2011年青岛大学考研真题819材料力学

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青岛大学819材料力学2016-2017年考研专业课真题试卷

的最大剪应力为τ。若轴的外径不变，内径改为 d1=0.8D，则轴内的最大剪应力
变为
。
(A) 1.82τ。 (B) 1.59τ。 (C) 1.35τ。 (D) 1.14τ。
4. 等强度梁各个横截面上的 (A) 最大正应力相等； (C) 最大剪应力相等；
。 (B) 最大正应力都等于许用正应力[σ]； (D) 最大剪应力都等于许用剪应力[τ]。
80
z
C
100 z
20
100
2
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青岛大学考研专业课真题试卷
7. 图示应力状态的主应力σ1，σ2，σ3 和最大剪应力τmax 的值为单位：MPa)。
(应力
(A) σ1=50，σ2=50，σ3=-50，τmax=100； (B) σ1=50，σ2=50，σ3=-50，τmax=50； (C) σ1=50，σ2=50，σ3=50，τmax=0； (D) σ1=50，σ2=-50，σ3=-50，τmax=-50。
(D)
Mn
和
M1 n
均为负。
6. 长 4m 的简支梁受垂直向下的均布荷载 q 作用，梁的截面如图所示（点 C 为
形心，IZ=5.33×10-6m4）。材料的许用拉应力[σL]=80Mpa, 许用压应力
[σY]=160Mpa, 则梁的最大许可荷载 qmax
。
20
(A) 5.33kN/m。 (B) 4.28kN/m。 (C) 3.56kN/m。 (D) 6.83kN/m。
8. 等截面梁左端为铰支座，右端与拉杆 BC 相连，如图所示。以下结论中是
错误的。
C
q
a
A
x
L

