英语国家社会与文化入门上册_第六单元British__Literature
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】(英国简介(2))【圣才】
第2章英国简介（2）Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. Ireland is part of Great Britain. _____【答案】F【解析】爱尔兰是一个独立国家，位于爱尔兰岛北部的北爱尔兰才是英国的一部分。
2. “Ulster”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. _____【答案】T【解析】阿尔斯特指的是北爱尔兰，它曾经是一个古爱尔兰王国的名称。
3. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. _____【答案】F【解析】贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首府，拥有人口二十余万。
4. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. _____【答案】F【解析】北爱尔兰重要不仅仅是因为它的工业发达，还因为它在历史上与英国政府的不断冲突，更多是政治意义上的重要性。
5. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. _____【答案】T【解析】大部分爱尔兰人民是凯尔特人的后代，他们远在罗马人入侵英国的两千年前就在英国居住。
6. Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. _____ 【答案】T【解析】大部分英国人是新教徒，大部分爱尔兰人是天主教徒。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit
Other ethical groups include Chinese, South Asian, and Latin American communities
Canadian Ethnicity and Multiculturalism
Summary: Canada's vast natural landscape offers a range of outdoor activities for tourists and residents alike
American Pop Culture and Entertainment
Summary: American pop culture is known worldwide for its influence in music, film, television, and more
03
Canadian Society and Culture
Key Events
Some of the significant events in British history include the Industrial Revolution, World War II, and the transition to a post colonial power
Customs and Etiquette
Protocol and etiquette play a significant role in British culture, specifically in formal settings For instance, it is customary to meet royalty with a curtsey or a bow
英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）汉语译文之英国UKeconomy
Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案
Book1 Unit 1之巴公井开创作创作时间：贰零贰壹年柒月贰叁拾日1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They importeda rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the secondlargest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England.(2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than theother nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens.(2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Somepeople speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces. 3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to othercountries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was WordStrd by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeoisrepublican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to WordStr them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); thecommon laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England. PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministersin the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: Voters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament againstthe big parties' representatives. Voting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government. 2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats.Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible andpragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social. 3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and moreabout soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UNSecurity Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history.A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out. Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued togrow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.(3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as theUK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; wrence "Sons and Lovers" and E.M.Forster "a Passage to India";(postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Pleasecomment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since WorldWar II? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war. So withthe help of the church and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 education act madeentry to secondary schools and universities meritocratic.Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right toa free secondary education and the main concern was to makesure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain haverather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think ofthis system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanks to thesystem, tens of thousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year. And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britainreact to this reality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford tomaintain its empire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized thatcountries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain wasone of the most powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policymakers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Brit ain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial histor y made the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economicopportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’sforeign policy represent the desires of British citizen? 1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the generaldirection of Britain’s foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions.2)Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, thegovernm ent’s foreign policy in theory represented the desires of its electorate , but in fact british citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home. On the whole, they are not very inclined to try to influence the direction of Britain’s foreign policy. There are a number of different interest groups however, and it is interesting that rare occurrences of civil disobedience in the UK often involve foreign policy issues.4.Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC wasand remains controversial in Britain?1)It is an important psychological decision for the nationbecause traditionally Britain had looked beyond its European neighbors felling that really it had more common with the。
《英语国家社会与文化》复习资料
《英语国家社会与文化》复习题I. Explain the following terms:1. Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States ofAmerica. He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the US Constitution.2. King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 15th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legendsII. Choose the best answer.1. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons2. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District3. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. England B . Scotland C. Wales D. Northem Ireland4. The Tories were the forerunners of _______ , which still bears the nickname today.A. the Labour PartyB. the Liberal PartyC. the Social Democratic PartyD. the Conservative Party5. Martin Luther King, Jr., a young black clergyman, became a national leader of the_______ Movement.A. BoycottB. Civil RightsC. SegregationD. Integration6. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by _____.A. James MadisonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Alexander HamiltonD. George Washingto7. The Renaissance began in ______ in the early _______ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 158. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all9. With regard to its size, the USA is the _____ country in the world.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest10. On July 4, 1776, _____ adopted the Declaration of Independence.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Third Continental CongressD. the Constitutional Convention11. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A. In the southeast of England.B. In the northeast of England.C. In the southeast of Scotland.D. In the northeast of Scotland.12. In the aerospace industry, which of the following countries is ahead of Britain ？A. Germany.B. The U.S.C. Russia.D. France.13. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?A. Boeing.B. Rolls Royce.14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description ofthe miserable life of the _____.A. early settlersB. PuritansC. native IndiansD. black slaves15. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?A. Boeing.B. Rolls Royce.C. McDonnel-Douglas.D. Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.16. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthybenefactors. Which is the exception ?A. Harvard UniversityB. the State University of New YorkC. Yale UniversityD. Princeton University17. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources of incomeexcept ___________.A. investmentB. student tuitionC. endowmentsD. government funding18. Which of the following countries is the last to come out of recession?A. Germany.B. Japan.C. Britain.D. France.19. Which of the following book is written by Geoffrey Chaucer？A. The Canterbury TalesB. BeowulfC. King LearD.Morte D’ Arthur20. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism ?A. Keats.B. Shelley.C. Wordsworth.D. Defoe.21. Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare ?A. Doctor Faustus.B. Macbeth.C. Frankenstein.D. The Tempest.22. The following were the main Reformation leader except ___________.A. Martin LutherB. Martin Luther KingC. John CalvinD. The English King Henry VIII23. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to____________A. private school.B. independent schools.C, state school. D. public school.24. Which of the following is privately funded university in Britain ?A. The University of Cambridge.B. The University of Oxford.C. The University of Edinburgh.D. The University of Buckingham.25. In the examination called “ the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to________A. grammar schoolB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools26. In Britain most advertising is carried ___________A. in newspaper.B. in magazines.C. on televisionD. on radio.27. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper ?A. The TelegraphB. The news of the World.C. The Guardian.D. The Times.28. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism ?A. Catholics.B. Puritains.C. Quakers.D. Church of England.29. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Open University ?A. It’s open to everyone.B. It requires no formal educational qualifications.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio，correspondence，etc.30.Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the AmericanRevolution ?A. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.B. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indiana.C. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.D. The American had the mixed blood of English and their descendants only.31. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.A. 900B. 290C. 90D. 5032. The expenditure in American public school is guided or decided by_______.A. teachers.B. the students.C. headmasters.D. boards of education.33. In the United States school system, which of the following division is true ?A. Elementary school, grammar schoolB. Elementary school, junior high school .C. Elementary school, secondary schoolD. Junior high school, senior high school.34. What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?A. He invented the first jet plane.B. He developed the first jet engine.C. He made the first powered flight.D. He made the trans-Atlantic flight.35. All the following universities and colleges are located in New England, except _____.A. YaleB. HarvardC. OxfordD. Massachusetts Institute of Technology36. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords37. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be thefirst settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth38. President Jeffers on bought _____ from France and doubled the country’s territory.A. New MexicoB. the Louisiana TerritoryC. KansasD. Ohio39. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher_____.A. Paul RevereB. John LockeC. CornwallisD. Frederick Douglass40. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution41. According to American historians and specialists in demography, there are _____great population movement in the history of the United States.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. fiveII. Decide the following statements true or false. (以下内容全是正确的，考试时将从中选10个, 做成true or false的形式。
