国际商务International BusinessCh_9_Emerging_Markets
国际商务_International Business_chapter_18_p1
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
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Companies • Genting Highland • Siemens • Intel • Wal-Mart • J&J
Some Numbers
Total Employees • 36,000 in 4 countries • 460,000 in 190 countries • 80,000 in 6 countries • 2,100, 000 • 116,000 in 250 business
(TCNs)
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
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How Complex Is It?
Domestic vs IHRM
1. New HR responsibilities.
International taxation, international relocation and orientation, administrative services for expatriates, host government relations, and language translation services.
2. Key tasks in international human resource management
1. International staffing policy 2. Preparation and training of personnel 3. International performance appraisal 4. Compensation of personnel 5. International labor relations 6. Diversity in the international workforce
International business 国际商务
1.Differences in legal systems:①COMMON LAW is based on the cumulative wisdom of judges’ decisions on individualcases through history. These cases create legal precedents, which other judges use to decide similar cases. For example, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada…②CIVIL LAW is based on a codification, or detailed listing, of what is and is notpermissible.For example, French, German…One important difference between common law and civil law systems is apparent in the roles of judges and lawyers. In a common law system, the judge serves as a neutral referee, ruling on various motions by the opposing parties’ lawyers. These lawyers are responsible for developing their clients’ case and choosing which evidence to submit on their clients’ behalf.In civil law system, the judge takes on many of the task of the lawyers, determining, for example, the scope of evidence to be collected and presented to the court.③RELIGIOUS LAW is based on the officially established rules governing the faith and practiceof a particular religion. Theocracy. For example, Iran…④BUREAUCRATIC LAW is whatever the country’s bureaucrats say it is, regardless of theformal law of the land. Contracts can be made or broken at the whim of those in power.ws directed against foreign firms:①Nationalization:Often when leftist governments obtain power, they choose to transferownership of resources from the private to the public sector.②Expropriation:The transfer that when the host government compensates the privateowners for their losses.③Confiscation: The transfer that when the host government offers no compensation.④Privatization: The conversion of state-owned property to privately owned property.⑤Constraints on foreign ownership:to avoid having their economies or key industriescontrolled by foreigners.⑥Repatriate: Countries can also constrain foreign MNCs by imposing restrictions on theirability to repatriate (return to their home countries) the profits earned in the host country.3.Political risksPolitical risk is divided into macropolitical risk (affects all firms in a country) and micropolitical risk (affects only a specific firm or firms within a specific industry).4.Elements of cultureLanguage; communication; religion; values and attitudes; social structure5.Low-context culture: the words used by the speaker explicitly convey the speaker’s messageto the listener, such as German, Canadian, British, American.High-context culture: the context in which a conversation occurs is just as important as the words that are actually spoken, and cultural clues are important in understanding what is being communicated, such as Chinese, Korean, Japanese.6.Hofstede’s five dimensions of national cult ureSocial orientation: individualism-America; collectivism-JapanPower orientation: power respect-Asia; power tolerance-AmericaUncertainty orientation:uncertainty acceptance-the United States, Hong Kong of China, Singapore; uncertainty avoidance-Austria, Japan, Italy, FranceGoal orientation:aggressive goal behavior-USA, British, German; passive goal behavior-SwedenTime orientation: long-term outlook-Japan, Hong Kong of China, Taiwan of China; short-term outlook-Pakistan, Philippines7.What is internati onal strategic management and what’s the aim of international strategicmanagement?International strategic management is a comprehensive and ongoing management planning process aimed at formulating and implementing strategies that enable a firm to compete effectively internationally.8.Strategic alternatives①The home replication strategy: The firm uses the core competency or firm-specificadvantage it developed at home as its main competitive weapon in the foreign marks that it enters.②The multidomestic strategy:The firm views itself as a collection of relativelyindependent operating subsidiaries, each of which focuses on a specific domestic market.③The global strategy: The firm views the world as a single marketplace and its primarygoal is to create standardized goods and services that will address the needs of customers worldwide.④The transnational strategy: The firm attempts to combine the benefits of global scaleefficiencies with the benefits of local responsiveness.9.Distinctive competenceA firm’s distinctive competence may be cutting-edge technology, efficient distributionnetworks, superior organizational practices, or well-respected brand names. Without a distinctive competence, a foreign firm will have difficulty competing with local firms that are presumed to know the local market better. The Disney name, image, and portfolio of characters, for example, is a distinctive competence that allows the firm to succeed in foreign markets. Similarly, the ready availability of soft-ware programs compatible with Windows operating systems gives Microsoft an advantage in competing with local firms outside the United States.Whatever its form, this distinctive competence represents an important resource to the firm.A firm often wishes to exploit this advantage by expanding its operations into as manymarkets as its resources allow. To a large degree, the internationalization strategy adopted bya company reflects the interplay between its distinctive competence and the businessopportunities available in different countries.10.Steps in international strategy formulation①Develop a mission statement:define the firm’s values, purpose, and direction.②Perform a SWOT analysis:assess the firm’s external and internal environments toidentify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.③Set strategic goals:exploit the firm’s strengths and environmental opportunities.Neutralize external threats and overcome the firm’s weaknesses.④Develop tactical goals and plans:devise the means to achieve strategic goals and toguide the firm’s daily activities.⑤Develop a control framework:formulate managerial and organizational systems andprocesses.11.Three levels of international strategy for MNCs①Corporate strategy: single-business; related diversification; unrelated diversification②Business strategy: differentiation; cost leadership; focus③Functional strategies: finance; marketing; operations; human resource management;R&D (research and development)12.Which mode of entry should it use?Decision factors:①Ownership advantages②Location advantages③Internalization advantages④Other factors, such as need for control, resource availability, global strategy13.Modes of entry①Exporting: is the simplest and most common form of international business activity. Ittakes several forms, including indirect exports (a firm sell its product to a domestic customer, which in turn exports the product); direct exports (sales to customers located outside the firm’s home country); intracorporate transfers (the sale of goods by a firm inone country to an affiliated firm in another).②International licensing: a firm, called the licensor, leases the right to use its intellectualproperty to another firm, called the licensee, in return for a fee.③International franchising: an independent entrepreneur or organization, called thefranchisee, to operate a business under the name of another, called the franchisor, in return for a fee. The franchisor provides its franchisees with trademarks, operating systems, and well-known product reputations, as well as continuous support services such as advertising, training, reservation services (for hotel operations), and quality assurance programs.④Specialized modes: contract manufacturing (is used by firms, both large and small, thatoutsource most or all of their manufacturing needs to other companies); management contracts; turnkey projects (is a contract under which a firm agrees to fully design, construct, and equip a facility and then turn the project over to the purchaser when it is ready for operation).⑤Foreign direct investment: firms enter international markets through ownership andcontrol of assets in host countries, including greenfield strategy; acquisition strategy;joint venture.15.The advantages, problems and solutions of franchising.Advantages: low financial risks; low-cost way to assess market potential; avoid tariffs, NTBs, restrictions on foreign investment; maintain more control than with licensing; franchisee provides knowledge of local market.Problems: limits market opportunities/profits; dependence on franchisee; potential conflicts with franchisee; may be creating future competitor.Solutions:choose the right time to enter the market by franchising; pay attention to the construction of legal protection system and protect the intellectual property rights; sign aperfect and rigorous franchising contract.16.The advantages, problems and solutions of acquisition.Acquisition is buying existing assets in a foreign country.Advantages: a high level of control; can quickly enter the market; regional economic advantages; the purchaser quickly obtains control over the acquired firm’s factories, employees, technology, brand names, and distribution networks.Problems:may “buy” the problem together, such as liabilities; it may be difficult to cope with cultural differences; international differences in accounting standards; risk of ownership; a lot of money is needed; appearance of monopolySolutions:the government actively improves laws and regulations and strengthen supervision on cross-border acquisitions; enterprises should formulate the direction of acquisition in line with their own development strategy; strengthening the risk control of acquisition; improve the image of the acquirer in the host country; seek help from a professional agency17.The advantages and disadvantages of outsource(contract manufacturing).Advantages: low financial risks; minimize resources devoted to manufacturing; focus firm’s resources on other elements of the value chainDisadvantages:reduced control (may affect quality, delivery schedules, etc.); reduced learning potential; potential public relations problems-may need to monitor working conditions, etc.18.The nature of international organization designOrganization design is the overall pattern of structural components and configurations used to manage the total organization.The appropriate design for any given organization may depend on the firm’s size, strategy, technology, and environment, as well as the cultures of the countries in which the firm operates.19.The aim of international organization designThe development of enterprise and the change of environment are not changeless. The international organization design should follow the development of the enterprise. To help the enterprise achieve its goals and improve its performance. To achieve synergies among its far-flung operations and to implement its organizational strategy.20.Global functional design (U-form organization) / Functional organizational structureThe global functional design calls for a firm to create departments or divisions that have worldwide responsibility for the common organizational functions-finance, operations, marketing, R&D, and human resources management.This design is used by MNCs that have relatively narrow or similar product lines.Advantages:①The firm can easily transfer expertise within each functional area.