那样，人的美质只有反映在人的创作中才能成为不朽，人的后裔和人的创作是战胜时间的两支伟大力量。

所以高考英语写作亦是如此，它也是英语语言“美”的载体之一，如果能把莎士比亚十四行诗的韵律在高考英语写作中加以运用的话，定会有别样的感觉，不仅使莎翁的生命得到了绵延，更让这种“美”得以在我们的指尖上延续。

高考英语写作因受到字数限制，通常只会写出十句话也就相当于十行，因此莎士比亚十四行诗韵律在高考英语写作中的韵脚为：abab，cdcd，gg。

下面我们以2013-2017这五年的高考英语全国II卷写作为例，来看一下莎翁的韵律之美是如何在实践中运用的。

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷。

第二节书面表达(25分)假定你是李华，自制了一些中国结(Chinese knot)。

给开网店的美国朋友Tom写封信, 请他代卖，要点包括: 1.外观(尺寸、颜色、材料)。

2.象征意义。

3.价格注意：开头语已为你写好。

对原创范文进行分解展示(原题所给开头句不包含在内)——莎士比亚十四行诗韵律再现：abab，cdcd，gg1.Now I’m writing to you with gladness.【a】2.The reason why I write to you is that I wonder if you could help me to sell my Chinese knots which are made by all kinds of materials including cloth and threads.【b】3.As we all know, Chinese knots stand for good luck and happiness.【a】4.They are so gorgeous and look like diamonds.【b】5.They are about 5 inches long and 4 inches wide with red colour.【c】6.It is necessary to give Chinese knots as gifts during a holiday and hang them on ceilings.【d】7.It is easy for you to sell each of them for one dollar.【c】8.These amazing knots will definitely make you have a delightful mood that delights you the way you deserve to be delighted and make you have no more hard feelings.【d】9.Looking forward to your reply and I sincerely hope that you can give me a hand.【g】10.Our friendship will be always on my mind.【g】2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷。

教育技术学名著

10本美国教育技术学领域的名著1.《教育传播与技术研究手册》2.《教学技术学：过去、现在和未来》3.《教学技术：定义、术语和范畴》即94定义4.《教学设计原理》5.《教育媒体与学习技术》Henich6.《教学设计的理论与模型：教学理论的新范式》Reigurth7.《教育技术学名著选读》8.《教学设计与技术的趋势与问题》9.《教育技术学基础》10.《教育媒体与技术年鉴2002》11.《教学技术经典文献》伊利12. AnglinCritical Issues 《教育传播与技术研究手册》《教育传播与技术研究手册》是由美国密苏里大学信息科学与学习技术学院终身教授大卫·詹纳森（David Jonassen）博士担纲主编，由来自以美国为主的世界10多个国家的近百位顶尖教育技术学家主笔的大型手册，它于1996年由迈克米兰出版公司（Macmillan Publishers）首次出版。