英语国家社会与文化入门 上册缩略版简答题 答案
unit71.(1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. (3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic).2. How does the British education reflect social class?class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy.In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality?The new system would emphasize equality. All children were given the right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.4. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist?Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education.5. (1) what is the Open University in Britain? (2)What do you think of this system?(1)The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre. (2)It was the Open University which provided the inspiration for the founding of China’s TV and Radio University.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain's foreign policy?(1) The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. From 1946,many country under the British rule g radually granted independence.(2) On the one hand, the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. On the other hand, the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs.(3)many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of the most powerful and rich nations on earth.2. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?By its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.帝国史和地缘政治特点3. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?(1)The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.(2) Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government's foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorate, but in fact British citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home.4. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?1)The decision to join the EEC was very controversial.The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.2)However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.5. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?Because they shared many of the same worries aboutthe Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.6.What was the purpose of establishing the NATO in the author's opinion? Do you agree with him? Explain your point.1)The purpose of NATO is to protect member states against aggression, to provide a foundation for security in Europe, and to provide a form for transatlantic defence cooperation.2)We disagree with the opinion. Actually, the United States is striving to lead and dominate NATO and using it as a means to materialize its global hegemon dream.Unit 9 The British Media1. The author says that “the media” are central to British leisure culture”, why does the author say so? What are some of the similarities and differences in terms of the function between the British media and the Chinese media?作者说：“媒体”是英国休闲文化的中心“，为什么作者这样说？英国媒体与中国媒体在功能上的相似性和不同点是什么？(1)On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper.96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.2.What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?1)British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read.2)In the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.1）英国报纸的文化在一定程度上是不寻常的，在一定程度上反映了阶级和教育的差异。
英语国家社会与文化
上Unit 1 1. Britain is no longer an imperial(帝国) country. T2. The Commonwealth(共和国，民主国) of Nations includes all European countries. F3. 1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity(种族地位，种族特点). F4. The stereotype(陈规，刻板模式) of the English gentleman never applied(使适用) the majority of the British people. T6. Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F7. When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. T8. The Scots and Welsh have a strong sense of being British. F9. Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. T10. Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”. F11. Scotland was unified with England through peaceful mean. T12. Wales is rich in coal deposits. T13. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city. F14. The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition. F上Unit21. Ireland is part of Great Britain. F2. “U referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. T3. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. F4. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. F5. The majority of Irish people were descendants子孙，后裔 of the original Celtic凯尔特 people who inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. T6. Most British people are Protestants新教徒 while most Irish people are Catholic天主教徒. T7. The British government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland. F8. Sinn Fein 新芬党（爱尔兰共和军的政治组织）is a legal politicalparty in Northern Ireland. T9. The Anglo-Irish Agreement《英爱协议》 of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future in N orthern Ireland. T10. The Good Friday Agreement《北爱和平协议》 was approved on 10 April 1998.T11. Northern Ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions: that of Republic of Ireland and t hat of Great Britain. F 目前北爱由爱尔兰政府、英国政府及北爱执行委员会三方共同参与管理。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit6
American Jews
Mel Brooks 梅尔· 布鲁克斯 Norman Mailer 诺曼· 梅勒 Ben Bernanke 本· 伯南克 Barbra Streisand 芭芭拉· 史翠珊 immigrants moved Isaac Asimov 艾萨克· 阿西莫夫 rapidly into Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦
More often prejudice took the form of discrimination, particularly at the pools. By 1960,however,John F. Kennedy’s presidential election victory put to rest the catholic religion as an issue in national politics. Kennedy was Roman Catholic.
Early American religions
• Lutherans from Germany 路德派教徒 • The Dutch Reformed Church flourished in New York and New Jersey 在纽约及新泽西洲兴旺的荷兰改革派教徒 • Presbyterians came from Scotland 长老会教徒 • Huguenots from France 胡格诺派教徒 • Congregationalists 公理会教友 Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. 英国国教虽然在几个殖民地是官立教会，但新教 各派都能和平相处。
英语国家社会与文化入门上册第三版
判定题第一单元一、Britain is no longer an imperial（帝国）country(T)二、The Commonwealth（英联邦）of Nations includes all European countries(F)3、1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity（种族）(F)4、The stereotype（刻板印象）of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people(T)五、When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes(T)六、The Scots and Welsh（苏格兰和威尔士）have a strong sense of being British(F)7、Scotland（苏格兰）was never conquered by the Romans（罗马人）(T)八、Most people in Scotland speak the Celtic（凯尔特）language, called “Gaelic”(F)九、Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means(T)10、Wales（威尔士）is rich in coal（煤炭）deposits（存款）(T)1一、Cardiff（卡迪夫）, the capital of Wales, is a large city(F)1二、The title of Prince（王子）of Wales is held by a held by a Welsh according to tradition(F)第二单元一、Ireland is part of Great Britain(F)二、“Ulster（阿尔斯特）”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom（王国）(T)3、The capital of Belfast（贝尔法斯特）is a large city with half a million people(F)4、Northern Ireland is significant（重要的）because of its manufacturing（制造业）industry(F)五、The majority of Irish people were descendants（后代）of the original Celtic（凯尔特）people who inhabited British Isles（群岛）before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago(T)六、Most British people are Protestants（新教徒）while most Irish people are Catholics（天主教徒）(T)7、The British government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland(T)八、Sinn Fein（新芬党）is a legal political party in Northern Ireland(T)九、The Anglo-Irish（岗格鲁-爱尔兰）Agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist（政府军）Protestant community（社区）their to decide their future in Northern Ireland(T)10、The Good Friday Agreement（协议）was approved on 10 April 1998(T)1一、Northern Ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions（司法管辖区）: thatf Republic（共和国）of Ireland that of Great Britain(F)第三单元一、It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy（民主）in the world(F)二、In Britain, the process of state-building（国家建设）has been one of evolution rather than revolution, contrast to France and the US（与法国和美国相较）(T)3、The oldest institution（机构）of government in Britain is the Monarchy（君主政体）(T)4、The divine（神圣的）right of the king means the sovereign（主权）derived（派生的）his authority （权威）from his subjects（主题）(F)五、As the king in theory had God on his side, it was thought that he should exercise absolute（绝对）power(F)六、The term “parliament（议会）”was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons（封建贵族）and representatives from counties and towns(F)7、Britain is both a parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）and a constitutional monarchy（君主立宪制）(T)八、Britain, like Israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have(F)九、Common laws are laws which have been established（成立）through common practice（实践）in the courts（法院）(T)第四单元一、In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptionalcircumstances（情形下）(T)二、Anyone who is eligible（符合条件的）to vote with 500 pounds as deposit（存款）can stand as an MP（国会议员）(F)3、Each main party is given some time on national TV to “sell”their policies. The time is not given free and has to be paid by the party(T)4、The amount spent in national campaign（运动）is not limited other than that on TV(F)五、Secrecy（保密）is not an important part of the voting process(T)六、There are two major national parties in the . according to the text(F)7、Liberal Democratic（自由民主）party is the newest of the major national parties(F)八、Children from the upper-middle-class（中上层阶级）usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class(T)九、The majority of middle-class people today have working class parents or grandparents(T)10、One of the distinctive features（独特的特点）about the British class-system is that it has also retained（保留）a hereditary aristocracy（世袭的贵族）(T)1一、The majority of Britain’s recent immigrants have mainly come from North Asia（北亚）and Caribbean（加勒比）countries(F)1二、Most immigrants earn a living by opening restaurants or becoming musicians(F)13、The majority have problems of unemployment published its Household