②Managers can maintain highly centralized control over functional operations.③The global functional design focuses attention on the key functions of the firm.Disadvantages:①The global functional design is practical only when the firm has relatively few products orcustomers.②Coordination between department can be a major problem.③There may also be duplication of resources among managers.The important issues are determined by the upper and the top executives.21.Distributed organizational structureDivision basis on: product, area, customerAdvantages:①Decision-making speed and the response to the external environment are fast.②It is beneficial to form a competitive relationship between the various business divisions.Disadvantages:Too large, resulting in waste of resources.Each independent division is determined by their respective leaders.22.Hybrid global designs: Now, mixed use of functional organizational structure and distributedorganizational structure.23.The organizational structure of an enterprise should be matched with the competitiveadvantage of the enterprise.24.Boundaryless organizationA borderless organization is a kind of organizational design that its horizontal, vertical, orexternal boundaries are not defined by a predefined structure.It emphasizes control.Advantages: Make the management hierarchy flat; mobilize the enthusiasm of everyone;increase the interaction between different units; turns specialists into generalistsDisadvantages:easy to get out of control; decision making is difficult to agree with25.Centralization versus decentralizationCentralization is a form of organization that the management authority of the enterpriseis focus more on in the upper level of the enterprise.Advantages:①It is possible to unify the command and make the standards consistent, so that themanagers can coordinate the overall situation.②It is easy to make the command carry out.③Conducive to form a unified corporate image.④To concentrate on dealing with the crisis.⑤High efficiency in decision making.Disadvantages:①It is not conducive to the development of personality and characteristics.②The lack of flexibility, nottaking into account the particularity of things.③To reduce the strain capacity of the external environment of the organization.④Cannot fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the lower level.⑤Easy to appear autocratic phenomenon.Decentralization is a form of organizing thatthe right of the business management in the lower level of the enterprise.26.The marketing mix①Product:development the tangible and intangible features that meet customer needs Indiverse markets.②Pricing:develop policies that bring in revenue and strategically shape the competitiveenvironment.③Promotion: devise ways to enhance the desirability of the product or service to potentialbuyers.④Place: get products and services into customers’ hands via transp ortation andmerchandising.27.The modes of the marketing mix.①The ethnocentric approach: is relatively easy to adopt. The firm simply markets its goodsin international markets using the same marketing mix it uses domestically, thereby avoiding the expense of developing new marketing techniques to serve foreign customers.②The polycentric approach: is far more costly because international marketers attempt tocustomize the firm’s marketing mix in each market the firm enters in order to meet the idiosyncratic needs of customers in that market.③The geocentric approach:calls for standardization of the marketing mix, allowing thefirm to provide essentially the same product or service globally.28.Advantages and disadvantages of standardized and customized international marketingStandardized international marketingAdvantages:①Reduces marketing costs②Facilitates centralized control of marketing③Promotes efficiency in R%D④Results in economies of scale in production⑤Reflects the trend toward a single global marketplaceDisadvantages:①Ignores different conditions of product use②Ignores local legal differences③Ignores differences in buyer behavior patterns④Inhibits local marketing initiatives⑤Ignores other differences in individual marketsCustomized international marketingAdvantages:①Reflects different conditions of product use②Acknowledges local legal differences③Accounts for differences in buyer behavior patterns④Promotes local marketing initiatives⑤Accounts for other differences in individual marketsDisadvantages:①Increases marketing costs②Inhibits centralized control of marketing③Creates inefficiency in R&D④Reduces economies of scale in production⑤Ignores the trend toward a single global marketplace29.Cultural influences①To change the labeling on the product’s package into the primary language of the hostcountry.②Culture may affect product policy in other ways.③Firms may also find it necessary to adjust or modify their packaging in differentcountries.④Culture may force changes in a foreign product.Why culture is important?Cultural conflicts are easily produced in different cultural backgrounds; different cultural backgrounds have different needs30.The most basic form of promotionAdvertising; personal selling; sales promotion; and public relations32.Distribution channel optionsManufacturer (import agent) →customerManufacturer (import agent) →retailer →customerManufacturer (import agent) →wholesaler →retailer →customer33.Six elements of enterprise organizational structure design:Work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, formalization。
International Business English 国际商务英语(英文版)
International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments.Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flatpayment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analysesare made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America, European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goodsand services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。
国际商务热点英文
国际商务热点英文
随着全球化和跨国贸易的不断发展，国际商务领域涌现出了许多热点话题。
以下是一些值得关注的国际商务热点英文：
1. E-commerce: 电子商务
2. Cross-border trade: 跨境贸易
3. Intellectual property protection: 知识产权保护
4. Sustainable development: 可持续发展
5. Trade war: 贸易战
6. Global value chains: 全球价值链
7. Foreign direct investment: 外商直接投资
8. Tariffs and trade barriers: 关税和贸易壁垒
9. International trade agreements: 国际贸易协定
10. Emerging markets: 新兴市场
这些热点话题在国际商务领域都具有重要的影响力，关注它们的发展动态有助于更好地了解国际商务的趋势和未来发展方向。
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international business 国际商务
international business 国际商务merchandise exports 商品出口merchandise imports 商品进口visible exports 有形出口visible imports 有形进口service exports 服务出口service imports 服务进口turnkey operations 统包式业务，交钥匙业务management contract 企业管理合同licensing agreement 许可证贸易协议foreign direct investment 对外直接投资controlling interest 控股权，多数股权noncontrolling interest 非控股权，非多数股权joint venture 合资企业mixed venture 混合企业portfolio investment 有价证券投资minority ownership 少数所有权collaborative arrangement 合作协议strategic alliance 战略同盟multinational enterprise 跨国企业multinational corporation 跨国公司transnational corporation 跨国公司global company 全球公司globally integrated company 全球综合公司，全球一体化公司multidomestic company 跨本国公司locally responsive company 本地效力公司export order 出口订单credit standing 信用状况pro-forma invoice 形式发票export quotation 出口报价time frame 时限，期限sales contract 销售合同point of delivery 交货地点transfer of title 所有权的转移point of production 生产地点import license 进口许可证foreign exchange permit 外汇许可证cash in advance 预付货款letter of credit 信用证freight forwarder 货运代理行point of destination 目的地terms of sale 销售条款；销售条件trade term 贸易术语，贸易条件marine insurance 海上保险insurance premium 保险费insurance coverage 保险范围，保险总额import license 进口许可证ex works （exw）工厂交货（…指定地）free carrier （fca）货交承运人（指定地）free alongside ship （fas）船边交货（指定装运港）free on board （fob）装运港船上交货（指定装运港）cost and freight (cfr) 成本加运费（指定目的港）cost，insurance and freight 成本加保险费，运费（指定目的港）carriage paid to（cpt）运费付至（指定目的地）carriage and insurance paid to（cip）运费，保险费付至（指定目的地）delivered at frontier （daf）边境交货（指定地）delivered ex ship （des）目的港船上交货（指定目的港）delivered ex quay （deq）目的港码头交货（指定目的港）delivered duty unpaid （ddu）未完税交货（指定目的地）delivered duty paid （ddp）完税后交货（指定目的地）hidden costs 隐藏成本insurable interest 可保险利益，可保权益；general-average claim 共同海损索赔insurance broker 保险经纪人open policy 开口保险单，预约保险单，浮动保险单floating policy 浮动保险单term of payment 付款条件bill of exchange 汇票open accounts 赊账correspondent bank 代理银行revocable（irrevocable）letter of credit 可撤销的（不可撤销的）信用证sight draft 即期汇票time draft 定期汇票，远期汇票date draft 定期汇票arrival draft 货到付款汇票export declaration 出口申报单commercial invoice 商业发票bill of lading 提单consular invoice 领事发票packing list 装箱单，包装单export license出口许可证negotiable instrument 可转让票据；流通票据insurance claim 保险索赔customs declaration 报关单certificate of origin 原产地证明书，产地来源证。
国际商务双语知识点总结
国际商务双语知识点总结一、国际商务的定义国际商务是指在国际范围内进行的商业活动，包括跨国贸易、国际投资、跨国合作等多方面内容。
国际商务在全球化背景下愈加重要，对国际企业的经营和管理提出了新的挑战。
通过国际商务，企业可以拓展市场，获取资源，增加收入，提升竞争力，促进经济发展。
International Business SummaryI. Definition of International BusinessInternational business refers to commercial activities carried out on the international level, including cross-border trade, international investment, and multinational cooperation. International business is becoming increasingly important in the context of globalization, posing new challenges for the operation and management of international enterprises. Through international business, companies can expand their markets, acquire resources, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness, promoting economic development.二、国际商务环境与市场1. 国际商务环境国际商务环境包括政治、经济、文化、法律等因素。
政治稳定、经济状况、文化差异和法律制度都会影响国际商务的运作。
2. 国际商务市场各国市场的规模、结构、需求以及消费习惯存在差异，了解不同国家的市场特点对于开展国际商务至关重要。
第一章 国际商务导论
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International Business and Global Business
Global Business: Business around the globe. The activities include both: 1. international (cross-border) activities covered by traditional International business books and； 2. domestic business activities.