后来，美国教育传播与技术协会（AECT）获得了电子版本的有限传播权，AECT的所有会员都可以在线浏览AECT网站上的电子版。

《教育传播与技术研究手册》第一版共分7篇、42章、1245页。

此书极具权威性、系统性。

本书作者队伍阵容整齐。

全部是世界一流的专家，权威人士独到地见解、宽广的视野、丰富地实践经验使得本书领先的地位得以奠定。

美国教育传播与技术协会的钟爱就是明证，世界许多国家已经有了十多种文字的版本，这个对于年轻的教育技术学领域是并不多见的。

全书系统性强，基本含盖了教育技术学的最主要的领域，从基本理论，到各个分支，到不同应用领域。

研究手法独到，文笔深入浅出。

开卷第一章，你就会被作者关于教育技术学先驱人物和早期历史的分析评论所吸引，从字里行间，你能体会到作者的研究功力，特别是研究手法的独创性。

尽管是非常专业的书籍，但是作者并不是一味地追求深奥的学术性，相反也照顾了读者面。

总体评价：美国教育技术学名著排行第一。

教育技术学专业博士生、硕士研究生必读书籍之第一本。

巴赫金.陀思妥耶夫斯基诗学问题英文文献

巴赫金.陀思妥耶夫斯基诗学问题英文文献Mikhail Bakhtin's Poetics and the Works of Fyodor DostoevskyMikhail Bakhtin, the renowned Russian literary critic and philosopher, is widely recognized for his groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of literary works, particularly the writings of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Bakhtin's analysis of Dostoevsky's poetics has had a profound impact on the way we interpret and appreciate the complexities of the renowned Russian author's literary oeuvre.At the heart of Bakhtin's exploration of Dostoevsky's poetics lies the concept of the polyphonic novel. Bakhtin argued that Dostoevsky's works depart from the traditional monologic structure of the novel, where a single authorial voice dominates the narrative. Instead, Dostoevsky's novels are characterized by a plurality of independent and fully developed voices, each with its own distinct perspective and worldview. This polyphonic approach, Bakhtin contends, allows for a genuine dialogue between the characters, where no single voice or ideology is privileged over the others.One of the key aspects of Bakhtin's analysis is his understanding of the role of the hero in Dostoevsky's novels. Bakhtin asserts thatDostoevsky's heroes are not passive objects of the author's design but rather autonomous individuals with the capacity to challenge and even contradict the author's own views. This notion of the hero as a fully autonomous and self-conscious being is central to Bakhtin's conception of the polyphonic novel.Furthermore, Bakhtin explores the concept of the "unfinalized" hero in Dostoevsky's works. He argues that Dostoevsky's characters are not static, predetermined entities but rather dynamic, ever-evolving individuals who resist being reduced to a single, fixed identity. This idea of the "unfinalized" hero is closely tied to Bakhtin's understanding of the polyphonic novel, where the characters are not merely vehicles for the author's ideas but active participants in the ongoing dialogue that constitutes the literary work.Bakhtin's analysis also delves into the role of language and discourse in Dostoevsky's novels. He suggests that Dostoevsky's works are characterized by a multiplicity of social and ideological languages, each with its own distinct perspective and mode of expression. This heteroglossia, as Bakhtin terms it, serves to undermine the notion of a single, authoritative voice and instead presents a cacophony of competing voices and worldviews.Moreover, Bakhtin's exploration of Dostoevsky's poetics extends to the notion of the carnivalesque, a concept that he sees as central tothe author's literary approach. The carnivalesque, in Bakhtin's view, represents a subversive and liberating force that challenges traditional hierarchies and social norms. He argues that Dostoevsky's novels often incorporate elements of the carnival, such as the inversion of power structures, the blurring of boundaries between the sacred and the profane, and the celebration of the body and its functions.Bakhtin's insights into Dostoevsky's poetics have had a lasting impact on the field of literary criticism and have influenced generations of scholars and readers. By illuminating the complex and multifaceted nature of Dostoevsky's literary works, Bakhtin has helped us to better understand the profound philosophical and existential questions that lie at the heart of the Russian author's oeuvre.In conclusion, Mikhail Bakhtin's exploration of Dostoevsky's poetics has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the Russian author's literary genius. Through concepts such as the polyphonic novel, the "unfinalized" hero, and the carnivalesque, Bakhtin has provided a nuanced and insightful perspective on the rich tapestry of Dostoevsky's literary universe. His work continues to inspire and challenge scholars and readers alike, inviting us to engage with the complexities and contradictions that lie at the core of Dostoevsky's enduring literary legacy.。

