环境科学交叉关系学科课后题参考答案第八、九章

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(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第十七、十八章

CHAPTER 171. As illustrated in figure 17.2, the waste generation rates of people are directly related to their economic condition.Nation with high standards of living and productivity tend to have more municipal solid waste per person than less-developed countries.3.1)The remaining numbers of landfills in US are declining as some small, poorly run landfills areclosed as they fail to meet regulations. Others are closed due to full capacity. Therefore, new, modern landfills are in urgent need, especially in metropolitan cities(LA, NY, Toronto).However, it is difficult to find a geologically suitable site and building new ones often receive local opposition.2)What’s more, a modern landfill is becoming increasingly more complex and expensive, and itis sometimes no more cost effective compared to incineration. Experts also suggest that unless further steps are taken to detoxify landfilled materials, they will place burden on upcoming generations to address future impacts.3)Landfills may present long-term threats to groundwater and surface water that arehydrologically connected. Leachate is of particular concern, if the landfill system is not properly sealed, the rain or connected water source may leak through buried trash, dissolving and carrying hazardous materials with it, and pose the major threat to the current and future quality of groundwater.4)There is a problem about the air pollution too. Methane produced by decomposing wasteshould be collected and treated, and they can be used to produce heat or to generate electricity, or they might enter atmosphere and become a kind of greenhouse gas.5.1)Design changes to soft drink bottles and milk jugs can keep out more than one hundredmillion kg of plastic out of the waste stream per year.2)Manufacturing processes have been changed in many industries to reduce the amount ofwaste produced. This kind of change could be done by paying more attention to incidence like leaks, spills and accidents.3)Purchasing decisions can significantly reduce the amount of waste produced. Choosing topurchase things that have reduced packaging waste, not only could this reduce the amount of waste , but also might it encourage the producer to use less in packaging.4)Using materials in such a way that waste is not generated is an important means of curbingwaste. Using less-hazardous alternatives and sharing products that contains hazardous chemicals, following the label directions and using the smallest amount necessary are way to reduce waste or its toxicity5)Reusing items is a way to reduce waste at the source because it delays or prevents the entryof reused items into the waste collection and disposal system.7.Several kinds of program have contributed to the increase in recycling rate.Container laws and mandatory recycling laws in many states provide an incentive to recycle andcurbside recycling make it convenient to recycle. A prominent RecycleBank is a recent program of success.9.1)Electronic waste is a growing problem worldwide as obselete or broken computers andother electronic equipments are discarded. A major problem is the toxic heavy metals used as components, as estimations of 70 percent of heavy metals in US landfills come from discarded electronics, while e-waste account for 2 percent of total trash by volume.2)The amount of e-waste is expected to grow rapidly as people in developing countriespurchase a large number of cellphones and other electronics.3)Much of e-waste is exported to developing countries and laborers use crude techniquesincluding smashing, melting and adding acid or burning plastic coating, which often occur in open space where they release toxins into environment and endanger the health of workers.ndfill gas contain sufficient amount of methane, and can be utilized to generate electricity through the following steps:1)Anaerobic decomposition, as the bacteria feed on organic waste and produce methane andcarbon dioxide.2)Accessing the gas. Drill well into the landfill and insert perforated pipes filled with gravel andsealed on top, which allow gas to be collected from deep down the waste. After vacuumed out the gas, it will be piped to a nearby compression facility where it is dehydrated, filtered and pressurized.3)Becoming electricity. Processed methane gas is piped to an electricity-generating facility andworks as fuel to spin turbine/engine to produce current.4)Back to source. Landfill gas in utility transmission lines will be delivered to businesses orhomes where garbage collection starts or piped directly to where it may be needed as fuel.CHAPTER 181.There are several kinds by classifications of DOT:1)Explosives,which cause a rapid release of gas and heat;2)Gases that may be flammable, nonflammable or toxic;3)Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides;4)Poisonous materials and infectious materials;5)Radioactive materials;6)Corrosives.3.The EPA defines hazardous waste as those with four characteristics:Ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity and toxicity.It has also compiled a list of hazardous wastes.5.The uranium miners are exposed to radioactive gases, while those who smoke tobacco and thusexposed to toxins in tobacco smoke have unusually high incidences of lung cancer. It is apparent that the radioactive gases in uranium mines interact synergistically with carcinogens found in tobacco smoke.7.It is hard to determine appropriate exposure limits as nearly all substances are toxic in sufficiently high doses.Typically the regulatory agency will determine the level of exposure at which none of the test animals is affected( threshold level) and then set the human exposure level lower to allow for a safety margin. The safety margin is important because threshold levels vary significantly among species and even members of the same species.9.Hazardous wastes enter the environment in several ways:1)Many molecules that evaporate readily are vented directly into the atmosphere. Many kindsof solvents used in paints and other industrial processes fall into such category.2)Other materials escape from faulty piping and valves, but they are often called fugitiveemissions.3)Uncontrolled or improper incineration of hazardous wastes whether on land or at sea, cancontaminate the atmosphere and the surrounding environment.11.CERCLA was enacted in 1980 to deal with financing the cleanup of large uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites. It has several key objectives:1)To develop a comprehensive program to set priorities for cleaning up the worst existinghazardous-waste sites.2)To make responsible parties pay for those cleanups whenever possible.3)To set up a 1.6 billion dollars Hazardous Waste Trust Fund to support the identification andcleanup of abandoned hazardous-waste sites.4)To advance scientific and technological capabilities in all aspects of hazardous-wastemanagement, treatment and disposal.13.The National Priorities List are those hazardous-waste sites which require urgent attention by Superfund. It included 11000 in the initial evaluation of 40000 sites, while the number fluctuated as new sites are added and sites removed when they are cleaned up or deleted from the list.15.Metal Mining accounted for 31 percent of all toxic waste, which are deposited primarily on surface of land. Electric utilities (power generation) are responsible for 24 percent of releases, most of which into the atmosphere. chemical and metal processing industries are also significant sources.17.Prevent accidental spills, leaks from pipes and valves and loss from broken containers,etc. Other measures include:1)Changing a process so that a hazardous solvent is replaced with water.2)Using a waste produced in a process in another aspect of the process to reduce the amountof waste produced.3)Using a still to clean solvents so that they can used repeatedly4)Allowing water to evaporate from waste can reduce the total amount of waste produced,thus concentrating the hazardous material.19.1)Neutralization of dangerous acids and bases by reacting them with one another can convertthem to non-hazardous materials.2)Biodegradation of organic materials by microorganisms can convert hazardous chemicals toinnocuous substances, Such as in sewage treatment plants3)Air stripping is used to remove volatile chemical from water. Steam stripping works on thesame principle while the high temperature can force out chemicals that ordinary air can not.The volatile compounds can be captured or reused or disposed of.4)Carbon absorption tanks contain specifically activated particles of carbon to treat hazardouschemicals in gaseous and liquid waste. Carbon combines chemically with waste or catch hazardous particles like a fine wire mesh catches grains of sand.Contaminated carbon must then be disposed of or cleaned and reused.5)Precipitation involves adding special materials to a liquid waste. These bind to hazardouschemicals and cause them to precipitate out of the liquid and form large particles called floc.Floc that settles can be seperated as sludge; floc that remain suspended can be filtered and the concentrated waste can be sent to a hazardous-waste landfill.21.The Basel Convention was established in response to the debate over controlling hazardous-waste movements between countries in 1989. There is particular concern about rich, industrialized countries exporting such wastes to developing countries lacking administrative and technological resources to safely dispose of or recycle the waste.Its main objective is to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes and to control and reduce their transboundary movements to protect human health and the environment.23.Transuranic nuclear waste is highly radioactive waste that contains large numbers of atoms larger than uranium with half-lives greater than 20 years. Most of these come from processes involved in the production of nuclear weapons. As the clean-up of former nuclear weapons sites in US take place, transuranic waste is transported to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Calsbad, New Mexico, for storage. （WIIP)25. Low-level radioactive waste can come from a variety of sources, in nuclear power facilities, hospitals and research institutions. Examples include radioactive materials used in medical field. Protective clothing worn by persons who work with radioactive materials, contaminated cleaning materials and other uses of radioactive isotopes.。

环境学导论答案

环境学导论答案第1 章习题参考答案三试全面分析人类环境的组成自然环境组成：物质：空气，水，岩石，土壤动植物，微生物能量：气温，阳光，引力，地磁力自然现象：太阳稳定性,地壳稳定性（地质构造情况；地震，火山活动；海啸），大气力量，水循环，水土演变等多种自然要素人工环境组成：综合生产力，技术进步，人工构筑物，人工产品和能量，政治体制，社会行为，宗教信仰，文化与地方习俗等五环境科学的分科？环境科学可分为三部分：环境学：基础环境学：环境社会学，环境数学，环境物理学（环境声学，辐射污染及控制，热污染级控制），环境化学，环境生态学，环境毒理学，环境地质学；应用环境学，环境控制学，环境管理学，环境工程学（环境污染，防治工程技术及原理（大气污染防治技术，水污染防治工程，固体污染防治工程，固体废物治理及利用工程，核工业环境工程，噪声及热污染控制工程），环境评价与环境规划，环境系统工程，环境水利工程），六环境容量，环境自净能力是什么含义？环境容量：污染物质或污染因素进入环境后，将引起一系列物理，化学和生物的变化，而自身逐步被清除出去，从而环境达到自然净化的目的。

在保持生态平衡的前提下，环境可能容纳污染物质的最大负荷量。

七什么是生态平衡？举例说明。

任何一个正常的生态系统，能量流动和物质循环总是不断地进行着，是一个复杂的，有时、空、量、序变化的动态系统和开放系统，内外存在物质和能量的变化和交换，但在一定时期内，生产者、消费者和还原者之间都保持着一种动态的平衡，这种平衡状态就叫生态平衡。

比如地上的草等绿色植物被羊，牛等动物吃掉，而这些一部分又被人吃掉，人所产生的废物排入到外界被一些微生物分解后，又被细菌等分解成供绿色植物进行光合作用的营养成分，这些营养成分有利于绿色植物的生长，这样就构成了一个动态的平衡。

