环境交叉科学
环境交叉科学
CHAPTER ONE Environmental Interrelationships环境交叉关系Environmental issue and it’s solutions环境问题，它的解决方案Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field. 环境科学是一个跨学科领域。
Because environmental disharmonies occur as a result of the interaction between humans and the natural world, we must include both when seeking solutions to environmental problems. 由于环境的不和谐发生所造成的人与人之间的互动和自然世界，我们必须既包括在寻求解决环境问题。
It is important to have a historical perspective, appreciate economic and political realities, recognize the role of different social experiences and ethical backgrounds ,and integrate these with the science that describes the natural world and how we affect it. 重要的是有一个历史的角度来看，升值的经济和政治现实，承认的作用不同的社会经验和道德的背景，并把这些与科学，描述自然世界，以及我们如何影响到它。
Purpose of this CourseEnvironmental science is intended as a text for a one-semester, introductory course for students with a wide variety of career goals. 环境科学的目的是为文字，以一学期，介绍性课程，为学生在各种各样的职业目标。
环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第二章课后习题答案
CHAPTER TWO1. The rate, scale and complexity of interactions between people and environment have seen unprecedented increases. We are beginning to realize our interrelatedness with our environment, as the environmental changes becomes obvious due to technology advance and the public awareness increased in the importance of natural environment. Therefore a new ethic is called for to meet the challenges.2.Ideally, the laws of a particular nation or community should match the ethical commitments of those living there, but it may take a long period of struggle and debate in reality, as the abolition of slavery, women’s equality with men.However, not every ethically right action has a supporting law. In case of environmental issues, sometimes is appropriate is legislate something, like emission of pollutants, while sometimes action should be left up to the personal ethical commitment, which is determined by certain social/economic pressures and works better on the individual level.3. Anthropocentrism (human centered ethic) is the view that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone.Biocentrism (life-centered ethic) is that all forms of life have an inherent right to exist.Ecocentrism maintains the environment deserves direct moral consideration, instead of what is merely derived fromhuman/animal interests. The environment itself has moral worth.4.Thedevelopment approach assumes that human race is and should be master of nature and that the Earth and its resources exist solely for our benefit and pleasure. It thinks highly of human creativity and ingenuity and holds that continual economic growth is a moral ideal for society.The preservationist approach strives to keep large portions of nature intact because nature is regarded to have intrinsic value apart from human uses. Nature is not a resource but a refuge from economic activity.The conservationist approach strikes the balance between unrestrained development andpreservationism. Conservationists tend to consider a wide range of long-term human goods in their about environmental management.5. Environmental justice is a critical component of environmental protection.It is closely related to civil rights, and no group of people, including racial, ethnic or socioeconomic groups, should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from various programs or policies. EJ signifies that the participants of environment movement has shift from middle-class and affluent white people in America to minorities and indigenous people.6.Corporations are designed to operate at a profit, and in order to maximize its profit margin, corporation tends to cut investments in dealing with waste disposal and pollution. In this way, corporate behavior don’t take public and environmental well-being into considerations, often violating the environmental ethics.Some companies may publicly address their concerns for environment to the purpose of social marketing(called greenwashing). But they actually make no attempt to lower the environmental impact of its production.7. Individuals, as shareholders can demand the directors of corporation to run it ethically. As executives,they can wield massive corporate power and guide the corporation to adopt a better environmental approach.Whats more, the ethic of consumption can also affect the corporate behaviors.8. By choosing food that is produced locally, low in food chain and grown with least chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Buying durable consumer and reusing products. Conserving energy etc.9. Global environmental ethics address the widening gap between rich and poor countries, and call for them to set aside political differences to promote global action on environment. It also convince everyone of us that we have an obligation to minimize the harm we cause to ecological systems and the Earth.10. Yes.Triple bottom line is a green business concept, which allows executives to gauge on three fronts. It is more comprehensive as it not only takes economic costs but also environmental costs into consideration and helps companies survive. State laws will be established to grant tax breaks to businesses that comply with green business concept. More complex and stringent environmental and public safety demands will continue toinfluence corporate decisions. Triple bottom line may become the compulsory rule.CHAPTER THREE1.An environmental risk assessment could provide an orderly, clearly stated and consistent way to deal with scientific issues 1)whether a risk exists, 2)the magnitude of the risk and 3)the consequences of the negative outcome when accepting the risk.It can also state the uncertainty associated with alternative approaches to dealing with environmental issues, which helps institutions decide research priorities and plan in the way that protects environment and bureaus to set regulatory priorities and support regulatory action.Some tools are used to calculate the risks which is often hard to attain: estimations based on past experience or establish model for novel risk by laboratory studies (experimenting on other species e.g. rabbits) or computer stimulations.2. economic costs and benefits environmental costs and benefitsFour steps to take: identification of the project to be evaluated; determination of all impacts, favorable and unfavorable, present and future, on all of society; determination of the value of those impacts, by direct market values or indirect price estimates; calculation of the net benefits, which is the total value of positive impacts minus the total value of negative impacts.3. Some doubt if everything can be analyzed from an economic point of view, they fear if the economic value becomes the onlycriteria, many noneconomic values such as beauty and cleanlinesscannot be justified