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What is globalization?
Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.
Markets
Production
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The Globalization of Markets
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First Core Perspective: An Institution-Based View
Some formal rules of the game would enhance the potential odds for foreign firms’ success. Other rules of the game, which may discriminate against foreign firms, would undermine the chances for foreign entrants. In addition to formal rules, informal rules such as cultures, ethics, and norms play an important part in shaping the success and failure of firms around the globe.
International_Chamber_of_Commerce
International Chamber of Commerce——The world business organization Brief introductionICC (International Chamber of Commerce) is the voice of world business championing the global economy as a force for economic growth, job creation and prosperity.Because national economies are now so closely interwoven, government decisions have far stronger international repercussions than in the past.ICC - the world's only truly global business organization responds by being more assertive in expressing business views.ICC activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime.ICC has direct access to national governments all over the world through its national committees. The organization's Paris-based international secretariat feeds business views into intergovernmental organizations on issues that directly affect business operations.History of the International Chamber of CommerceThe ICC's originsThe International Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1919 with an overriding aim that remains unchanged: to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital.Much of ICC's initial impetus came from its first president, Etienne Clémentel, a former French minister of commerce. Under his influence, the organization's international secretariat was established in Paris and he was instrumental in creating the ICC International Court of Arbitration in 1923.ICC has evolved beyond recognition since those early post-war days when business leaders from the allied nations met for the first time in Atlantic City. The original nucleus, representing the private sectors of Belgium, Britain, France, Italy and the United States, has expanded to become a world business organization with thousands of member companies and associations in around 130 countries. Members include many of the world's most influential companies and represent every major industrial and service sector.The voice of international businessTraditionally, ICC has acted on behalf of business in making representations to governments and intergovernmental organizations. Three prominent ICC members served on the Dawes Commission which forged the international treaty on war reparations in 1924, seen as a breakthrough in international relations at the time.A year after the creation of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945, ICC was granted the highest level consultative status with the UN and its specialized agencies. Ever since, it has ensured that the international business view receives due weight within the UN system and beforeintergovernmental bodies and meetings such as the G8 where decisions affecting the conduct of business are made.Defender of the multilateral trading systemICC's reach - and the complexity of its work - have kept pace with the globalization of business and technology. In the 1920s ICC focused on reparations and war debts. A decade later, it struggled vainly through the years of depression to hold back the tide of protectionism and economic nationalism. After war came in 1939, ICC assured continuity by transferring its operations to neutral Sweden.In the post-war years, ICC remained a diligent defender of the open multilateral trading system. As membership grew to include more and more countries of the developing world, the organization stepped up demands for the opening of world markets to the products of developing countries. ICC continues to argue that trade is better than aid.In the 1980s and the early 1990s, ICC resisted the resurgence of protectionism in new guises such as reciprocal trading arrangements, voluntary export restraints and curbs introduced under the euphemism of "managed trade".Challenges of the 21st CenturyAfter the disintegration of communism in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, ICC faced fresh challenges as the free market system won wider acceptance than ever before, and countries that had hitherto relied on state intervention switched to privatization and economic liberalization. As the world enters the 21st century, ICC is building a stronger presence in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and the emerging economies of eastern and central Europe.Today, 16 ICC commissions of experts from the private sector cover every specialized field of concern to international business. Subjects range from banking techniques to financial services and taxation, from competition law to intellectual property rights, telecommunications and information technology, from air and maritime transport to international investment regimes and trade policy.Self-regulation is a common thread running through the work of the commissions. The conviction that business operates most effectively with a minimum of government intervention inspired ICC's voluntary codes. Marketing codes cover sponsoring, advertising practice, sales promotion, marketing and social research, direct sales practice, and marketing on the Internet. Launched in 1991, ICC's Business Charter for Sustainable Development provides 16 principles for good environmental conduct that have been endorsed by more than 2300 companies and business associations.Practical services to businessThe first Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits came out in 1933 and the latest version, UCP 500, came into effect in January 1994. These rules are used by banks throughout the world. A supplement to UCP 500, called the eUCP, was added in 2002 to deal with the presentation of all electronic or part electronic documents. In 1936, the first nine Incoterms were published, providing standard definitions of universally employed terms like Ex quay, CIF and FOB, and whenever necessary they are revised. Incoterms 2000 came into force on 1 January 2000.In 1950 the International Bureau of Chambers of Commerce (IBCC) was created. It quickly became a focal point for cooperation between chambers of commerce in developing and industrialcountries, and took on added importance as chambers of commerce of transition economies responded to the stimulus of the market economy. In 2001, on the occasion of the 2nd World Chambers Congress in Korea, IBCC was renamed the World Chambers Federation (WCF), clarifying WCF as the world business organization's department for chamber of commerce affairs. WCF also administers the ATA Carnet system for temporary duty-free imports, a service delivered by chambers of commerce, which started in 1958 and is now operating in over 57 countries. Another ICC service, the Institute for World Business Law was created in 1979 to study legal issues relating to international business. At the Cannes film festival every year, the Institute holds a conference on audiovisual law.The fight against commercial crimeIn the early 1980s, ICC set up three London-based services to combat commercial crime: the International Maritime Bureau, dealing with all types of maritime crime; the Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau; and the Financial Investigation Bureau. A cybercrime unit was added in 1998. An umbrella organization, ICC Commercial Crime Services, coordinates the activities of the specialized anti-crime services.All these activities fulfil the pledge made in a key article of the ICC's constitution: "to assure effective and consistent action in the economic and legal fields in order to contribute to the harmonious growth and the freedom of international commerce."Origin of ICC in Asia.ICC opened a regional office for Asia in Hong Kong in January 1997, a move prompted by the growing importance of the region in the world economy. In 2003, the office was relocated to Singapore.ICC Asia's mission is to raise the world business organization's profile in Asia, promote ICC arbitration and dispute resolution services, and assist ICC national committees throughout the region.Summation of ICC in China.ICC China is an ICC national committee. These national bodies comprise leading companies and business associations in their countries or territories. National committees shape ICC policies and alert their governments to international business concerns. Companies and business associations interested in joining are invited to contact ICC China.。