生态系统由生产者，消费者，分解者和转变者，以及无机营养养分组成。

第2 章习题参考答案2．环境问题有哪些分类方法？分几类？如果从引起环境问题的原因考虑，可将环境问题分为两类。

环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第二章

CHAPTER TWO1. The rate, scale and complexity of interactions between people and environment have seen unprecedented increases. We are beginning to realize our interrelatedness with our environment, as the environmental changes becomes obvious due to technology advance and the public awareness increased in the importance of natural environment. Therefore a new ethic is called for to meet the challenges.2.Ideally, the laws of a particular nation or community should match the ethical commitments of those living there, but it may take a long period of struggle and debate in reality, as the abolition of slavery, women’s equality with men.However, not every ethically right action has a supporting law. In case of environmental issues, sometimes is appropriate is legislate something, like emission of pollutants, while sometimes action should be left up to the personal ethical commitment, which is determined by certain social/economic pressures and works better on the individual level.3. Anthropocentrism (human centered ethic) is the view that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone.Biocentrism (life-centered ethic) is that all forms of life have an inherent right to exist.Ecocentrism maintains the environment deserves direct moral consideration, instead of what is merely derived fromhuman/animal interests. The environment itself has moral worth.4.Thedevelopment approach assumes that human race is and should be master of nature and that the Earth and its resources exist solely for our benefit and pleasure. It thinks highly of human creativity and ingenuity and holds that continual economic growth is a moral ideal for society.The preservationist approach strives to keep large portions of nature intact because nature is regarded to have intrinsic value apart from human uses. Nature is not a resource but a refuge from economic activity.The conservationist approach strikes the balance between unrestrained development andpreservationism. Conservationists tend to consider a wide range of long-term human goods in their about environmental management.5. Environmental justice is a critical component of environmental protection.It is closely related to civil rights, and no group of people, including racial, ethnic or socioeconomic groups, should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from various programs or policies. EJ signifies that the participants of environment movement has shift from middle-class and affluent white people in America to minorities and indigenous people.6.Corporations are designed to operate at a profit, and in order to maximize its profit margin, corporation tends to cut investments in dealing with waste disposal and pollution. In this way, corporate behavior don’t take public and environmental well-being into considerations, often violating the environmental ethics.Some companies may publicly address their concerns for environment to the purpose of social marketing(called greenwashing). But they actually make no attempt to lower the environmental impact of its production.7. Individuals, as shareholders can demand the directors of corporation to run it ethically. As executives,they can wield massive corporate power and guide the corporation to adopt a better environmental approach.Whats more, the ethic of consumption can also affect the corporate behaviors.8. By choosing food that is produced locally, low in food chain and grown with least chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Buying durable consumer and reusing products. Conserving energy etc.9. Global environmental ethics address the widening gap between rich and poor countries, and call for them to set aside political differences to promote global action on environment. It also convince everyone of us that we have an obligation to minimize the harm we cause to ecological systems and the Earth.10. Yes.Triple bottom line is a green business concept, which allows executives to gauge on three fronts. It is more comprehensive as it not only takes economic costs but also environmental costs into consideration and helps companies survive. State laws will be established to grant tax breaks to businesses that comply with green business concept. More complex and stringent environmental and public safety demands will continue toinfluence corporate decisions. Triple bottom line may become the compulsory rule.CHAPTER THREE1.An environmental risk assessment could provide an orderly, clearly stated and consistent way to deal with scientific issues 1)whether a risk exists, 2)the magnitude of the risk and 3)the consequences of the negative outcome when accepting the risk.It can also state the uncertainty associated with alternative approaches to dealing with environmental issues, which helps institutions decide research priorities and plan in the way that protects environment and bureaus to set regulatory priorities and support regulatory action.Some tools are used to calculate the risks which is often hard to attain: estimations based on past experience or establish model for novel risk by laboratory studies (experimenting on other species e.g. rabbits) or computer stimulations.2. economic costs and benefits environmental costs and benefitsFour steps to take: identification of the project to be evaluated; determination of all impacts, favorable and unfavorable, present and future, on all of society; determination of the value of those impacts, by direct market values or indirect price estimates; calculation of the net benefits, which is the total value of positive impacts minus the total value of negative impacts.3. Some doubt if everything can be analyzed from an economic point of view, they fear if the economic value becomes the onlycriteria, many noneconomic values such as beauty and cleanlinesscannot be justified if they are not assigned to economic value.But difficulties exist when assigning specific value to environmental resources, while cultural and socioeconomic differences could cause the less developed country to opt for more jobs than less pollution.Moreover, it is crucial to decide during the process which preferences are most important, but sometimes it is neglected when cost is spread over a large population and when it concerned the benefits and costs for future generations.4.According to its definition, sustainable development reflects the objectives of economic development and environmental stewardship. It is composed of five characteristics: renewability, substitution, interdependence, adaptability and institutional commitment.While debates go over whether economic growth must be sacrificed in order to prevent further deterioration of environment, we should transform the approach to economic policy, and promote the transfer of modern and environmentally sound technology to developing countries.Another obstacle is the disparities of rich and poor people in a nation as well as rich and poor nations. Therefore, developed nations should act as pioneers: invest in related research and apply new techniques which promote sustainable development.5.Firstly, the logging operation may remove so many trees from hillside that runoff destroys streams and cause mudslides, but the cost is transferred to the public.Secondly, industries that no longer exist left thousands of hazardous waste sites, and the responsibility of cleanup fell on the government and the taxpayers.Strip mining is typical for the variety of external environmental costs.6. Pollution-prevention costs, one part of pollution control costs, are those incurred in private sector or by government toentirely or partially prevent the pollution that would otherwise result from production or consumption.7. When everyone shares ownership of a resource, there is a strong tendency to overexploit and misuse that resource. The common property resource has literally no owner, and if you do not use it, someone else would, therefore, even though everyone knows the eventual result, they all choose to make use of it as much as possible.The ecosphere is one big commons stocked with air, water and irreplaceable mineral resources, and each nation attempts to exploit and extract as much from “commons” as possible regardless of other nations.Another example is the shared fishing in Great Lakes region. Commercial fisheries, recreational fishers, Native American tribal fishing and regulatory agencies have tried hard to halt theoverexploitation of fishery resources. Worse still, the fishing zones are often not designed from an ecosystem approach.On an individual level, people are fully aware of air pollution, yet they continue to drive automobiles and don’t mind switching to bigger cars or purchasing more cars.8. Debt-for-nature exchanges are an innovative mechanism for addressing the debt issue while encouraging investment in conservation and sustainable development.It works like this: the conservation organization buys the debt from the creditor at a discount; although the creditor receives only partial payment of the initial loan, some return is better than a total loss; the debtor country has the debt removed and is relieved of the huge burden of paying interest on the debt; in exchange, the conservation organization requires the debtor country to spend money on appropriate conservation and sustainable development projects.9. Subsidies include consumer rebates for purchases of environmentally friendly goods, loans for businesses planning to implement environmental products.Government can pay farmers to encourage them to permanently take highly erodable land from production and reduce the erosion and build up sediment in local streams. The same is with purchasing fishermen’s fishing boats. However, some agricultural subsidies may distort the price of food and lead to overproduction.Market-based instruments include information programs (example: information tags on electric appliances that inform thepublic about the energy efficiency of the product) tradable emission permits, emission fees and taxes (the pollution tax system in China that imposes noncompliance fees on discharge that exceed standards and assesses fines and other charges on violations of regulations)deposit-refund programs and performance bonds.Life cycle analysis is to assess the environmental effects during all stages in product chain: acquisition of raw material, manufacturing processes, transportation, consumer use, disposal. Its extension is extended product responsibility, and the Responsible Care program is one of the best examples.10. People are often willing to accept risk from familiar death causes such as car accidents and flu than those dramatic and sensational causes. They tend to accept voluntary risks like drinking alcohol than involuntary ones like nuclear weapons, familiar technologies like dams than newer ones like genetic engineering.11. Renewable resources include soil, vegetation, animals, air and water. Nonrenewable resources include iron ore, fossil fuels and mountainous landscapes.12.It is because environmental costs may not be recognized immediately, as in the Colorado River dam shows, the ecosystem has a complex system of interrelationships and the damage on environment can take a relative long time to accumulate and become eminent on certain levels or indicators.13. A “take back” means taking the product back for disposal to the place it was manufactured and force the company to think hard and be environmentally responsible for production.14. SBLRBRA is the law that provided incentives for small businesses to develop brownfields, which are perceived to have environmental liabilities. It provided liability protection, funding and tax incentives to encourage small businesses to revitalize the brownfields.15. It is because they weigh the risks with the costs to eliminate those risks, and make decisions based on their distinct financial status. Sometimes they even have basic difference in defining the risk and therefore they tolerate difference levels of risks.16. It is a streamlined decision-making process for implementing corrective action in a consistent manner to protect ecological resources in chemical release sites. It provides a framework for sites that do not or cannot comply with regulatory programs or to form an integrated approach when various regulatory programs apply.17. Perception plays an important role in our understanding of environmental health and safety issues.The asbestos fear shows that the risk estimates are often different between experts and public. The people perceive the risk with different criteria and arrive at their own conclusion, yet they do not trust experts to make decisions alone.Governments need to decide whether to focus on where there is the most impact on human well-being or deal with the problemspeople are most worried about. People, on the other hand, should be supplied with more data to enable them to make more informed judgments. We should be wise and careful when forming our perception of risks as it may influence the research priorities or standards for regulation.18.DfE (Design for Environment) means a product is designed witha consideration of the environmental impacts or aspects that will result from manufacturing it. It means doing cost-benefit analysis prior to production so that the company can make rational decisions as to the environmental liabilities during its manufacturing. By doing so, the product would be more environmentally sound and cost effective, causing the least impact on our environment.19.The conventional way is to develop regulations that prohibit certain behaviors, called “command and control” program, but granting subsidies, giving liability protection and grants for small businesses, and several other market-based instruments (including emission fees and taxes) are also developed and used nowadays. The latter methods use the economic lever and encourage the individuals and companies to make sustainable use of natural resources at a lower cost.20. No, almost all human-induced environmental issues are connected to the human society as well as economics, however, exceptions exist. People may liter a place simply by ritual or norm and the environmental issue has nothing to do with economics.21. The diversified flora that shaped the landscape; TheChongming wetlands that purifies the flowing water.22. Yes. The company opt for an environment-friendly developing strategy and renovate its manufacturing processes.。

环境科学交叉关系学科Chapter8,9重点句子翻译

第八章人口问题The world can be divided into two segments based on the state of economic development of the countries.根据国家的经济发展状况，世界可以分成两个部分。

Collectively, the more-developed countries of the world have relatively stable populations and are expected to grow by about 4 percent by 2050. The less-developed regions of the world，however, have high population growth rates and are expected to grow by about 55 percent by 2050.总体而言，世界上发达国家的人口数量比较稳定，预计到2050年增长4%。

但是，世界上欠发达国家的人口增长率非常高，预计到2050年增长55%。

Human population growth is tied to economic development and is a contributing factor to nearly all environmental problems.人口增长与经济发展紧密相连，在几乎所有的环境问题中，人口增长都是一个影响因子。

It is clear that as the population continues to increase, it will become more difficult to limit the environmental degradation that accompanies it.人们非常清楚，随着人口继续增长，限制随之而来的环境恶化将变得更加困难。