青岛大学考研真题基础英语(1)2011

青岛大学2011年硕士研究生入学试题科目代码：__607___ 科目名称：基础英语（1）(共10页)请写明题号，将答案全部写在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE (40 points)Choose one of the four answers that best completes the sentence.1. The English language contains a of words which are comparativelyseldom used in ordinary conversation.A. latitudeB. multitudeC. magnitudeD. longitude2. Jack is not very decisive, and he always finds himself in a as if hedoesn’t know what he really wants to do.A. fantasyB. dilemmaC. contradictionD. conflict3. Psychologists have done extensive studies on how well patients __________with doctors’ orders.A. complyB. correspondC. interfereD. interact4. The politician says he will __________ the welfare of the people.A. prey onB. take onC. get atD. see to5. The famous scientist _______his success to hard work.A. impartedB. grantedC. ascribedD. acknowledged6. The______ from childhood to adulthood is always critical time for everybody.A. conversionB. transitionC. turnoverD. transformation7. The medicine __________ his pain but did not care his illness.A. activatedB. alleviatedC. mediatedD. deteriorated8. Up until that time his interest had _______ focused almost on fully mastering theskills and techniques of his craft.A. restrictivelyB. radicallyC. inclusivelyD. exclusively9. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained10. No one can function properly if they are _______ of adequate sleep.A. deprivedB. rippedC. strippedD. contrived11. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted12. Imposing steep fines on employers for on-the-job injuries to workers could bean effective________ to creating a safer workplace, especially in the case ofemployers with poor safety records.A. alternativeB. additionC. deterrentD. incentive13. The disjunction between educational objectives that stress independence andindividuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a _________ that arises from the values on which these objectives are based.A. conflictB. redundancyC. gainD. predictability14. A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structuremirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more_________ the ideas.A. complicatedB. elementaryC. fancifulD. inconsequential15. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, heselectspeople __________ and ask them questions.A. at lengthB. at randomC. in essenceD. in bulk16. In fact as he approached this famous statue, he only barely resisted the________to reach into his bag for his camera.A. impatienceB. impulseC. incentiveD. initiative17. Hill slopes are cleared of forests to make way for crops, but this only _______the crisis.A. precedesB. prevailsC. ascendsD. accelerates18. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because itssubject was very_______.A. obscureB. indefiniteC. dubiousD. intriguing19. Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error, happy accidents,__________ and persistence in spite of mistakes.A. controlsB. hunchesC. deductionsD. calculations20. Contrary to the antiquated idea that the eighteenth century was a _________Island of elegant assurance, evidence reveals that life for most people was filled with uncertainty and insecurity.A. tranquilB. clannishC. decliningD. recognized21. David likes country life and has decided to __________ farming.A. go in forB. go back onC. go through withD. go along with22. A subway modernization program intended to________ a host of problemsranging from dangerous tracks to overcrowded stairwells has failed to meet its schedule for repairs.A. initiateB. deploreC. discloseD. eliminate23.Challenging James Baldwin, who wrote of Black Americans as being in aperpetual state of rage, Mr. Cose remarks that few human beings could_________ the psychic toll of uninterrupted anger.A. enhanceB. refineC. surviveD. refute24. A diligent scholar, she devoted herself_________ to the completion of the book.A. assiduouslyB. ingenuouslyC. theoreticallyD. sporadically25. A hypothesis must not only account for what we already know, but it must alsobe________ by continued observation.A. interruptedB. verifiedC. discreditedD. refuted26. A leading philosopher of our time, Ludwig Wittgenstein, laid down a rule towhich good historians _______ : “ Of that of which nothing is known nothing can be said.”A. protectB. amendC. adhereD. succumb27. A major outbreak of food poisoning in 1993 underlined the serious________ inthe then-current system of food inspection.A. expectationsB. innovationsC. deficienciesD. objectivity28. A man incapable of ________ action, he never had an opinion about somethingthat he had not worked up beforehand, fashioning it with lengthy care.A. self-consciousB. spontaneousC. coherentD. calculated29. A sense of fairness dictates that the punishment should fit the crime, yet inactual practice, judicial decisions _________ greatly for the same type of criminal offense.A. coincideB. simplifyC. compromiseD. vary30. According to the Senator, it was not hypocrisy for a politician in search of votesto _______ a mother on the beauty of her plain child; it was merely sound political common sense.A. ridiculeB. intimidateC. complimentD. Evaluate31. Although a few of her contempories _______ her book, most either ignored it ormocked it.A. dismissedB. appreciatedC. disregardedD. deprecated32. Although he had the numerous films to his credit and a reputation for technicalexpertise, the moviemaker lacked originality, all his films were sadly _______ of the work of others.A. independentB. derivativeC. unconsciousD. contradictory33. Although, as wife of President John Adams, Abigail Adams sought a greatervoice for women, she was not a feminist in modern sense, she _______ the traditional view of women as “beings placed by Providence” under male protection.A. anticipatedB. regrettedC. acceptedD. repudiated34. American culture now stigmatizes, and sometimes even heavily _______behavior that was once taken for granted: overt racism, cigarette smoking the use of sexual stereotypes.A. penalizesB. advocatesC. ignoresD. advertises35. Social scientist have established fairly clear-cut _______ that describe theappropriate behavior of children and adults, but there seem to be confusion about what constitutes appropriate behavior for adolescents.A. functionsB. normsC. regulationsD. rigidity36. After reading numbers of biographies recounting dysfunctions and disasters,failed marriages and failed careers, Joyce Carol Oates _______ a word to describe the genre: pathography, the story of diseased lives.A. dismissedB. hypothesizedC. coinedD. reiterated37. All critics have agreed that the opera’s score is _______, but curiously ,no twocritics have agreed which passages to praise and which to damn.A. intolerableB. unsurpassedC. conventionalD. uneven38. The ________ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence ofsome physical aspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. manifestationC. demonstrationD. expedition39. Although Henry was not in general a sentimental man, occasionally he wouldfeel a touch of _______ for the old days and would contemplate making a briefexcursion to Boston to revisit.A. anxietyB. aspirationC. nostalgiaD. inspiration40. Although Josephine Tey is arguably as good a mystery writer as Agatha Christie,she is clearly far less________ than Christie, having only written six books in comparison to Christie as sixty.A. coherentB. prolificC. equivocalD. PretentiousPART II WRITTEN EXPRESSION （10 points）Directions: Each sentence in the following has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, write down your answer.ExampleServing several term in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important UnitedA B CStates politician.DThe sentence should read, “Serving several terms in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important United States politician.” Therefore, you should choose (B).1. The main attractive at Sequoia National Park is thirty-five groves of giantA B Csequoias, the largest living things in the world.D2. In films, optical printing can be combined with blue-screen photography forA Bproduce such special effects as characters seeming to fly through the air.C D3. The developed countries of the world are using up valuable resources at a rateA B C unprecedented human history.D4.Over the entirely surface of the Earth, there is not a cubic inch of air nor an ounceA B Cof soil in which water is not present.D5. Periods of sleep are necessary for the preservation of life, and while such periodsA Bthe body apparently recuperates from the effects of waking activity.C