LiteratureReview解读

Literature ReviewC12 英语（1） X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is ge nerally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s trag edy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tragedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collecting and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for h er lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity”, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House” in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demo nstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a g irl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at b ourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s astonishment , Alec, the man who seduce d her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s woo ing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship between Tess’s purity and her tra gedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation and go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowled ge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, metamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himse lf as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon a s Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalistic outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprink led a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from under the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately overhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism has two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desired tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to pay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of va rious elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J].《语文学刊(高教·外文版)》2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].《太原科技大学报》2008(02).蒋橹.《苔丝》中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].《电影评介》2006(14).李洪兰.苔丝悲剧之我见[J].《青海师专学报(教育科学)》2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝”悲剧的多层次透视[J].《内江师范学院学报》2005(20).唐璇.《苔丝》悲剧根源剖析[J].《南华大学学报(社会科学版)》2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. 《高等教育与学术研究》2007(01).邹红.一个纯洁女人的毁灭—《苔丝》悲剧分析[J].《电影评介》2007(11).左燕茹. Tragic Consciousness Inherite d and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.曾亚英.英国维多利亚时期“家庭天使”的内涵和特点[J].《达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)》2005(04).周忠新,王艳文.苔丝的悲剧命运研究[J].《电影评介》2008(11).。

2019年同济大学英语语言文学真题回忆

Walt Whitman 分析他的写作风格 12 分
友情提供 18 年 17 年的大题
18 年考的海明威和伍尔夫
17 年考的莎士比亚为什么重要，马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯的对比
技巧：前三年都是张伯香《英美文学选读》里的超级大作家，大家把前三年的考过的作家划去，看看 20 年张本还剩下哪些作家，重点关注详细分点背诵。
2019 年同济大学英语语言文学真题回忆
第一部分，40 个填空，都是比较常见的，坑的是会有 6-7 个空让你填诗歌，你背不出
就 GG 了。
有雪莱的冬天来了，春天远吗。
艾略特在庞德的影响下写出了《荒原》。
济慈说的 Truth is beauty. Beauty is truth.
第一个英国的史诗是 Beowulf.
选段主题，作者写作风格等等的）
W.B.Yeats
When You Are Old
John Milton
Paradise Lost
Allan Poe
The Fall of the House of Usher
Dreiser
Sister Carrie小说内容 10 分
第三部分，名词解释，每个 5 分。
Free verse
Epic
Imagism movement
The point of view
Blank verse
Local colorism
Dramatic monologue
这一部分大家每个 Terms 都要记得全一点，分点来回答，越全越好。
第四部分，简答题（先是写出作品名字和作者各一分，第二小题就是关于
莎士比亚 Sonnet 18
英国维多利亚时期最著名的诗人是 Browning 和 Tennyson