AP环境科学教材配套练习题答案

Environmental Science Answers for Chapter ExerciseThe first edition by Mony SuTopic 1 Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%)Chapter 02 Principles of Science and SystemsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B D D B E A AC A B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A C C A A A C D A A21 22 23A A DTrue / False Questions24 25 26F F FChapter 14 Geology and Earth ResourcesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C D E D A D B B B C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C B A C A E B AD B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30E C D C B C A A D A31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B A B EC C C A A B41ATrue / False Questions42 43 44 45 46T T T T FEssay Questions47.The diagram should look similar to Figure 14.8 on p. 307 in the textbook. Arrows should indicate that each rock type can be transformed into the other types, depending on the conditions.Chapter 15 Climate ChangeMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A A C C DB B A B D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B A DC A BD C C D21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B A BC A E A B B E31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B A ACD A D C A A41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50A D D C C CB EC C51 52 53 54 55C A BD DTrue / False Questions56 57 58 59 60 61T T F F F FEssay Questions62.ENSO = El Nino Southern Oscillation. El Nino years typically bring intense storms and heavy rain from California across the Midwestern states. In general, the U.S. sees an increased amount of rainfall during El Nino years. La Nina years normally bring hot, dry weather to most of the U.S. The Pacific northwest (Washington, Oregon) usually has the reverse weather patterns. (Drier during El Nino and wetter during La Nina).63.The Kyoto Protocol is a treaty that was established in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. About 160 nations agreed to cut back on emissions of the main greenhouse gases to help with the problems associated with worldwide climate change. Even though the U.S. played an important role in leading the negotiations at Kyoto, it has never been ratified by the U.S. government. President Bush claims that it would be detrimental to our economy to doso. Several big businesses in the U.S. have joined with four of the largest environmental groups to call for strong national legislation to ultimately achieve significant reductions of greenhouse gases. These are huge companies that can make a major impact (GE, Alcoa, BP Gas, etc.) if they are successful. On an individual level, there are many things that can be done including: driving less, driving a fuel-efficient vehicle, planting trees, producing less waste (recycle or compost when possible), adjusting thermostats-especially when not at home, insulating your home, purchasing energy-efficient appliances, turning off lights, computers and other energy-consuming items when not in use, etc.Chapter 17 Water Use and ManagementMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C A B A B C A C A A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20D C A C C D B AE E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B D DC E B A C A A31 32 33 34 35 36D C D C B ATrue / False Questions37 38 39 40T F T FEssay Questions41.By comparison, both projects have the same purpose. That is to divert or transfer water from one region to another. In California, there is plentiful rainfall in the north, so excess water is pumped to the south. In China, it is the reverse. Southern China has plentiful water and will be pumping it to the north where it is scarcer. In California, much of the original project was done rather underhandedly. In the early 1900s, land in northern California was quietly purchased by persons in power in Los Angeles. Eventually, they controlled over 90% of the water rights in the Owens Valley area of northern California. They built a huge aqueduct and transported the water to the south. So much water was transferred that the Owens River became dry for much of its course and Owens Lake, which was fed by the river, completely disappeared. In the 1940s, even more water was needed, so sources even further north were tapped to increase the supply. Another lake in this area lost half of its volume. This had serious environmental effects by decimating the population of brine shrimp that lived in the lake. This in turn decreased the number of waterbirds that relied on the shrimp as a food source. After many years of legal issues, the California Water Resources Board ruled in 1994 that LA must allow some water to replenish Lake Mono (the second lake affected). By 2014, the lake must be returned to its 1964 level. Some increase has been seen so far. The ecology also seems to be recovering slowly in this area. In China, a huge multi-year, multi-billion dollar project is now underway to transfer water from southern to northern China. This will involve not one, but three separate routes to transfer the water to the needed regions. There are many problems and issues that will need to be dealt with. One issue is that water polluted by sewage and industrial waste is being transferred. Even though some areas are extremely dry, they are reluctant to accept this water. One of the routes will be extremely expensive and probably will not reach completion until at least 2050. This route will tunnel through mountains and over deep canyons. In addition, if global warming melts all of Tibet's glaciers, it may not be feasible in the long run. Environmental scientists worry that drawing from the Yangtze River will only worsen its pollution problems. Drawing water away from rivers on which millions rely only makes pollution problems worse. Downstream wetlands may also dry up, and ocean circulation may even be affected.42.Should include at least some of the following, but may include others as well. ▪ don't flush every time you use the toilet ▪ don't let the faucet run when washing hands, dishes, or brushing teeth ▪ take shorter showers ▪ use water-efficient plumbing fixtures ▪ check for leaky plumbing ▪ xeriscaping ▪ use recycled (gray) water for outside uses (if possible)—watering lawn, washing car, etc. ▪ run dishwasher only when fullTopic 2 The Living World (10-15%)Chapter 03 Matter, Energy, and LifeMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10E A B D E C C D E C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B E DC E A B E C A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B A B DC B C E A C31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B DC AD A C B B E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50E D D E A D E D A C51 52 53B E ATrue / False Questions54 55 56 57T T T FEssay Questions58.IV is false. There are many types of biogeochemical cycles, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.59.Points awarded on depth and accuracy of answer. Answer should mention sunlight as the starting point for all energy and transfer of energy through living things in the foodchain/web (including energy lost as heat along each step of the pathway).60.Should include the following: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, taken up by photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration (same in the oceans); carbon stored in the oceans; carbon deposits (dead organisms) forming calcium carbonate (limestone) on the ocean floor; carbon deposition from dead plants and animals millions of years ago formed today's fossil fuels.Chapter 04 Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species InteractionsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D C B B B A D DE A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B D BC BD C A A B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D A B D B B D D A D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A ABCD A A C A D41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48E C A E A E B BChapter 05 BiomesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B C A B C D B B D D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20D C D C B BE B A C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D A B D C CE E D D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C B B BD B A A B A41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50C E E B C B B C C C51DTrue / False Questions52 53 54 55 56F T F T TChapter 11 BiodiversityMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C CD AE C A A C D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20D C D A B C C BE B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A D C CBC AD D B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A D D D A DB BC D41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48D B A B CE B ATrue / False Questions49 50 51 52 53T F T T FEssay Questions54.Should include some of the following, but may include others as well. 1) We have a large variety of food sources to choose from—all types of grains, starches, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and meat. 2) Pollinators provide us with many of our food sources, so they are also extremely important. They include birds, insects, and bats. 3) Bacteria and fungi provide us with many antibiotics. 4) Bacteria and fungi are also very beneficial as decomposers—cycling of nutrients. 5) Many plants have provided us with numerous drugs used to treat all types of diseases and illnesses. There are many discovered and undiscovered plants that may have medicinal potential. 6) Organisms provide us with ecological services that are invaluable to us—things like soil formation, water purification, production of oxygen, etc. 7) Organisms provide us with the opportunity for recreation—camping in a forest, fishing, horseback riding, etc. 8) Biodiversity can be economically beneficial. Many countries are now turning to ecotourism—making income by maintaining the natural environment for visitors to enjoy.55.Will vary depending upon the region you live in.Topic 3 Population (10-15%)Chapter 06 Population BiologyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A D CB A B ECD B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A EBC B A E E C E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A C ABCDE C E D31 32 33 34 35 36D B A C D ATrue / False Questions37 38 39 40T F F TChapter 07 Human PopulationsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C E E E E E A B A C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C A B A B E CD C A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30C E B A A E E B B C31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A B D B D C A B A E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50B E DC E A B A A CD E B E C A D D E BTrue / False Questions61 62 63 64F T T TEssay Questions65.General trends, not numbers, should be included. There are three basic trends: 1) Rapidly growing countries - characterized by high birth and death rates, high fertility rates, and typically, high emigration rates 2) Stable populations - characterized by low birth and death rates, low fertility rates, and low emigration rates 3) Negative growth countries - characterized by death rates higher than birth rates, (however, both are low), extremely low fertility rates, (typically less than the 2.1 replacement rate) and low emigration rates66.x-axis should be labeled with increasing years of education, y-axis should be labeled with increasing rates of infant mortality. Graph should show a decline in infant mortality rates as years of education increase. Please include X and Y axis label, appropriate scales on the axes, and a legend.Topic 4 Land and Water Use (10-15%)Chapter 09 Food and HungerMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C CD B D DE A C AE E B D A C C D D A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28D C D B AE A DTrue / False Questions29 30 31 32 33 34T F F T T FEssay Questions35.Genetic recombination involves removing specific genes from one organisms and inserting them into another. This type of technology allows for many advantages. Someone who sees the positive benefits of this technology would be a technological optimist. Scientists working in this field would obviously see the benefits; opponents would most likely not be those in the field of genetic engineering. There are many benefits including: improved crops (yield, pest and disease resistance, salt tolerance, etc.), vaccines could be placed in foods like bananas and potatoes, insulin and other hormones can be mass-produced relatively cheaply.Chapter 10 Farming: Conventional and Sustainable PracticesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A B B E C D C E E A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B B EC C B E B C B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30B E D D BC E B E B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40A D AB B BC C B E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50B D BC B A C B A AD B CE E D B A E A61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70B AC E C A E C E B71 72 73 74C D E BTrue / False Questions75 76 77 78 79 80T T T F F TEssay Questions81.Industrial farming produces very large amount of foods—in fact more than enough to feed the world's population (if distributed evenly).However, a large amount of this food goes to waste. The use of pesticides in industrial farming is very high and this results in many environmental problems—Poisoning nontarget species, including beneficial predators, pesticide resistance, reproductive problems in nontarget species, persistence and mobility—all can affect humans and animals thousands of miles away. Pesticides are also responsible for a myriad of human health problems. Organic farming does not result in as great a yield as industrial.However, it is much more eco-friendly. It leaves the soil in much better condition and since prices paid for organic products are higher than conventional, net returns are typically higher with organic crops. Since no pesticides are used, there are no negative health effects or other negative impacts associated with this type of farming.82.Should include at least some of the following, but may include others. ▪ buy organic—should contain no pesticides ▪ wash and scrub all fresh fruits and vegetables to remove residues ▪ peel fruits and vegetables when possible to remove all traces of pesticides ▪ throw away the outer leaves of leafy vegetables to remove highest concentration of pesticides ▪ store food carefully to avoid mold or bacterial growth—these organisms can produce their own toxins ▪ cook foods that you suspect have pesticides to break down residues ▪ trim the fat from meat, chicken, and fish—fat contains the highest concentrations of pesticides ▪ reduce the amount of meat in your diet to reduce your pesticide intake ▪ don't pick and eat wild berries that may have been sprayed—it's better to be safe—wash them first ▪ grow your own fruits and vegetables—then you know exactly where the food came from! Chapter 12 Biodiversity: Preserving LandscapesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D B C D D B A A C A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A B C B C A C D A B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D E B C C C B C C B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B A E B B D D EC B41 42 43 44C D C BTrue / False Questions45 46 47T T TEssay Questions48.Old growth forests have the following characteristics: very high levels of biodiversity, many unique species live only in old-growth forests, they accumulate more total biomass in standing vegetation per unit area than any other ecosystem, little or no erosion, nutrient-rich soil, only a small percentage remains and large percentages of that are scheduled to be harvested, the most valuable of these forests are protected (at least for now). Tree farms have the following characteristics: the types and sizes of trees can vary depending upon the cutting technique that is used; however, most are made up of one type of tree, most of which are about the same age and size (clear-cutting), typically soil erosion is prevalent due to lack of undergrowth, rotting logs, and other vegetation, soil is also typically nutrient-poor (no vegetation to be recycled—everything is removed), very little biodiversity due to little variation in habitat, alternative methods of cutting such as selective cutting are much better environmentally—decreases erosion, improves soil quality, increases biodiversity among other benefits.49.Brazil has the largest amount of land in protected status as of now. The majority of this protected land is in the Amazon basin. Nine new protected areas in the northern Amazon basin were established in 2006 (along the borders of Suriname and Guyana). About half of this newly protected land will be strictly protected and will create the largest tropical forest reserve in the world. In contrast to this is the Pantanal. This is the world's largestwetland/savanna complex (somewhat similar to the Florida everglades). Some of the regions of the Pantanal have even greater amounts of biodiversity than the Amazon basin. However, most of this region is privately owned and so far, very little of it has any protected status.Chapter 13 Restoration EcologyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D C AE E A E D A B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C A E E B BD C A A21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A C D E A A C E A A31 32 33 34D D B ATrue / False Questions35 36 37 38 39T F F T TEssay Questions40.The intent of both is obviously to preserve the prairie. However, it is being approached in two completely different ways. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is cooperating with local ranchers and allowing them to continue grazing cattle on most of the land (which TNC owns) in exchange for specific conservation measures including protection of prairie dog colonies and sage grouse nests. They must also control weed growth. TNC's approach is that by keeping ranch families working on the land, it preserves their lifestyle and at the same time, preserves the biodiversity of the Great Plains. Close by, the American Prairie Foundation (APF) is going about preservation by a completely different route. They have purchased approximately the same amount of land as TNC (close to 60,000 acres). Instead of continuing to allow cattle ranching, they will remove all fences and buildings and return the area to wilderness. They also plan to return wildlife including elk, bison, wolves and grizzly bears to the land. Nearby ranchers are not thrilled with the prospect of the predators being returned, as they feel their livestock will be threatened. Many also are not happy that the funding is coming mainly from Wall Street or Silicon Valley in California. They are upset that people with money from the outside are forcing changes upon them. They worry about restrictions that may be placed on the land. The APF defends its side by saying that tourism, bird-watching, and hunting will be allowed on nearly all of its lands and that this will bring in more income than raising cattle.41.Should include some of the following: 1) To reduce sediment influx (erosion from stream banks or other areas), several different methods may be employed including planting ground cover on banks or uplands; gullies that empty into the stream may be filled with rocks or brush; barriers can be used to deflect the current away from the stream banks or to trap sediment (these may include weirs, vanes, dams, logs, bundled brush, root wads, etc.)—these can actually be beneficial in carving out deep pools in the stream bottom, which provide excellent habitat for fish and other organisms; stabilizing stream banks—should be no more than 45 degrees to minimize erosion; soil can be held in place by plants, rocks, or other ground cover; if there is not enough space to recontour, steep banks will need to be supported by rock walls, riprap, or embedded tree trunks.Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable CitiesMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D D AE E B C B E A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C B CD C A B A B C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30C A B A B A A C E E31 32 33 34C C B DTrue / False Questions35 36 37 38 39T T F F TEssay Questions40.Push factors: no jobs, lack of food, inadequate housing, political conflicts, racial conflicts, religious conflicts Pull factors: opportunity for education, variety of jobs, entertainment, freedom, social mobility, prestige, power41.Should contain some of the following information and may include others as well. Compare: Both are communities of living things along with the physical environment; both are affected by the abiotic conditions; both have a constant flow of matter and energy cycling through both living and non-living; both involve niches; both have fairly distinctboundaries. Contrast: Cities involve only humans—other species may live there, but are not an integral part of the functioning city; people not affected so much by abiotic factors (e.g., temp. is regulated by A/C and heating, go to work whether it is raining or snowing); many human activities and inputs are part of a city, but not an ecosystem (city foundation, drainage, sewage, pollution, garbage, etc.); infrastructure completely different—man-made in cities, natural in ecosystems.Chapter 23 Ecological EconomicsMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10E C E A C B B C C D11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C A CD D A BE B E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D A D C A B BE B D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C E B C A ADE A E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48A AB E D A B ATrue / False Questions49 50 51 52 53T T T F FEssay Questions54.Should look like Fig. 23.7 on p. 521 in textbook.55.Should include some of the following answers: Economist: focus on human resources (buildings, roads, labor); natural systems essential but externalized; manufactured capital is regarded as scarce and valuable; natural capital is regarded as plentiful and cheap; as one natural resource becomes scarce, a substitute will easily be found; based on supply and demand. Ecologist: focus on value of natural services; natural services are internalized; manufactured capital is very large (not really valuable) and puts stresses on natural resources; recycling is important; limited supplies of natural capital, which is valuable and often fragile.Topic 5 Energy Resources and Consumption (10–15%)Chapter 19 Conventional EnergyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A C EB D D E A D E11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20A A CB D A D A B B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D C A D AE A E E B31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C A BD A B D B D C41 42 43 44 45A B C E BTrue / False Questions46 47 48 49 50 51F F T T F FEssay Questions52.In your evaluation, provide the pros and cons and the context in which each energy source would work best.53.Answers should contain at least some of the following but may contain others.Chapter 20 Sustainable EnergyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B BC AD C C B A B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20E B D E C C C D C C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30E E B E A C E A C B31 32 33 34 35A A C A BTrue / False Questions36 37 38 39 40 41F T T F F FEssay Questions42.Solar energy would be the best option for this situation. The new amorphous silicon collectors can be made into lightweight, paper-thin sheets that can be layered right on to roof tiles. A tropical country implies that it is warm and sunny year-round, providing the optimalconditions for solar collection. These collectors are already currently being used in remote places without access to conventional power, so this would be a perfect place for this technology. Homes and offices can be built without power plants and power lines; no fuels would need to be purchased; and you would have no monthly energy bills. Prices of solar electricity are dropping each year and will be competitive with conventional power (fossil fuels) by 2020. Even though the start-up cost may be more currently, in the long run the solar power will more than pay for itself.43.Should contain some of the items listed in the table below.Topic 6 Pollution (25-30%)Chapter 08 Environmental Health and ToxicologyMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10D E D A C A B D A A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B ACD B C B B A D21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D E C D B A A E D A31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40D A B A B DE E C A41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50B C A B A E D C B C51 52 53 54 55C D E C ATrue / False Questions56 57 58 59 60T T T F TEssay Questions61.You would most likely be worried because: (should mention at least one from each category) 1) They may cause kidney and/or liver damage. 2) They may cause some types of cancer. 3) They can act as endocrine disrupters, affecting sex hormones; this can lead to reproductive abnormalities and decreased fertility as well as low sperm counts and decreased sperm motility.62.Should look like Fig. 8.16 in textbook (see explanation for the below figure).Chapter 16 Air PollutionMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10E A B C D A B C B A11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20E C C B A E A B D C21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30A A D C D D EB A D31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40C E E B AD CE A C41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49B BC BD B D B ATrue / False Questions50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57F F F F T F F FEssay Questions58.Both are formed by atmospheric oxygen (O2) combining with an atom of singlet oxygen (O). In the troposphere, ozone is a major component of smog. It is formed as a photochemical oxidant, resulting mainly from too many hydrocarbons in the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent and damages vegetation and buildings. It is also an irritant to the lungs and eyes. It can be very harmful to persons with underlying respiratory conditions, so itis considered a pollutant. Its role in the stratosphere is completely different. It acts as a UV filter, providing earth with a "natural" shield from incoming solar radiation. When it becomes depleted, due mainly to CFCs, excess UV makes it through the ozone layer. This results in increased incidence of skin cancer and eye damage in humans. It is also harmful to crops, which may show decreased productivity.Chapter 18 Water PollutionMultiple Choice Questions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C ED C A B A A C C11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20C B A B CD B C A B21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30D CE E D A E E E A31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40B C A E D A A C A B41 42D ETrue / False Questions43 44 45 46F F F TEssay Questions47.Point ▪ Examples include factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, underground coal mines, and oil wells ▪ Pollution is discharged from specific locations (e.g., drain pipes, smoke stacks, ditches, sewer outfalls) ▪ Discrete and identifiable, so are relatively easy to monitor and regulate ▪ Generally feasible to divert effluent from the waste stream and treat it before it is released into the environment Nonpoint ▪ Examples include runoff from farm fields and feedlots, golf courses, lawns and gardens, construction sites, logging areas, roads, streets, and parking lots ▪ There is no specific location where they discharge, so it can end up in water anywhere ▪ Typically are scattered or diffuse ▪ Amount of runoff is seasonal (varies with times and amounts of precipitation); heavy rainfalls may flush or carry a lot of pollutants into lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water at one time ▪ Much more difficult to monitor, regulate, and treat48.BOD is one way to measure the amount of bacteria in a water sample. Organic wastes, including sewage, paper pulp, or food, are very rich in certain nutrients—especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Once in aquatic ecosystems, these nutrients stem the growth of decomposing bacteria. These bacteria consume large amounts of oxygen. The BOD can give us an approximation of the amount of organic waste in the water based on the oxygen content. The effects of oxygen-demanding wastes on bodies of water depend on the volume, flow, and temperature of the water. In general, a characteristic decline in oxygen is seen downstream from a point source (e.g., discharge pipe). This is called the oxygen sag. Farther downstream, levels of oxygen will eventually return to normal. A diagram similar to Fig. 18.7 on p. 402 in the text (showing the relationship between BOD and oxygen sag) should be drawn with appropriate labels. Zones, oxygen levels, and types of organisms may be included in this diagram.。