if they are not assigned to economic value.But difficulties exist when assigning specific value to environmental resources, while cultural and socioeconomic differences could cause the less developed country to opt for more jobs than less pollution.Moreover, it is crucial to decide during the process which preferences are most important, but sometimes it is neglected when cost is spread over a large population and when it concerned the benefits and costs for future generations.4.According to its definition, sustainable development reflects the objectives of economic development and environmental stewardship. It is composed of five characteristics: renewability, substitution, interdependence, adaptability and institutional commitment.While debates go over whether economic growth must be sacrificed in order to prevent further deterioration of environment, we should transform the approach to economic policy, and promote the transfer of modern and environmentally sound technology to developing countries.Another obstacle is the disparities of rich and poor people in a nation as well as rich and poor nations. Therefore, developed nations should act as pioneers: invest in related research and apply new techniques which promote sustainable development.5.Firstly, the logging operation may remove so many trees from hillside that runoff destroys streams and cause mudslides, but the cost is transferred to the public.Secondly, industries that no longer exist left thousands of hazardous waste sites, and the responsibility of cleanup fell on the government and the taxpayers.Strip mining is typical for the variety of external environmental costs.6. Pollution-prevention costs, one part of pollution control costs, are those incurred in private sector or by government toentirely or partially prevent the pollution that would otherwise result from production or consumption.7. When everyone shares ownership of a resource, there is a strong tendency to overexploit and misuse that resource. The common property resource has literally no owner, and if you do not use it, someone else would, therefore, even though everyone knows the eventual result, they all choose to make use of it as much as possible.The ecosphere is one big commons stocked with air, water and irreplaceable mineral resources, and each nation attempts to exploit and extract as much from “commons” as possible regardless of other nations.Another example is the shared fishing in Great Lakes region. Commercial fisheries, recreational fishers, Native American tribal fishing and regulatory agencies have tried hard to halt theoverexploitation of fishery resources. Worse still, the fishing zones are often not designed from an ecosystem approach.On an individual level, people are fully aware of air pollution, yet they continue to drive automobiles and don’t mind switching to bigger cars or purchasing more cars.8. Debt-for-nature exchanges are an innovative mechanism for addressing the debt issue while encouraging investment in conservation and sustainable development.It works like this: the conservation organization buys the debt from the creditor at a discount; although the creditor receives only partial payment of the initial loan, some return is better than a total loss; the debtor country has the debt removed and is relieved of the huge burden of paying interest on the debt; in exchange, the conservation organization requires the debtor country to spend money on appropriate conservation and sustainable development projects.9. Subsidies include consumer rebates for purchases of environmentally friendly goods, loans for businesses planning to implement environmental products.Government can pay farmers to encourage them to permanently take highly erodable land from production and reduce the erosion and build up sediment in local streams. The same is with purchasing fishermen’s fishing boats. However, some agricultural subsidies may distort the price of food and lead to overproduction.Market-based instruments include information programs (example: information tags on electric appliances that inform thepublic about the energy efficiency of the product) tradable emission permits, emission fees and taxes (the pollution tax system in China that imposes noncompliance fees on discharge that exceed standards and assesses fines and other charges on violations of regulations)deposit-refund programs and performance bonds.Life cycle analysis is to assess the environmental effects during all stages in product chain: acquisition of raw material, manufacturing processes, transportation, consumer use, disposal. Its extension is extended product responsibility, and the Responsible Care program is one of the best examples.10. People are often willing to accept risk from familiar death causes such as car accidents and flu than those dramatic and sensational causes. They tend to accept voluntary risks like drinking alcohol than involuntary ones like nuclear weapons, familiar technologies like dams than newer ones like genetic engineering.11. Renewable resources include soil, vegetation, animals, air and water. Nonrenewable resources include iron ore, fossil fuels and mountainous landscapes.12.It is because environmental costs may not be recognized immediately, as in the Colorado River dam shows, the ecosystem has a complex system of interrelationships and the damage on environment can take a relative long time to accumulate and become eminent on certain levels or indicators.13. A “take back” means taking the product back for disposal to the place it was manufactured and force the company to think hard and be environmentally responsible for production.14. SBLRBRA is the law that provided incentives for small businesses to develop brownfields, which are perceived to have environmental liabilities. It provided liability protection, funding and tax incentives to encourage small businesses to revitalize the brownfields.15. It is because they weigh the risks with the costs to eliminate those risks, and make decisions based on their distinct financial status. Sometimes they even have basic difference in defining the risk and therefore they tolerate difference levels of risks.16. It is a streamlined decision-making process for implementing corrective action in a consistent manner to protect ecological resources in chemical release sites. It provides a framework for sites that do not or cannot comply with regulatory programs or to form an integrated approach when various regulatory programs apply.17. Perception plays an important role in our understanding of environmental health and safety issues.The asbestos fear shows that the risk estimates are often different between experts and public. The people perceive the risk with different criteria and arrive at their own conclusion, yet