Energy Management Strategy（家庭能源治理策略）(T)14、On March 2, 2010, the British government publish its Household Energy Management Strategy(T) 1五、On December 27, 2009 the TN Climate（气候）Change Conference was held in Copenhagen(T) 1六、According to the Kyoto Protocol（京都议定书）, the government has agreed that the UK will meet tough targets（艰巨的目标）to reduce carbon emissions incrementally（增量）between now and 2020(F)第五单元一、By the 1880’s the British economy was dominant（主导）in the world(T)二、Both the US and Canada overtook Britain in economy by 1900(F)3、By the end of World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt（债务）in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France(F)4、Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies（殖民地）, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947(T)五、In the 1970s, with the soaring（飙升的）price of oil and high rates of inflation（通货膨胀）, Britain went through a bad period. In 1979, the Labour party had to step down（下台）from the government (T)六、The leader of the Conservatives（保守派）, Margaret Thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔）started a series of reforms. An extensive（普遍的）programme of privatization（私有的）was carried out, and she was successful in an all-round（全面的）way (F)7、Tertiary（三级）industries include banking, insurance（保险）, tourism（旅行）, agriculture and the selling of goods (F)八、Britain has a large sector（部门）of agriculture producing % of its national wealth (F)九、According to the text, the tertiary（三级）industry produces approximately（大约）two-thirds of the national wealth (T)10、The service industry in the UK employs 70% of the total work force (T)1一、As a member of the World Trade Organization, the UK is playing a very important role in the world trade (T)1二、The UK is the third biggest international investor（投资者）in the world (F)第六单元一、Much early British literature was concerned with Christianity（基督教）, and Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）produced many versions（版本）of the Bible（圣经）(T)二、Beowulf（贝奥武夫）was a sea monster（海怪）killed by a Swedish warrior（瑞典战士）(F)3、“The Wife of Bath（浴的妻子）”is one of the tales（故事）contained in The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）(T)4、There was a general flowering of culture and intellectual（知识）life in Europe during the 17th and 18th century which is known as “The Renaissance（文艺振兴时期）”(F)五、William Shakespeare（威廉·莎士比亚）is a great poet and much is known of his life (F)六、Keats, Shelley and Byron（济慈、雪莱和拜伦）brought the Romantic Movement（浪漫主义运动）to its height (T)7、Robinson Crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）tells the story of a shipwreck and solitary survival（海难和孤独的生存）(T)八、Writers of romantic literature（浪漫主义文化）are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason (T)九、Don Juan（唐璜）is an epic poem（史诗）composed by John Milton（约翰·弥尔顿）(F)10、Thomas Hardy（托马斯·哈代）, the author of Tess of the D’Urbervilles（德伯家的苔丝）, was also a first-class（一流的）poet (T)第七单元一、The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy（读写能力）and the other basic skills but also to socialize（社交）children (T)二、The state seldom interferes（干扰）with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught (F)3、The enduring feature（持久特点）of British education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools (F)4、The 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary schools（中学）and universities “meritocratic （精英）”(T)五、Public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government (F)六、British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government (T)7、All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised（监督）by the government (T)八、In Oxford and Cambridge the BA converts to an MA several years later, upon payment of a fee (T)九、Independent schools get money mainly through the private sector（部门）and tuition（学费）rates, with some government support (T)10、Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education (F)第八单元一、When the Second World War ended, Britain no longer was the largest military（军事）power in Western Europe (F)二、The UK was awarded（授予）a seat on the UN（联合国）Security Council（安理会）in recognition （识别）of its contribution in setting up the United Nations (F)3、According to the text, the most important single factor which influences British policy-maker is its history (T)4、The Prime Minister and Cabinet（内阁）decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy (T)五、The main government department involved is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office（外交和联邦事务部）(FCO) (T)六、Britain is a parliamentary monarch（议会君主）(F)7、There are about 60 members of the Commonwealth（英联邦）(F)八、The British host a large American Military（军事）presence and there are 63 American military bases in the UK (T)九、Britain is not a member of the NATO（北约）due to its disagreement with some European countries on defence policy (F)第九单元一、On an average day, an overwhelming（压倒性的）majority of Britons over the age of 15 red a nation or local paper（报纸）(T)二、The British media play an important role in shaping（塑造）a national culture (T)3、In the late seventeenth and early 18th century, as the British economy began to industrialise, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and newspapers began to appear (F)4、Free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog（监管机构）of parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）(T)五、The Advertising Code（广告代码）ensures that advertisements are legal, decent（体面地）, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition（竞争）(T)六、It is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read (F)7、The Telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime（犯法）, be quite feminist（女权主义）and interested in green politics (F)八、The tabloids（小报）are smaller format（格式）newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines （吸引人的题目）. They are often called “the gutter press（黄色小报）”(T)九、The British Broadcasting Corporation is funded by licence（许可证）fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set (T)10、The BBC（英国广播公司）World Service, the international branch of the BBC, broadcasts in English and 42 other languages throughout the world (T)第十单元一、The tradition of having Sunday off derived from（来自）the Christian Church（基督教堂）(T)二、The origin of Bowling（打保龄球）lies in the victory celebration ceremony（仪式）by the ancient warriors (T)3、Tennis（网球）is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport (F)4、The game of golf was invented by the Scottish（苏格兰）(T)五、The animal-lovers’groups would like to have horse racing banned（禁止）(T)六、Easter（复活节）is the biggest and best loved British holiday (F)7、Christmas Pantomime（哑剧）is one of the three Christmas traditions that are particularly British (T)八、It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involves the sport of boxing (F)九、The biggest Bonfire Night（篝火之夜）celebration is held in London (F)10、In Ireland, New Year’Eve called Hogma除夕）(December 31st) is the major winter celebration (T)选择题第一单元一、which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London? (D/The sports centre)二、Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain? (B/Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales（威尔士）)3、Which of the following is NOT True about Britain? (D/It used to be one of the superpowers in the world)4、Three of the following are characteristics of London. Which of the four is the EXCEPTION? (C/London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world)五、The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by (D/William the Conqueror)六、Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England? (A/The Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)7、Which is the largest city in Scotland? (C/Glasgow（格拉斯哥）)八、Why did the Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish（奇异的苏格兰）state in the century? (A/They needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids（维京人攻击）)九、Where do the majority of people in Scotland live? (B/In the Lowlands（低地）)10、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (B/Wales was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)1一、Which of the following parties in Scotland still wants an independent Scotland? (C/The Scottish Nationalist（民族主义）Party)1二、When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments（议会）?(D/In 1701)13、Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is not a simple historical figure for the Welsh. He is almost considered the legendary（传奇）hero of Welsh nationalism because (D/he unified Wales as an independent nation)第二单元一、In the 17th century the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because (A/they wanted to increase its control over Ireland)二、In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland street. They came first (B/to protect Catholics（天主教徒）)3、Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for (D/its endless political problems)4、Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise（妥协）and organizeda partition of Ireland in 1921, because (B/the British government intended to satisfy both sides-Catholics（天主教）and Protestants（新教）)五、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (C/The Social Democratic（社会民主党）and Labour Party（劳动党）is a very important political party in Britain)六、In the early 1970s, the IRA（爱尔兰共和军）(D/carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security force as their main target)7、1972 was the worst year of the political troubles in Northern Ireland, because (B/468 people were killed in Northern Ireland)八、Why did the British government decide to replace the power-sharing policy with “direct-rule（直接统治）”from London? (D/All the above)九、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (C/Margaret Thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔）’s government gave in to their political demand)10、How many counties are there in Northern Ireland? (B/6)1一、Which of the following agreement is accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland? (C/The Good Friday Agreement)1二、According to the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland today should be governed by the following jurisdictions（司法管辖区）except (B/the jurisdiction of loyalist minist(部长))第三单元一、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government? (A/It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power)二、Which of the following kings was executed(执行）in the civil war? (C/Charles（查尔斯）1)3、What happened in 1215? (B/Forced by barons（贵族）, King John signed the Magna Carta（大宪章）)4、Which of the following is NOT true about the Great Council? (C/It later developed into what we now know as the Cabinet（内阁）)五、Under whose reign（统治）was the Bill of Rights passed? (B/William of Orange)六、Which of the following is NOT related to the Constitution? (A/It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government)7、Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (D/Parliament（议会）has no power to change theterms of the Constitution)八、Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role? (A/The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet（内阁）)九、Which of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords（上议院）? (C/The lords（领主）are expected to represent the interests of the public)10、Which of the following is NOT based on the fact? (A/Members