(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科——5、6章重点句、词汇

第五章环境和生物间的相互作用Interactions: Environments and Organisms The science of ecology is the study of the ways organisms interact with each other, and with their nonliving surroundings.Ecology deals with the ways in which or ganisms are adapted to their surroundings,how they make use of these surroundings, and how an area is altered by the presence and activities of organisms.All organisms are dependent on other organisms in some way.Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment.Abiotic factors can be organized into several broad categories: energy, nonliving matter, and processes that involve the interactions of nonliving matter and energy.All organisms require a source of energy to maintain themselves. The ultimate source of energy for almost all organisms is the sun.All forms of life require atoms of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and molecules such as water to construct and maintain themselves. Organisms constantly obtain these materials from their environment. The atoms become part of an organism's body structure for a short time period, and eventually all of them are returned to the environment through respiration, excretion, or death and decay.The structure and location of the space organisms inhabit is also an important abiotic aspect of their environment.Important ecological processes involve interactions of matter and energy.The climate (average weather patterns over a number of years) of an area involves energy in the form of solar radiation interacting with the matter that makes up the Earth.The biotic factors of an organism's environment include all forms of life with which it interacts.Although organisms interact with their surroundings in many ways, certain factors may be critical to a particular species' success. A shortage or absence of this factor restricts the success of the species; thus, it is known as a limiting factor.The limiting factor for many species of fishes is the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.The environment influences the organism, and organisms affect the environment.The habitat of an organism is the space that the organism inhabits, the place where it lives (its address).The niche of an organism is the functional role it has in its surroundings(its profession).Genes are distinct pieces of DNA that determine the characteristics an individual displays.A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.A species is a population of all the organtisms potentially capable of reproducingnaturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.The process that leads to this close fit between the characteristics organisms display and the demands of their environment is known as natural selection.natural selection is the mechanism that causes evolution to occur.When we look at the effects of natural selection over time, we can see considerable change in the characteristics of a species and kinds of species present. Some changes take thousands or millions of years to occur. Others, such as resistance to pesticides, can occur in a few years.Scientists have continuously shown that this theory of natural selection can explain the development of most aspects of the structure, function, and behavior of organisms. It is the central idea that helps explain how species adapt to their surroundings. When we discuss environmental problems, it is helpful to understand that species change and that as the environment is changed, either naturally or by human action, some species will adapt to the new conditions while others will not.The environment in which organisms exist does not remain constant over long time periods. Those species that lack the genetic resources to cope with a changing environment go extinct. Extinction is the loss of an entire species and is a common feature of the evolution of organisms.Natural selection is constantly at work shaping organisms to fit a changing environment.It is clear that humans have had a significant impact on the extinction of many kinds of species.Wherever humans have modified the environment for their purposes (farming, forestry, cities, hunting, and introducing exotic organisms), species are typically displaced from the area.If large areas are modified, entire species may be displaced. Ultimately, humans are also subject to evolution and the possibility of extinction as well.Coevolution is the concept that two or more species of organisms can reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other. In other words, organisms affect the evolution of other organisms.Since all organisms are influenced by other organisms, this is a common pattern.Ecologists look at organisms and how they interact with their surroundings.One common kind of interaction called predation occurs when one organism, known as a predator, kills and eats another, known as the prey.A second type of interaction between species is competition, in which two organisms strive to obtain the same limited resource.Symbiosis is a close, long-lasting, physical relationship between two different species. There are three different categories of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.If we examine our activities, we can see that we have complicated interactions with other organisms.Predator----Humans throughout the world use animals as food.Herbivore----Humans rely on many kinds of plants as their primary source of food.Scavenger----Scavenging involves finding and consuming animals that are already dead.Commensalism-----Humans find themselves on both sides of commensal relationships.Parasitism----Although humans do not live in or on other living things, we do engage in relationships that are parasitic in nature.Mutualism----Humans have many mutualistic relationships with plants and animals.Competition----Humans are in competition with all other organisms on Earth. As we convert land and aquatic resources to our uses, we deprive other organisms of what they need to survive.A community is an assemblage of all the interacting populations of different species of organisms in an area.An ecosystem is a defined space in which interactions take place between a community, with all its complex interrelationships, and the physical environment.While it is easy to see that the physical environment places limitations on the kinds of organisms that can live in an area, it is also important to recognize that organisms impact their physical surroundings.Every system has parts that are related to one another in specific ways.Producers are organisms that are able to use sources of energy to make complex, organic molecules from the simple inorganic substances in their environment.Primary consumers, also known as herbivores, are animals that eat producers (plants or phytoplankton) as a source of food.Secondary consumers or carnivores are animals that eat other animals.Decomposers are organisms that use nonliving organic matter as a source of energy and raw materials to build their bodies.Whenever an organism sheds a part of itself, excretes waste products, or dies, it provides a source of food for decomposers.Since decomposers carry on respiration, they are extremely important in recycling matter by converting organic matter to inorganic material.Many small animals, fungi, and bacteria fill this niche.A keystone species is one that has a critical role to play in the maintenance of specific ecosystems.Some species have pivotal roles, and their elimination or severe reduction can significantly alter ecosystems.The energy stored in the molecules of producers is transferred to other organisms when the producers are eaten.Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem is known as a trophic level. Producers (plants, algae, phytoplankton) constitute the first trophic level, and herbivores constitute the second trophic level. Carnivores that eat herbivores are the thir,trophic level, and carnivores that eat other ". carnivores are the fourth trophic level.As energy flows through an ecosystem, it passes through several levels known as trophic levels. Each trophic level contains a certain amount of energy. Each time energy flows to another trophic level, approximately 90 percent of the useful energy islost, usually as heat to the surroundings. Therefore, in most ecosystems, higher trophic levels contain less energy and fewer organisms.The passage of energy from one trophic level to the next as a result of one organism consuming another is known as a food chain.When several food chains overlap and intersect, they make up a food web.All matter is made up of atoms. These atoms are cycled between the living and nonliving portions of an ecosystem. The activities involved in the cycling of atoms include biological, geological, and chemical processes. Therefore, these nutrient cycles are often called biogeochemical cycles.All living things are composed of organic molecules that contain atoms of the element carbon. The carbon cycle includes the processes and pathways involved in capturing inorganic carbon-containing molecules, converting them into organic molecules that are used by organisms, and the ultimate release of inorganic carbon molecules back to the abiotic environment.Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) are part of the carbon cycle as well.At one time, these materials were organic molecules in the bodies of living organisms.The organisms were buried and the organic compounds in their bodies were modified by geologic forces. Thus, the carbon atoms present in fossil fuels were removed temporarily from the active,short-term carbon cycle. When we burn fossil fuels, the carbon reenters the active carbon cycle. Another very important nutrient cycle, the nitrogen cycle,involves the cycling of nitrogen atoms between the abiotic and biotic components and among the organisms in an ecosystem.Because atmospheric nitrogen is not usable by plants, nitrogen-containing compounds are often in short supply and the availability of nitrogen is often a factor that limits the growth of plants. The primary way in which plants obtain nitrogen compounds they can use is with the help of bacteria that live in the soil. Bacteria, called nitrogen-fixing bacteria, are able to convert the nitrogen gas (N2) that enters the soil into ammonia that plants can use.Bacteria and other types of decay organisms are involved in the nitrogen cycle also. Dead organisms and their waste products contain molecules, such as proteins, urea, and uric acid, that contain nitrogen. Decomposers break down these nitrogen-containing organic molecules, releasing ammonia, which can be used directly by many kinds of plants. Still other kinds of soil bacteria called nitrifying bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite, which can be converted to nitrate. Plants can use nitrate as a source of nitrogen for synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic molecules.Finally, bacteria known as denitrifying bacteria are, under conditions where oxygen is absent, able to convert nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2), which is ultimately released into the atmosphere. These nitrogen atoms can reenter the cycle with the aid of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.The phosphorus cycle differs from the carbon and nitrogen cycles in one important respect. Phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. The ultimate source of phosphorus atoms is rock. In nature, new phosphorus compoundsare released by the erosion of rock and become dissolved in water. Plants use the dissolved phosphorus compounds to construct the molecules they need. Animals obtain the phosphorus they need when they consume plants or other animals. When an organism dies or excretes waste products, decomposer organisms recycle the phosphorus compounds back into the soil.Phosphorus compounds that are dissolved in water are ultimately precipitated as deposits. Geologic processes elevate these deposits and expose them to erosion, thus making these deposits available to organisms.Two activities have caused significant changes in the carbon cycle: burning fossil fuels and converting forests to agricultural land.One consequence of these actions is that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing steadily since humans began to use fossil fuels extensively. It has become clear that increasing carbon dioxide is causing changes in the climate of the world, and many nations are seeking to reduce energy use and prevent deforestation.The burning of fossil fuels has also altered the nitrogen cycle.When fossil fuels are burned, the oxygen and nitrogen in the air are heated to high temperatures and a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds are produced.If too much nitrogen or phosphorus is applied as fertilizer or if they are applied at the wrong time, much of this fertilizer is carried into aquatic ecosystems.The presence of large amounts of these nutrients in either freshwater or saltwater results in increased rates of growth of bacteria, algae,and aquatic plnts. Increases in the number of these organisms can have many different effects. Many algae are toxic, and when their numbers increase significantly,fish are killed and incidents of human poisoning occur. An increase in the number of plants and algae in aquatic ecosystems also can lead to low oxygen concentrations in the water. When these organisms die, decomposers use oxygen from the water as they break down the dead organic matter. This lowers the oxygen concentrations and many organisms die.Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. The environment of an organism can be divided into biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.The space an organism occupies is known as its habitat, and the role it plays in its environment is known as its niche.I The niche of a species is the result of natural selection directing the adaptation of the species to a specific set of environmental conditions.Organisms interact with one another in a variety of ways.A community is the biotic portion of an ecosystem that is a set of interacting populations of organisms. Those organisms and their abiotic environment constitute an ecosystem.About 90 percent of the energy is lost as it passes from one trophic level to the next. This means that the amount of biomass at higher trophic levels is usually much less than that at lower trophic levels.The flow of atoms through an ecosystem involves all the organisms in thecommunity. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are examples of how these materials are cycled in ecosystems.Key Terms :abiotic factors非生物因子biogeochemical cycles 生物地球化学循环biomass 生物量biotic factors 生物因子carbon cycle 碳循环community 群落competition 竞争consumer 消费者decomposer 分解者ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统environment 环境evolution 进化extinction 灭绝food chain 食物链food web 食物网genes 基因habitat 生境limiting factor 限制性因素natural selection 自然选择niche 小生境nitrogen cycle 氮循环population 种群primary consumer 初级消费者range of tolerance 耐受范围secondary consumer 次级消费者species物种trophic level 营养级Review Questions:1. Define environment.3. How is natural selection related to the concept of niche?5. How is an ecosystem different from a community?8. What are some different trophic levels in an ecosystem?9. Describe the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.第六章生态系统及群落的种类Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Ecosystems are dynamic, changing units.The concept that communities proceed through a series of recognizable, predictable changes in structure over time is called succession. The relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession is called a climax community.Primary succession is a successional progression that begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water.Secondary succession is much more commonly observed and generally proceeds more rapidly, because it begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem. Fire, flood, windstorm, or human activity can destroy or disturb a community of organisms.The general trend in succession is toward increasing complexity and more efficient use of matter and energy compared to the successional communities that preceded them.The principal concepts of land succession can be applied to aquatic ecosystems. Except for the oceans, most aquatic ecosystems are considered temporary. Certainly, some are going to be around for thousands of years, but eventually they will disappear and be replaced by terrestrial ecosystems as a result of normal successional processes. All aquatic ecosystems receive a continuous input of soil particles and organic matter from surrounding land, which results in the gradual filling in of shallow bodies of water such as ponds and lakes.The same processes and activities drive both primary and secondary succession. The major difference is that secondary succession occurs when an existing community is destroyed but much of the soil and some of the organisms remain. A forest fire, a flood, or the conversion of a natural ecosystem to agriculture may be the cause.As settlers removed the original forests or grasslands and converted the land to farming, the original "climax" community was destroyed. Eventually, as poor farming practices destroyed the soil, many farms were abandoned and the land was allowed to return to its "original" condition.Biomes are terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution.The distribution of terrestrial ecosystems is primarily related to precipitation and temperature.A lack of water is the primary factor that determines that an area will be a desert. Deserts are areas that generally average less than 25 centimeters(10 inches) of precipitation per year.Since the rate of evaporation is high, plant growth and flowering usually coincide with the periods when moisture is available. Deserts are also likely to be windy. We often think of deserts as hot, dry wastelands devoid of life. However, many deserts are quite cool during a major part of the year.Another misconception about deserts is that few species of organisms live in the desert. There are many species, but they typically have low numbers of individuals.The desert has many kinds of animals. However, they are often overlooked because their populations are low, numerous species are of small size, and many are inactive during the hot part of the day. They also aren't seen in large, conspicuous groups.Grasslands, also known as prairies or steppes, are widely distributed over temperate parts of the world. As with deserts, the major factor that contributes to the establishment of a grassland is the amount of available moisture. Grasslands generally receive between 25 and 75 centimeters (10 to 30 inches) of precipitation per year.Most of the moist grasslands of the world have been converted to agriculture , since the rich, deep soil that developed as a result of the activities of centuries of soil building is useful for growing cultivated grasses such as corn (maize) and wheat. The drier grasslands have been converted to the raising of domesticated grazers such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Therefore, little undisturbed grassland is left, and those fragments that remain need to be preserved as refuges for the grassland species that once occupied huge portions of the globe.Tropical parts of Africa, South America, and Australia have extensive grasslands spotted with occasional trees or patches of trees. This kind of a biome is often called a savanna. Although savannas receive 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 60 inches) of rain per year, the rain is not distributed evenly throughout the year. Typically, a period of heavy rainfall is followed by a prolonged drought. This results in a very seasonally structured ecosystem. The plants and animals time to their reproductive activities to coincide with the rainy period, when limiting factors are least confining. The predominant plants are grasses, but many drought-resistant, flat-topped, thorny trees are common.The Mediterranean shrublands are located near an ocean and have wet, cool winters and hot, dry summers. Rainfall is 40 to 100 centimeters (15 to 40 inches) per year. As the name implies, this biome is typical of the Mediterranean coast and isalso found in coastal southern California, the southern tip of Africa, a portion of the west coast of Chile, and southern Australia. The vegetation is dominated by woody shrubs that are adapted to withstand the ot, dry summer.Another biome that is heavily influenced by seasonal rainfall is known as the tropical dry forest.Tropical rainforests are located near the equator in Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and some islands in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The temperature is normally warm and relatively constant. There is no frost, and it rains nearly every day. Most areas receive in excess of 200 centimeters (80 inches) of rain per year. Some receive 500 cennmeters (200 inches) or more. Because of the warm temperatures and abundant rainfall, most plants grow very rapidly; however, soils are usually poor in nutrients because water tends to carry away any nutrients not immediately taken up by plants.Tropical rainforests are under intense pressure from logging and agriculture.Many of the countries where tropical rainforests are present are poor and seek to obtain jobs and money by exploiting this resource.Forests in temperate areas of the world that have a winter-summer change of seasons typically have trees that lose their leaves during the winter and replace them the following spring. This kind of forest is called a temperate deciduous forest and is typical of the eastern half of the United States, parts of south central and south- eastern Canada, southern Africa, and many areas of Europe and Asia. These areas generally receive 75 to 100 centimeters (30 to 60 inches) of relatively evenly distributed precipitation per year.In contrast to tropical rainforests, where individuals of a tree species are scattered throughout the forest, temperate deciduous forests generally have many fewer species, and many forests may consist of two or three dominant tree species.These forests are home to a great variety of insects, many of which use the leaves and wood of trees as food.Throughout the southern half of Canada, parts of northern Europe, and much of Russia, there is an evergreen coniferous forest known as the taiga, northern coniferous forest, or boreal forest. The climate is one of short, cool summers and long winters with abundant snowfall. The winters are extremely harsh and can last as long as six months. Typically, the soil freezes during the winter. Precipitation ranges between 25 and 100 centimeters (10 to 40 inches) per year. However, the climate is typically humid because there is a great deal of snowmelt in the spring and generally low temperatures reduce evaporation. The landscape is typically dotted with lakes, ponds, and bogs.North of the taiga is the tundra, a biome that lacks trees and has a permanently frozen subsurface soil. This frozen soil layer is known as permafrost. Because of the permanently frozen soil and extremely cold, windy climate (up to 10 months of winter), no trees can live in the area.Because of the very short growing season, damage to this kind of ecosystem is slow to heal, so the land must be handled with great care.Terrestrial biomes are determined by the amount and kind of precipitation and by temperatures. Other factors, such as soil type and wind, also play a part. Aquatic ecosystems also are shaped by key environmental factors. Several important factors are the ability of the sun's rays to penetrate the water, the depth ofthe water, the nature of the bottom substrate, the water temperature, and the amount of dissolved salts.An important determiner of the nature of aquatic ecosystems is the amount of salt dissolved in the water.Those that have little dissolved salt are called freshwater ecosystems, and those that have a high salt content are called marine ecosystems.Coral reef ecosystems are produced by coral animals that build up-shaped external skeletons around themselves.Because they require warm water, coral ecosystems are found only near the equator Coral ecosystems also require shallow, clear water since the algae must have ample sunlight to carry on photosynthesis.Coral reefs are considered one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth.Mangrove swamp ecosystems occupy a region near the shore. The dominant organisms are special kinds of trees that are able to tolerate the high salt content of the ocean.The trapping of sediment and the continual extension of mangroves into shallow areas result in the development of a terrestrial ecosystem in what was once shallow ocean.An estuary is a special category of aquatic ecosystem that consists of shallow, partially enclosed areas where freshwater enters the ocean.Estuaries are particularly productive ecosystems because of the large amounts of nutrients introduced into the basin from the rivers that run into them. This is further enhanced by the fact that the shallow water allows light to penetrate to most of the water in the basin.Estuaries are especially important as nursery sites for fish and crustaceans such as flounder and shrimp.Freshwater ecosystems differ from marine ecosystems in several ways. The amount of salt present is much less, the temperature of the water can change greatly, the water is in the process of moving to the ocean, oxygen can often be in short supply, and the organisms that inhabit freshwater systems are different.Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into two categories: those in which the water is relatively stationary, such as lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, and those in which the water is running downhill, such as streams and rivers.Large lakes have many of the same characteristics as the ocean.Farming and construction expose soil and release nutrients, as do other human activities such as depositing sewage into streams and lakes. Deep, clear, cold, nutrient-poor lakes are low in productivity and are called oligotrophic lakes. Shallow, murky, warm, nutrient-rich lakes are called eutrophic lakes.The dissolved oxygen content of the water is important since the quantity of oxygen determines the kinds of organisms that can inhabit the lake.When organic molecules enter water, they are broken down by bacteria andfungi. These decomposer organisms use oxygen from the water as they perform respiration. The amount of oxygen used by decomposers to break down a specific amount of organic matter is called the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).Just as estuaries are a bridge between freshwater and marine ecosystems, swamps and marshes are a transition between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.Many swamps and marshes are successional states that eventually become totally terrestrial communities.summary:Ecosystems change as one kind of organism replaces another in a process called succession.Ultimately, a relatively stable stage is reached, called the climax community.Major regional terrestrial climax communities are called biomes.The primary determiners of the kinds of biomes that develop are the amount and yearly distribution of rainfall and the yearly temperature cycle.Aquatic ecosystems can be divided into marine (saltwater) and freshwater ecosystems.Coral reefs are tropical marine ecosystems dominated by coral animals. Mangrove swamps are tropical marine shoreline ecosystems dominated by trees. Estuaries occur where freshwater streams and rivers enter the ocean. They are usually shallow, very productive areas. Many marine organisms use estuaries for reproduction.KeyTerms:biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 生化需氧量biome 生物群系climax community 顶级群落coral reef ecosystem 珊瑚礁生态系统desert 沙漠estuary 河口eutrophic lake 富营养湖freshwater ecosystem 淡水生态系统grassland 草地mangrove swamp ecosystem 红树林沼泽生态系统marine ecosystem 海洋生态系统marsh 草本沼泽plankton 浮游生物phytoplankton 浮游植物zooplankton 浮游动物primary succession 原生演替secondary succession 次生演替swamp 木本沼泽tropical rainforest 热带雨林Review Questions:1.Describe the process of succession. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?4. What two primary factors determine the kind of terrestrial biome that will develop in an area?6. What areas of the ocean are the most productive?9. List three differences between freshwater and marine ecosystems.10. What is an estuary?Why are estuaries important?。