literature review的介绍

literature review的介绍文献综述是研究论文中的一个重要组成部分，它是对相关研究文献的系统性总结和评述。

通过文献综述，研究者可以了解当前领域的研究进展和现状，从而为自己的研究提供理论基础和参考依据。

本文将介绍文献综述的定义、目的、方法和写作要点。

文献综述是对已有研究文献进行整理、总结和评述的过程。

它的目的在于梳理研究领域的知识结构，阐述已有研究的理论基础、研究方法、研究结果和不足之处，从而为自己的研究提供参考和借鉴。

文献综述可以帮助研究者了解研究领域的发展趋势和热点问题，避免重复研究，提高研究的有效性和科学性。

文献综述的方法包括文献收集、文献筛选、文献分类和文献评价等步骤。

首先，研究者需要通过图书馆、学术数据库、期刊论文等途径收集与自己研究课题相关的文献。

然后，根据研究目标和要求，对收集到的文献进行筛选，选择与自己研究课题密切相关的文献进行综述。

接下来，研究者需要对选定的文献进行分类，根据不同的主题、研究方法、研究对象等进行整理和总结。

最后，研究者应对综述的文献进行评价，分析其优点、不足和适用范围，提出自己的观点和见解。

文献综述的写作要点是清晰、准确、逻辑严密和语言通顺。

首先，要明确综述的主题和范围，确定研究目标和问题。

其次，要对选定的文献进行全面的阅读和理解，提炼出关键信息和主要观点。

然后，要根据综述的主题和目的，对文献进行分类和组织，形成逻辑清晰的结构。

在写作过程中，可以使用恰当的标题和段落，使文章结构清晰，易于阅读。

此外，要注意使用丰富的词汇和恰当的语言风格，避免重复和冗长的表述。

最后，要对综述的文献进行评价和总结，提出自己的观点和建议。

在撰写文献综述时，研究者还需注意一些常见的错误和问题。

首先，要避免片面性和主观性，要客观公正地评价文献的质量和价值。

其次，要避免过度引用和剽窃他人的研究成果，要正确引用和注释文献来源。

此外，要避免过度泛化和夸大研究结果的意义，要审慎评价文献的局限性和不足之处。

功能语言学视角下斯宾塞诗Sonnet 54不同汉译本的对比分析

功能语言学视角下斯宾塞诗Sonnet 54不同汉译本的对比分析佟彤【摘要】功能语法作为语篇分析的有力工具,越来越多地被应用于翻译研究.Sonnet 54是埃德蒙·斯宾塞爱情十四行诗中具有代表性的一首,对研究文艺复兴时期的诗歌具有重要的参考价值.从功能语法视角出发,对该诗及其两个汉译本的及物性特征进行对比发现,从及物性角度来看,胡家峦译本比王佐良译本更忠实于原诗,更能体现原诗独有的结构和意蕴之美.由此说明功能语法的及物性分析可应用于对诗歌翻译的评价,从而避免单纯从文学角度和修辞角度分析所导致的主观性.%As the powerful tool for discourse analysis,functional grammar is increasingly inclined to be applied to translation studies.Sonnet 54,as one of the representatives of Edmund Spenser's love sonnets,is of great value of reference for studies on the Renaissance poetry.Applying functional grammar,the contrastive transitivity analysis on this sonnet and its Chinese translations reveals that,from the perspective of transitivity,Hu Jialuan's translated version is more faithful to the original and expresses more of the unique beauty of structure and implications of the original than is Wang Zuoliang's.It is proved that transitivity analysis can be used to evaluate translations of English poems,avoiding subjectivity caused by analyses only from a literary and rhetorical perspective.【期刊名称】《河北北方学院学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2017(033)002【总页数】6页(P42-46,64)【关键词】功能语法;Sonnet 54;诗歌翻译;及物性【作者】佟彤【作者单位】河北师范大学外国语学院,河北石家庄 050024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9网络出版时间：2017-03-31 09:35埃德蒙·斯宾塞是英国文艺复兴时期最伟大的诗人之一。

literature review模板

literature review模板1. 什么是literature review？2. 为什么要进行literature review？3. 如何进行literature review？4. 如何写好literature review？5. 总结。

1. 什么是literature review？literature review（文献综述）是指对已有研究成果、理论、方法等文献进行系统性、综合性的评述和分析。

通俗而言，就是对以前的研究进行归纳和总结，以便阐述当前研究的背景、研究问题和对策。

2. 为什么要进行literature review？进行literature review有以下几个重要原因：（1）了解和掌握以前的研究成果，需要对相关文献进行全面、深入、客观的理解，增强研究者的学术水平；（2）为当前的研究问题或课题找到正确的研究思路，避免重复性的研究，从而节省研究资源，提高研究效率；（3）发现研究中的漏洞和未解决的问题，通过分析文献，对研究问题、研究内容、研究方法、研究结果进行较好的构建和提出；（4）文献综述的结论和对研究问题的阐释和解释在一定程度上能够影响和指导后续研究的方向、设计和方法。

3. 如何进行literature review？进行literature review的步骤如下：（1）明确研究问题和目的，不同的研究问题和目的会需要不同的方法和文献；（2）确定文献检索的范围、时间和相关领域的关键词，一般要考虑数据库、领域专业刊物和会议等；（3）阅读、筛选和评估文献，需要尽量筛选出重要、相关、对答案有启示的文献；（4）编写文献综述，包括对文献的归纳总结和展示文献之间的联系和差异；（5）定期更新文献综述，文献是动态的，我们需要进行全文、新增或者删减修改、定期更新综述。