they do not trust experts to make decisions alone.Governments need to decide whether to focus on where there is the most impact on human well-being or deal with the problemspeople are most worried about. People, on the other hand, should be supplied with more data to enable them to make more informed judgments. We should be wise and careful when forming our perception of risks as it may influence the research priorities or standards for regulation.18.DfE (Design for Environment) means a product is designed witha consideration of the environmental impacts or aspects that will result from manufacturing it. It means doing cost-benefit analysis prior to production so that the company can make rational decisions as to the environmental liabilities during its manufacturing. By doing so, the product would be more environmentally sound and cost effective, causing the least impact on our environment.19.The conventional way is to develop regulations that prohibit certain behaviors, called “command and control” program, but granting subsidies, giving liability protection and grants for small businesses, and several other market-based instruments (including emission fees and taxes) are also developed and used nowadays. The latter methods use the economic lever and encourage the individuals and companies to make sustainable use of natural resources at a lower cost.20. No, almost all human-induced environmental issues are connected to the human society as well as economics, however, exceptions exist. People may liter a place simply by ritual or norm and the environmental issue has nothing to do with economics.21. The diversified flora that shaped the landscape; TheChongming wetlands that purifies the flowing water.22. Yes. The company opt for an environment-friendly developing strategy and renovate its manufacturing processes.。
环境工程与生态学理论的交叉研究与发展
环境工程与生态学理论的交叉研究与发展引言在当今社会，环境污染和生态破坏成为了我们面临的严重问题之一。
人类的工业化进程带来了许多环境负面影响，而生态系统的脆弱性也进一步加剧了环境危机的严重性。
为了解决这些问题，环境工程和生态学两个学科在过去几十年中逐渐崭露头角。
本文将探讨环境工程和生态学理论的交叉研究与发展，以及它们在解决环境问题中的应用和前景。
环境工程的基本概念和发展环境工程是研究环境保护与管理的一门学科。
它主要关注如何减少或消除污染物对环境的影响，保护人类健康和生物多样性。
环境工程的发展可以追溯到19世纪末的公共卫生运动，当时的主要关注点是饮用水和废水处理。
随着工业化的加速发展，环境工程也逐渐扩大了研究范围，包括大气污染、土壤污染和噪音污染等方面。
环境工程的核心原则是“三废一标准”。
即在生产和生活活动中产生的废气、废水和固体废物应符合国家环境保护标准，以减少对环境的污染。
为了实现这一目标，环境工程师通过设计和运营各种工艺和设施，包括废水处理厂、废气处理设备和固废处理场所等，来减少和处理污染物。
近年来，环境工程领域的研究重点越来越向低碳和可持续发展方向转移。
绿色环保技术和循环经济模式成为研究热点，例如开发更高效的可再生能源、促进碳捕捉和储存技术等。
此外，环境风险评估和环境管理系统等方面的研究也逐渐受到重视。
生态学的基本概念和发展生态学是研究生物群落和其与环境的相互关系的学科。
它关注的是生态系统的结构和功能，以及物种之间的相互作用。
生态学的核心原则是生物多样性的保护和生态系统的可持续发展。
生态学起源于19世纪末的欧洲，随着自然科学的发展，它逐渐形成了一个独立的学科。
生态学的研究方法包括实地调查、实验和数学模型等。
通过这些方法，生态学家可以了解生态系统的复杂性，并提出解决环境问题的策略。
生态学的理论和应用广泛涉及到许多领域。
景观生态学关注的是生物群落的空间分布和结构，研究人类活动对生态系统的影响。
生态学在环境影响评估、自然资源管理和生态修复等方面的应用也得到了广泛的认可。
环境科学的学科体系主要由哪几部分组成
环境科学的学科体系主要由哪几部分组成环境科学的学科体系主要由哪几部分组成1.环境科学的学科体系主要由：环境学、环境自然科学、环境技术科学和环境人文社会科学四部分构成。
2.环境学是环境科学的学科基础，阐述环境科学的基础理论体系，研究人与环境相互作用的基本规律。
3.环境自然科学是环境科学与自然科学的交叉学科，用自然科学的知识和方法研究环境问题，包括生态学、环境化学、环境生物学、环境毒理学、环境物理学、环境地学等。
4.环境技术科学是环境科学与技术科学的交叉学科，运用技术科学的知识和方法认识环境、解决环境问题，主要分支学科包括环境监测学、环境工程学、环境评价学等。
5.环境技术科学是环境科学与技术科学的交叉学科，运用技术科学的知识和方法认识环境、解决环境问题，主要分支学科包括环境监测学、环境工程学、环境评价学等。
6.通常情况下，环境科学专业的人才培养，在自然科学、社会科学和技术科学方面都要求具备一定的基础，环境科学主要由哪几部分组成？1、环境科学的学科体系主要由：环境学、环境自然科学、环境技术科学和环境人文社会科学四部分构成。
2、环境学是环境科学的学科基础，阐述环境科学的基础理论体系，研究人与环境相互作用的基本规律。
3、环境自然科学是环境科学与自然科学的交叉学科，用自然科学的知识和方法研究环境问题，包括生态学、环境化学、环境生物学、环境毒理学、环境物理学、环境地学等。
4、环境技术科学是环境科学与技术科学的交叉学科，运用技术科学的知识和方法认识环境、解决环境问题，主要分支学科包括环境监测学、环境工程学、环境评价学等。
5、环境技术科学是环境科学与技术科学的交叉学科，运用技术科学的知识和方法认识环境、解决环境问题，主要分支学科包括环境监测学、环境工程学、环境评价学等。
6、通常情况下，环境科学专业的人才培养，在自然科学、社会科学和技术科学方面都要求具备一定的基础。
船图主要由几部分组成船头、船身、船尾；甲板、驾驶舱、发动机舱、客舱、储物舱。
(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科——5、6章重点句、词汇
第五章环境和生物间的相互作用Interactions: Environments and Organisms The science of ecology is the study of the ways organisms interact with each other, and with their nonliving surroundings.Ecology deals with the ways in which or ganisms are adapted to their surroundings,how they make use of these surroundings, and how an area is altered by the presence and activities of organisms.All organisms are dependent on other organisms in some way.Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment.Abiotic factors can be organized into several broad categories: energy, nonliving matter, and processes that involve the interactions of nonliving matter and energy.All organisms require a source of energy to maintain themselves. The ultimate source of energy for almost all organisms is the sun.All forms of life require atoms of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and molecules such as water to construct and maintain themselves. Organisms constantly obtain these materials from their environment. The atoms become part of an organism's body structure for a short time period, and eventually all of them are returned to the environment through respiration, excretion, or death and decay.The structure and location of the space organisms inhabit is also an important abiotic aspect of their environment.Important ecological processes involve interactions of matter and energy.The climate (average weather patterns over a number of years) of an area involves energy in the form of solar radiation interacting with the matter that makes up the Earth.The biotic factors of an organism's environment include all forms of life with which it interacts.Although organisms interact with their surroundings in many ways, certain factors may be critical to a particular species' success. A shortage or absence of this factor restricts the success of the species; thus, it is known as a limiting factor.The limiting factor for many species of fishes is the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.The environment influences the organism, and organisms affect the environment.The habitat of an organism is the space that the organism inhabits, the place where it lives (its address).The niche of an organism is the functional role it has in its surroundings(its profession).Genes are distinct pieces of DNA that determine the characteristics an individual displays.A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.A species is a population of all the organtisms potentially capable of reproducingnaturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.The process that leads to this close fit between the characteristics organisms display and the demands of their environment is known as natural selection.natural selection is the mechanism that causes evolution to occur.When we look at the effects of natural selection over time, we can see considerable change in the characteristics of a species and kinds of species present. Some changes take thousands or millions of years to occur. Others, such as resistance to pesticides, can occur in a few years.Scientists have continuously shown that this theory of natural selection can explain