环境科学学习题及答案

环境科学学习题及答案题目一：什么是环境科学？答案一：环境科学是研究环境与人类相互作用的一门学科，涉及大气、水、土壤及生物等不同方面。

它致力于了解和解决环境问题，保护和改善环境质量，促进可持续发展。

题目二：列举环境科学领域的一些主要问题。

答案二：- 气候变化：包括全球变暖、温室气体排放等问题。

- 水资源管理：包括水质污染、水源枯竭等问题。

- 土壤退化：包括土壤污染、土地沙化等问题。

- 生物多样性丧失：包括物种灭绝、生态系统破坏等问题。

- 环境污染：包括空气污染、水污染、噪音污染等问题。

题目三：什么是环境可持续发展？答案三：环境可持续发展是指在满足当前世代需求的同时，不损害未来世代满足其需求的能力。

它强调经济、社会和环境的相互关系，追求经济发展与环境保护的良性互动。

题目四：为什么环境保护重要？答案四：环境保护对于人类的生存和发展至关重要。

保护环境可以维护生态平衡，减少自然灾害的发生，保障人类健康，促进可持续发展。

另外，环境保护还可以维护地球的美丽和资源的可持续利用。

题目五：个人应如何参与环境保护？答案五：个人应当树立环保意识，从自身做起，采取以下行动：- 节约能源，减少碳排放。

- 减少废物产生，垃圾分类回收。

- 推广可再生能源的使用。

- 关注环境保护组织的活动，参与公益行动。

- 提倡可持续生活方式，例如骑行或使用公共交通工具。

以上是关于环境科学的一些学习题及答案。

希望对你的学习有所帮助！。

环境学基础复习思考题及答案

第一、二章绪论环境问题一名词解释1、环境:所谓环境,总是相对于某一中心事物而言,与某一中心事物有关的周围事物就是这个中心事物的环境。

2、环境结构:环境要素在数量上的配比,空间位置上的配置,相互间的联系内容与方式。

3、环境规律:人与环境相互作用的规律。

4、环境要素:是指构成人类环境整体的各个独立的,性质不同的而又服从整体演化规律的基本物质组分,分自然环境要素和人工环境要素。

5、环境质量:在一个具体的环境内,环境的总体或环境的某些要素,对人群的生存和繁衍以及社会经济发展的适宜程度。

二简答题1、简述环境科学的基本原理2、环境问题的实质是什么?如何产生和发展的?实质:社会经济与环境之间相互协调发展问题以及资源合理开发利用问题。

产生:1人口压力2资源不合理利用3片面追求经济增长发展:发展中国家:1人口激增和贫困2与城市化有关问题异常严重3自然资源消耗加速,生态环境破坏严重;发达国家:1工业废弃物,生活垃圾,大气污染物急剧增加2自然资源消耗和破坏增加3室内环境污染问题突出3、当前环境问题的主要任务有哪些?有:1探索全球范围内自然环境演化的规律2探索全球范围内人与自然相互依存的关系3协调人类的生产,消费活动同生态要求之间的关系4探索区域污染综合防治的途径。

4、简述环境问题的分类原生环境问题也叫第一环境问题,是由于自然规律因素造成的。

次生环境问题也叫第二环境问题,是由于人为因素引起的环境问题。

第三章生态学基础1、生态学:研究生物与其生活环境相互关系的科学。

2、生态系统:指由生物群落与无机环境构成的统一整体。

3、生态系统平衡:指生态系统的物质循环,能量流动和信息传递皆处于稳定和通畅的状态。

4、生态系统平衡阈值:二简答题1、生态系统有哪些结构和功能特性?研究生态系统结构和功能对环保有哪些意义?结构:一是组成成分及其营养关系;二是各种生物的空间分布状态。