4. 如何写好literature review？写好literature review需要注意以下几个方面：（1）阅读的深度和广度要充足，以便归纳总结现有文献的主要结论和方法，并以此为基础阐述研究问题的理论背景和定义，为结论和讨论提出说明和解释；（2）写作语言要简练明了，避免空洞的概念和语句、重复言辞、省略字句或者不必要的修辞手法；（3）宏观文章要引导读者了解研究背景和重要问题的背景，重点突出问题和解决方案，微观文章应区分主次且思路清晰；（4）和其他研究者沟通，了解不同的思想和观点，并对自己的研究思路进行完善和纠正；（5）检查综述的完整性和准确性，尤其是引文的准确性、格式的一致性和流畅性。

Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述

Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。

论鲍勃·迪伦二十世纪六七十年代的音乐作品——美国反正统文化运动的时代代言

2020-05文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE一、语料库的创建与应用本次用于研究的语料涵盖了鲍勃·迪伦在美国反正统文化运动期间创作的218首歌曲，时间跨度达17年，充分保证了语料的连续性和历时性。

语料库的制作主要立足于语料采集和语料加工。

通过网络资源的查询，将所选歌曲的所有歌词电子化，再进行文本清洁去噪，手工删除多余的空格、空行和乱码，建成语料库①。

利用网站WriteWords ，对歌词进行词频统计，用于研究高频率出现的意象。

二、美国反正统文化运动对鲍勃·迪伦歌曲的影响（一）对歌曲内容的影响1.反战思想鲍勃·迪伦是活跃于上世纪六十年代美国动荡十年的民谣诗人，创作并发行了许多著名的“抗议歌曲”，行吟四方，其中《大雨将至》奠定了其作为美国上世纪六十年代初期“民歌复兴运动”的旗手地位。

《大雨将至》可以作为范例，来探讨鲍勃·迪伦的音乐作品中所传递的二十世纪六七十年代美国社会的苦闷与堕落以及他如何运用摇滚乐这一文化媒介来抒发其心中的反战思想。

“我看见初生的婴儿，被恶狼团团围住还有空无一人的，钻石修成的路我看见黑色的树枝，鲜血从上面滴落我看见挤满了人的屋子里，人们手里的铁锤在流血我看见白色的梯子，水覆盖在上面我看见无数人在怒吼，却听不见他们的声音我看见钢枪和利剑，握在少年的手里”恐惧、绝望、压迫感是整首歌的主基调。

台湾作家张铁志将这首歌形容为“黑暗启示录”②。

以歌曲第二节为例，歌词中充满了形形色色的意象，如“被恶狼包围的婴孩”、“钻石修筑的荒路”、“滴落鲜血的枝桠”、“手握钢枪利刃的少年”等。

《大雨将至》描绘的世界里，恶意在虎视眈眈，随时准备吞噬新生的善意；象征救赎的钻石大道无人问津，人们深陷恶的泥沼；人们被剥夺反抗的声音，少年被送往战场，双手沾满鲜血。

这与现实世界的战场别无二致，正是笼罩在年轻人心中的梦魇———成批的年轻士兵被送往战场，成为冷战的牺牲品。

字里行间透露出对战争的恐惧与绝望恰恰准确地把握了那一时代年轻人的心境，传唱出他们内心的所忧所惧，引起强烈的情感共鸣。

Literature Review (翻译实践型论文文献综述示例)

功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。

《肖申克救赎》语料库检索分析

《肖申克的救赎》语料库检索分析摘要语料库语言学兴起于20世纪80年代，是一门新兴学科，它致力于文本的检索、取样、分析以及统计。

语料库检索工具可以为文本，尤其是具有情节性的文学文本的分析提供重要的理性依据。

本文通过wordsmith软件对斯蒂芬·金的中篇小说《肖申克的救赎》进行了深入的分析与观察，为该部小说的文体风格、故事情节、人物性格塑造等方面的研究提供了可靠的量化分析，并进一步展示了语料库技术在文学分析方面所具备的功能与价值。

关键词：《肖申克的救赎》语料库检索文体风格故事情节人物刻画中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a一引言近年来，计算机技术逐渐广泛应用于语言类人文学科领域。