全球商务专业词汇(中英文对照)
1.全球化的商务活动国际商务:(international business)跨国企业:(multinational enterprise)对外直接投资:(foreign direct investment)全球商务:(global business)新兴经济体:(emerging economies)新兴市场:(emerging markets)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product)购买力评价法:(purchasing power parity)三大经济体:(triad)金字塔底层: (base of the pyramid)反向创新: (reverse innovation)外派经理: (expatriate manager)跨国补贴: (international premium)外商劣势: (liability of foreignness)全球化: (globalization)风险管理: (risk management)情景规划:(scenario planning)半全球化: (semiglobalization)非政府组织: (nongovernment qrganization) 2.理解政治、法律和经济制度:(institutions)制度转型: (institutional transitions)制度基础观:(institution-based view)制度框架:(institutional framework)正式的制度:(formal institutions)规章支柱:(regulatory pillar)非正式制度:(informal institutions)规范支柱:(normative pillar)认知支柱:(cognitive pillar)交易成本:(transaction costs)机会主义:(opportunism)有限理性:(bounded rationality)政治体制:(political system)民主制:(democracy)集权制:(totalitarianism)政治风险:(political risk)法律体系:(legal system)大陆法:(civil law)普通法:(common law)神权法:(theocratic law)智力资产:(intellectual property)知识产权:(intellectual property rights)国有企业:(state-owned enterprise)道德风险:(moral hazard)专利:(patent)版权:(copyright)商标:(trademark)盗版:(priracy)经济体制:(economic system)市场经济体制:(market economy)计划经济体制:(command economy)混合经济体制:(mixed economy)主权财富基金:(sovereign wealth fund)3.重视文化、道德和规范民族中心主义:(ethnocentrism)社会结构:(social structure)社会分层:(social stratification)社会流动性:(social mobility)低语境文化:(low-context culture)权利距离:(power distance)个人主义:(individualism)集体主义:(collectivism)文明:(civilization)族群:(cluster)男性特征:(masculinity)女性特征:(femininity)不确定性规避:(uncertainty avoidance)长期导向:(long-term orientation)道德:(ethics)行为准则:(code of conduct)道德相对主义:(ethical relativism)道德帝国主义:(ethical imperialism)腐败:(corruption)文化智慧:(cultural intelligence)《反海外腐败法》:(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act) 4.在全球利用能力资源基础观:(resource-based view)SWOT分析:(SWOT analysis)资源:(resources)能力:(capability)价值链:(value chain)基准分析法:(benchmarking)商品化:(commoditization)外包:(outsourcing)离岸经营:(offshoring)近岸经营:(onshoring)圈养资源:(captive sourcing)因果模糊:(causal ambiguity)辅助资产:(complementary assets)社会复杂性:(social complementary)VRIO框架:(VRIO framework)有形的资源与能力:(tangible resources and capabilities)无形的资源与能力:(intangible resources and capabilities)原始设备制造商:(original equipment manufacturer)原始设计制造商:(original design manufacturer)原始品牌制造商:(original brand manufacturer)5.国际贸易贸易逆差:(trade deficit)贸易顺差:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balance of trade)古典贸易理论:(classical trade theories)现代贸易理论:(modern trade theories)重商贸易理论:(theory of mercantilism)保护主义:(protectionism)自由贸易:(free trade)绝对优势理论:(theory of absolute advantage)比较优势:(comparative advantage)绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(opportunity cost)要素禀赋:(factor endowments)要素禀赋理论:(factor endowments theory)先动者优势:(first-mover advantage)钻石理论:(diamond theory)资源可流动性:(resource mobility)关税壁垒:(tariff barrier)进口关税:(import tariff)净损失成本:(dead-weight costs)非关税壁垒:(nontariff barrier)补贴:(subsidies)进口配额:(import quota)自愿出口限制:(voluntary export restraint)当地含量要求:(local content requirement)行政管理政策:(administrative policy)反倾销税:(antidumping duty)幼稚产业观点:(infant industry argument)贸易禁令:(trade embargo)国家产业竞争优势理论:(theory of national competitive advantage of industries)战略性贸易理论:(strategic trade theory)产品生命周期理论:(product life cycle theory)战略性贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)6.对外直接投资对外证券投资:(foreign portfolio investment)管理控制权:(management control rights)欧力优势:(OLI advantages)所有权:(ownership)区位:(location)内部化:(internalization)扩散风险:(dissemination risks)积聚效应:(agglomeration)知识溢出:(knowledge spillover)市场失败:(market failure)激进观点:(radical view on FDI)市场的不完善:(market imperfection)自由市场观点:(free market view on FDI)实用民族主义:(pragmatic nationalism)技术溢出:(technology spillover)示范效用:(demonstration effect)议价能力:(bargaining power)沉没成本:(sunk cost)议价能力衰减:(obsolescing bargain)感染和模仿效应:(contagion or imitation effect)水平对外直接投资:(horizontal FDI)垂直对外直接投资:(vertical FDI)上游垂直对外直接投资:(upstream vertical FDI)下游垂直对外直接投资:(downstream vertical FDI)对外直接投资流量:(FDI flow)对外直接投资存量:(FDI stock)7.外汇交易外汇汇率:(foreign exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)国际收支平衡:(balance of payments)浮动汇率制:(floating exchange rate policy)自由浮动:(clean float)有管理的浮动:(dirty float)目标汇率:(target exchange rates)爬行带:(crawling bands)固定汇率制:(fixed exchange rate policy)盯住:(peg)顺风车效应:(bandwagon effect)资本外逃:(capital flight)金本位制:(gold standard)兑换中介:(common denominator)配额:(quota)外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)即期交易:(spot transaction)远期交易:(foreign transaction)货币套期保值:(currency hedging)远期贴水:(forward discount)远期升水:(forward premium)货币互换:(currency swap)最低报价:(offer rate)买入价:(bid rate)价差:(spread)外汇风险:(currency risk)战略性对冲:(strategic headging)货币局制度:(currency board)布雷顿森林体系:(Bretton Woods System)国际货币基金组织:(International Monetary Fund)8.全球与区域一体化多边贸易体制:(multilateral trading system)非歧视性:(non-discrimination)自由贸易区:(free trade area)关税同盟:(customs union)共同市场:(common market)经济联盟:(economic union)货币联盟:(monetary union)政治联盟:(political union)区域经济一体化:(regional economic integration)全球经济一体化:(global economic integration) 9.进入外国市场区位优势:(location-specific advantages)文化距离:(cultural distance)制度差异:(institutional distance)先动者优势:(first-mover advantages)后动者优势:(late-mover advantages)进入规模:(scale of entry)进入模式:(mode of entry)非股权模式:(non-equity mode)股权模式:(equity mode)交钥匙工程:(turn key project)研发合同:(R&D contract)联合营销:(co-marketing)合资企业:(joint venture)全资子公司:(wholly owned subsidiary)绿地运营:(greenfield operation)10.创业型企业中小型企业:(small and medium-sized)创业:(entrepreneurship)创业者:(entrepreneurs)国际创业:(international entrepreneurship)风险投资者:(venture capitalist)小额信贷:(microfinance)天生国际企业:(born global)直接出口:(direct export)信用证:(letter of credit)许可证:(licensing)特许经营:(franchising)间接出口:(indirect export)出口中介:(export intermediary)连续创业者:(serial entrepreneur)阶段模型:(stage model)11.联盟与收购战略联盟:(strategic alliances)契约性联盟:(contractual alliances)基于股权联盟:(equity-based alliances)战略性投资:(stragic investment)交叉持股:(cross-shareholding)收购:(acquisition)合并:(merger)尽职调查:(due diligence)实物期权:(real option)学习竞赛:(learning race)关系能力:(relational capability)收购溢价:(acquisition premium)战略匹配:(strategic fit)组织匹配:(organizational fit)干中学:(learning by doing)过度自信:(hubris)管理动机:(managerial motives) 12.管理动态竞争动态竞争:(competitive dynamics)竞争者分析:(competitor analysis)合谋:(collusion)隐性合谋:(tacit collusion)显性合谋:(explicit collusion)反托拉斯法:(anti-trust law)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)博弈论:(game theory)集中度:(concentration ratio)价格领袖:(price leader)惩罚能力:(capacity to punish)市场共通性:(market commonality)多市场竞争:(multimarket competition)相互容忍:(mutual for bearance)跨市场报复:(cross-market retaliation)竞争政策:(competition policy)串通定价:(collusive prise setting)掠夺性定价:(predatory pricing)倾销:(dumping)反倾销法:(antidumping law)资源相似性:(resource similarity)攻击:(attack)反击:(counterattack)蓝海战略:(blue ocean strategy)防御者:(defender)扩展者:(extender)躲避者:(dodger)竞争者:(contender)13.战略与结构地区调适:(local responsiveness)母国复制战略:(home replication strategy)当地化战略:(localization strategy)卓越中心:(centres of excellence)全球托管:(world wide mandate)跨国战略:(transnational division strategy)国际部结构:(international division)地理区域结构:(geographic area structure)全球矩阵结构:(global matrix)组织文化:(organizational culture)知识管理:(knowledge management)显性知识:(explicit knowledge)隐性知识:(tacit knowledge)开放式创新:(open innovation)全球虚拟团队:(global virtual team)吸收能力:(absorptive capacity)社会资本:(social capital)子公司主导:(subsidiary initiative)全球客户结构:(global account structure)整合-响应模型:(integration-responsiveness framework)全球标准化战略:(global standar dization strategy)国家或区域经理:(country manager)全球产品部结构:(global product division structure)微观-宏观联系:(mocro-macro link)基于解决方案的结构:(solutions-based structure)14.公司治理融资:(financing)公司治理:(corporate governance)股权:(equity)股东:(shareholder)债务:(debt)债券:(bond)债券持有人:(bond-holder)违约:(default)资本成本:(cost of capital)跨境上市:(cross-listing)集中的所有权及控制权:(concentrated ownership and control)所有权分散:(diffused ownership)所有权和控制权相分离:(separation of ownership and control)首席执行官:(chief executive officer)高管团队:(top management team)代理关系:(agency relationship)委托人:(principal)代理人:(agent)代理理论:(agency theory)委托-代理冲突:(principal-agent conflicts)代理成本:(agency costs)信息不对称:(information asymmetries)委托-委托冲突:(principal-principal conflicts)剥削:(expropriation)挖墙脚:(tunneling)关联交易:(related transaction)内部董事:(inside director)外部董事:(outside director)CEO兼任:(CEOduality)基于话语的机制:(voice-based mechanisms)基于退出的机制:(exit-based mechanisms)私募股权:(private equity)杠杆收购:(leveraged buyout)股东型资本主义:(shareholder capitalism)管理人力资本:(managerial human capital)管家理论:(steward ship theory)15.公司社会责任公司社会责任:(corporate social responsibility)利益相关者:(stakeholder)三重底线:(triple bottom line)反应性战略:(reactive strategy)防御性战略:(defensive strategy)适应性战略:(accommodative strategy)行为准则:(codes of conduct)前瞻性战略:(proactive strategy)全球可持续发展:(global sustainability)首要利益相关者群体:(primary stakeholder groups)次要利益相关者群体:(secondary stakeholder groups)。
第一章国际商务导论教学教材
traditional International business books and； 2. domestic business activities.