D6. Electricity is the phenomenon associated with positively and negativelyAparticles charged of matter at rest and in motion, either individually or in great numbers.B C D7.The Mayo Clinic, one of the world’s largest medical center, was founded in 1889Ain Rochester, Minnesota, as a voluntary association of physicians.B C D8. The planet Venus is comparing with Earth in terms of size, mass, and density, butA Bhas a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, a slow rotation, and no moon.C D9. Art criticism of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century North Americaexamined the degree to which sculpture embraced the spiritually values that wereA B Cideal for that period.D10. Fewest of her poems were published during her lifetime, but when they wereA B Crediscovered in the 1920’s, Emily Dickinson became known as a major writer.DPART III READING COMPREHENSION (30 Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1Social critics and the general public in the United States have blamed television for every social ill from declining academic performance to juvenile delinquency. Concentrating on the negatives, however, sometimes leads people to ignore the equally important questions about the positive contributions television does make or could make. Clearly, the content of television can be beneficial or harmful. What about the medium of television itself?Some contend that television as a medium engenders intellectual passivity, displaces creative and intellectually demanding activities, and interferes with schoolwork. The evidence does not support the worst fears of television's critics. Television displaces some activities, but primarily those that are functionally similar to it. Television viewing is associated with low school achievement and low reading ability, but these effects appear to be due to or confounded by other variables such as time spent viewing. On the positive side, properly designed television can teach reading skills and motivate children to read.Television does not inherently encourage passivity, intellectual or physical. People can watch television actively or passively. Young children's patterns of attention and learning from television demonstrate that when they are absorbed in television they are mentally active and selective. They think about and evaluate what they are seeing. However, the predominance of "pure entertainment" on television in the United States eventually leads viewers to adopt an attitude that television requires little mental effort because they believe the medium is undemanding and areconfirmed in this view by the banal nature of many programs.Television formats, forms, and production techniques can be used to stimulate viewers to think actively about what they are viewing or to interact with the program. Children learn to "read" the production cues denoting interesting and comprehensible content. Well-placed special effects can direct attention, formats can signal important content, and production features can emphasize content messages. These techniques are used in good educational programs to maximize viewer involvement.1.The author mentions "declining academic performance" in line 2 in order toA.describe how it contributes to juvenile delinquency.B.argue that television causes a reduction in brain cells.C.support teachers' efforts to limit television viewing.D.give an example of a consequence attributed to television viewing.2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an effect of excessiveviewing?televisionA. Neglect of schoolworkB.Replacement of more challenging activitiesC. Intellectual passivityD.Damage to eyesight3.The author suggests that children who learn to read through television.A.absorb more information from television than from schoolwork.B.are more sight-oriented than sound-oriented.C.watch television more actively than is commonly believed.D.have a difficult time transferring their reading skills to books.4.The author believes that viewers have a negative opinion of television in the UnitedbecauseStatesA.it tends to shorten the attention span of children.B.it is largely devoted to entertaining programming.C.its programs are frequently interrupted by technical problems.D.it contributes to low self-esteem.5.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?cational programs are difficult to produce.B.Television formats have undergone few changes in the past decade.C.Television programming can be designed to increase viewer involvement.D.Special effects on television have replaced the role of the imagination.Passage 2In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects, appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills youwith despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violence say, "all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser." It's rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.6. What is the best title for this passage?A. Advocating Violence.B. Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C. Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D. The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence7. Recorded history has taught usA. violence never solves anything.B. nothing.C. the bloodshed means nothing.D. everything.8. It can be inferred that truly reasonable menA. can't get a hearing.B. are looked down upon.C. are persecuted.D. Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.9. "He was none the wiser" meansA. he was not at all wise in listening.B. He was not at all wiser than nothing before.C. He gains nothing after listening.D. He makes no sense of the argument.10. According the author the best way to solve race prejudice isA. law enforcement.B. knowledge.C. nonviolence.D. Mopping up the violentPassage 3Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempt to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addition Gayle’s recent book, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it put forward.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents (围绕) much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous （同时代的）? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works, yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse （冗长的）. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, is inclined to expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint tothe prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.11.The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black Fiction like that byAddison Gayle because itA.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction.B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction.C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction.D.substitutes political standards for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction.12.The author of the passage is primarily concerned withA.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.paring various critical approaches to a subject.C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.13.The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improvedIf Rosenblatt hadA.evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of BlackFictionB.attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by BlackauthorsC.explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black Fictionthroughout its history.D.assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.14.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described asA.pedantic and contentiousB.critical but admiringC.ironic and insincereD.argumentative but unfocused15.It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely toapprove of which of the following?A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology ofBlack writers.B. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by blackauthors.C. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems accordingto the political acceptability of their themes.D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within thecontext of Black history.PART IV TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE (30 Points) Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones （试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another. PART V WRITING (40 Points)Some surveys show that Chinese students prefer government jobs to enterprise jobs. Chinese students should be encouraged to choose challenging jobs, not the safe, cautious government “golden rice bowls” that they prefer. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinions.In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