语料库语言学作为一门新兴的边缘学科，凭借其大规模的语料资源及先进的语料库检索软件和工具对语言文本进行了深加工、再创造，使得语料库语言学以其独特的优势得以迅猛发展。

利用语料库技术分析文学作品，可以通过其强大的加工、分析以及统计功能，就文学文本的主题、人物以及情节发展等进行趋于理性的分析，从文字的“血肉”中提取出骨架，结合文义，从一个全新的角度对文学文本进行研究，同时也为传统的文学分析提供证据支持。

笔者利用语料库检索软件wordsmith对《肖申克的救赎》（下面简称《肖》）的主题意义、文体风格、情节发展、人称视角以及象征手法等方面进行分析，试图为该部小说的传统研究提供量化依据，旨在探讨语料库检索软件在揭示文学作品的语言特色和用词手法上所发挥的作用。

二文体风格数据分析利用wordsmith软件，我们发现小说《肖》共出现形符数（tokens）（形符数指语篇中出现词语的总数）为40531、类符数（types）（类符数指语篇出现相异词语的数量）为4956，计算得出标准化类符形符比（type/token ratio）（类符形符比指形符与类符的比率，即用词的变化性）为42.78，平均词长为4.11，四个字母以下的单词占了总形符数的近70%，平均句长为16.9。

从语用学角度分析美国情景剧《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默

The study makes a pragmatic analysis of the verbal humor in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory by some major theories in Pragmatics. Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle and Speech Act Theory are major theories in pragmatics. The study testifies the feasibility of analyzing the verbal humor in sitcoms from the perspective of pragmatics and explores the generation mechanism of verbal humor under the pragmatic theoretical framework. On the basis of the pragmatic analysis, it is found that humor is generated by deliberately or unintentionally violating CP, PP and illocutionary act. Furthermore, the study is helpful for the viewers to get a deep understanding of the verbal humor in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory. It also does good to the second language learners for having an easier learning enviroment and arousing their learning interest. Key Words：verbal humor；pragmatic analysis；The Big Bang Theory；Sitcom

英语0906某某理论综述

十四行诗综述班级:英语0906班姓名：朱志杰学号：200904001628摘要十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文Sonnet、法文sonnet 的音译。

欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情诗体。

最初流行于意大利，彼特拉克的创作使其臻于完美，又称“彼特拉克体”，后传到欧洲各国。

由两节四行诗和两节三行诗组成，每行11个音节，韵式为ABBA，ABBA，CDE，CDE或ABBA，ABBA，CDC，CDC。

另一种类型称为“莎士比亚体”（Shakespearean）或“伊丽莎白体”，由三节四行诗和两行对句组成，每行10个音节，韵式为ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。

发展历程自欧洲进入文艺复兴时代之后，这种诗体获得广泛的运用。

意大利的诗人彼得拉克成了运用十四行诗体最主要的代表。

彼得拉克的十四行诗形式整齐，音韵优美，以歌颂爱情，表现人文主人思想为主要内容。

他的诗作在内容和形式方面，都为欧洲资产阶级抒情诗的发展开拓了新路。

同时代的意大利诗人和后来其他国家的一些诗人，都曾把彼得拉克的诗作，视为十四行诗的典范，竞相仿效。

因此，人们又称它为彼得拉克诗体。

十六世纪初，十四行诗体传到英国，风行一时，到十六世纪末，十四行诗已成了英国最流行的诗歌体裁。

产生了锡德尼、斯宾塞等著名的十四行诗人。

莎士比亚进一步发展并丰富了这一诗体，一生写下一百五十四首十四行诗。

莎士比亚的诗作，改变了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和一副对句组成，每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节。