of Parliament（议会）elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet)第四单元一、Which group of people cannot vote in the general election? (B/Lords（领主）in the House of Lords)二、By whom is a “vote of no confidence”decided? (A/The House of Commons)3、Which of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns（选举活动）? (A/Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television)4、How many seats in the House of Commons should a part hold at least in order to win the election? (B/326)五、Which of the following description about the Conservative（保守的）party is NOT true? (D/It is known as a party of high taxation（税收) levels)六、Which period of time in British history was described as “private affluence and public squalor(龌龊）”? (C/The 1980s)7、Who is the leader of the Labour party at present? (C/Gordon Brown)八、Which of the following is NOT true abort life peers（同行）? (B/They cannot sit in the House of Lords)九、Which of the following statements is NOT true about class system in the UK? (B/Class division is only decided by people’s income)10、Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the hereditary aristocracy（世袭贵族）in the UK? (C/They are the richest people in the UK)1一、Which of the following is NOT an effect of immigration on British society? (B/Class tension has increased)1二、Which of the following is Not a true description of the situation of ethnic minorities（少数民族）in the UK? (A/They are well represented in the British Parliament（议会）)13、Which of the following is NOT included in Household Energy Management Strategy（能量治理策略）? (C/Every household will have produced their electricity from renewable（可再生）energy resources)第五单元一、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? (C/There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards)二、Which of the following was NOT the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945? (C/Britain had carried out the nationalization of the businesses)3、Which of the following livestock（牲畜）has the biggest number in the UK? (D/Sheep)4、Where is the best agricultural land in Britain? (A/In the southeast of England)五、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector（部门）? (B/ICI)六、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? (C/Rover（探测器）)7、In the aerospace（航空航天）industry, which of the following, countries is ahead of Britain? (B/The .)八、Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War? (A/Imperial Airways（帝国航空公司）)九、What did Frank Whittle（弗兰克·惠特尔）do in 1937? (B/He developed the first jet（飞机）engine)10、Which company became an important aero-engine（航空发动机）manufacturer after WWI? (B/Rolls Royce（劳斯莱斯）)1一、Which of the following two companies merged into British Aerospace（航空航天）? (A/The British Aircraft Corporation and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation)1二、Which of the following countries is the last to come out of recession（大萧条）? (C/Britain)第六单元一、Which of the following books is written by Geoffrey Chaucer（杰弗里·乔叟）? (A/The Canterbury Tales （坎特伯雷故事集）)二、Which literary form flourished（蓬勃进展）in Elizabethan age（伊丽莎白时期）more than any other form of literature? (C/Drama)3、Among the following writers, who was NOT one of the great 三人组）（? (C/Thomas Malory)4、Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism（浪漫主义）? (D/Defoe（笛福）)五、Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare? (B/Macbeth（麦克白）)六、Which of the following writers was the most famous Scottish novelist? (D/Sir Walter Scott（沃尔特·斯科特爵士）)7、Several gifted women played a significant part in the 19th-century literature. Which of the following is an exception? (A/Virginia Woolf（弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫）)八、Which of the following writers was NOT associated with Modernism（现代主义）? (C/Charles Dickens （查尔斯·狄更斯）)九、Which of the following is generally considered to be the masterpiece（杰作）by Joseph Conrad （约瑟夫·康拉德）? (B/The Heart of Darkness（黑暗的心）)10、Which of the following writers wrote the book 1984 that began “Postmodernism（后现代主义）”in British literature? (A/George Orwell（乔治·奥威尔）)第七单元一、In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to (C/state schools)二、In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 (B/can legally receive completely free education)3、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called (B/General Certificate of Secondary Education)4、Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain? (D/The University of Buckingham)五、Which of the following is NOT true? (D/Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools)六、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University? (C/No university degree is awarded)7、In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to (A/grammar schools)八、Which of the following is NOT included in the National Curriculum（课程）? (B/Children must sit in A-level exams)九、Which of the following is NOT true about the British education system? (D/It’s dominated by the state)10、Which of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities? (A/comprehensive（全面的）schools)第八单元一、The author holds that Britain has a big influence on the postwar international order because (B/It had a strong military（军事）power and prestige（声望）)二、Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council? (C/China, Russia, France, Britain and the United States)3、How much of the globe did Britain rule in its imperial prime（帝国主义）? (C/A third of the globe)4、The present British foreign policy is mainly influenced by some of the following factors. Which one is an exception? (D/Its schizophrenic（精神割裂症）attitude to Europe)五、Which of the following is not involved in making the British foreign policy? (A/The Queen of Britain)六、Nowadays the British foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in (C/the United Nations, the EU, NATO（北约）, etc)7、Which of the following statements is not true? (B/63 American military（军事）bases are under the command of Britain)八、Which of the following countries does not have nuclear weapons capabilities? (C/Italy)九、Three of the following factors have contributed to Britain’s special relationship with the United States to a certain degree. Which is the exception? (B/They have common interests in every respect) 10、Why does Britain have its nuclear naval force? (B/Because it’s a traditional sea power)第九单元一、Which of the following is the world’s oldest national newspaper? (C/The Observer（观看者）)二、Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper? (D/The Times)3、Which of the following statements is not true about the British media? (B/They are mainly interested in making huge profits by publishing advertisements)4、A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary（议会）democracy （民主）because (A/ it plays a watchdog function（监督功能）, keeping an eye on the government )五、In Britain most advertising is carried (A/ in newspapers)6,、Which of the following about the BBC（英国广播公司）is NOT true? (C/The BBC has four channels)7、How many newspapers are there in Britain? (B/About 1400)八、Which of the following newspapers is printed internationally? (C/The Financial Times)九、Which of the following newspapers is a tabloid（小报）? (A/The News of the World)10、Which of the following about the tabloids is not true? (A/They are bormat（格式）newspapers)第十单元一、Which of the following was NOT an activity in Shakespeare’s time? (D/Attending the Grand National)二、Which of the following sports was NOT invented in Britain? (C/Basketball)3、Which of the following is NOT true about football in Britain? (C/It was invented by the Scottishpeople)4、Where are international tennis championships held? (B/Wimbledon（温布尔登网球公布赛）)五、Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family? (D/Horse racing)六、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? (C/eating chocolate eggs on Easter（复活节）Day)7、Easter commemorates（为了纪念）(D/ the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ（耶稣基督的受难和复活）)八、Which community observes the traditional Ramadan（斋月）? (D/Muslim（穆斯林）)九、Which celebration particularly happens on the Queen’s birthday? (C/Trooping（阅兵仪式）the Colour)10、Which of the following commemorates（为了纪念）the Battle of Boyne（博因河战役）? (D/The Orange March in Northern Ireland)1一、Of which people is Robert Burns（罗伯特·彭斯）a national poet? (C/The Scottish people)1二、On which day is Halloween（万圣节）celebrated? (A/October 31st)。
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案
Book1 Unit 11.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it forslave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way inwhich the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an importantelement in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. (2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity."Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, andunionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and"supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: V oters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. V oting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government.2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats.Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying theideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a largernewspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modernequipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.(3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 6Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works.Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; wrence "Sons and Lovers" and E.M.Forster "a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment onthese purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system?Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing andarithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? IsBritish education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war. So with the help of thechurch and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 education act made entry tosecondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain have rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanks to the system, tens ofthousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year. And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britain react to thisreality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s fo reign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire;while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for theruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of themost powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policy makers frequentlyforget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history made the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’s foreign policyrepresent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’sforeign policy. The main government department involved is of course the。
英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案