the development of most aspects of the structure, function, and behavior of organisms. It is the central idea that helps explain how species adapt to their surroundings. When we discuss environmental problems, it is helpful to understand that species change and that as the environment is changed, either naturally or by human action, some species will adapt to the new conditions while others will not.The environment in which organisms exist does not remain constant over long time periods. Those species that lack the genetic resources to cope with a changing environment go extinct. Extinction is the loss of an entire species and is a common feature of the evolution of organisms.Natural selection is constantly at work shaping organisms to fit a changing environment.It is clear that humans have had a significant impact on the extinction of many kinds of species.Wherever humans have modified the environment for their purposes (farming, forestry, cities, hunting, and introducing exotic organisms), species are typically displaced from the area.If large areas are modified, entire species may be displaced. Ultimately, humans are also subject to evolution and the possibility of extinction as well.Coevolution is the concept that two or more species of organisms can reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other. In other words, organisms affect the evolution of other organisms.Since all organisms are influenced by other organisms, this is a common pattern.Ecologists look at organisms and how they interact with their surroundings.One common kind of interaction called predation occurs when one organism, known as a predator, kills and eats another, known as the prey.A second type of interaction between species is competition, in which two organisms strive to obtain the same limited resource.Symbiosis is a close, long-lasting, physical relationship between two different species. There are three different categories of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.If we examine our activities, we can see that we have complicated interactions with other organisms.Predator----Humans throughout the world use animals as food.Herbivore----Humans rely on many kinds of plants as their primary source of food.Scavenger----Scavenging involves finding and consuming animals that are already dead.Commensalism-----Humans find themselves on both sides of commensal relationships.Parasitism----Although humans do not live in or on other living things, we do engage in relationships that are parasitic in nature.Mutualism----Humans have many mutualistic relationships with plants and animals.Competition----Humans are in competition with all other organisms on Earth. As we convert land and aquatic resources to our uses, we deprive other organisms of what they need to survive.A community is an assemblage of all the interacting populations of different species of organisms in an area.An ecosystem is a defined space in which interactions take place between a community, with all its complex interrelationships, and the physical environment.While it is easy to see that the physical environment places limitations on the kinds of organisms that can live in an area, it is also important to recognize that organisms impact their physical surroundings.Every system has parts that are related to one another in specific ways.Producers are organisms that are able to use sources of energy to make complex, organic molecules from the simple inorganic substances in their environment.Primary consumers, also known as herbivores, are animals that eat producers (plants or phytoplankton) as a source of food.Secondary consumers or carnivores are animals that eat other animals.Decomposers are organisms that use nonliving organic matter as a source of energy and raw materials to build their bodies.Whenever an organism sheds a part of itself, excretes waste products, or dies, it provides a source of food for decomposers.Since decomposers carry on respiration, they are extremely important in recycling matter by converting organic matter to inorganic material.Many small animals, fungi, and bacteria fill this niche.A keystone species is one that has a critical role to play in the maintenance of specific ecosystems.Some species have pivotal roles, and their elimination or severe reduction can significantly alter ecosystems.The energy stored in the molecules of producers is transferred to other organisms when the producers are eaten.Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem is known as a trophic level. Producers (plants, algae, phytoplankton) constitute the first trophic level, and herbivores constitute the second trophic level. Carnivores that eat herbivores are the thir,trophic level, and carnivores that eat other ". carnivores are the fourth trophic level.As energy flows through an ecosystem, it passes through several levels known as trophic levels. Each trophic level contains a certain amount of energy. Each time energy flows to another trophic level, approximately 90 percent of the useful energy islost, usually as heat to the surroundings. Therefore, in most ecosystems, higher trophic levels contain less energy and fewer organisms.The passage of energy from one trophic level to the next as a result of one organism consuming another is known as a food chain.When several food chains overlap and intersect, they make up a food web.All matter is made up of atoms. These atoms are cycled between the living and nonliving portions of an ecosystem. The activities involved in the cycling of atoms include biological, geological, and chemical processes. Therefore, these nutrient cycles are often called biogeochemical cycles.All living things are composed of organic molecules that contain atoms of the element carbon. The carbon cycle includes the processes and pathways involved in capturing inorganic carbon-containing molecules, converting them into organic molecules that are used by organisms, and the ultimate release of inorganic carbon molecules back to the abiotic environment.Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) are part of the carbon cycle as well.At one time, these materials were organic molecules in the bodies of living organisms.The organisms were buried and the organic compounds in their bodies were modified by geologic forces. Thus, the carbon atoms present in fossil fuels were removed temporarily from the active,short-term carbon cycle. When we burn fossil fuels, the carbon reenters the active carbon cycle. Another very important nutrient cycle, the nitrogen cycle,involves the cycling of nitrogen atoms between the abiotic and biotic components and among the organisms in an ecosystem.Because atmospheric nitrogen is not usable by plants, nitrogen-containing compounds are often in short supply and the availability of nitrogen is often a factor that limits the growth of plants. The primary way in which plants obtain nitrogen compounds they can use is with the help of bacteria that live in the soil. Bacteria, called nitrogen-fixing bacteria, are able to convert the nitrogen gas (N2) that enters the soil into ammonia that plants can use.Bacteria and other types of decay organisms are involved in the nitrogen cycle also. Dead organisms and their waste products contain molecules, such as proteins, urea, and uric acid, that contain nitrogen. Decomposers break down these nitrogen-containing organic molecules, releasing ammonia, which can be used directly by many kinds of plants. Still other kinds of soil bacteria called nitrifying bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite, which can be converted to nitrate. Plants can use nitrate as a source of nitrogen for synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic molecules.Finally, bacteria known as denitrifying bacteria are, under conditions where oxygen is absent, able to convert nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2), which is ultimately released into the atmosphere. These nitrogen atoms can reenter the cycle with the aid of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.The phosphorus cycle differs from the carbon and nitrogen cycles in one important respect. Phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. The ultimate source of phosphorus atoms is rock. In nature, new phosphorus compoundsare released by the erosion of rock and become dissolved in water. Plants use the dissolved phosphorus compounds to construct the molecules they need. Animals obtain the phosphorus they need when they consume plants or other animals. When an organism dies or excretes waste products, decomposer organisms recycle the phosphorus compounds back into the soil.Phosphorus compounds that are dissolved in water are ultimately precipitated as deposits. Geologic processes elevate these deposits and expose them to erosion, thus making these deposits available to organisms.Two activities have caused significant changes in the carbon cycle: burning fossil fuels and converting forests to agricultural land.One consequence of these actions is that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing steadily since humans began to use fossil fuels extensively. It has become clear that increasing carbon dioxide is causing changes in the climate of the world, and many nations are seeking to reduce energy use and prevent deforestation.The burning of fossil fuels has also altered the nitrogen cycle.When fossil fuels are burned, the oxygen and nitrogen in the air are heated to high temperatures and a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds are produced.If too much nitrogen or phosphorus is applied as fertilizer or if they are applied at the wrong time, much of this fertilizer is carried into aquatic ecosystems.The presence of large amounts of these nutrients in either freshwater or saltwater results in increased rates of growth of bacteria, algae,and aquatic plnts. Increases in the number of these organisms can have many different effects. Many algae are toxic, and when their numbers increase significantly,fish are killed and incidents of human poisoning occur. An increase in the number of plants and algae in aquatic ecosystems also can lead to low oxygen concentrations in the water. When these organisms die, decomposers use oxygen from the water as they break down the dead organic matter. This lowers the oxygen concentrations and many organisms die.Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. The environment of an organism can be divided into biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.The space an organism occupies is known as its habitat, and the role it plays in its environment is known as its niche.I The niche of a species is the result of natural selection directing the adaptation of the species to a specific set of environmental conditions.Organisms interact with one another in a variety of ways.A community is the biotic portion of an ecosystem that is a set of interacting populations of organisms. Those organisms and their abiotic environment constitute an ecosystem.About 90 percent of the energy is lost as it passes from one trophic level to the next. This means that the amount of biomass at higher trophic levels is usually much less than that at lower trophic levels.The flow of atoms through an ecosystem involves all the organisms in thecommunity. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are examples of how these materials are cycled in ecosystems.Key Terms :abiotic factors非生物因子biogeochemical cycles 生物地球化学循环biomass 生物量biotic factors 生物因子carbon cycle 碳循环community 群落competition 竞争consumer 消费者decomposer 分解者ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统environment 环境evolution 进化extinction 灭绝food chain 食物链food web 食物网genes 基因habitat 生境limiting factor 限制性因素natural selection 自然选择niche 小生境nitrogen cycle 氮循环population 种群primary consumer 初级消费者range of tolerance 耐受范围secondary consumer 次级消费者species物种trophic level 营养级Review Questions:1. Define environment.3. How is natural selection related to the concept of niche?5. How is an ecosystem different from a community?8. What are some different trophic levels in an ecosystem?9. Describe the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.第六章生态系统及群落的种类Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Ecosystems are dynamic, changing units.The concept that communities proceed through a series of recognizable, predictable changes in structure over time is called succession. The relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession is called a climax community.Primary succession is a successional progression that begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water.Secondary succession is much more commonly observed and generally proceeds more rapidly, because it begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem. Fire, flood, windstorm, or human activity can destroy or disturb a community of organisms.The general trend in succession is toward increasing complexity and more efficient use of matter and energy compared to the successional communities that preceded them.The principal concepts of land succession can be applied to aquatic ecosystems. Except for the oceans, most aquatic ecosystems are considered temporary. Certainly, some are going to be around for thousands of years, but eventually they will disappear and be replaced by terrestrial ecosystems as a result of normal successional processes. All aquatic ecosystems receive a continuous input of soil particles and organic matter from surrounding land, which results in the gradual filling in of shallow bodies of water such as ponds and lakes.The