青岛大学史论考研真题2010年、2011年

青岛大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：333 科目名称：工业设计工程基础-史论（共1页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
一、简答题：（共20分，每题5分）
1．简述后现代主义的典型特征。

2. 简述“工艺美术”运动风格的特征。

3. 简述新艺术运动的特征。

4. 简述人体工程学的目的。

二、论述题：（共30分，每题10分）
1. 战后美国设计提倡“计划废止制”，包括功能性废止、款式性废止、质量性废
止，论述其利弊。

2. 论述斯堪的纳维亚国家的现代设计风格及特征。

3. 举设计师及其作品为例论述现代主义的设计原则。

1
青岛大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码： 337 科目名称：工业设计工程-史论（共 1 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
一、简答题（每题5分，共20分）
1. 简答工艺美术运动的重要特点。

2. 简述威廉•莫里斯的思想和工艺美术运动的特点。

3. 你怎样认识设计的创造性思维。

4. 简述日本现代设计的特征。

二、论述题（每题10，共30分）
1．试论述包豪斯的历史贡献和局限性。

2．分析“装饰艺术”运动和“新艺术”运动、现代主义运动之间的区别，并论述“装饰艺术”运动风格形成的影响因素。

3．试述你对“后现代主义设计”认识。

1。

青岛大学数学分析考研真题2009—2011年

1. (本题满分 30 分) 求下列极限：
(1) lim( n a n b )n , 其中 a 0,b 0, a 1,b 1 ；
n
2
(2) lim sin( n2 1) ； n
nn
(3)
lim
n
3n
n!
.
2.
(本题满分
20
分)证明数列
{xn}
收敛,其中
x1
3
,
xn1
1 2
( xn
3 xn
)
3. 问 f (x) = sin 1 在区间 (0,1) 上是否一致连续？为什么？ x
三、（满分 10 分）设 f (x) 在 x0 的某邻域内有定义，且在此邻域内有
f (x) ≥ f (x0 ) （或 f (x) ≤ f (x0 ) ），并在 x0 点可导，证明 f ′(x0 ) = 0 .
∫ 四、（满分 10 分）计算
1x
1
x
1
7. (本题满分 15 分)
讨论并指出级数
(x 1)n
n0 (n 1)4n
绝对收敛、条件收敛、发
散的范围.ຫໍສະໝຸດ 8. (本题满分 10 分) 讨论函数 z | xy | 在原点的连续性、两个一阶偏导数
的存在性以及在原点的可微性.
9. (本题满分 15 分) 在变换公式 x r cos , y r sin 之下, 求出方程
1
7. (本题满分 30 分) 证明:
(1) (1)n1 sin 1 收敛;
n3
n
(2)
(1)n1 sin
1 n
n3 (ln n)x
在[0, ) 一致收敛;
(3)
lim
x0

青岛大学考研真题英语综合2011

青岛大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 808 科目名称：英语综合（共4页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效Part One Linguistics (50 points)I. Define the following terms briefly. (10 points)1. metalanguage2. competence3. phoneme4. inflection5. cohesion6. conceptual meaning7. linguistic sexism8. illocutionary actII. There are 10 statements/questions below. Indicate the right choice in each of them by writing the corresponding letter (A, B, C or D) in the given space. (10 points)1. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the windrose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell.”? If not, this may indicate a degree of ______ about word order.A. arbitrarinessB. dualityC. non-arbitrarinessD. recursiveness2. Which of the following sound segments in English matches the description of voicedalveolar stop? ______A. [ g ]B. [ d ]C. [n ]D.[b]3. Which of the following words is not backformed? ______A. medicareB. escalateC. enthuseD. resurrect4. Decide which one of the underlined constructions or word groups is a headed structure.______A. The man nodded patiently.B. The ladder in the shed in long enough.C. Mary seemed happy.D. They will be leaving tomorrow.5. Which of the following does not belong to the category of two-place predicates?______A. giveB. betweenC. like (verb)D. remember6. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd, and such oddness can beexplained by reference to Grice’s theory in terms of the violation of Maxim of ______.1): Would you like some coffee?2): Mary’s a beautiful dancer.A. QuantityB. QualityC. MannerD. Relation7. Pairs of words like “friendly: unfriendly”, “honest: dishonest”, “normal: abnormal”, and“logical: illogical” belong to ______ antonymy.A. gradableB. relationalC. complementaryD. componential8. The hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism is associated with which of the followingscholars ______.A. F. SaussureB. M. A. K. HallidayC. E. SapirD. N. Chomsky9. Which of the following words should not be considered to be an instance of sexistlanguage?A. salesmanB. humanityC. forefatherD. manmade10.Which of the following is not included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A. It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B. It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C. It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D. Is emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.III. Answer one of the two essay questions below with at least 300 words. (30 points)1.Why is Ferdinand de Saussure regarded as the ‘father of modern linguistics’? Whatsignificant contributions has he made to the establishment of linguistic study as a modern field of inquiry?2.What are the stages of first language acquisition? Describe each stage with its prominentfeatures and examples.Part Two Translation (50 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）The study of ancient architecture is more than a history of old ruins. Ancient buildings are fossils that map the progress of cultures. Farming was the key factor that transformed nomadic hunter-gatherers into Neolithic（the later part of the STONE AGE）settled peoples. This revolution began in about 6000 BC in the Middle East and, by 2000 BC, had spread to Africa, Europe, and Asia. The Mesoamericans （玛雅人）began farming around 1500 BC. Permanent structures were constructed and basic building techniques developed. New specialized professions emerged, such as priests and craftsmen. Metal tools developed and building materials such as timber, mud brick, and stone were soon mastered. Over centuries, new social institutions were invented and took physical form as buildings.II. Translate the following into English. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）学问要有根底，根底要打得平正坚实，以后永远受用。

青岛大学考研历年初试真题之理论力学2009--2014年考研真题

1青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：818 科目名称：理论力学（共4页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
一．选择题（每题5分，共30分）
1．在如图所示结构中，如果将作用于构件AC 上的力偶m 搬移到构件BC 上，则A 、B 、C 三处反力的大小( )。

A ．都不变；
B ．A 、B 处反力不变，
C 处反力改变；
C ．都改变；
D ．A 、B 处反力改变，C 处反力不变。

2．平面力系向点1简化时，主矢R′=0，主矩M 1≠0，如将该力系向另一点2简化，则( )。

A ．R′≠0，M 2≠0；
B ．R′=0，M 2≠M 1；
C ．R′=0，M 2= M 1；
D ．R′≠0，M 2= M 1。

3．在刚体的两个点各作用一个空间共点力系（即汇交力系）刚体处于平衡。

利用刚体的平衡条件，最多可以求出
未知量（即最多可以列几个独立的平衡方程）。

A ．3个；
B ．4个；
C ．5个；
D ．6个。

2011年山东青岛大学文学综合考研真题

2011年山东青岛大学文学综合考研真题一、简释题（每题5分，共20分）1、文学创造的主体2、艺术构思3、人文关怀4、文学风格二、简答题（每题15分，共60分）1、简述宋词得以发展的社会环境因素2、论述吴敬梓《儒林外史》的叙事艺术特征3、简述近现代亚非文学的总体基本特征4、论述居斯塔夫·福楼拜《包法利夫人》的小说艺术特征三、评论写作（70分）。