Book1 Unit 11、What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries、In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on、2、Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements、It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state、It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes、It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure、And within each of the four countries there are different regions、Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people、3、A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people、They brought the central Europen culture to Britain、Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism、(2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conqueredby the Angles and the Saxons、In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared、He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence、Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system、Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English、(3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England、A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English、And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England、They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population、In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people、That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity、Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles、How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起瞧] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers、Places associated with his legend、Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator、(3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English、By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English、Thereremains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england、(4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population、the legend of Robin Hood、4、General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area、It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK、(1) rugged、(2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years、(4) eager for independence、How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union、In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army、The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland、5、Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits、It is successful in attracting investment from abroad、Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union、Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England、(2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union、Despite this nearness and long-standingpolitical integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England、In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament、This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England、6、Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散,建议参考festival那章的答案,这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity、But young people are not all stereotypes、But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens、(2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished、They are always eager for freedom、Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science、"Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity、" Some people speak Gaelic、(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use、Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses、(its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21、Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there、Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex、Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict、[因为发现实在太难sum up了,所以就搜了一下,以下就是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant、Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule、[网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date、But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was acampaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs、The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war、2、Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces、During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces、3、Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death、This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight、Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box"、4、What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help、/ Keep the present status、Turn to other countries for help、[自由发挥啦]Unit 31、Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right、For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic、The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles、How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings"、For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state、While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power、King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups、Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights、The civil war2、The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament、James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings、They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so、It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war、English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe twodifferent events in English history、The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution、[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649、This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660、3、History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year、Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet、So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute、It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities)、What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged、Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replacethem two、In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament、4、Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents、Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government)、5、Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution、There are no legal restraints upon Parliament、Parliament's function: First, it passes laws、Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation、Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure、Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day、Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state、To represent Britain at home and broad、To set standards of good citizenship and family life、She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England、PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election、He/She chose usually around 20 MPs tobecome government ministers in the Cabinet、Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government、6、The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed)、The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public、It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature、It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions)、Unit 41、Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP、It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds、Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: V oters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives、V oting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government、2、Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats、Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up、That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute、Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party、They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent、They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes、(2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power、They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes、(3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties、They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social、3、Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s、During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth、(2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship、One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry、(3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system、Tax rate were cut to allow people tokeep more of what they earned、Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes、4、How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class、(2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read、Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports、Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events、(3) education: private school or public school、(4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy、(5) the way they speak、Compare with the US and China: not similar at all、The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy、Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets、This is due to Britain's different history and convention、Unit 51、Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed、Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countriesdeveloped more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth、Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII、(2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors、(Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over、Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country、(4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not、So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones、(5) Low rates of investment、The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history、A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment、2、What did the conservative party under Mrs、Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform、What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example)、Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out、Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits、The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment、The national economy as a whole continuedto grow at lower rates than its competitors、3、Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing、Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient、Energy production is an important part of the UK economy、(2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth、(3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth、4、Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services、70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector、Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing、How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid、China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable、However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing、Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually、Unit 61、Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell、2、Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes、Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question、The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra、3、Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason、4、Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII、It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation、It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism、Modernist writers express thedifficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works、Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand、It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action、Postmodernism: After WWII、Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces、Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs、Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; D、H、Lawrence "Sons and Lovers" and E、M、Forster "a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment onthese purposes、What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system?Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society、2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status、And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? IsBritish education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points、1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war、So with the help of thechurch and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system、2)The new system emphasizes equality、1944 education act made entry tosecondary schools and universities meritocratic、Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed、All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education、3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government、4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain have rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university、And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government、5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree、People can register without having any formal educational qualifications、They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre、I think the system has been quite successful、Thanks to the system, tens ofthousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year、And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education、Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britain react to thisreality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire;while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction、And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs、People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centers of commerce in Europe、2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of themost powerful and rich nations on earth、It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today、3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policy makers frequentlyforget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs、Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples、2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits、Britain’s imperial history made the policy maker very conservative andtraditional、And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants、And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities、3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’s foreign policyrepresent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the gene ral direction of Britain’sforeign policy、The main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions、2)Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government’s foreign policy intheory represented the desires of its electorate , but in fact british citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home、On the whole, they are not very inclined to try to influence t he direction of Britain’s foreign policy、There area number of different interest groups however, and it is interesting that rareoccurrences of civil disobedience in the UK often involve foreign policy issues、4.Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remainscontroversial in Britain?1)It is an important psychological decision for the nation because traditionallyBritain had looked beyond its European neighbors felling that really it had more common with the United States on the one hand and the commonwealth。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案!!!
英国Unit 3第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门（上议院）British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、卓越的）bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。
②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、最高统治者）parliament 议会）they speak and vote .In （as individuals （个人）,not as representatives （代表）of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit53.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,”primary”industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,”second-ary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small （producing 1.4%of the national wealth ）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （size in the world）and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.(3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。
英语国家社会与文化入门上册unit课件
Tower of London and Westminster Palace
London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London, Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey, St. Margret’s Church.
England: History of Invasion and Conquest
The Celts The Romans The Anglo-Saxons (King Arthur); Anglo-land=England: form the basis of the modern English race and language The Vikings The Normans (William the Conqueror 1066, Robin Hood) William and Mary from Holland (the Glorious Revolution, or the bloodless revolution, 1688), establishing parliament’s dominance over the monarch British identity building: constitutional monarchy (only a gap of 11 years ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell); unification of 4 parts; the British Empire
The two maps show the position of the UK in the world and the four constituent parts of the UK
英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结
Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）1. The flag of Britain :Union Jack2. The capital of each country :3. The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4. Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5. The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England, which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2（选择、判断、填空）Northern Ireland (often called "Ulster"after an ancient Irish kingdom)1. Activities to seek Irish independence :Home -ruleThe Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.2. Political parties:the Sinn Fein partySDLP: Social Democratic and Labour PartyIRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3. Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):Indigenous Roman Catholicsv s. Protestant immigratesPartition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would form an independent "free state", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.(即26 Republic Ireland ,6 Northern Ireland )4. the Good Friday Agreement 了:( 解下，P36)Unit 31. Process of state building:The process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution.2. The oldest institution of government in Britain :Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.3. Divine right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.4. Magna Carta :limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.5. the Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Oran时ge 期)6. The Constitution :(P49)7. The functions of parliament (: P49)8. Parliament:The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )She is legally head of the executive, anin tegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England，a confidante to the Prime Ministe(r 了解下)The House of Lords ：do not receive salaries，both sexist and elitist 了( 解下) Lords Spiritual hereditary peersLords Temporal life peersThe House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit41. The importance of general elections:(P67重) 要2. The electoral campaigns :(P67)3. The formation of the government :(P67)4. The class system in theUK:(P67)5. Ethnic relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下6. The main political parties in the UK:The Conservative party( newest) : setting up the National Health ServiceThe Labour party :From 1979 to 1997,t he Conservative Party won 4 elections in row The Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改革(There were also negative consequence了s)解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81)重要3、the reason for its relative decline 了:(解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close relationship between industry and banks4. The division of British industries :Primary industries （mining industry 矿业）Secondary industries （steelindust钢ry铁业）Tertiary industries （insurance保险，the selling of goods）5. The City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of London6. The London Stock ExchangeT: he heart of the City（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）1. Beowulf :One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.2. Geoffrey Chauce：r The Canterbury Tales3. Elizabethan Drama:Marlowe ：The Tragical History of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare：Romeo and Juliet The Taming of the ShrewHamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream tragedies Othello comedies Twelfth Night重要）King Lear The TempestMacbeth.history plays：Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caes，ar Antony and Cleopatra4. The 17th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost5. The 18th Century:Jonathan Swift :Gulliver's Travels6. The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridg：eLyrical Ballads ( marked the beginning of the Romantic Period.)George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men John KeatsPercy Bysshe Shelley7. The Nineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley :FrankensteinSense and SensibilityJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceEmmaCharlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters Emily: Wuthering HeightsAnnElizabeth Gaskell :N orth and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return of the NativeThomas Hardy Tess of the D' UrbervillesJude the Obscure8. Female writers in the 1th9 century of Britain:Mary ShelleyJane Austenthe Bronte sistersElizabeth Gaskell9.20th Century Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periodMs:o dernism,and Postmodernism.Joseph Conrad：The Heart of DarknessMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence :S ons and LoversUnit71. The purpose of the British education system:①provide children with literacy and the other basic skills②socialise children③children are taught practical skills④learn the rules and values⑤participate in the community⑥contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2. The influence of the church on schooling: education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.religious education was the only subjectDaily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3. The National Curriculum：All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English,mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according to how well they perform this task.4.State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Independent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolWinchester college6. Comprehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7. Grammar schoo：lThose who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.8. GCSE：General Certificate of