same processes and activities drive both primary and secondary succession. The major difference is that secondary succession occurs when an existing community is destroyed but much of the soil and some of the organisms remain. A forest fire, a flood, or the conversion of a natural ecosystem to agriculture may be the cause.As settlers removed the original forests or grasslands and converted the land to farming, the original "climax" community was destroyed. Eventually, as poor farming practices destroyed the soil, many farms were abandoned and the land was allowed to return to its "original" condition.Biomes are terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution.The distribution of terrestrial ecosystems is primarily related to precipitation and temperature.A lack of water is the primary factor that determines that an area will be a desert. Deserts are areas that generally average less than 25 centimeters(10 inches) of precipitation per year.Since the rate of evaporation is high, plant growth and flowering usually coincide with the periods when moisture is available. Deserts are also likely to be windy. We often think of deserts as hot, dry wastelands devoid of life. However, many deserts are quite cool during a major part of the year.Another misconception about deserts is that few species of organisms live in the desert. There are many species, but they typically have low numbers of individuals.The desert has many kinds of animals. However, they are often overlooked because their populations are low, numerous species are of small size, and many are inactive during the hot part of the day. They also aren't seen in large, conspicuous groups.Grasslands, also known as prairies or steppes, are widely distributed over temperate parts of the world. As with deserts, the major factor that contributes to the establishment of a grassland is the amount of available moisture. Grasslands generally receive between 25 and 75 centimeters (10 to 30 inches) of precipitation per year.Most of the moist grasslands of the world have been converted to agriculture , since the rich, deep soil that developed as a result of the activities of centuries of soil building is useful for growing cultivated grasses such as corn (maize) and wheat. The drier grasslands have been converted to the raising of domesticated grazers such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Therefore, little undisturbed grassland is left, and those fragments that remain need to be preserved as refuges for the grassland species that once occupied huge portions of the globe.Tropical parts of Africa, South America, and Australia have extensive grasslands spotted with occasional trees or patches of trees. This kind of a biome is often called a savanna. Although savannas receive 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 60 inches) of rain per year, the rain is not distributed evenly throughout the year. Typically, a period of heavy rainfall is followed by a prolonged drought. This results in a very seasonally structured ecosystem. The plants and animals time to their reproductive activities to coincide with the rainy period, when limiting factors are least confining. The predominant plants are grasses, but many drought-resistant, flat-topped, thorny trees are common.The Mediterranean shrublands are located near an ocean and have wet, cool winters and hot, dry summers. Rainfall is 40 to 100 centimeters (15 to 40 inches) per year. As the name implies, this biome is typical of the Mediterranean coast and isalso found in coastal southern California, the southern tip of Africa, a portion of the west coast of Chile, and southern Australia. The vegetation is dominated by woody shrubs that are adapted to withstand the ot, dry summer.Another biome that is heavily influenced by seasonal rainfall is known as the tropical dry forest.Tropical rainforests are located near the equator in Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and some islands in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The temperature is normally warm and relatively constant. There is no frost, and it rains nearly every day. Most areas receive in excess of 200 centimeters (80 inches) of rain per year. Some receive 500 cennmeters (200 inches) or more. Because of the warm temperatures and abundant rainfall, most plants grow very rapidly; however, soils are usually poor in nutrients because water tends to carry away any nutrients not immediately taken up by plants.Tropical rainforests are under intense pressure from logging and agriculture.Many of the countries where tropical rainforests are present are poor and seek to obtain jobs and money by exploiting this resource.Forests in temperate areas of the world that have a winter-summer change of seasons typically have trees that lose their leaves during the winter and replace them the following spring. This kind of forest is called a temperate deciduous forest and is typical of the eastern half of the United States, parts of south central and south- eastern Canada, southern Africa, and many areas of Europe and Asia. These areas generally receive 75 to 100 centimeters (30 to 60 inches) of relatively evenly distributed precipitation per year.In contrast to tropical rainforests, where individuals of a tree species are scattered throughout the forest, temperate deciduous forests generally have many fewer species, and many forests may consist of two or three dominant tree species.These forests are home to a great variety of insects, many of which use the leaves and wood of trees as food.Throughout the southern half of Canada, parts of northern Europe, and much of Russia, there is an evergreen coniferous forest known as the taiga, northern coniferous forest, or boreal forest. The climate is one of short, cool summers and long winters with abundant snowfall. The winters are extremely harsh and can last as long as six months. Typically, the soil freezes during the winter. Precipitation ranges between 25 and 100 centimeters (10 to 40 inches) per year. However, the climate is typically humid because there is a great deal of snowmelt in the spring and generally low temperatures reduce evaporation. The landscape is typically dotted with lakes, ponds, and bogs.North of the taiga is the tundra, a biome that lacks trees and has a permanently frozen subsurface soil. This frozen soil layer is known as permafrost. Because of the permanently frozen soil and extremely cold, windy climate (up to 10 months of winter), no trees can live in the area.Because of the very short growing season, damage to this kind of ecosystem is slow to heal, so the land must be handled with great care.Terrestrial biomes are determined by the amount and kind of precipitation and by temperatures. Other factors, such as soil type and