具体的说就是物种结构,营养结构,空间结构。

功能特性:1生物生产2能量流动3物质循环4信息传递意义:不仅解释自然界,而且要改造自然界,是促进经济建设和环境保护协调发展的有力工具。

环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第十五章

CHAPTER 151.Describe the hydrologic cycle.The cycling of water through the environment follows a simple pattern. Moisture in the atmosphere condenses into droplets that fall to the Earth as rain or snow, supplying all living things with its life-sustaining properties Water, flowing over the Earth as surface water or through the soil as groundwater, return to the oceans, where it evaporates back into the atmosphere to begin the cycle again.2.Distinguish between withdrawal and consumption of water.Water withdrawals are measurements of the amount of water taken from a source. This water may be used temporarily and then returned to its source and used again.Water that is incorporated into a product or lost to the atmosphere through evaporation or evapotranspiration cannot be reused in the same geographic area and is said to be consumed.3.What are the similarities between domestic and industrial water use?They are both utilizing water by withdrawing it, yet only a small portion is devoted water consumption, unlike in-stream use, they discharge pollutants and nutrients into the water and water sewage treatment is needed to return the water to former state.4.How is land use related to water quality and quantity? Can you provide local examples? Various land uses have different effects on water quality and quantity.Agricultural use consume a lot of water(500 billion leters per day) in irrigation and it is often necessary to transport water through great distances.Industrial use is mainly limited to cooling water, which affects water temperature and increase the metabolisms of organisms if directly discharged.5.What is biochemical oxygen demand? How is it related to water quality?The amount of oxygen required to decay a certain amount of organic matter is called the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Dissolved organic matter is a significant water pollution problem. As the microorganisms naturally present in water break down the organic matter, they use up available dissolved oxygen from the water.Measuring the BOC of a body of water is one way to determine how polluted it is.6.How can the addition of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates result in a reduction of the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water?Additional nutrients in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from fertilizer, sewage, detergents, and animal waste increase the rate of growth of aquatic plants and algae. However, phosphates and nitrates are generally present in very limited amounts in unpolluted freshwater, and therefore, are a limiting factor on the growth of aquatic plants and algae.Thus, when phosphates or nitrates are added to the surface water, they act as a fertilizer and promote the growth of undesirable algae populations. When these organic matter decays, oxygen levels decrease, and fish and other aquatic species die.7.Differentiate between point and non-point sources of water pollution.1)When a source of pollution can be readily identified because it has a definite source andplace where it enters the water, it is said to come from a point source.2)Diffuse pollutants, such as from agricultural land and urban paved surfaces, acid rain, andrunoff, are said to come from nonpoint sources.8.How are most industrial wastes disposed of? How has this changed over the past 25 years? Historically, the industrial wastes are discharged into the watercourse, leading to serious problems of pollution.Over the past 25 years, laws have been past in most industrialized nations that severly restrict industrial discharge of wastes into water courses, and require pretreatment at the site of industry or else in wastewater treatment plant.9.What is thermal pollution? How can it be controlled?Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. It occurs when an industry removes water from a source, uses the water for cooling purposes, and then returns the heated water to its source.1)One method is to construct a large shallow pond. Hot water is pumped into one end of thepond, and cooler water is removed from the other end. The heat is dissipated from the pond into the atmosphere and substrate.2) A second method is to use a cooling tower. In a cooling tower, the heated water is sprayedinto the air and cooled by evaporation.3)The third method of cooling, the dry tower, doesn’t release water into the atmosphere. Inthis method, heated water is pumped through tubes, and the heat is released into the air.10.Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment.1)Primary sewage treatment is a physical process that removes larger particles by filteringwater through large screens and then allowing smaller particles to settle in ponds or lagoons.2)Secondary sewage treatment is a biological process that holds the wastewater until theorganic material has been degraded by the bacteria and other microorganisms.3)Tertiary sewage treatment is to remove inorganic nutrients left like phosphorus and nitrogenthat could increase aquatic plant growth.11.What are the types of wastes associated with agriculture?1)Excessive use of fertilizer, dissolved nutrients, pesticides can contaminate groundwater.2)The exposure of land to erosion results in increases amounts of sediment.3)Animal feedlots carries excess salt and the use of agricultural chemicals results incontamination of sediments and aquatic organisms.12.Why is stormwater management more of a problem in an urban area than in a rural area? Metropolitan areas must deal with great volumes of excess water during storms, known as stormwater. Because urban areas are paved and little rainwater can be absorbed into the grounds, managing stormwater is a significant problem. Cities often have severe local flooding because thewater is channeled along streets to storm sewers.If such sewers are overloaded or blocked with debris, the water cannot excape and flooding occurs, while if the water is diverted to the wastewater treatment plant, which is not elaborately designed and can not take such load of water, can force them to discharge the wasterwater altogether into the water source, causing local pollution.13.Define groundwater mining.Groundwater mining means that water is removed from an aquifer faster than it is replaced. When this practice continues for a long time, the water table eventually declines. In aquifers with little or no recharge, virtually any withdrawal constitutes mining, and sustained withdrawals will eventually exhaust the supply.14.How does irrigation increase salinity?An increase in salinity is caused by growing salt concentration in soil. The principal is that as water evaporates from soil or plants extract the water they need, the salts present in all natural water become concentrated, especially in hot, dry areas that have high rates of evaporation.15.What are the three major water services provided by metropolitan areas?1)Water supply for human and industrial needs.2)Wastewater collection and treatment.3)Storm water collection and management.。

(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第七章

1.Biotic potential is the ability of each species to produce offspring; it is directly dependent on the number of individuals, especially females, of reproductive age. A high biotic potential would guarantee enough offspring to sustain or increase the population of the given species.3. Populations have an inherent tendency to increase in size. Population growth is determined by the combined effects of birthrate and death rate, as well as emigration, immigration, sex ratio, and age distribution.5. A death phase occurs when there is a decline in population size. This occurs as the result of disease, increased predation, low food supply, toxins accumulating in the ecosystem, and some other limiting factors.7. Birthrate is defined as the number of individuals born into a population, whereas population growth is the result of birthrate and immigration minus death rate and emigration, or the total net increase in the population size.9.Intrinsic factors: crowded living conditions.Extrinsic factors: predators, loss of a food source, lack of sunlight, or accidents of nature. Density-dependent factors are those that become more effective as the density of the population increases. For example, the larger a population becomes, the more likely it is that predators will have a chance to catch some of the individuals.Density-independent factors are population-controlling influences that do not relate to the density of the population such as a sudden rainstorm.11. As the human population increases, some species would decline in population as they are hunted down for food. As human beings continue to alter the condition of environment, destroying habitats for those species which live in them. On the other hand, some invasion species may find another habitat and prosper.13. Demographic transition is the hypothesis that economies proceed through a series of stages, resulting in stable populations and high economic development. As a country develops technologically, it automatically experiences a drop in death rate and then birthrate, and population goes stable.The model is based on the historical, social, and economic development of Europe and North America.15. Ecological footprint is a measure of the land area required to provide the resources and absorb the wastes of a population. China has the need to import many materials needed, and much more investments into controlling the pollution caused by unbalanced and unsustainable developments which enlarge the ecological footprint of us. Thus, our ecological footprint is larger than those in Africa.17. The education level of women is strongly correlated with the total fertility rate andeconomic well-being of a population.In many male-dominated, the traditional role of women is to marry and raise children, thus leading to high fertility rate. This is most acute in poor countries, in which women are usually poorly educated, do not have disposable income, and depend on their husband's income. They are more likely to have children they do not want because they cannot afford or understand birth control and because they view children as workers and caregivers. In developed world, parents would make the decision about having children in the economic sense, thus having less fertility rates.19. People who live in overpopulated countries use plants as their main source of food because they cannot afford the 90-percent energy loss that occurs when plants are fed to animals. The same amount of grain can support ten times more people at the herbivore level than at the carnivore level.21. Children are valued as workers and provide an income for their family.Women have little choice for vocation, rather than giving birth to and raising children. Cultures and religions encourage large families, due to lack of adequate social welfare and social security.。

环境工程学课后题答案_蒋展鹏

绪论环境工程学的发展和内容0-1名词解释：环境：影响人类生存和发展的各种天然的和经过人工改造的自然因素的总体，包括大气、水、海洋、土地、矿藏、森林、草地、野生生物、自然遗迹、人文遗迹、自然保护区、风景名胜区、城市和乡村等。

环境问题：全球环境或区域环境中出现的不利于人类生存和发展的现象，均概括为环境问题。

环境污染：由于自然或人为（生产、生活）原因，往原先处于正常状况的环境中附加了物质、能量或生物体，其数量或强度超过了环境的自净能力，使环境质量变差，并对人或其它生物的健康或环境中某些有价值物质产生了有害影响的现象。

污染物质：引起环境污染的物质即为污染物质。

公害：由人为原因引起化学污染物滋事而产生的突发事件通常称为公害。

环境科学：研究人类环境质量及其保护的和改善的科学，其主要任务是研究在人类活动的影响下环境质量的变化规律和环境变化对人类生存的影响，以及改善环境质量的理论、技术和方法。

0-2试分析人类与环境的关系。

“环境”一词是相对于人类而言的，即指的是人类的环境。

人类与其环境之间是一个有着相互作用、相互影响、相互依存关系的对立统一体。

人类从周围环境中获得赖以生存、发展的空间和条件，同时其生产和生活活动作用于环境，又会对环境产生影响，引起环境质量的变化；反过来，污染了的或受损害的环境也对人类的身心健康和经济发展等造成不利影响。

0-3试讨论我国的环境和污染问题0-4什么是环境工程学？他与其他学科之间的关系怎样？环境工程学应用环境科学、工程学和其它有关学科的理论和方法，研究保护和合理利用自然资源，控制和防治环境污染和生态破坏，以改善环境质量，使人们得以健康、舒适地生存与发展的学科。

环境工程学是环境科学的一个分支，又是工程学的一个重要组成部分。

它脱胎于土木工程、卫生工程、化学工程。

机械工程等母系学科，又融入了其他自然科学和社会科学的有关原理和方法。

0-5环境工程学的主要任务是什么？环境工程学应用环境科学、工程学和其它有关学科的理论和方法来研究控制环境污染、保护和改善环境质量，合理利用自然资源的技术途径和技术措施。