运用所学文学理论知识和文学批评方法，分析评论施蛰存的《手帕》（原文附后），不少于600字。

手帕无论到什么地方去，若是忘带了一方手帕，就会感觉到种种不便的人，恐怕不只是我一个吧。

在幼小时候，当鼻涕拖出在唇边而不以为羞，或者至多用袖子去抹拭掉的那年纪，是决不会有手帕这东西的需要的。

自从知道凡鼻涕之类的秽物需要有一方手帕给随时抹拭掉之后，手帕遂成为我每日服御品之一了。

然而在今天以前，我对于手帕的功用，始终没有在抹拭涕洟之外，有过什么别的认识。

而今天，因为出门时忘带了一方手帕，使我对于一方尺的纱布引起了许多回忆，竟由此发现了它对于我的生活——或说对于人生——的丰富的意义了。

现在我觉得，抹拭涕洟并不是手帕的唯一功用，甚且也不是它的主要功用。

手帕对于它的主人的唯一帮助，还是在于它能使主人随时得到一个适合的姿势。

我们姑且把那些穿洋服的青年绅士们妥贴地插在左襟袋中而露出了一角美丽的手帕除外，单说那些被藏在裤袋中或袖筒里的手帕。

它的主人虽则意识地把它当作是抹拭涕洟用的东西，但实际上，在并没有涕洟可抹的时候，它却时常被驱使的。

你或者会想到，不错，手帕可以被用来遮掩口鼻，防阻秽气；或是掸拂座上的灰尘；或是包裹零碎的物件，例如在赴宴时，可以用来包一些水果回去给小孩子；此外，在你与亲友离别的时候，也可以挥飏着它作为离情别绪的表示，或是在结伴登山的时候，可以挥动着它，向远距离的人表示种种意义，像童子军用的旗一样。

这些固然是抹拭涕洟以外的功用，但我的意思还不在乎此。

因为这些用处都还是人人所意识得到的。

2011年基础考试材料力学真题解答要点

北京三清注册辅导团队制作主讲教师：白音2011年注册结构工程师/注册岩土工程师上午考题材料力学部分真题解答59、圆截面杆轴向受力如图。

已知BC杆的直径d=100mm，AB杆的直径为2d。

杆的最大拉应力是：（A）40Mpa（B）30Mpa（C）80Mpa（D）120Mpa解：σABσBC答案：（A）60、已知锚钉的许可切应力为[τ]，许可挤压应力为[σbs]，钢板的厚度为t，则图示锚钉直径d与钢板厚度t的关系是：（A）d=8t[σbs]／(π[τ]) 北京白 20音12册年主辅讲导教团师队）FNAB300π×103===30MPa2π(2×100)SAB4FNBC100π×103===40MPa2π(100)SBC4（B）d=4 t[σbs]／(π[τ])（C）d=π[τ]／(8t[σbs])（D）d=π[τ]／(4t[σbs])北京三清注册辅导团队制作主讲教师：白音解：单剪，剪切力为F，挤压力为F61、图示受扭空心圆轴横截面上的切应力分布图中，正确的是：北京白三清20音注12（册年主辅讲导教团师队）Fsπd2F[τ]==⇒F=[τ]2Asπd44FbsF[σbs]==⇒F=td[σbs]Abstd⇒πd24⇒d=4t[σbs]/(π[τ])[τ] =td[σbs] 答案：（B）解：由空心圆切应力分布情况：空心部位切应力为零，实心部位切应力分布同实心圆的相应部位，可知答案为（B）答案：（B）北京三清注册辅导团队制作主讲教师：白音62、图示截面的抗弯截面模量Wz为：（A）Wz=πd3／32 - a3／6（B）Wz=πd3／32 – a4／6d（C）Wz=πd3／32 – a3／6d（D）Wz=πd4／64 – a4／12解：对于圆形截面Iz=πd4／64；对于矩形截面Iz=a4/1263、梁的弯矩图如图示，最大值在B截面。

在梁的A、B、C、D四个截面中，剪力为零的截面是：（A）A截面（B）B截面（C）C截面北京白三清20音注12（年主讲导团师队）图示截面Iz=πd4／64 – a4／12 πd4a4−πd3a4图示截面Wz= =−326d2答案：（B） B D （D）D截面A C解：由弯距和剪力的微分关系可知剪力为零的点是弯距图斜率为零的点，即是图示的B截面答案：（B）北京三清注册辅导团队制作主讲教师：白音64、悬臂梁AB由三根相同的矩形截面直杆胶合而成，材料的许可应力为[σ]。

暨南大学819材料力学2010--2013,2015--2020年考研真题试卷

2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题********************************************************************************************招生专业与代码：一般力学与力学基础、工程力学、固体力学、结构工程考试科目名称及代码：材料力学819考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

一、填空题（共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1-1．若将等截面实心圆直杆的直径增加一倍，其它条件不变，则其扭转刚度是原来的倍。