wind, also play a part. Aquatic ecosystems also are shaped by key environmental factors. Several important factors are the ability of the sun's rays to penetrate the water, the depth ofthe water, the nature of the bottom substrate, the water temperature, and the amount of dissolved salts.An important determiner of the nature of aquatic ecosystems is the amount of salt dissolved in the water.Those that have little dissolved salt are called freshwater ecosystems, and those that have a high salt content are called marine ecosystems.Coral reef ecosystems are produced by coral animals that build up-shaped external skeletons around themselves.Because they require warm water, coral ecosystems are found only near the equator Coral ecosystems also require shallow, clear water since the algae must have ample sunlight to carry on photosynthesis.Coral reefs are considered one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth.Mangrove swamp ecosystems occupy a region near the shore. The dominant organisms are special kinds of trees that are able to tolerate the high salt content of the ocean.The trapping of sediment and the continual extension of mangroves into shallow areas result in the development of a terrestrial ecosystem in what was once shallow ocean.An estuary is a special category of aquatic ecosystem that consists of shallow, partially enclosed areas where freshwater enters the ocean.Estuaries are particularly productive ecosystems because of the large amounts of nutrients introduced into the basin from the rivers that run into them. This is further enhanced by the fact that the shallow water allows light to penetrate to most of the water in the basin.Estuaries are especially important as nursery sites for fish and crustaceans such as flounder and shrimp.Freshwater ecosystems differ from marine ecosystems in several ways. The amount of salt present is much less, the temperature of the water can change greatly, the water is in the process of moving to the ocean, oxygen can often be in short supply, and the organisms that inhabit freshwater systems are different.Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into two categories: those in which the water is relatively stationary, such as lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, and those in which the water is running downhill, such as streams and rivers.Large lakes have many of the same characteristics as the ocean.Farming and construction expose soil and release nutrients, as do other human activities such as depositing sewage into streams and lakes. Deep, clear, cold, nutrient-poor lakes are low in productivity and are called oligotrophic lakes. Shallow, murky, warm, nutrient-rich lakes are called eutrophic lakes.The dissolved oxygen content of the water is important since the quantity of oxygen determines the kinds of organisms that can inhabit the lake.When organic molecules enter water, they are broken down by bacteria andfungi. These decomposer organisms use oxygen from the water as they perform respiration. The amount of oxygen used by decomposers to break down a specific amount of organic matter is called the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).Just as estuaries are a bridge between freshwater and marine ecosystems, swamps and marshes are a transition between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.Many swamps and marshes are successional states that eventually become totally terrestrial communities.summary:Ecosystems change as one kind of organism replaces another in a process called succession.Ultimately, a relatively stable stage is reached, called the climax community.Major regional terrestrial climax communities are called biomes.The primary determiners of the kinds of biomes that develop are the amount and yearly distribution of rainfall and the yearly temperature cycle.Aquatic ecosystems can be divided into marine (saltwater) and freshwater ecosystems.Coral reefs are tropical marine ecosystems dominated by coral animals. Mangrove swamps are tropical marine shoreline ecosystems dominated by trees. Estuaries occur where freshwater streams and rivers enter the ocean. They are usually shallow, very productive areas. Many marine organisms use estuaries for reproduction.KeyTerms:biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 生化需氧量biome 生物群系climax community 顶级群落coral reef ecosystem 珊瑚礁生态系统desert 沙漠estuary 河口eutrophic lake 富营养湖freshwater ecosystem 淡水生态系统grassland 草地mangrove swamp ecosystem 红树林沼泽生态系统marine ecosystem 海洋生态系统marsh 草本沼泽plankton 浮游生物phytoplankton 浮游植物zooplankton 浮游动物primary succession 原生演替secondary succession 次生演替swamp 木本沼泽tropical rainforest 热带雨林Review Questions:1.Describe the process of succession. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?4. What two primary factors determine the kind of terrestrial biome that will develop in an area?6. What areas of the ocean are the most productive?9. List three differences between freshwater and marine ecosystems.10. What is an estuary?Why are estuaries important?。
环境科学与生态学交叉研究
环境科学与生态学交叉研究：走向可持续发展的未来引言当我们谈论环境科学和生态学时，我们不可避免地会遇到交叉研究的概念。
这两个学科在解决环境问题和推动可持续发展方面起着重要的作用。
然而，究竟环境科学与生态学的交叉研究是什么？为什么它如此重要？本文将深入探讨这个话题，揭示其在解决全球环境挑战方面的重要性。
什么是环境科学和生态学？在开始讨论交叉研究之前，让我们先了解一下环境科学和生态学的基本概念。
1. 环境科学环境科学是一门综合性的学科，旨在研究和理解自然、社会和人类活动对环境的影响，并提出解决方案来维护和改善环境质量。
它涵盖了多个领域，包括物理学、化学、生物学、地球科学、社会科学和工程学等。
2. 生态学生态学是研究生物与其环境之间相互作用的学科。
它涉及到生物群落的组成和结构，以及生物和环境之间的能量和物质交换。
生态学关注生物群落、生态系统和生态过程的复杂性，以及它们对环境的影响。
为什么环境科学与生态学交叉研究如此重要？1. 理解环境问题的复杂性环境问题往往是多维度、多层次的。
仅仅从环境科学或生态学的角度来研究往往无法全面地理解问题的本质。
交叉研究能够综合不同学科的观点和方法，提供更全面、更精确的分析。
例如，在研究气候变化时，单纯的环境科学方法无法解释温室气体的排放如何影响生态系统的稳定性，而生态学方法也无法解释人类活动如何加剧气候变化。
只有通过交叉研究，我们才能真正理解环境问题的复杂性。
2. 制定综合的解决方案解决环境问题需要综合考虑不同的因素和利益相关者。
环境科学和生态学的交叉研究有助于制定综合的解决方案，以平衡环境保护和社会经济发展之间的关系。
例如，在保护自然生境的同时，我们需要考虑到经济发展的需求和社会公平的问题。
只有通过交叉研究，我们才能找到既符合环境可持续性又满足人类需求的方案。
3. 促进可持续发展可持续发展是当前全球面临的最大挑战之一。
环境科学与生态学交叉研究对于促进可持续发展至关重要。
通过综合研究环境、生态系统和社会的相互关系，我们可以为未来的发展提供指导。
(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科——7章重点句和词汇
第7章种群原理Population PrinciplesA population can be defined as a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting an area。
Some important ways in which populations differ include natality （birthrate），mortality (death rate)，sex ratio, age distribution， growth rates， density, and spatial distribution。
In human populations， natality is usually described in terms of the birthrate，the number of individuals born per l000individuals per year。
In human population studies， mortality is usually discussed in terms of the death rate, the number of people who die per 1000 individuals per year.The population growth rate is the birthrate minus the death rate.The sex ratio refers to the relative numbers of males and females.The age distribution, the number of individuals of each age in the population，greatly influences the population growth rate。