(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第十一、十二章

CHAPTER 11 three ways that humans directly alter ecosystems.1)In the past, prehistoric men used human-induced fire to capture game animals or clean landfor agriculture, thus destroying climax communities. The harvesting of tropical forests today works in the same way.2)The conversion of natural land into agricultural land and even urban land in cities , whichcontinues today, has greatly undermined the biodiversity.3)The overexploitation of fishery resources, coupled with the introduction of exotic species,have spawned a series of problems that alter the local water environment.2.Why is the impact of humans greater today than at any time in the past?As the technology advanced, the ability of people to modify their surroundings has increased significantly, the agricultural revolution and modern agricultural technologies, for example, have efficiently turned large parts of the earth into agricultural land.The growing number of human population contributed to the draining of natural resources, as well as the extinctions of many species.3. Describe three factors that influence the genetic diversity of a population.Several things can influence the genetic diversity of a population.1)Mutations are changes in the genetic information of an organism, which introduce newgenetic information into a population by modifying genes that are already present. The DDT-tolerance of insects and the evolution of human resistance to antibiotic medication are such examples.2)Migration of individuals of a species from one place to another is also an important way. Itresults in the reduction of genetic information in the former population and the addition in the new population. This can have a significant effect on both populations if the migrating individual possess rare characteristics.3)Sexual reproduction is another process that influence genetic diversity. Rather than creatingnew genetic information, it tends to generate new genetic combinations when genetic information from two individuals mixes during fertilization, forming a unique individual, which may have a combination to out-compete its peer by being more successful in producing offspring, thus influence the genetic diversity.5.What are the major causes of loss of biodiversity in marine ecosystems?1)Habitat loss is a problem in marine ecosystems, as much of the harvest is restricted toshallow parts of the ocean where bottom dwelling fish can be easily harvested. It involved the use of trawls which are nets that can be dragged along the bottom. The trawls can disturb the sea floor and create conditions that make it harder for the fish population to recover. It captures various other species (25%) that are not commercially valuable and often left dead on board. Their removal further alter the ecological nature of the seafloor. 2)Overexploitation has driven some species to extinction and threaten many others.Organisms can be harvested for various reasons, food, ornaments or other aesthetic uses, and uncrupulous people often poach the already endangered species for quick profit. It isalso common in marine fisheries, and efforts are made to develop aquaculture methods and market new fish species which levitate the problem.3)Climate change has a great effect on the survival of species with limited physiologicaltolerance, such as corals in oceans and amphibians. The warming of water are leading to the declining of coral reefs.7.What is desertification? What causes it?Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans.Rangelands are too dry to support crops and grazing of domesticated animals is the only viable solution. But in areas where human population pressure is great, overgrazing is seemingly unavoidable, as people graze too many animals and cut down more trees for firewood. These would expose soil to wind erosion and lead to loss in soil fertility. Cutting down legumes that fix nitrogen would worsen the case. The land would gradually turn into a desert-like ecosystem.9.List six techniques utilized by wildlife managers.Habitat management are modifications to the habitat to enhance their survival and reproduction. The first step is to understand the habitat need of target species, and identify the critical habitat requirements of it. Then, they can alter the habitat and improve the success of the species. Population assessment and management also requires careful planning and the techniques involved included:Population census to keep the numbers of animals in check.Regulating hunting seasons, i.e. In fall so as to take the surplus animals, can ensure adequate and sustainable reproduction of animals.Artificially introduction of certain species when their population is below the desired number or extinct from the local area.Refuges for waterfowls can be built to provide resting places, food and protection from hunting. Transboundary parks can accommodate the movements of migratory animals across different countries.11.What is extinction? Why does it occur?Extinction is the death of a species, the elimination of all individuals of a particular kind. Extinction is a natural and common process through out the evolution, yet human activity has sped up its rate by a factor of 1000-10000. Some species with low population density and low reproductive rate, in specialized niche are prone to extinction. As technology advanced, human populations grew, we have increasingly huge influence on our surroundings. Consequently, many species have gone extinct.15.List three actions that be taken to prevent extinctions.IUCN lists over 19000 species as threatened with extinction in the Red List of Threatened Species, this can encourage countries to protect the related species and to build natural reserves.The Convention on Biological Diversity are adopted by many countries to preserve the biological diversity.The Endangered Species Act demands all government agencies to do whatever necessary to preserve the endangered species and the following amendment in 1978 saw the “god squad”to exempt some projects from the Act.16.Describe the role of the red list of threatened species in species preservation.IUCN is a highly visible international preservation organization, but has very little power to effect change. It generally seeks to protect species in danger by encouraging countries to complete inventories of plants and animals within their borders and encourage the training of plant and animal biologists within countries involved and the establishment of preservers to protect species in danger of extinction.CHAPTER 121. List three reasons why land-use planning is necessary.1)In modern world, significant amounts of land is covered with buildings, streets and otherproducts of society. But in many cases, cities are established before there is an understanding of the challenges presented by the location, when these cities grew and technology and society changed, the shortcomings of the location become apparent.Therefore, we should understand that each piece of land has its specific qualities based on its location and physical make-up.2)The land should be considered a nonrenewable resource nowadays as the land and theresources it supports(soil, vegetation and watersheds, etc) are not being created today. We need to plot carefully about the use of it. Once it is converted from natural ecosystems or agriculture to intensive human use, it is generally unavailable for other purposes.3)As the human population continues to boom, competition for the use of land wouldundoubtedly increase and systematic land-use planning would be important. Furthermore, as the population becomes more urbanized and cities grow, urban planning becomes critical.3. List three factors that encourage people to move from rural farms to cities in 1800s.4)First, the Industrial Revolution led to improvements in agriculture that required less farmlabor at the same time industrial jobs became available in the city, leading to the rural-to-urban migration.5)Then, the second factor that affected the growth of cities was the influx of immigrants fromEurope. They settled in towns and cities.6) A third reason for the growth was that they offered a greater variety of cultural, social, andartistic opportunities than did rural communities.Thus they were attractive for cultural as well as economic reasons.5.List three physical and three social consequences of urban sprawl.Physical:1)The automobile based society in US can cause serious traffic congestion for those who workin cities but live in the suburbs.2)The new housing or commercial development in suburbs would require the municipalservices to be extended to such areas, which is way more costly than supplying services to areas already in the city. The same is of energy costs because of low energy efficiency.3)Air pollution is also significant due to the reliance on automobiles as primary method oftransportation, and the infrastructure that support automobile travel is impervious to water, and the runoff are channeled directly into local water sources, bringing pollutants(oil, coolant and rubber pieces) into local streams.Social:1)The death of central city occurred as more people move to the suburbs and quality ofservices in urban center drops which starts a downward spiral of decay. This can deprive the remaining residents of basic services. It has a particular hard hit on the poor and elderly.2)Open fields, parks boulevards and similar land uses allow people to visually escape from thecongestion of the city. However, the urban sprawl have deprived a lot of land that could have been used as open space.3)Unpleasant odors, disagreeable tastes, annoying sounds and offensive sights are aggravating,and may be deemed harmful from an aesthetic point of view. Yet this are often the case of unplanned development in suburbs.7.What is a megapolis?As suburbs continued to grow, cities began to merge, and it became difficult to tell were one city ended and another began. This type of growth led to the development of regional cities. Although their cities maintain their individual names, they are really just part of one large urban area called a megalopolis.9.State three consequences of the dominance of the automobile as a means of transport in urban areas.1)The reliance on the automobile has required the constant building of new highways andaccording to DOT it costs 1 trillion per year on maintaining and building new ones.2)The average person in US travels about 260 kilometers per week in car and a person inmetropolitan area spends more than 40 hours per year stuck in traffic delays.3)It is hard to divert funding to establish mass transit besides the dispersed nature of suburbs.11.What characteristics of suburbs contribute to high infrastructure and high energy costs.1)Infrastructure include all physical, social and economic elements needed to support thepopulation, and it is often costly to extend it to the newly developed suburbs as everything need to be built from scratch.2)Energy costs are high due to low energy efficiency, and there are several reasons for this: Firstly, the automobiles are the least energy-efficient means of transporting people. Secondly, the separation of blocks of home from business and shopping areas require greater distance driven to meet basic needs.Thirdly, congested traffic routes result in hours being spent in stop-and-go traffic and wasting much fuel.Finally, the single-family homes require more energy for heating and cooling than multifamilydwellings.13. What land uses are suitable on floodplains?Floodplains are low areas near rivers that are subject to periodic floods, and it is often used for residential or commercial purposes due to its flat character. But flood-control structures need to be built which have detrimental downstream effects and could pose threats during floods.A better use of floodplains is for open space or recreation or agriculture.15. Why is a understanding of the geology and resources base of an area important in land use planning?1)The geologic status of an area must be considered in land-use decisions to prevent possibledisasters and hazards(i.e. Near volcanoes or earthquake-prone faults) or the lack of water, which will inevitably worsen as cities grow. To understand to resource base can lead to wise planning.2)Some land has unique features that should be preserved because of their special value tosociety( Grand Canyon and Yellowstone, etc) and should take precedence over other uses.17.What role do state and regional planning, purchasing of land, and use restrictions play in implementing land-use plans?1)State and regional planning is often more effective than local land-use planning since manyimportant geographic, geological and habitat characteristics cross local political boundaries.2)In addition, a regional approach is likely to prevent duplication of facilities and lead togreater efficiency.3)State or regional planning bodies are also more likely to have the financial resources to hireprofessional planners to assist in the planning process.4)Purchasing of land is the easiest way to protect them, and many environment organizationsopt to purchase lands with special historic, scenic or environmental value. In some cases, the landowners may sell the right to develop the land or place restrictions on the future uses of land.5)Many kinds of l and-use restrictions involve some form of zoning, that designates specificareas within a community for certain kinds of land use. But it has both positive and negative impacts on good land-use planning. Sometimes it help in preserving important historic or cultural sites while in many ways it also contributed to the segregation found in urban sprawl.19.List ten common smart growth principles.The smart growth approach has the following guidelines:1)Preserve open space. Farmland, natural beauty and critical environmental areas.2)Direct development toward existing urban areas, which encourages the reuse of abandonedor poorly used urban space.3)Take advantage of compact building design, so more people can be housed, and a smallercarbon footprint can be achieved. It can also reduce the need to develop new land4)Create a range of housing opportunities and choices, to accommodate people with differentlifestyles, desires and income levels.5)Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place. Pay attention to thedesign of buildings and their relationship with open space and cultural attractions to createa pleasing urban setting.6)Mix land uses, so that people need not drive somewhere to fulfill their basic needs.7)Create walkable neighborhoods, provide pedestrian walks to separate vehicle traffic frompedestrians.8)Provide a variety of transportation choices.9)Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.10)Make development decisions predictable, fair and cost-effective.21.Give examples of conflict over the use of federally owned property.One of the major conflict is between those who prefer to use motorized vehicles and those who prefer to use muscle power over the outdoor recreation activities. They both paid taxes and wish the land can be used as they wish.Conflicts also arise between business interests and recreational users of public lands. The grazing and skiing are hard to reconciliate, and as the regulatory agencies are often understaffed, the ranchers tend to overgraze the land.A particular sensitive issue is the designation of certain areas as wilderness areas. Many people argue it’s unfair because they are paying tax but their access to the wilderness is restricted. While others fear too many people would destroy the charm and unique character.。

环境科学第九章环境保护自测题答案

环境科学第九章环境保护自测题答案
1. 环保法基本原则：
- 环境保护的目的和任务
- 预防为主，综合治理
- 污染者负有责任和义务
- 公众参与
- 国家保护环境的政策、法律和标准不受限制
- 环境保护与经济和社会的协调发展
2. 环境影响评价的基本概念和作用：
- 环境影响评价是一种研究，在环境决策过程中全面预测、评价和解决开发建设项目可能引起的环境影响的法定程序。

- 作用：提供决策参考，减轻环境影响，保护生态环境，维护人民健康，促进可持续发展。

3. 大气污染的危害：
- 危害健康，导致呼吸系统疾病、癌症等疾病的发生；- 影响环境质量，破坏大气透明度；
- 损害植物和动物的生态系统；
- 加剧全球气候变化；
- 影响人民生活质量和社会经济发展。

4. 利用再生能源的好处：
- 减缓气候变化；
- 降低能源成本；
- 减少对有限资源的依赖；
- 促进可持续发展。

5. 论述中国环境保护面临的挑战：
中国环境保护面临以下挑战：
- 人口众多、资源有限，环境污染严重；
- 经济发展与环境保护的矛盾冲突；
- 治理能力不足、法律法规执行不到位；
- 环境保护意识普遍不强；
- 对环境问题的认识和应对能力有待提高。

以上是对《环境科学第九章环境保护自测题》的答案，希望可以帮到您。

环境科学-交叉学科课后critivethinkingquestions答题要点 (1)

第一篇交叉学科篇综合讨论题1. Imagine you are an environmentalist in your area who is interested in local environmental issues. What kinds of issues might these be?1. 假如你是你所居住区域的环境专家。

你对当地那些环境问题感兴趣？当地人民和政府、企业都有那些观点？答案要点：因地而异。

列举工厂污染或荒漠化等等均可。

2. Considering environmental ethics issues in the year 2025.At the rate consumers, corporations, and governments are responding to environmental concerns, what quality- of- life consequences do you project for the year 2025? How will your health, lifestyle, income, employment, and community be affected?2. 考虑2025年的环境伦理学话题。

随着消费者、企业、政府都在承担环境责任，那么到2025年你的生活质量会受到那些影响？你的健康、生活方式、收入、工作和社区都会发生哪些变化？答案要点：请区别本题中生活质量和现有的用GDP来衡量的生活水平（living standard），随着环境责任的增加和资源的枯竭，建立节约型社会是趋势所然。

放弃现有的方便生活方式并不能降低生活质量。

例如：“禁塑令”只是举手之劳，可以改变白色污染等。

同学们应从多方面分析。

第二篇生态学篇综合讨论题1. What is the significance of studying the structure and function of ecosystem on environmental protection?1. 研究生态系统的结构和功能对环保有何意义？答案要点：主要根据物质循环、能量流动等特点进行分析。

(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第十章

1. Renewable energy are continuously being produced or continuously available. However， the cost to exploit renewable energy sources is higher than that of exploiting fossil fuels.2. 13%3. The burning of biomass and waste accounts for over 75 percent of all renewable energy consumed.4. Certain industries， such as lumber mills, paper mills， and plants that process sugar from sugarcane typically burn wastes to provide energy for their operations.5。

Europe has much less available land and have placed restrictions on landfills. Thus, these countries have a much higher rate of burning of solid waste。

6。

Ethanol can be produced by fermenting sugars。

The sugars can be obtained directly from plants or may be produced by converting starch or cellulose of plants to sugars。

Typically，sugar or starch is extracted from the biomass crop by crushing and mixing with water and yeast and then keeping the mixture warm in fermenters。

环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案

环境学概论第一周作业1.Environmental problems are complex and interrelated.Within the ecosystem every component seems to be interconnected and interacted with each other as illustrated in the Darwin's theory of the relation between the production of seeds in red clover and numbers of catsEnvironmental problems often involve social, ethical, political and economic issues. It 'snot easy to achieve acceptable solutions to environmental issues; an environmental decision that is supportable from an economic point of view may not be plausible from the political perspective. As the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone manifested, the solution has an ethical side and influence not only natural but also economic and social realms. What's more, environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with political boundaries, thus require the collaboration of multiple states or even nations.It's gettin more complicated as the globalization accelerates and the scale of environmental problems expands and requires better governance to ensure sustainable developments.2.The ecosystem approach is the comprehensive and integrated management of human activities, based on the scientific knowledge about ecosystem and its dynamics, and achievesustainable use of ecosystem goods and services and maintenance of ecosystem integrity.It is the right approach because an ecosystem involves not only all organisms but also the abiotic environment, and they form a complex network of interrelationships. Only by thinking systematically, can we understand the dynamics of the ecosystem and take the right action which satisfies human needs while preserving health of the ecosystem.3.The security consists of economic, political, cultural, social andenvironmental aspects.Urbanization and human migration can put great pressure on environment, leading to land degradation and eutrophication, which destroyed the aquatic ecosystem. These would affect the economic and environmental security.The environmental change also threatens environmental resources and caused social instability or even conflicts and wars, thus posing a threat to social and political security.4.Defining human well-being is difficult due to differing views onits definition.first is the resources that people possess, including money and other assets. Such view implies weak sustainability, in which the environment can contribute to development merely by promoting economic growth.second is how people feel about their lives. It means people value the environment for its traditional or cultural aspects.third is what people are able to be and to do. The impacts that the environment have on human well-being are regarded as multidimensional.Above all, human well-being and the quality of the environment are strongly interrelated, and the impact is prominent in various ecosystem services, including provisioning services, regulating services cultural services and supporting services.5.There is difference in how social, political and environmental decisions are made. Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political jurisdictions, while environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with these artificial political boundaries. The problem between Mexico and United States showed that tackling the environmental problem often requires thinking on a ecosystem level instead of as a single nation.There shouldn't be a difference as the economic and political decisions are supposed to adjust to environmental needs and emphasize the environmental concerns. In fact, there should be integrated decision-making that takes in all the above factors, which gives us the best solution.6.The disease has a close relationship with the environment. According to WHO, almost a quarter of all diseases are caused byenvironmental exposure. Environmental risks including pollution, hazards in the workplace, UV radiation, noise and climate and ecosystem change could lead to many diseases, such as malaria, cancer, diarrhea and emerging diseases. Typically, the lack of clean water and sanitation in poor countries and the unhealthy diet and lifestyle in rich countries are both related to diseases.7.Environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Examples are like a fishpond to a fish or the grassland to a cricket.Ecosystem is a region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit, for example the wetlands in Chongming Island.8.In resolving environmental conflicts, we need to take the ecosystem approach, call for better governance, involve related political jurisdictions to arrive at the best available compromise-- the sustainable development strategies.9.Smog is the most severe problem nowadays. There are meteorological, industrial, geographical as well as economical factors.The pollutants are mainly emitted by big factories burning fuel, and then dispersed into atmosphere. Once the weather gets moist and windless, smog is easily formed. Besides, the booming traffic emissions and burning of straws also play an important role in the smog. Specifically, the many high buildings and skyscrapers in Shanghai has curbed the effective diffusion of PM 2.5 particles.However, this is almost inevitable since shutting down big companies that emit pollutants or stopping the traffic growth will do harm to the economy of China.Solving smog would require new and clean energy sources be developed and applied as well as substitute the former techniques with more eco-friendly, although costly techniques. Therefore, there should be more financial aids and policy supports from our governments.。