3
International Business and Global Business
Many previously national (domestic) markets are now globalized.
9
Second Core Perspective: A Resource-Based View
The resource-based view focuses on a firm’s internal resources and capabilities.
Foreign firms have to overcome a liability of foreignness, which is the inherent disadvantage that foreign firms experience in host countries because of their nonnative status.
Chapter 1 Globalizing Business
第一章 全球化的商务活动
International Business and Global Business
International Business (IB) is defined: 1. a business (firm) that engages in international (cross-
International Business and Management 国际商务管理
Jilin University of Finance and EconomicsInternational Finance0922International Management Managing Across Borders and Culture MGT387 International Business and ManagementName:Wu KefeiCSU ID:11504424Lecture:Robert Herriot&Ms.Wang SuyuDue Date:06-Apr-2012Contact Method:sakura_fay@IntroductionIn this essay, the mainly idea is the international management and the culture.PART AIn this part I mainly expound the challenges and the problems the managers and the MNCs should face.We can consider the managers and the MNCs as an entirety. So the problem will be easy to find.Since the 1990 s, because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the push over of the Berlin wall .The countries all over the world turn the military competition to the economic competition.So the globalisation is the trend of the world.Globalization can be defined as “the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies…in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before”(p 1).Firstly, we should think about the characteristics and the qualities of the MNCs. It based on the strongly and large company; it has a complete decision-making system and the highest decision-making system, it sarted from the global strategy of business activities; it has the strongly economic and technical power; for certain products or in some areas; it has the different degrees of monopoly.Then we can know that to solve the challenges, MNCs make the “global strategy”. This can help us to understand what the problem is.a) The environment of the company. It can be divided into two parts: internal environment and the external environment. The environment is very important element for the company. Lin Kang (2000) gives the point that “the purpose of the analysis is to know the advantages and thedisadvantages” (p71).b) Financial management. Cut the cost, gain market share and maximize the profit. The foreign exchange risk is the biggest problem for the company to solve. Because of m ultinational company’s decentralization of production and business operation, manage many countries and regions’enterprise.It must raise capital or all kinds of money funds from different capital market . The currency of choice between various monetary, exchange rate fluctuation, which convert the profits and losses of the risks of is inevitable.c) Human resource management. Manage the diversity of employees, set up different competitive advantage, preserve different moral standards, enhance the management of information technology and electronic commerce.Global economic integration trend of the development makes numerous of the group facing unprecedented fierce competition, also put forward the managers rethink the global environment, and how to improve the organizational performance level and looking for better organization resources. The appearance of the global organization is facing more powerful pressure of competition. In regard to the managers of global competition environment, if the managers not make the self-adjust, the company will be in a passive position. The influence of globalization on enterprise is very big. It not only makes the enterprise facing a greater range of market, also can bring many benefits to the enterprise. It put forward the new requirements of competitive advantages for the enterprise, at the same time the change of the inner staff structure of the enterprise organization also put forward the new challenges.PART BTopic 1 International Business EnvironmentGenerally speaking, the international business environment includes the “Legal, Technological, Accounting, and Political”. (RickyW.Griffin.p76).Virtually all decisions facing international managers-whom to hire, how to market their company’s goods in the host market, which technologies to adopt, and so forth-are affected by the national environment of the country in which the transaction occurs.The requirement of the international business environment: the smaller risk, higher of the safety, the loss (threat)is small, earn more opportunities. But in fact, high investment income often occurred with bigger risk. Even so, we want to compare the returns and risks, only the earning is enough to offset the cost of risk, international business activities can be undertaken. We should think over the environment in these methods:First, consider the comparison of the countries. Second, evaluation of operating environment level method .Third, use the opportunity, threat analysis method.In a broad sense, the international business environment of the enterprise has been divided into two parts: the environment of the host countries and the international management environment. “The international business is provided with similarity, regularity and the extensive conditionality”, said the Xue Qiuzhi(2002).Helen Deresky (2011.p15)make the conclusion that: “at the present situation, the financial crisis is hitting the world of work “.A) We should consider the global business environment .In this part we should think over the Globality and Emerging Markets, Effects of Institutions on Global Trade, Effects of Globalization of Corporations, Regional Trading Blocs, and the Global Manager’s role.B) The political and economic environment. Proactive globally-oriented firms maintain an up-to-date profile of the countries on which they maintainoperations (or have plans for future investment). In this part, we can see the political risk, political risk assessment , managing political risk and managing terrorism risk ,economic risk.C) The legal environment. The prudent global manager consults with legal services, both locally and at headquarters, to comply withhost-country regulations and to maintain cooperative long-term relationships in the local area. In this part, the contract law, other regulatory issues are the important views.D) The technological environment. The effects of technology around the world are pervasive—both in business and in private lives. In many parts of the world, whole generations of technological development are being skipped over. In this part the global e-business is the key point.A skillful global manager cannot develop a suitable strategic plan or consider an investment abroad within these elements.Case: From the first KFC setting up in Beijing, there are 2000 KFC restaurants in China.1, Localization innovation.KFC has been developed as the speed of opening one restaurant a day in China. It shows the internal environment of the international business. In fact, KFC purchased the material at the local areas. As their three basic foods (bread, chicken, and vegetables) has been purchased all from China. As we know, people widely acclaimed “menu location”. They improve the hamburgers towards Chinese taste. And they provided the Beijing roll-chicken and the newrice-set-meal. KFC doesn’t be a stickler for their own product created many new localizational food. In this point, KFC is a superior.2. Nonzero start. This is only for franchisee. As a franchisee, they don’t need to choose the place where it open, recruit employee, trains itself. KFC give the franchisee operating, mature and profitable restaurants. This can increase the success rate and the quality of the operation. Also help themselves expandquickly.3.Go to third-class city.KFC decline the expense for franchisee in second-third class city. This can ct the cost of management and the operating risk.From the above, KFC has analyze the environment thorough. This makes KFC in a good development in China.Topic 2 Ethics and Social ResponsibilityThe present situation of the management ethics: the most prominent of the lack of moral performance is fake, bribery, lack of credit. We all know the Sanlu Milk Powder Incident. "As many as 10, 000 infants may have drunk the contaminated Sanlu milk powder,” vice health minister Ma Shaowei warned. (online) Melamine, also known as C3H6N6, is common plastic chemical raw materials, but also can be used as rodent poisons. For adults, renal function is completely, has the metabolism ability, so the melamine doesn’t do harm to adults. But for children, it is easy to cause kidney stones. According to medical experts, melamine is a low toxic chemical products, infant intake can cause urinary tract diseases. At present with the infant of urinary stone, is mainly caused by eating contains a large number of melamine caused SanLuPai baby formula milk powder, most children through the water more, frequently urinating and other methods, the stones can pass spontaneously.The cause of moral dilemma: Information: "buy buyers than pure", information advantage, information asymmetry; Human nature problem: rational limited, benefit driving, advance speculative phenomenon. Moral dilemma caused the concept of management review. The several related of morality: utilitarianism; right