1-2．两根承受轴向拉伸的杆件均在线弹性范围内，一为钢杆弹性模量E 1=210GPa ，另一为铸铁弹性模量E 2=100GPa 。

若两杆的正应力相等，则两杆的纵向线应变的比值为；若两杆的纵向应变相同，则两杆的正应力的比值为。

1-3．如题1-3图所示，在板状试件表面贴两片应变片，在集中力P 作用下平行轴线的应变片6112010ε-=⨯，垂直轴线的应变片624010ε-=-⨯；那么试件泊松比为。

1-4．如题1-4(a)图、题1-4(b)图单元体中，实线代表变形前，虚线代表变形后，题1-4(a) 图角应变为，题1-4(b) 图角应变为。

(图中角度为弧度)1-5．矩形截面柱如题1-5图所示，F 1的作用线与柱的中心轴线重合，F 2作用在 y 轴上，F 2与柱z 轴线距离为e ；立柱的m-m 截面b h ⨯上最大压应力是。

题1-5图考试科目：材料力学共 4 页，第 1 页考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

二、单项选择题（共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）2-1．各向同性假设材料沿各个方向具有相同的。

(A) 力学性质 (B) 外力 (C) 变形 (D) 位移2-2．空心圆截面直杆的外径为D 、内径为d ，在计算扭转最大剪应力时需要确定扭转截面系数W P ，其表达式以下正确的是。

青岛大学考研真题量子力学2011

青岛大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 815 科目名称：量子力学（共2页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、简答题（每小题6分，共30分）1. 微观粒子的状态用什么来描述，其物理意义是什么？2. 力学量算符与力学量之间的关系。

3. 什么是粒子的全同性原理？4. 分别说明什么样的状态是束缚态、简并态和定态?5. 什么是费米子，什么是波色子，各具有什么性质？二、（第1小题20分，第2小题10分，第3小题10，共40分）质量为的一个粒子在边长为的立方盒子中运动，粒子所受势能由下式给出：m a (,,)V x y z ()()()0,0,;0,;0,(,,),x a y a z a V x y z others∈∈∈⎧⎪=⎨∞⎪⎩；（1）列出定态薛定谔方程，并求系统能量本征值和归一化波函数；（2）假设有两个电子在立方盒子中运动，不考虑电子间相互作用，系统基态能是多少？并写出归一化系统基态波函数（提示：电子自旋为12，是费米子）；（3）假设有两个玻色子在立方盒子中运动，不考虑玻色子间相互作用，系统基态能是多少？并写出归一化系统基态波函数；三、证明题（第1小题15分，第2小题15分，共30分）1. 证明在当体系处于状态状态时，lm Y 0==y x l l ；2. 设的本征矢，即为本征值，试证明也是K 的本征矢，相应的本征值分别为K L M M L M L K ˆ,1ˆˆˆˆ,ˆˆˆ为ϕ=−=λλϕϕ,ˆ=K ϕϕμM v Lˆ,ˆ≡≡.1,1+−λλ 四、（20分）设在H 0表象中，用微扰论求能量修正量),()0(2)0(1为实数b a a E b b a E H ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++=到二级修正。

五、（30分）设已知在的共同表象中，算符的矩阵分别为 ZL L ˆˆ2和y x L L ˆˆ和 ⎟⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎜⎝⎛=010*******ηx L ⎟⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎜⎝⎛−−=0000022i i i i L y η 求它们的本征值和归一化的本征函数。

2011年山东青岛大学英语综合考研真题

2011年山东青岛大学英语综合考研真题Part One Linguistics (50 points)I. Define the following terms briefly. (10 points)1. metalanguage2. competence3. phoneme4. inflection5. cohesion6. conceptual meaning7. linguistic sexism8. illocutionary actII. There are 10 statements/questions below. Indicate the right choice in each of them by writing the corresponding letter (A, B, C or D) in the given space. (10 points)1. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell.”? If not, this may indicate a degree of ______ about word order.A. arbitrarinessB. dualityC. non-arbitrarinessD. recursiveness2. Which of the following sound segments in English matches the description of voiced alveolar stop? ______A. [ g ]B. [ d ]C. [ n ]D. [ b]3. Which of the following words is not backformed? ______A. medicareB. escalateC. enthuseD. resurrect4. Decide which one of the underlined constructions or word groups is a headed structure. ______A. The man nodded patiently.B. The ladder in the shed in long enough.C. Mary seemed happy.D. They will be leaving tomorrow.5. Which of the following does not belong to the category of two-place predicates? ______A. giveB. betweenC. like (verb)D. remember6. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd, and such oddness can be explained by reference to Grice’s theory in terms of the violation of Maxim of ______.1): Would you like some coffee?2): Mary’s a beautiful dancer.A. QuantityB. QualityC. MannerD. Relation7. Pairs of words like “friendly: unfriendly”, “honest: dishonest”, “normal: abnormal”, and “logical: illogical” belong to ______ antonymy.A. gradableB. relationalC. complementaryD. componential8. The hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism is associated with which of the following scholars ______.A. F. SaussureB. M. A. K. HallidayC. E. SapirD. N. Chomsky9. Which of the following words should not be considered to be an instance of sexist language?A. salesmanB. humanityC. forefatherD. manmade10. Which of the following is not included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A. It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B. It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C. It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D. Is emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.III. Answer one of the two essay questions below with at least 300 words. (30 points)1. Why is Ferdinand de Saussure regarded as the ‘father of modern linguistics’? What significant contributions has he made to the establishment of linguistic study as a modern field of inquiry?2. What are the stages of first language acquisition? Describe each stage with its prominent features and examples.Part Two Translation (50 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）The study of ancient architecture is more than a history of old ruins. Ancient buildings are fossils that map the progress of cultures. Farming was the key factor that transformed nomadic hunter-gatherers into Neolithic（the later part of the STONE AGE）settled peoples. This revolution began in about 6000 BC in the Middle East and, by 2000 BC, had spread to Africa, Europe, and Asia. The Mesoamericans （玛雅人）began farming around 1500 BC. Permanent structures were constructed and basic building techniques developed. New specialized professions emerged, such as priests and craftsmen. Metal tools developed andbuilding materials such as timber, mud brick, and stone were soon mastered. Over centuries, new social institutions were invented and took physical form as buildings.II. Translate the following into English. Your translation should be an intelligibly fluent representation of the original text. （25 points）学问要有根底，根底要打得平正坚实，以后永远受用。