Secondary Education9. GCEA ：General Certificate of Education-Advanced10. GNVQs ：General National Vocational Qualifications11. The universities in Britain：British universities are public bodie，s except one university, the University of Buckingham.12. The Open University：The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres.Unit81. Countries to establish UN:2. The permanent members of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3. The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4. The making of Britain's foreign polic:y(P128)5. The relationship between Britain and the E U(P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6. The commonwealth: Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states .There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7. NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security in Europeprovide a forum for transatlantic defence cooperation8.Special relationship with US h:as gone through many up and downs9.Independent nuclear weapons capability:Britain is a traditional sea power.Unit91. The division of British media: (降序排列)①TV②Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers)③Radio④Magazine2. The functions of the British media:①Entertainment②Provide British people with information about political and social issues③Provide weather reports④Carry advertising⑤Used for educational purposes⑥Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice⑦Help Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper : The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guar—diasntill suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate objective reports about what is happening in the country4. Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5. Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe Times6. Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7. BBC:(P144)Unit101.Sports born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)2.Football violent sportGentle sport3. Tennis WimbledonWimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on gracsosu rts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Cricket:Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be The Sun gutter pressThe Guardian The ObserverQuality pressplayed according to the same rules nationally.5. Golf:The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.6. Horse sports:Flat racingHorse racing steeplechasingThe Grand NtionalThe Royal Asot : people usually dress up and show off their fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the social eventEquestrianismHunting7. Three traditions of Christmas(P: 163)the Christmas Pantomimethe Queen's Christmas messagethe Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.8. Religious holiday:crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ EasterChristmas9. National Holidays:---- Queen's Birthday"trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace10. Holidays in the 4 nations:England:Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November) Northern Ireland:St Patrick's Day(March 17)Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12) Scotland:Hogmanay (12.31)Burns Supper(1.25)Halloween (10.31)Wales:The Eisteddfod: festival of music making and poetry。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释
The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. the rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.Sinn FeinSinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.The Good Friday AgreementAs a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it won’t change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland , that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers. The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the right of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.The electoral campaignsBefore a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and polities known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcast”on the television. The parties also try to attack and criticize the opponents’ policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.Class system in British societyThe class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.Ethnic relations in the UKThe coming of immigrants groups from other parts of the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-off economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.Relative decline of the UKThe UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. Privatisation in the 1980sThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businessessuch as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.“The City”“The City” refers to the historic area at the centre of London. It is one of the biggest financial centres in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London Stock Exchange.Elizabethan DramaThe general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries is know ad the Renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long－lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576,and others followed, performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe ,Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th makes up English literature’s romantic period .Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s’’Declaration of Independence’’. Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novelModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before World War is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century of forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works .Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all－knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.Comprehensive schoolsComprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking. Independent schoolsIndependent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.The Open UniversityThe Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree,The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.The CommonwealthIn the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; other are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Quality papersThey belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educate middle class audience. TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThere are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame,” is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas massage to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off al their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.The Great FamineThe Great Famine took place from 1845-1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition. Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.The Irish parliamentThe Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Parliament and the Senate. Government policy and administration may be examined and criticizedin both Houses ;but under the Constitution the Government is responsible to the Parliament alone.Women’s Liberation MovementInaugurated in the early 1970s, the women’s movement concentrated first on gaining control of their own fertility, demanding birth control, divorce, and the right to have an abortion if necessary. The first two goals have been achieved over a span of about twenty years, but abortion is still legally forbidden in the Republic or Ireland and is still regarded as a highly emotional topic. The second objective was to secure the right of women, and that of particularly married women, to work. Today, about half of the women of Ireland of working age hold down full-time jobs.The Irish diasporaThe Irish diaspora, as it has been called, is a scattering of Irish people across the world, usually as the result of dire conditions at home----famine, foreign domination, and poverty. As a result, Irish people can today be found in significant concentrations in many countries. In fact, it is hard to go anywhere and not find Irish people.The DreamingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land, instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.Terra NulliusTerra Nullius is from Latin. It means a land that owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land. It served to legitimize their taking possession of the land and devalue the indigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human.The policy of assimilationThe policy of assimilation was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior. To implement the policy, indigenous children were taken away from their parents to be put into protected reserves, whose purpose was to destroy the culture of the Dreaming and replace it with Christianity. The impact grew up losing both their families and culture. In nature, it is the extension of the policy of segregation.The “Washminister” form of policyThe “Washminister” form of policy is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.MulticulturalismMulticulturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, to right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901, in the Immigration Restriction Act. It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British migrants from entering and settling down in Australia. This was mainly achieved through a diction test in a European language. The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973.。
英语国家社会与文化入门
01
Overview of English speaking counties
Geographically, English speaking countries are located across the globe, including countries in North America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa
Grades from higher education have a wide range of employment opportunities available to them
Admission Requirements
Tuition and Fees
Employment Opportunities
Higher Education
Includes colleges and universities that offer a wide range of underground and postgraduate programs
Degree Programs
Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees are the most common degree programs offered
Academic Mixture
Researchers must adapt to ethical guidelines and best practices to ensure the validity and reproducibility of their research
Celebrations
Celebrations are events or gatherings that mark special cases or milestones in people's lives Birthdays, weddings, graduations, and anniversaries are common examples of cancellations in English speaking countries These events are often marketed with parties, gifts, and special menu or food
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• 小说情节以蒸汽船船长马洛（Marlow）的回忆的形式，讲 述了他溯刚果河而上，前去黑非洲深处寻见一个名叫柯兹 （Kurtz）的做象牙生意的殖民者的经历。柯兹自前往非 洲后已多年没有回家，却经常将象牙生意所得寄赠女友， 他在殖民地的“成就”似乎在当地也有口皆碑。马洛在前 往柯兹的贸易站的一路上，饱览了刚果河两岸非洲腹地的 异域景色，还不断听说有关柯兹的各种传闻，说他是一个 脱离了文明世界、被土著黑人奉为神明的白人。这些土著 人以为马洛的汽船是前来接走他们的柯兹神，便当汽船接 近柯兹贸易站的时候发动袭击，试图阻止汽船前进。经过 各种冒险之后，马洛的船找到了柯兹的贸易站，并在一番 周折之后，终于见到了此前一直只以“声音”形式存在的 “殖民英雄”和“土著神明”柯兹。然而，此时的柯兹已 经神形枯萎、病入膏肓，很快就死去了，死前呼喊“可 怕”、“可怕”。马洛回到国内，向柯兹的女友隐瞒了事 情真相，并告诉她柯兹临终前一直念叨着她的名字。当马 洛结束叙述的时候，只见“远处的海面被一道黑色的云层 遮蔽，阴云覆盖之下，静静地向地球尽头淌去的水流显得 那么阴郁-好象这水流直通向无际的黑暗之心
3. D.H. Lawrence Works: Sons and Lovers, based partly on his own life, is one of his finest novels. Main Thought: He felt that society forced too many rules on people and kept them from living a full, natural life.