highest; fair; social contract; do as you would be done by.Influence factors of management ethics: 1. moral development stage.Moral development has three stages: Lowest level-former practices levels: only in its personal interests are affected until circumstances will make the moral judgment; Middle level-practice levels: moral judgment standard is a person is to maintain normal order and meet the expectations of others; The highest level-the level principle: men attempt to the authority of society in the organization or outside to establish the moral standards.2. personal characteristics. Managers of the personal characteristics of the organization’s management have direct influence on ethics: Managers of personal values (including morality), self-confidence, and self-control. Managers of individual self-confidence and self-control and management also has a moral relationship.3. Organization structure. Organization the internal organization of responsibilities and have the necessary power in check, monitoring, inspection and audit the mechanism, is there any external masses and the supervision of public opinion.4. organizational culture. Have the good faith, the tolerance of organizational culture5. problems strength. The so-called problem strength, it is to point to this problem, if take immoral behavior could have consequences of processing the severity.Moral problems strength will directly influence the manager's decision. Enterprise values: Values are about the value of certain beliefs, attitudes, and proposal.Do good to enterprise, make the enterprise stronger and larger. All business enterprise management should be fit for ethical behavior.Topic 3 Understanding the Role of CultureNow, I set up a example of this topic: To separate the other MNCs with the LG company. The Chinese R&D center (research and developmentcenter) set up in 2000.The R&D center has three functions: 1. It’s the only centre for developing cellphone.2. It’s the center of developing cellphone for the world.3. The knowledge forum is very successful. LG has founded the communication system in-group. LG has combined the culture of Korea and China.The differences between the Korean culture and Chinese culture is a big problem for LG. In order to solve it, the staff in the company communicates with each other through heart-to-heart, and the view of the problem.At present, LG electricity has emphasized the “open communication”. The spread the English as the daily language.So, under the situation of the globalization, LG has show the important role of culture.First, we should know the culture and its effects on organizations.1.The social culture. As generally understood, the culture of a society comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. It includes many aspects: material culture, the language and communication, religion, education and appreciation of the beauty.2. Organizational Culture. The organizational culture is different from social culture. It often widely held within a region or nation.Kennedy and Deere summarize the system and the theory for five elements: The enterprise environment, values, heroes, cultural ceremonies and cultural network. (Online)3.Culture’s effects on management. Management as a coordinate activities activities, has a close connection to the culture. It defines the value scale culture in constructing cultural value concept and scalesystem ,described on the basis of the influence of culture on management practice, including the influence of the culture of the organization, culture for strategic management, and the influence of culture on the influence of the human resource management. This for our country in the new historical conditions improving all kinds of organization management performance, especially in "humanistic management", has very important affect.4. Influences on National Culture. Managers should recognize, of course, that generalizations in cultural profiles will produce only an approximation, or stereotype, of national character. Cultural need to exchange, only in the cultural exchange can spread to remove rubbish, and absorbs the essence and developing speak copycat, so, we must first understand what we have. Then see what foreign can give. If we don't know our own advantages, and the lack of a choice of basis points, in the end, what we can get is the faults of others.Reference1.Helen Deresky. (2011). International Management Managing Across Borders and Cultures.7th.ed.Australia: Pearson education.2.Lin Kang. (2000). Multinational company and multinational management.1st.ed.Beijing: University of International Business and Economics press.3.Ricky W.Griffin &Michael W.Pustay.(2010).International Business.6th.ed.United States of America. Permissions Department .One Lake Street. Upper Saddle River New Jersey 17458.Pearson Education,Inc.4.Stephen B. Salter & Timothy D. Doupink. (2005.8.18).”In Latin America,Rich-Poor Chasm Stifles Growth.”Wall Street Journal.5.Xue Qiuzhi &Liu Zixin. (2002). International Business Management.2nd.th. Shanghai:Fudan University press.6./view/54075.htm (2012-4-5)7.http:(202-4-5)。
国际商务 英文作文
国际商务英文作文英文：International business is becoming increasingly important in today's globalized world. As someone who has worked in this field for several years, I believe that there are several key factors to be successful in international business.Firstly, it is important to have a good understanding of different cultures and customs. This includes not only knowing the language, but also understanding the way people communicate, their values and beliefs, and their business practices. For example, in some cultures, it is considered rude to refuse an offer, even if you do not want it. Knowing these nuances can help avoid misunderstandings and build stronger relationships with clients and partners.Secondly, it is important to be adaptable and flexible. International business often involves dealing withunexpected situations, such as changes in regulations or unexpected delays. Being able to adapt to these changes quickly and effectively can make all the difference in maintaining a successful business relationship. For example, if a shipment is delayed due to unforeseen circumstances, being able to quickly find an alternative solution can help avoid costly delays and maintain customer satisfaction.Finally, communication is key in international business. This includes not only clear and effective communicationwith clients and partners, but also within your own team. Miscommunication can lead to costly mistakes and misunderstandings, so it is important to ensure that everyone is on the same page. For example, if a project deadline is changed, it is important to communicate this clearly to all team members to avoid confusion and ensure that everyone is working towards the same goal.中文：在当今全球化的世界中，国际商务变得越来越重要。
国际商务名词解释
国际商务名词解释1、国际商务（international business）是一研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的学科。
2、跨国公司（multi-national enterprises,MNEs）公司的总部位于某一个国家，但在其他国家从事经营活动。
3、要素条件（factor conditions）土地，劳动力，资本。
4、基本任务（basic mission）公司的业务是什么？公司存在的原因是什么？5、前景分析（scenario analysis）指设想、描绘和分析可能发生的事件。
6、孪生工厂（twin factories）建立在两国国界两侧，并引发产品在两国间的流动。
7、对外直接投资群组（FDI cluster）指通常与美日欧成员国处于同一地理区域，并与之有某种形式经济联系的一组发展中国家。
8、思想体系（ideology）指引导社会行为的一整套信仰、理论和主义。
9、市场经济（market-driven economy）商品和服务是以需求为基础进行配置的。
10、计划经济（centrally determined economy）商品和服务按照一个委员会制定的计划进行配置，是这个委员会决定生产和提供什么，消费者只能买到政府决定出售的东西。
11、贸易创造（trade creation）使经济一体化成员国中那些高效、低成本的生产者从高成本的生产者手中得到市场份额，并且增加出口。
12、贸易转移（trade diversion）更高效的非成员国将其生产及出口市场丢失给更低效、但却受到关税及其他壁垒保护的成员国。
13、内部规模经济（internal economies of scale）14、外部规模经济（external economies of scale）15、文化（culture）是人们用于解释经验和产生的社会行为的且于后天获得的知识。
16、种族优越感（ethnocentrism）相信自己的行为优于他人。
国际商务综合知识点总结
国际商务综合知识点总结国际商务是指跨国界间从事贸易、投资、技术、劳务、旅游等经济活动的一种商务行为。
国际商务的发展是国际经济一体化发展的必然产物，也是世界经济发展的需要。
国际商务的成功与否，将直接影响到一个国家的经济发展。
因此，对国际商务的相关知识点进行综合总结，对于了解、学习及研究国际商务具有重要意义。
一、国际商务的基本概念国际商务是指国际贸易、国际投资、国际旅游以及国际技术等活动的总称。
国际商务是指在国际范围内进行贸易和投资活动。
它包括进出口贸易、国际合作、国际分工、国际市场等各种商务活动。
国际商务是由国际贸易和国际投资两大活动组成的。
二、国际商务的发展趋势1.全球化趋势：世界范围内市场的变得更开放，国家之间的经济联系日益紧密，国际商务发展为全球化。
2.信息技术的影响：互联网和信息技术的快速发展，改变了国际商务的模式，提高了贸易效率和质量。
3.自由贸易区与关税联盟：自由贸易区有利于提高成员国整体竞争力，关税联盟降低了贸易壁垒，加速了国际贸易的发展速度。
4.国际服务贸易：随着国际旅游和国际物流的发展，国际服务贸易成为国际商务的重要组成部分。
5.环保和可持续发展：国际商务趋向可持续发展，通过绿色贸易和环保贸易，推动经济增长与环保之间的平衡。
三、国际商务的组织形式1. 跨国公司：企业通过设立海外子公司、控股子公司、合资企业、合作企业等方式组建跨国公司，开展国际商务活动。
2. 国际贸易中介：包括贸易公司、进出口公司、报关行、物流公司等专门从事国际贸易活动的企业。
3. 国际贸易组织：如世界贸易组织（WTO）、国际贸易中心等，这些组织为各国的国际贸易进行规范和促进。
四、国际商务的运作流程1. 市场开拓：了解国外市场需求、市场容量、市场价格和市场环境等。
2. 产品生产：根据对外贸易市场的要求，逐步建立生产体系，加大产品的品质、品种和规模，提高产品的国际竞争力。
3. 供应链管理：采用有效的供应链管理体系，确保产品的供货及时和品质稳定。
international business学位
international business学位国际商务（International Business）是指跨国公司和组织之间进行跨境贸易和投资活动的商业领域。
随着全球化的不断发展，国际商务的重要性也日益突显。
本文将探讨国际商务的定义、特点和重要性，并分析学习国际商务的好处。
国际商务是指企业在国际市场上的经济活动。
它涉及到跨国公司之间的贸易、外汇市场和国际金融交易等方面。
国际商务的特点包括跨境贸易、多媒体与电子商务等，这些特点要求企业具备跨国经营的能力和跨文化交流的能力。
国际商务的重要性不容忽视。
首先，国际商务为企业提供了广阔的市场机会。
通过拓展国际市场，企业可以实现规模经济，降低成本，提高竞争力。
其次，国际商务有助于企业获取国际资源。
通过与跨国公司合作，企业可以获取先进技术、资金和人才等资源，提升自身竞争力。
第三，国际商务增加了企业的灵活性和风险承担能力。
通过多元化市场，企业可以降低国内风险的影响，提高企业的生存能力。
最后，国际商务促进了经济增长和国家的发展。
国际贸易和投资活动带来了资本流动、技术创新、就业机会等多方面的好处，对国家的经济发展起到了积极的推动作用。
学习国际商务对个人和企业来说都是有益的。
首先，学习国际商务可以提升个人的国际视野和跨文化交流能力。
在全球化的背景下，了解不同国家和文化的商务习俗和法规对于个人的职业发展非常重要。
其次，学习国际商务可以增加个人的就业机会。
由于国际贸易活动的增加，对具备国际商务背景和能力的人才的需求也在增长。
拥有国际商务学位的人员在就业市场上具有竞争力。
此外，学习国际商务还有助于企业的发展和增强竞争力。
企业可以通过培养具备国际商务知识和技能的员工，提高企业的国际竞争力和战略能力。
然而，学习国际商务也面临一些挑战。
首先，由于国际商务涉及到多个国家和地区，包括不同的法律、文化和商务习惯等，学习和理解多样性是一项挑战。
其次，随着全球化的加剧和信息技术的发展，国际商务的竞争也变得更加激烈和复杂。
《商务翻译》授课案例集.