2011年山东青岛大学化学综合考研真题

2011年山东青岛大学化学综合考研真题一、名词解释（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1．条件电位2．朗伯比耳定律3．空白试验4．皂化和皂化值5．酰基化反应6．还原糖和非还原糖7．差向异构体8．液体接界电位9．容量因子10．原子光谱二、选择题（每小题只有一个正确答案，每题 1 分，共 30 分）1. 下列中用于减少偶然误差的方法是（）A)进行空白试验B)进行对照实验C)进行仪器校准D)增加平行测定次数2. 已知 pH 为 0.070，则氢离子浓度值为（）A) 0.85 mol/LB) 0.8511 mol/LC) 0.8 mol/LD) 0.851 mol/L3. 某二元弱酸的 pKa1～pKa2 是 3.00 和 7.00。

pH=3.00 的 0.20 mol/L H2B 溶液中，HB-的平衡浓度是（）A) 0.15 mol·L -1B) 0.050 mol·L -1C) 0.10mol·L -1D) 0.025 mol·L -14. 沉淀的类型与定向速度有关，定向速度的大小主要相关因素是（）A)离子大小B)物质的极性C)溶液浓度D)相对过饱和度5. 以甲基橙为指示剂，能用 NaOH 标准溶液直接滴定的酸是（）A) H2C2O4B) H3PO4C) HAcD) HCOOH6. 通常认为金属离子能用 EDTA 准确滴定的条件是（）7. 间接碘量法的误差主要来源是（）A) 淀粉指示剂的系统误差B) I2的颜色影响终点观察C) I2 的挥发及 I-的氧化D) I2的氧化性8. 某有色溶液，当用 1cm 吸收池时，其透过率为Ｔ，若改用 2cm 吸收池，则透过率应为（）12．双光束分光光度计与单光束分光光度计相比,其突出优点是 ( )A）可以扩大波长的应用范围B）可以采用快速响应的检测系统C）可以抵消吸收池所带来的误差D）可以抵消因光源的变化而产生的误差13. 原子吸收光谱是 ( )A）基态原子吸收特征辐射后跃迁到激发态所产生的B）基态原子吸收了特征辐射跃迁到激发态后又回到基态时所产生的C）分子的电子吸收特征辐射后跃迁到激发态所产生的D）分子的振动、转动能级跃迁时对光的选择吸收产生的14. 红外吸收光谱的产生是由于 ( )A）分子外层电子、振动、转动能级的跃迁B）原子外层电子、振动、转动能级的跃迁C）分子外层电子的能级跃迁D）分子振动-转动能级的跃迁15. 荧光量子效率是指（）A）荧光强度与吸光度之比B）发射荧光的量子数与吸收激发光的量子数之比C）发射荧光的分子数与物质的总分子数之比D）激发态的分子数与基态的分子数之比16．氨气敏电极的内电解质是 NH4Cl 溶液，指示电极应选择（）A）氯电极B）银电极C）铂电极D）pH 电极17．高效液相色谱法中，不可与梯度洗脱相匹配的检测器为（）A）紫外检测器B）示差折光检测器C）荧光检测器D）光电二极管阵列检测器18. 用 GC 分析甜菜萃取液中痕量的含氯农药，宜选用（）A）氢火焰离子化检测器B）电子捕获检测器C）火焰光度检测器D）以上都可以19. 在液相色谱中，某组分的保留值大小实际反映了哪些部分的分子间作用力( )A）组分与流动相B）组分与固定相C）组分与流动相和固定相D）组分与组分和流动相20．离子选择性电极的电位选择性系数越大，表明（）。

819材料力学

青岛大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：819科目名称：科目名称：材料力学材料力学（共6页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一.单项选择题（每小题4分，共60分。

）1.根据梁的正应力强度条件，梁的合理截面形状应满足的条件是()。

(A)W/A 越小越好(B)W/A 越大越好(C)W/A=1(D)W/A=22.下面四个轴向拉压杆件中，哪个杆件的轴力图不正确？（）3.图示四根受拉杆危险横截面的面积相同，首先破坏的杆件为()。