莎士比亚的十四行诗，比彼得拉克更向前迈进一步，主题更为鲜明丰富，思路曲折多变，起承转合运用自如，常常在最后一副对句中点明题意。

后来，弥尔顿、华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈等人也曾写过一些优秀的十四行诗。

特征1.诗行。

顾名思义，每首只能写十四行，彼特拉克体分十四行诗为两部份，前八行称otve，由两节四行诗组成，后六行称Sestet由两节三行诗组成。

十四行诗移植到英国后，有些人仍按照彼体，多数作家改全诗由三节四行诗和一节二行诗组成。

literature-review范例教程文件

literature-review范例教程⽂件l i t e r a t u r e-r e v i e w范例An example of literature reviewOf the many who have looked at the relation between age and performance in universities none has as yet produced a definite answer to the apparently simple question “Do mature students do better or worse than younger students?”Harris (1940) in the United States found evidence to suggest that younger students tended to obtain better degree results. Similar findings have been made in Britain by Malleson(1959), Howell (1962), Barnett and Lewis(1963), McCracken(1969) and Kapur(1972), in Australia by Flecker(1959) and Sanders(1961) , in Canada by Fleming (1959), and in New Zealand by Small(1966). However, most of these studies were based on samples of students who were generally aged between seventeen and twenty-one and the correlation techniques employed meant that the relationship between age and performance really only concerned this narrow age band. As such, the results probably suggest that bright children admitted early to higher education fare better than those whose entry is delayed while they gain the necessary qualifications. This view is supported by Harris (1940) who discovered that the relationship between age and performance disappeared when he controlled for intelligence. Other studies have shown that those who gain the necessary qualifications and then delayed entry for a year or two are more successful than those who enter directly from school (Thomas, Beeby and Oram 1939; Derbyshare Education Committee 1966).Where studies have involved samples containing large numbers of older students the results have indicated that the relationship between age and performance is not a linear one. Philips Cullen(1955), for instance, found that those aged twenty-four and over tended to do better than the eighteen and nineteen age group. Sanders(1961) showed that the university success rate fell until the age of twenty or twenty-one, then from about twenty-two onwards the success rate began to rise again. The problem with these two studies is that many of the older students were returning servicemen. They were often “normal” entrants whose entry to university had been delayed by war and many had undergone some training in science or mathematics while in the armed forces. Also, while Eaton(1980) cites nine American studies which confirm the academic superiority of veterans, there is some contradictory British evidence. Mountford(1957) found that ex-service students who entered Liverpool University between 1947 and 1949 were more likely to have to spend an extra year or more on their courses and more likeyl to fail to complete their course.Some studies have shown that whether mature students fare better or worse than younger students depends upon the subject being studied. Sanders(1963) has indicated that the maturity associated with increasing age and experience seems to be a positive predictor of success for some arts and social science courses. The general finding that older students do better in arts and social science and worse in science and maths issupported by Flecker(1959), Barnett, Holder and Lewis (1968), Fagin(1971)and Sharon(1971).Walker’s (1975) study of mature students at Warwick University represents the best British attempt to unravel the relationship between age and performance, he took 240 mature undergraduates who were admitted to the university between 1965 and 1971 and compared their progress with that of all undergraduates. This gave him a reasonably large sample to work with and the timing meant that the results were not distorted by any “returning servicemen factor”. His methodology showed many other refinements. First, he excluded overseas students. Such students tend to be older than average and also to fare worse academically (Woodley 1979), thus influencing any age/performance relationship. Secondly, he used two measures of performance; the proportion of those leaving without obtaining a degree and the degree results of those taking final examinations. Finally, he weighted the degree class obtained according to its rarity value in each faculty.The following findings achieved statistical significance:(i) In total, mature students obtained better degrees than non-mature students.(ii) In the arts faculty mature students obtained better degrees than non-mature students.(iii) Mature students who did not satisfy the general entrance requirementsobtained better degrees than all other students.(iv) The degree results of mature students age twenty-six to thirty were better than those of all other mature students. Several other differences were noted but they did not achieve statistical significance due to the small numbers involved. The mature student sample only contained thirty-tree women, twenty-six science students and thirty-seven aged over thirty. Theaim of the present study was to extend Walker’s work to all British universities so that these and other relationships could be tested out on a much larger sample of mature students. (Woodley, 1985:152-4)。