Reference books:《商务英语言语修辞艺术》李太志著，国防工业出版社《商贸汉英翻译评论》刘法公著，外语教学与研究出版社《非文学翻译理论与实践》李长栓编著，中国对外翻译出版公司《工商企业翻译实务》许建忠编著，中国对外翻译出版公司《汉英-英汉经贸口译教程》胡修浩编著，上海财经大学出版社Lecture One Fundamentals of Translation1．International business is business conducted in more than one country, including buying and selling goods and services.国际商务是在两国或更多的国家之间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。
2．I was 54 years old. I had already accomplished a great deal. I was financially secure. I could afford to play golf for the rest of my life.译一: 我54岁了。
我已经取得了很大的成就。
我在财务上很有保障。
我在余下的生命里可以玩得起高尔夫球。
译二: 我那年54岁，已是功成名就、吃穿不愁，满可以打打高尔夫球以度余年。
Lecture Two1. The use of interpreters slows substantially the pace of negotiations.译一: 译员的使用减慢大大谈判的进度。
译二: 使用译员会大大减慢谈判进度2. The UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflicts on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israel's right to exist.联合国文件呼吁以色列撤出所占土地，阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权，在此基础上解决中东冲突。
International-Business-and-Management-国际商务管理
International-Business-and-Management-国际商务管理————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Jilin University of Finance and EconomicsInternational Finance0922International Management Managing Across Borders and Culture MGT387 International Business and ManagementName:Wu KefeiCSU ID:11504424Lecture:Robert Herriot&Ms.Wang SuyuDue Date:06-Apr-2012Contact Method:sakura_fay@IntroductionIn this essay, the mainly idea is the international management and the culture.PART AIn this part I mainly expound the challenges and the problems the managers and the MNCs should face.We can consider the managers and the MNCs as an entirety. So the problem will be easy to find.Since the 1990 s, because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the push over of the Berlin wall .The countries all over the world turn the military competition to the economic competition.So the globalisation is the trend of the world.Globalization can be defined as “the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies…in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before”(p 1).Firstly, we should think about the characteristics and the qualities of the MNCs. It based on the strongly and large company; it has a complete decision-making system and the highest decision-making system, it sarted from the global strategy of business activities; it has the strongly economic and technical power; for certain products or in some areas; it has the different degrees of monopoly.Then we can know that to solve the challenges, MNCs make the “global strategy”. This can help us to understand what the problem is.a) The environment of the company. It can be divided into two parts: internal environment and the external environment. The environment is very important element for the company. Lin Kang (2000) gives the point that “the purpose of the analysis is to know the advantages and thedisadvantages” (p71).b) Financial management. Cut the cost, gain market share and maximize the profit. The foreign exchange risk is the biggest problem for the company to solve. Because of multinational co mpany’s decentralization of production and business operation, manage many countries and regions’enterprise.It must raise capital or all kinds of money funds from different capital market . The currency of choice between various monetary, exchange rate fluctuation, which convert the profits and losses of the risks of is inevitable.c) Human resource management. Manage the diversity of employees, set up different competitive advantage, preserve different moral standards, enhance the management of information technology and electronic commerce.Global economic integration trend of the development makes numerous of the group facing unprecedented fierce competition, also put forward the managers rethink the global environment, and how to improve the organizational performance level and looking for better organization resources. The appearance of the global organization is facing more powerful pressure of competition. In regard to the managers of global competition environment, if the managers not make the self-adjust, the company will be in a passive position. The influence of globalization on enterprise is very big. It not only makes the enterprise facing a greater range of market, also can bring many benefits to the enterprise. It put forward the new requirements of competitive advantages for the enterprise, at the same time the change of the inner staff structure of the enterprise organization also put forward the new challenges.PART BTopic 1 International Business EnvironmentGenerally speaking, the international business environment includes the “Legal, Technological, Accounting, and Political”. (RickyW.Griffin.p76).Virtually all decisions facing international managers-whom to hire, how to market their company’s goods in the host market, which technologies to adopt, and so forth-are affected by the national environment of the country in which the transaction occurs.The requirement of the international business environment: the smaller risk, higher of the safety, the loss (threat)is small, earn more opportunities. But in fact, high investment income often occurred with bigger risk. Even so, we want to compare the returns and risks, only the earning is enough to offset the cost of risk, international business activities can be undertaken. We should think over the environment in these methods:First, consider the comparison of the countries. Second, evaluation of operating environment level method .Third, use the opportunity, threat analysis method.In a broad sense, the international business environment of the enterprise has been divided into two parts: the environment of the host countries and the international management environment. “The international business is provided with similarity, regularity and the extensive conditionality”, said the Xue Qiuzhi(2002).Helen Deresky (2011.p15)make the conclusion that: “at the present situation, the financial crisis is hitting the world of work “.A) We should consider the global business environment .In this part we should think over the Globality and Emerging Markets, Effects of Institutions on Global Trade, Effects of Globalization of Corporations, Regional Trading Blocs, and the Global Manager’s role.B) The political and economic environment. Proactive globally-oriented firms maintain an up-to-date profile of the countries on which they maintainoperations (or have plans for future investment). In this part, we can see the political risk, political risk assessment , managing political risk and managing terrorism risk ,economic risk.C) The legal environment. The prudent global manager consults with legal services, both locally and at headquarters, to comply withhost-country regulations and to maintain cooperative long-term relationships in the local area. In this part, the contract law, other regulatory issues are the important views.D) The technological environment. The effects of technology around the world are pervasive—both in business and in private lives. In many parts of the world, whole generations of technological development are being skipped over. In this part the global e-business is the key point.A skillful global manager cannot develop a suitable strategic plan or consider an investment abroad within these elements.Case: From the first KFC setting up in Beijing, there are 2000 KFC restaurants in China.1, Localization innovation.KFC has been developed as the speed of opening one restaurant a day in China. It shows the internal environment of the international business. In fact, KFC purchased the material at the local areas. As their three basic foods (bread, chicken, and vegetables) has been purchased all from China. As we know, people widely acclaimed “menu location”. They improve the hamburgers towards Chinese taste. And they provided the Beijing roll-chicken and the newrice-set-meal. KFC doesn’t be a stickler for their own product created many new localizational food. In this point, KFC is a superior.2. Nonzero start. This is only for franchisee. As a franchisee, they don’t need to choose the place where it open, recruit employee, trains itself. KFC give the franchisee operating, mature and profitable restaurants. This can increase the success rate and the quality of the operation. Also help themselves expandquickly.3.Go to third-class city.KFC decline the expense for franchisee in second-third class city. This can ct the cost of management and the operating risk.From the above, KFC has analyze the environment thorough. This makes KFC in a good development in China.Topic 2 Ethics and Social ResponsibilityThe present situation of the management ethics: the most prominent of the lack of moral performance is fake, bribery, lack of credit. We all know the Sanlu Milk Powder Incident. "As many as 10, 000 infants may have drunk the contaminated Sanlu milk powder,” vice health minister Ma Shaowei warned. (online) Melamine, also known as C3H6N6, is common plastic chemical raw materials, but also can be used as rodent poisons. For adults, renal function is completely, has the metabolism ability, so the melamine doesn’t do harm to adults. But for children, it is easy to cause kidney stones. According to medical experts, melamine is a low toxic chemical products, infant intake can cause urinary tract diseases. At present with the infant of urinary stone, is mainly caused by eating contains a large number of melamine caused SanLuPai baby formula milk powder, most children through the water more, frequently urinating and other methods, the stones can pass spontaneously.The cause of moral