4.两根钢制拉杆受力如图，若杆长L ２＝２Ｌ１，横截面面积A ２＝２Ａ1，则两杆的伸长ΔＬ和纵向线应变ε之间的关系应为()。

(A)ΔＬ２＝ΔＬ1，ε２＝ε1(B)ΔL ２＝２ΔＬ1，ε２＝ε1 (C)ΔL ２＝２ΔＬ1，ε２＝2ε1(D)ΔL ２＝ΔＬ1/2，ε２＝２ε1/25.图示等截面直杆的抗拉刚度为EA，其变形能应为下列式中的()。

(A)Ｕ＝５Ｐ2l/(6EA)(B)Ｕ＝3Ｐ2l/(2EA)(C)Ｕ＝9Ｐ2l/(4EA)(D)Ｕ＝13Ｐ2l/(4EA)6.在图示受扭圆轴横截面上的切应力分布图中，正确的结果是()。

7.空心圆轴，其内外径之比为α,扭转时轴内的最大切应力为τ，这时横截面上内边缘处的切应力为()。

(A)O(B)ατ(C)τ／α(D)(1-α4)τ8.请选择正确结论：图形对其对称轴的()。

(A)静矩为零，惯性矩不为零，惯性积为零(B)静矩不为零，惯性矩和惯性积均为零(C)静矩、惯性矩及惯性积均为零(D)静矩、惯性矩及惯性积均不为零9.梁的弯矩图如右图所示，则梁上的最大剪力为()。

(A)Ｐ(B)５Ｐ/2(C)３Ｐ/2(D)７Ｐ/210.图示两根简支梁，一根材料为钢，另一根材料为铝。

已知它们的抗弯刚度EI 相同，在相同外力作用下，二者的不同之处为()。

(A)弯曲最大正应力(B)剪力图(C)最大挠度(D)最大转角11．插销穿过水平放置的平板上的圆孔，在其下端受有一拉力P．该插销的剪切面面积和挤压面积分别等于()(A)πdh ，πD 2/4；(B)πDh ，πD 2/4；(C)πdh ，π(D 2-d 2)/4；(D)πDh ，π(D 2-d 2)/4。

2011年山东青岛大学有机化学考研真题

2011年山东青岛大学有机化学考研真题7、下列烃类，哪一个酸性最强？8、(1R,2S)-2-甲氨基-1苯基-1-丙醇的费歇尔(Fischer)投影式是:9、CH3CH2Cl(I),CH2=CHCl(II),CH≡CCl(III),C6H5Cl(IV)四种一氯代烃化合物中,C─X键键长次序如何?(A)I>II>III>IV(B)I>II>IV>III(C)I>III>II>IV(D)III>IV>II>I(A)①>②>③>④(B)①>③>②>④(C)③>①>②>④(D)③>②>①>④16、m-甲氧基苯甲酸(I),p-甲氧基苯甲酸(II)与苯甲酸(III)的酸性大小是:(A)I>II>III(B)III>I>II(C)I>III>II(D)III>II>I18、下列四个试剂分别同乙酰乙酸乙酯作用,哪个试剂作用后,只回收到乙酰乙酸乙酯？(A)Br2(B)NH2OH(C)①C2H5ONa②CH3CH2Br(D)①RMgX②H3O+19、比较苯酚(I)、环己醇(II)、碳酸(III)酸性的大小:(A)II>I>III(B)III>I>II(C)I>II>III(D)II>III>I20、下面反应属σ迁移反应哪一类型?(A)[1,3]迁移(B)[3,3]迁移(C)[1,5]迁移(D)[1,5]碳迁移21、下述反应不属于协同反应的是：(A)科普重排(B)克莱森重排(C)狄尔斯-阿尔德反应(D)拜尔-维利格氧化22、吡啶(a)、吡咯(b)、噻吩(c)、苯(d)发生亲电取代反应难易程度是:(A)a>b>c>d(B)b>a>d>c(C)d>c>b>a(D)b>c>d>a23、二茂铁又叫二环戊二稀铁，与硫酸反应：A一元取代产物只有一种B一元取代产物有二种C一元取代产物有三种D一元取代产物有四种24、化合物Ph2C=S中,碳和硫之间的π键属于:(A)2p-2pπ键(B)3p-3pπ键(C)3p-2pπ键(D)2p-3pπ键25、D-(+)-葡萄糖和D-(-)-果糖互为何种异构体?(A)对映体(B)非对映体(C)差向异构体(D)构造异构体26、某氨基酸溶于pH=7的水中,所得氨基酸溶液pH=8,此氨基酸的等电点:(A)等于7(B)等于8(C)大于8(D)小于827、在DNA分子中,氮碱与分子的其它组分相结合.在DNA分子中没有下列的哪一种化合物:(A)胍((H2N)2C=NH)(B)胸腺嘧啶(C)腺嘌呤(D)胞嘧啶28、常温下作为塑料的聚合物在形变-温度曲线图中应处于:(A)高弹态(B)玻璃态(C)过渡区(D)粘流态二、填空题：（每小题2分，共15小题30分）31、写出下列反应的主要有机产物或所需之原料、试剂。