• Themes: concerned with the individual consciousness, especially the female consciousness.
Influence: Her novels have become important to feminists for the way they show women‟s personalities to be limited by society. Writing features: use what has been called the “stream of consciousness” technique: the apparently unorganized flow of thought onto page.
2. John Fowles
works: the French lieutenant’s woman (1968) This novel describes a Victorian gentlemen‟s education into his own freedom by the mysterious girl Sarah. The story „s main postmodern “trick” is that the reader is offered a choice of endings.
பைடு நூலகம்
English Modernist writers:
• 1. Joseph Conrad • Works: The Heart of Darkness (novel) (which has been made into a film by the well-known American director, Francis Ford Coppola, but set in Vietnam in the 1960s, and called Apocalypse Now.)
• 《午夜男孩》是讲述了一个关于雅各布的故事， 雅各布是一个被限制生活在隔离区的年轻小伙子， 因为他得了一种罕见的皮肤病，而患上这种皮肤 病就不能晒到阳光才能生存。他一直生活在一个 封闭的世界知道遇到玛丽，玛丽是一个在当地调 酒师，他们两个相遇之后坠入了爱河。可是悲剧 的是，雅各布的行动开始变得越来越奇怪，即使 他在努力解决病情恶化带给他的影响并努力克制。 可是雅各布的疾病开始转变为必须靠和人类的血 液来维持生命，他必须控制自己日益嚣张的暴力 倾向，而且要想方设法让当地的警察不把杀人嫌 疑转到他的身上，而为了掩藏这个事实，雅各布 又必须做出一系列可怕的行动。
• 4.E.M. Forster • Works: A Passage to India, In Howard’s End (recently made into a very successful film) • Theme: His novels concerned themselves with personal relations. • In conclusion, D.H. Lawrence and E.M. Forster were less experimental, and both of them wrote novels in this period which are critical of the modern world.
two stylistic period: Modernism, and Postmodernism. These period roughly correspond to literature written before the Second World War(1939-1945) and literature written after it. Both are characterized by a high degree of experimentation
• 19世纪60年代，英国南部的莱姆小镇上，被称为“法国中 尉的女人”的萨拉经常独自一人在海滩栈桥上若有所思地 观看大海。据说她因看护一位受伤的法国船长而与其相爱 并委身于他，但是法国中尉回国后便杳无音信。来自伦敦 的查尔斯陪同未婚妻蒂娜到莱姆镇的姨妈家做客，与萨拉 邂逅，被她神秘的诱惑力吸引。他们的关系日益密切，萨 拉还把她被法国中尉遗弃的遭遇告诉他。随后，萨拉离开 莱姆镇前往艾塞特治病，而查尔斯则乘火车去伦敦处理财 产继承事务。这时福斯特为小说安排了三种不同的结局。 其一是查尔斯克制住对萨拉的迷恋，在伦敦办完事后连夜 赶回莱姆镇，向蒂娜坦白了他与萨拉之间的恋情。两人结 婚，一块生活到老，生有7个儿女。其二是查尔斯没有直 接回莱姆镇，而是在艾塞特站下了火车，在一家旅店与萨 拉幽会。他了解到萨拉并未失身于法国中尉，而是因为不 能容忍维多利亚时代的虚伪才“自甘堕落”。查尔斯决定 解除与蒂娜的婚约，与萨拉结婚，但萨拉却突然失踪。查 尔斯在历经波折后终于与萨拉和他们的女儿团聚。最后一 种结局是查尔斯在萨拉失踪后找到了她，但是萨拉为了保 持自己的独立和自由而拒绝了查尔斯。
Another aspect of British postmodern world is a mixing of cultures on a grand scale: Salman Rushdie(India) Grace Nichols (Guyana) Kazuo Ishiguro (Japan) V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad) This mixture has always been a part of British writing.
• 剧情描述年轻矿工保罗个性文静而敏感， 其母葛楚因与时常酗酒的丈夫感情不睦， 竟转向儿子寻求爱的寄托，情感超过了正 常的母爱。这种情形影响了保罗跟女朋友 米莉安的交往，米莉安因家庭严格的宗教 观念影响，使她只想追求精神恋爱而排斥 肉体的热情。保罗为了摆脱母亲的控制与 女友的感情打击，竟一头投入与夫分居的 女工克莱拉的怀抱，但旋即发现两人在精 神上缺乏沟通。最后，保罗抛弃了这座单 调乏味的煤矿小镇，到异乡另闯天下。
• 2. Virginia Woolf Works: Mrs.Dalloway(1925), To the Lighthouse(1927), Oranlando(1928), and a great deal of literary criticism and numerous essays including A Room of One’s Own
Unit 6 British Literature
— Literature in the 20th Century and Onwards
20th Century Literature
◇ Any summary of the complex 20th century is
difficult for wars and revolutions.
◇ The 20th century marked the end of the British
Empire, which was replaced by the Commonwealth of Nations.
◇ 20th century literature can be broadly divided into
English Postmodernist writers:
1. George Orwell Works: 1984 (written in 1948) is a powerful satire on the totalitarian tendency in modern states. This depressing story is characteristic of the post-war years, and begins “postmodernism”.
Other writers are also well-known though they cannot squeeze into the definitions Modern or Postmodern. Graham Greene (Smiley’s People, John Le Carre) William Golding (Lord of the files); Doris Lessing (The Grass is Singing, The Golden Notebook) Kingsley Amis (Lucky Jim) John Braine (Room at the Top) Maragret Drabble (The Summer Bird-Cage)