环境科学交叉关系学科

事务繁多的情况下，他顺利拿下英语四级、六级，计算机二级，并取得了国
际商务英语等级考试和高级国际贸易业务员的资格证书；参加由微软公司举
办的2007国际办公软件核心技能世界大赛中国区总决赛，成为“全国百强选
手”，并拿到了Microsoft Office Specialist Expert的证书……大学生活在段
国大学生电工数学建模竞赛中获得一等奖；在2008年四川农业大学数学建模
竞赛中获得二等奖；在 2008年美国大学生数学建模竞赛中获得一等奖；在
2008年“高教社”杯全国大学生数学建模竞学的局限性
“隔行如隔山”；科学家也要与伦理道德问题做斗争；科学中正常的争论或辩论是科学文明进步的表现；
6 认识到物质已固、液和气态存在，其存在形态取决于分子动能的大小；
7 认识到能量既不能产生，也不能消失，但是，能量可以由一种形式转化为另一种形式，有的能量转化为用途较少的形式；
8 了解能量具有不同的品质。
整理ppt
3
科学思考
科学：对一定条件下物质变化规律的总结。科学的特点：可重
复验证、可证伪、自身没有矛盾。科学是运用范畴、定理、定律等思维形式反映现实世界各种现象的本质和规律的知识体系，是社会意识形态之一。科学是人类智慧结晶的分门别类的学问。科学就是讲求证据，逻辑严密的人类认知。
辉辉的眼里是充实而又忙碌的。
大二，段辉辉把注意力集中在数学建模上。兴趣引领他走向更高的殿堂
，数学建模成为他生活、学习中不可缺少的一部分。他成为数学建模协会副
会长，并带领着他们团队先后在国内、国际的数学建模大赛中取得了优异的
成绩，也刷新了学校在这一领域的最好成绩：在2007年“高教社”杯全国大

环境科学概论课后答案

环境科学概论课后答案【篇一：环境科学概论思考题】____________，自然环境和人工环境之间存在着________________________流动,构成一个环境科学研究的复杂体系2绿色交通(green transport)是指：采用____________________、适合都市环境的运输工具，来完成社会经济活动的一种交通概念。

一般绿色工具(green modes)包括徒步、自行车、________________________等。

3环境承载力是衡量地球承载力以及人与环境和谐程度的重要指标，是指在一定的时期范围内，维持人类-环境系统稳定，人类活动不引起环境功能破坏发生质的改变的能力，其实质是在维持人与环境和谐的前提下，人类-环境系统能承受的人类活动的阈值。

４环境背景值亦称自然本底值，指在__________________的情况下，环境组成的各要素中与____________________有关的各种化学元素的含量及基本化学成份。

5土壤污染人类活动所产生的物质（污染物），通过多种途径进入土壤，其数量和速度超过了_土壤的容纳能力和__土壤的净化速度_，从而引起土地正常功能遭到破坏或土壤肥力降低，并对土壤、植物和动物造成损害的现象。

6对众多污染物进行分级排队，从中筛选出潜在危害性大，在环境中出现率高，有可靠的监测手段并能获得准确数据，有环境质量标准的污染物作为监测和控制对象。

经过优选的污染物称为环境优先污染物。

7环境规划的特点综合性、涉及面广、地区性、动态性、政策性强等。

8环境污染控制中末端控制与全过程控制相比具有被动消极、原始传统、投资大，效果差、治标等缺点；集中控制与分散控制相比具有尽可能少的投入、尽可能大的效益。

9固体废物处理、处置与利用原则是“无害化”、“减量化”、“资源化”。

10按时间要素环境评价可分为环境回顾评价、环境现状评价、环境影响评价。

其中环境影响评价是对拟开发行动方案或规划产生的环境影响进行评价，提出合理削减负面影响对策。

《环境科学》部分复习题参考答案要点(PDF)

《环境科学》部分复习题参考答案要点1、怎样理解“环境”的基本概念，简要介绍环境的功能和特性概念：从环境科学的角度看，环境即是以人类为主体的外部世界的总体，即人类生存与繁衍所必需的、相适应的环境或物质条件的综合体，可以分为自然环境和人工环境两种。

环境的功能：（1）为人类生存和繁衍提供必须的资源。

（2）环境的调节功能。

在一定的时空尺度内，环境在自然状态下通过调节作用，使系统的输入等于输出，保持环境平衡或生态平衡。

（3）环境的服务功能。

环境不仅为人类提供大量的生产和生活资料，还为人类提供许多服务，像森林调节气候，净化空气，为人类提供休闲娱乐的场所等等。

（4）环境的文化功能。

优美的自然环境又是艺术家们创作和美学倾向的源泉。

环境的特性：包括环境的整体性与区域性、环境的变动性和稳定性、环境的资源性与价值性。

（1）整体性与区域性。

环境的整体性是指人与地球环境是一个整体，地球的任一部分，或任一个系统，都是人类环境的组成部分。

环境的区域性是指的是环境特性的区域差异。

具体来说就是环境因地理位置的不同或空间范围的差异，会有不同的特性。

（2）环境的变动性和稳定性。

环境变动性指的是在自然或人类社会行为的作用下，环境的内部结构和外在状态始终处于不断的变化中。

（3）资源性与价值性。

环境的资源性是指环境就是一种资源。

这是因为人类的生存与发展，社会的进步，都离不开环境。

既然环境是一种资源，所以环境的价值性也就显而易见了。

2、怎样理解“环境问题”、“环境质量”、“环境污染”和“环境承载力”这几个概念？环境问题：任何由自然或人类引起的生态平衡破坏，最后直接或间接影响人类的生存和发展的一切客观存在的问题，都是环境问题。

环境问题主要是由有两方面原因引起：一是自然因素；二是人为因素。

环境质量：环境质量就是指环境素质的好坏。

一般是指在一个具体的环境内，环境的总体或环境的某些要素，对人群的生存和繁衍以及社会经济发展的适宜程度，是反映人的具体要求而形成的对环境评定的一种概念。

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1. Early in human history, people began to use additional sources of energy to make their lives more comfortable. They domesticated plants and animals to provide a more dependable supply of food. Domesticated animals furnished a source of energy for transportation, farming, and other tasks. They provided people with a source of power other than their own muscles.2. Transportation, Residential, commercial and industrial needs3. Central to the Industrial Revolution was the invention of steam engine, which could convert heat energy into the energy of motion. The major heat energy producer is coal and the steam engine made possible the large-scale mining of coal. Nations without a source of coal or those possessing coal reserves that were not easily exploited thus didn’t participate in the Industrial Revolution.4. Invention of steam engine, coal discovery and mining as well as wood shortages in densely populated areas.5. The invention of the internal combustion engine and the automobile dramatically increased the demand for oil products. The prospering automobile industry and road construction lead to more energy consumption, creating more demand for oil.6.a. Government policy has kept the cost of energy artificially low and supported the automobile industry while removing support for bus and rail transport.b. The convenience of rapid travel provided by automobiles.7.(1) Imposing taxes on energy(2) Granting subsidies to energy producers8. Electricity is both a way that energy is consumed and a way that it is supplied. (secondary energy) The transportation of electrical energy is simple and the uses to which it can be put are varied.9.a. The consumption of electricityb. The government regulationsc. The availability of resources that could produce electricity10. Residential and commercial energy use; industrial energy use; transportation energy use.11. OPEC nations control over 75% of the world’s estimated oil reserves of 1,400 billion barrels of oil; Today’s economy is highly dependent on oil as a source of energy. Thus, OPEC countries can set the price of oil through collective action.12.Political:Increased solidarity among OPEC countries and continuing political instability in the Middle East had made oil prices to peak at over US $147 per barrel in mid-2008.Economic:The worldwide economic recession that began about 2008 lowered the demands for energy use and people’s access to energy.13. Despite the possibility that new rich reserves would be found, the price of nonrenewable energy would continue to rise as the availability of energy become less. But as new technologies develop and price of renewable energy goes down, maybe we can see the trend of transformation to “green industry”.1. Coal, oil, natural gas.2. A resource is a naturally occurring substance of use to humans that can potentially be extracted.Reserves are known deposits from which material can be extracted profitably with existing technology under prevailing economic conditions. Reserves are a portion of the total resource. The concept of reserves is an economic idea and is only loosely tied to the total quantity of a materialpresent in the world.3.a. Discovery of new oil deposits.b. Better drilling techniques that led to the discovery of deeper oil deposits,c. Offshore drilling that make use of oil under the ocean floor.4. Coal was formed from plant material that had been subjected to heat and pressure. In many regions of the Earth 300 million years ago, there were many freshwater swamps, which resulted in large accumulations of plant material. And their decay was inhibited after their deaths under water. Thus, a spongy mass of organic material formed. It is thought that the chemical nature of these ancient plants and the lack of many kinds of decay organisms at that time also contributed to the accumulation. Due to geologic changes in the Earth, some of these organic deposits were submerged by seas. The plant material that had collected in the swamps was then covered by sediment. The weight of the sediment on top of the deposit compressed it and heat from the Earth caused the evaporation of water and other volatile compounds. Thus, the original plant material was transformed into coal.5. Lignite coal has a high moisture content and is crumbly in nature. Subbituminous coal has a lower moisture content and a higher carbon content (46%-60%) than lignite. Bituminous coal has a low moisture content and a high carbon content (60%-86%). Anthracite coal is 86%-98% carbon and relatively rare.6. Oil and natural gas probably originated from microscopic marine organisms. When these organisms died and accumulated on the ocean bottom and were buried by sediments, their breakdown released oil droplets. Gradually, the muddy sediment formed rock called shale, which contained dispersed oil droplets. In instances where a layer of porous sandstone formed on top of the oil-containing shale and an impermeable layer of rock formed on top of the sandstone, concentrations of oil often form. Natural gas, like oil, forms from fossil remains. If the heat generated within the Earth reached high enough temperatures, natural gas could have formed along with or instead of oil. This would have happened as theorganic material changed to lighter, more volatile hydrocarbons than those found in oil.7. Coal: Europe and Eurasia; Oil: Middle East; Natural gas: Middle East.8.A. Landscape Disturbance.B. Acid Mine DrainageC. Air pollution9. Secondary recovery methods include pumping water or gas into the well to drive the oil out of the pores in the rock. Tertiary recovery methods include pumping steam into the well to lower the viscosity of the oil and allow it to more readily. Other techniques include more aggressive pumping of gases or chemicals into wells.These methods have costs and can manifest in the price of oil.10. Mainly oil leakage, which includes oil spills and oil entering the oceans results from natural seeps and pollution from the use of oil as lubricants and fuel in machinery and the residue from these uses that is washed into streams and carried to the oceans. The evaporation of oil products and the incomplete burning of oil fuels contribute to air pollution.11. Of the three fossil fuels, natural gas is the least disruptive to the environment. A natural gas well does not produce any unsightly waste, although there may be local odor problems. Except for the danger of an explosion or fire, natural gas poses no harm to the environment during transport. Since it is clean burning, it causes almost no air pollution. The products of its combustion are carbon dioxide and water.12. The acceptance of the threat of climate change has had major implications for nuclear power. Since nuclear power plants do not produce carbon dioxide, many people, including some environmental organizations, have reevaluated the value of nuclear power and see it as a continuing part of the energy equation.As the cost of oil and natural gas has increased, electricity generation from these sources has become more costly, making nuclear power moreattractive. Countries with few fossil fuel reserves and those with developing economies are most likely to build nuclear power plants.13. Nuclear disintegration releases energy from the nucleus as radiation, of which there are three major types: alpha radiation; beta radiation; gamma radiation. In addition, when they disintegrate, the nuclei of a few kinds of atoms release neutrons.14. An atom that has a nucleus that will split, it is said to be fissionable and the process of splitting is known as nuclear fission. If these splitting nuclei also release neutrons, they can strike the nuclei of other atoms, which also disintegrate, resulting in a continuous process called a nuclear chain reaction.15. The generation of electricity is mainly about the generation of products that came from a nuclear chain reaction. In order to maintain a nuclear chain reaction the fast moving neutrons must be slowed. This is accomplished by a moderator substance. Control rods contain nonfissionable materials that absorb the neutrons produced by fissioning uranium and prevent the neutrons from splitting other atoms. In order to manage the large amount of heat produced within the nuclear reactor, a coolant material is needed to transfer the heat away. In the production of electricity, a nuclear reactor serves the same function as burning a fossil fuel. It produces heat, which converts water to steam to operate a turbine that generates electricity.16. Mining, extracting the uranium from the ore, enriching U-235, fabricating the fuel rods, installing and using the fuel in a reactor, and disposing of the wastes.17. When an alpha or beta particle or gamma radiation interacts with atoms, it can dislodge electrons from the atoms and cause the formation of ions. When ionization occurs in living tissue it can result in damage to DNA or other important molecules in cells. The degree and kind of damage vary with the kind of radiation, the amount of radiation, the duration of the exposure, and the types of cells irradiated. Ionizing radiation can cause mutations, which are changes in the genetic messages within cells.Mutations that occur in the ovaries or testes can form mutated eggs or sperm, which can lead to abnormal offspring. Mutations that occur in other tissues of the body may manifest themselves as abnormal tissue growths known as cancer.18. Time, distance, and shielding are the basic principles of radiation protection.19. Three Mile Island Chernobyl Fukushima Dai-ichi20. Contaminations associated with the radiation produced by the fuel and the waste products of its use. Radiation would cause damages to people’s bodies and increase the possibility of abnormal babies. Explosions, leaks of nuclear plants would cause a long-term evacuation of a long distance from the plant since the half-lives of some radioactive isotopes are extremely long. Radioactive products may contaminate the rivers and oceans around it and thus, cause environmental problems all over the world. Any living thing around the plant would receive high exposures, which may lead to death or abnormality. The disposal of nuclear waste has also raised environmental concern.21. Stage 1 involves removing fuel rods and water used in the reactor and properly storing or disposing of them. This removes 99% of the radioactivity.22.a. Decontaminate and dismantle the plant as soon as it is shut down.b. Secure the plant for many years to allow radioactive materials that have a short half-life to disintegrate and then dismantle the plant. (However, this process should be completed within 60 years.)c. Entomb the contaminated portions of the plant by covering the reactor with reinforced concrete and placing a barrier around the plant.。