dilemma: Information: "buy buyers than pure", information advantage, information asymmetry; Human nature problem: rational limited, benefit driving, advance speculative phenomenon. Moral dilemma caused the concept of management review. The several related of morality: utilitarianism; right highest; fair; social contract; do as you would be done by.Influence factors of management ethics: 1. moral development stage.Moral development has three stages: Lowest level-former practices levels: only in its personal interests are affected until circumstances will make the moral judgment; Middle level-practice levels: moral judgment standard is a person is to maintain normal order and meet the expectations of others; The highest level-the level principle: men attempt to the authority of society in the organization or outside to establish the moral standards.2. personal characteristics. Managers of the personal characteristics of the organization’s management have direct influence on ethics: Managers of personal values (including morality), self-confidence, and self-control. Managers of individual self-confidence and self-control and management also has a moral relationship.3. Organization structure. Organization the internal organization of responsibilities and have the necessary power in check, monitoring, inspection and audit the mechanism, is there any external masses and the supervision of public opinion.4. organizational culture. Have the good faith, the tolerance of organizational culture5. problems strength. The so-called problem strength, it is to point to this problem, if take immoral behavior could have consequences of processing the severity.Moral problems strength will directly influence the manager's decision. Enterprise values: Values are about the value of certain beliefs, attitudes, and proposal.Do good to enterprise, make the enterprise stronger and larger. All business enterprise management should be fit for ethical behavior.Topic 3 Understanding the Role of CultureNow, I set up a example of this topic: To separate the other MNCs with the LG company. The Chinese R&D center (research and developmentcenter) set up in 2000.The R&D center has three functions: 1. It’s the only centre for developing cellphone.2. It’s the center of developing cellphone for the world.3. The knowledge forum is very successful. LG has founded the communication system in-group. LG has combined the culture of Korea and China.The differences between the Korean culture and Chinese culture is a big problem for LG. In order to solve it, the staff in the company communicates with each other through heart-to-heart, and the view of the problem.At present, LG electricity has emphasized the “open communication”. The spread the English as the daily language.So, under the situation of the globalization, LG has show the important role of culture.First, we should know the culture and its effects on organizations.1.The social culture. As generally understood, the culture of a society comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. It includes many aspects: material culture, the language and communication, religion, education and appreciation of the beauty.2. Organizational Culture. The organizational culture is different from social culture. It often widely held within a region or nation.Kennedy and Deere summarize the system and the theory for five elements: The enterprise environment, values, heroes, cultural ceremonies and cultural network. (Online)3.Culture’s effects on management. Management as a coordinate activities activities, has a close connection to the culture. It defines the value scale culture in constructing cultural value concept and scalesystem ,described on the basis of the influence of culture on management practice, including the influence of the culture of the organization, culture for strategic management, and the influence of culture on the influence of the human resource management. This for our country in the new historical conditions improving all kinds of organization management performance, especially in "humanistic management", has very important affect.4. Influences on National Culture. Managers should recognize, of course, that generalizations in cultural profiles will produce only an approximation, or stereotype, of national character. Cultural need to exchange, only in the cultural exchange can spread to remove rubbish, and absorbs the essence and developing speak copycat, so, we must first understand what we have. Then see what foreign can give. If we don't know our own advantages, and the lack of a choice of basis points, in the end, what we can get is the faults of others.Reference1.Helen Deresky. (2011). International Management Managing Across Borders and Cultures.7th.ed.Australia: Pearson education.2.Lin Kang. (2000). Multinational company and multinational management.1st.ed.Beijing: University of International Business and Economics press.3.Ricky W.Griffin &Michael W.Pustay.(2010).International Business.6th.ed.United States of America. Permissions Department .One Lake Street. Upper Saddle River New Jersey 17458.Pearson Education,Inc.4.Stephen B. Salter & Timothy D. Doupink. (2005.8.18).”In Latin America,Rich-Poor Chasm Stifles Growth.”Wall Street Journal.5.Xue Qiuzhi &Liu Zixin. (2002). International Business Management.2nd.th. Shanghai:Fudan University press.6./view/54075.htm (2012-4-5)7.http:(202-4-5)。
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10
The New Global Challengers
Some 100 companies from Emerging Markets poised to become important 21st-century MNEs. Examples: • Brazil: Embraer, Sadia & Perdiago, Natura Mexico: America Movil, Groupo Modelo India: RanbGalanz, Haier, Chunlan Group Corp., Lenovo, Pearl River Piano Turkey: Koc Holding, Vestel & Sisecam
Chapter 9
Understanding Emerging Markets
International Business Strategy, Management & the New Realities by Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
6
Developing Economies
• Low discretionary incomes; limited proportion of personal income spent on purchases other than food, clothing, and housing. • As a proportion of world population, 17% live on less than $1 per day; 40% live on less than $2 per day • Combination of low income and high birth rates tends to perpetuate poverty. • Sometimes called underdeveloped countries or third-world countries, but these terms are imprecise
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
14
Opportunities for Foreign Firms in China
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
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Transition Economies
• Special category of Emerging Market Economies • Mainly former Soviet Union countries. E.g., Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia • Long characterized by excessive regulation and entrenched government bureaucracy • Undertook large-scale privatization of state-owned enterprises • Have made great strides in political and economic restructuring • Introducing legal frameworks to protect business and consumer interests and ensure intellectual property rights • Initially, western companies had a hard time recruiting managers who understand modern management practices
Example – starting a new business:
In sub-Saharan countries in Africa, involves an average of 11 different approvals, and takes 62 days to complete. In advanced economies, takes an average of 6 approvals, and 17 days to complete.
1
Classifying Countries based on Economic Development
Advanced economies: post-industrial countries characterized by high per-capita income, highly competitive industries, and welldeveloped commercial infrastructure. E.g., Australia, Canada, Japan, United States, and Western European countries. Developing economies: low-income countries characterized by limited industrialization and stagnant economies. E.g., most low income countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, such as Bangladesh, Nicaragua and Zaire. Emerging market economies: a subset of former developing economies that have achieved substantial industrialization, modernization, improved living standards, and remarkable economic growth. They are some 27 countries in East and South Asia, Latin America, Middle East and Eastern Europe. Examples: Brazil, Russia, India, China.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
8
Emerging Market Economies (‘Emerging Markets’)
• Most distinguishing characteristic: countries are enjoying rapidly improving living standards and a growing middle class with rising economic aspirations. Evolving towards wealthy nation status. • Importance in the world economy is increasing as attractive destinations for exports, FDI, and sourcing. • Account for over 40% of world GDP, over 30% of exports, and receive over 20% of FDI. • In mid-2000s, collectively had average annual GDP growth rate of nearly 7%, much faster than advanced economies • Benefit from low-cost labor, knowledge workers, low-cost capital, government support, and powerful conglomerates
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
7
Developing Economies (cont’d)
• Hindered by high infant mortality, malnutrition, short life expectancy, illiteracy, and poor education systems; correlates with vicious cycle of poverty. • Productivity. Stagnant; living standards deteriorate, particular in countries with high population growth rates • Debt. Governments are often severely indebted. Countries in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia have debt levels close to their annual GDP. • Bureaucracy. Much of Africa’s poverty is the result of government policies that discourage entrepreneurship, trade, and investment.