资源环境科学与环境科学的关系
资源环境科学与环境科学的关系一、引言资源环境科学和环境科学作为两个交叉的学科，它们之间存在着密不可分的联系。
本文将从资源环境科学和环境科学的定义、发展历程以及研究内容等方面，探讨它们之间的关系。
二、资源环境科学和环境科学的定义1. 资源环境科学的定义资源环境科学是研究人类社会与自然生态系统相互作用过程中，资源利用、环境保护与可持续发展等方面问题的一门综合性交叉学科。
它涉及到地球物理、地球化学、地质、气象、水文、生态等多个领域。
2. 环境科学的定义环境科学是以自然生态系统为基础，研究人类活动对自然生态环境影响及其防治措施的一门综合性交叉学科。
它包括了物理、化学、生物等多个领域。
三、资源环境科学和环境科学的发展历程1. 资源环境科学的发展历程20世纪60年代初期，随着全球石油危机爆发，人们开始意识到资源的有限性和环境的重要性。
此后，人们逐渐意识到资源与环境之间的密切关系，资源环境科学开始成为一个独立的学科。
2. 环境科学的发展历程20世纪50年代，人们开始关注空气污染问题。
此后，随着化学工业和城市化进程的加速，水污染、土壤污染等问题也日益凸显。
20世纪70年代，环保运动兴起，环境保护成为全球热点话题。
此后，环境科学逐渐成为一个独立的学科。
四、资源环境科学和环境科学的研究内容1. 资源环境科学的研究内容(1) 资源利用与管理：包括能源、水资源、土地利用等方面。
(2) 环境质量与保护：包括大气、水体、土壤等方面。
(3) 生态系统及其服务功能：包括生态系统结构与功能、生物多样性等方面。
(4) 可持续发展：包括人类社会经济发展与自然生态系统可持续协调发展等方面。
2. 环境科学的研究内容(1) 环境污染与控制：包括大气污染、水污染、土壤污染等方面。
(2) 生态环境保护：包括生物多样性保护、自然保护区建设等方面。
(3) 环境影响评价：包括对工程建设、城市规划等活动的环境影响评价。
(4) 可持续发展：包括经济发展与环境保护的协调发展等方面。
环境科学交叉关系学科ppt课件
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生物体内的化学反应
光合作用 6CO2 + 6H2O
太阳能 叶绿体
C6H12O6 + 6O2
呼吸作用
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 能量
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能量原理
能量：做功的能力。当一个物体被移动 一段距离时就做了功。 能量的种类：动能、势能 物质的形态：气态、液态和固态。
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热力学第一定律
能量既不能产生也不能消灭，只能从一 种形式转变为另一种形式。
热力学第二定律
当能量从一种形式转变为另一种形式时 将损失一些有用的能量。不能用来做有 用功的能量称为熵(entropy)。即当能量 从一种形式转变为另一种形式时熵增加。
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能量流的环境意义
能量转变过程中产生的热量消散于宇宙之中是一 种普遍现象。
Eldon D. Enger & Bradley F. Smith
环境科学——交叉关系学科
Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships
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4 交叉科学原理: 物质、能量和环境
学习目标
阅读本章后，你应该能够：
1 了解到科学通常是可靠的， 因为信息的收集需要公正的 评价和不断的修正；
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来自同学的启示：段辉辉的“精彩大学”
大一、二时，他全力以赴,亦苦亦乐,亦失亦得,但当 最终成绩熠熠闪耀时
,也验证了一句话——世上只有你想不到的，没有你做不到的。大一，段辉辉
轻轻松松拿下多修6.5个学分的必修课，这还只是起点。其学年内他担任学
院宣教部副部长职务，亦担任小班学习委员和院青年先锋队宣教部委员，在
学科交叉方法例子
学科交叉方法例子学科交叉方法是指利用多个学科知识和方法相互结合，以解决复杂问题和推动学术研究或实践的方法。
它强调了学科之间的相互关联和互补性，通过整合不同领域的理论、概念和方法，可以以全新的视角和更为全面的方式来探索现实世界的各个方面。
下面是几个学科交叉方法的例子。
1.数量和人文学科交叉：人文学科和数量学科的交叉可以帮助我们更好地理解社会和文化现象。
例如，在社会学中使用统计学方法来研究人群特征和社会结构，以及通过大数据分析来揭示人们的意见和行为。
此外，计算机科学和语言学的交叉也可以用于自然语言处理和机器翻译等领域。
2.工程和医学交叉：工程和医学的交叉可以促进医疗技术的创新和改进。
例如，生物医学工程学可以将工程原理和技术应用于医学领域，如开发医疗设备、生物传感器以及医学成像技术。
此外，计算机科学和医学的交叉也可以应用于医疗信息管理和医疗图像分析等领域。
3.心理学和经济学交叉：心理学和经济学的交叉研究可以揭示人们的决策行为和经济偏好。
行为经济学是心理学和经济学交叉的一个领域，通过研究人们的决策和行为模式，从心理学角度重新解释了经济学理论。
此外，心理学和市场营销学的交叉也可以应用于消费者行为研究和市场营销战略制定。
4.地理和环境科学交叉：地理学和环境科学的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解和解决环境问题。
例如，地理信息系统（GIS）是地理学和计算机科学的交叉领域，它将地理空间数据和计算技术结合起来，用于地图制作、资源管理和环境监测等方面。
此外，地理学和生态学的交叉也可以研究地球系统和生态系统的相互作用。
5.历史和社会学交叉：历史学和社会学的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解社会和历史变迁。
历史社会学是历史学和社会学交叉的一个领域，通过研究社会结构、经济和政治制度等因素来解释历史事件和社会变化。
此外，人类学和考古学的交叉也可以研究人类文化和古代社会。
学科交叉方法的应用不仅可以为学术研究提供新的思路和途径，还可为解决实际问题提供更全面的解决方案。
生物学与环境科学的交叉领域
地方政策与法规的制定与实施
地方政策与法 规的制定：根 据当地实际情 况，制定相应 的政策与法规
地方政策与法规 的实施：确保政 策与法规的顺利 实施，加强监管
和执法力度
地方政策与法规 的评估与调整： 定期评估政策与 法规的实施效果， 根据需要进行调
整
地方政策与法规 的推广与交流： 与其他地区进行 交流与合作，推 广成功的经验和
应用：在环境保护、生态修复、生物技术等领域具有广泛应用前景
交叉领域的学科 研究与实践
生态学与环境科学
环境科学：研究人类活动对 环境的影响
生态学：研究生物与环境之 间的关系
交叉领域：生态学与环境科学 的结合，研究环境问题及其解
决方案
实践应用：生态修复、环境 监测、污染治理等
酶 工程、发酵工程等
交叉领域的发展 趋势与挑战
学科发展的前沿技术
基因编辑技术：CRISPR-Cas9等
合成生物学：设计和构建新的生物系统 生物信息学：大数据和AI在生物科学 中的应用
环境监测与治理技术：遥感、传感器等 技术在环境监测中的应用
可持续发展技术：绿色能源、循环经济 等技术在环境保护中的应用
学科发展的挑战与机遇
资源利用与可持续发展
资源利用：合理利用自然资源，减 少浪费
案例分析：介绍一些成功的资源利 用与可持续发展的案例
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可持续发展：保护环境，实现经济、 社会和环境的协调发展
挑战与展望：讨论在资源利用与可 持续发展方面面临的挑战和解决方 案
人类健康与生态平衡
环境污染对人类健康的影响：空气 污染、水污染、土壤污染等
气候变化：对生物多样 性和生态系统的影响
地理与环境学科的交叉研究
生态环境对自然地理要素响应机制
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生物对自然地理要素的响应
生物通过适应环境、进化等方式响应自然地理要 素的变化，形成不同的生物群落和生态系统。
土壤对自然地理要素的响应
土壤类型和性质的变化是自然地理要素变化的直 接体现，土壤对生态环境的保护和改善具有重要 作用。
生态系统对自然地理要素的响应
生态系统是一个复杂的整体，其结构和功能的变 化是对自然地理要素变化的综合响应。
通过探讨人类活动与自然环境之间的相互作用关系，地理学与环境学的
交叉研究可以为可持续发展战略的实施提供理论支撑和实践指导。
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提高公众环保意识和参与度
地理学与环境学的交叉研究还可以提高公众对环保问题的认识和参与度
，推动形成全社会共同关注环保、参与环保的良好氛围。
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自然地理与生态环境关 系探讨
自然地理要素对生态环境影响
成果评价
这些成果不仅具有理论价值，而且在应用方面取得了良好效果，推动了相关学科的发展和创新。
未来研究方向和重点领域
研究方向
未来地理与环境学科交叉研究将继续关注全球变化、可持续发展等重大问题，加强遥感、GIS等技术 的应用研究。
重点领域
重点领域包括生态环境保护与修复、资源高效利用与节约、自然灾害监测与防治等，旨在为解决人类 面临的资源环境问题提供科学支撑。
典型区域案例分析
青藏高原生态环境变化与 地理要素关系
青藏高原的隆起对周边地区的气候、水文等 产生深远影响，进而影响该地区的生态环境 。
黄土高原水土流失与地理要 素关系
黄土高原的水土流失问题与该地区的地形地貌、气 候、土壤等自然地理要素密切相关。
长江流域生态环境演变与 地理要素关系
生物学和环境科学的交叉应用
生物学和环境科学的交叉应用生物学和环境科学是两个相互关联、密不可分的学科领域。
二者的交叉应用不仅对人类生存和发展具有重要意义，而且能够促进多领域知识和技术的交流，在全球环保和可持续发展方面也具有重要影响。
一、生物学和环境科学的相互关联生物学与环境科学都关注有机体与环境之间的关系，体现了它们之间的相互关联性。
生物学研究各种生物现象，如生命起源、生长发育、适应性演化等，寻求探究生命现象的科学规律和解答问题的方法。
环境科学研究各种自然与人类活动引起的环境问题，其中包括大气污染、水污染、土地利用等多个维度。
这两个领域之间的互动，不仅重要的推动了环境保护和可持续发展，同时也为生物学提供了丰富的研究途径。
例如，如今环境污染和气候变化等问题严重威胁着人类的生存环境，这些问题不仅与工业化和城市化等现代化进程紧密相关，而且与人类的能源需求、环境基础设施等方面也有关。
这时候，传统的单一学科研究不能解决这些复杂的问题。
而整合两个学科领域发展出的交叉学科 - 环保生物学，则可以在新的问题空间内提供更全面的解决方案，从而有助于解决当前及未来可能出现的生物多样性下降、食品添加剂污染、生物毒性等问题。
二、生物学和环境科学的交叉应用1.生物指示剂生物指示剂又称生物监测法,是将某种有机组分加入到环境中去，然后测定指定生物种群对其的反应，从而对环境质量进行评估。
比如,用莴苣来探测细菌污染和生物可分解性，然后推断环境质量状态和预测环境变化趋势。
这些生物指示剂可以帮助研究人员采集生物信息，并推导数据，以加深对某些环境特征的理解和评估。
2.生物技术的应用现代生物技术的发展 ,为环境科学的研究和推动节能环保产业发展提供了技术保障。
革有在生物技术领域的成果，如自然降解、喉咙提取和基因工程等, 都在环境保护技术和城市规划建设过程中起到了至关重要的作用。
3.气体分析、水质检测和土壤中的污染物定义冷点测定（Leq）、甲烷排放控制、总挥发性有机物排放控制, 作为当前应用较为广泛的新技术的部分分也是生物环境学的产物。
物理与环境科学交叉教学教案
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学生对教学方法的接受程度
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学生对教师教学质量的评价
教师反思与总结
教学内容是否达到预期目标
教学方法是否有效
学生反馈如何
哪些地方需要改进和优化
教学改进建议
针对学生的反馈，调整教学内容和方法，以提高学生的学习兴趣和效果。 根据教学评价的结果，加强薄弱环节的练习和巩固，帮助学生更好地掌握知识点。 及时跟进学生的学习进度，对有困难的学生提供额外的辅导和支持。 鼓励学生在课堂上积极参与讨论和提问，以提高课堂互动和教学质量。
小组讨论
小组讨论：学生分组讨论物理与环境科学交叉的案例，培养合作精神和交流能力
互动问答：教师与学生互动问答，深入探讨物理与环境科学交叉的问题
实验探究：通过实验探究物理与环境科学交叉的现象，培养实践能力和观察能力
案例分析：分析实际案例，将物理与环境科学知识应用于实际问题中，提高解决实际问 题的能力
总结与反思
感谢观看
汇报人：XX
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物理与环境科学交叉教学
教案
汇报人：XX
目录
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添加目录项标题 教学目标 教学内容 教学方法 教学过程
教学评价与反馈
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教学目标
知识目标
掌握物理与环境科学交叉的基本 概念和原理
掌握物理与环境科学交叉的实验 方法和技能
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知识讲解
物理与环境科学 交叉教学的目的 和意义
教学内容的选择 和组织
教学方法和手段
教学效果的评价 和反馈
实验操作
实验目的：通过实验了解物理与环境科学交叉教学的效果 实验材料：物理实验器材、环境科学相关材料 实验步骤：准备实验器材、进行实验操作、记录实验数据、分析实验结果 实验结果：展示实验数据和分析结果，评估物理与环境科学交叉教学的效果
环境科学交叉关系学科ppt课件
3 认识到每种元素是由具有 特定数目的质子和电子的原 子组成，同一元素的同位素， 其中子数不同；
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4 交叉科学原理: 物质、能量和环境
4 认识到原子能通过化学键组 合在一起，形成分子；
5 了解到化学键的重组会导致 伴随着能量变化的化学反应；
科学是用来解决问题或了解自然的过程，包括检验可 能的答案。
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科学思考
科学方法：获取知识的途径。它通过形成可能的问 题解决方案，然后对提出方法是否有效进行检验， 以获取关于世界的信息（事实）。
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科学思考
科学家对科学问题通常有如下基本假设： 1 在自然界观察到得事件都有其特殊的原因； 2 这些原因能够被找到； 3 有通用的规则或模式来描述自然界中发生的事件； 4 重复发生的事件可能有相同的原因； 5 一个人观察到得东西也能被他人观察到； 6 不管事件在何时何地发生，相同的规则普遍适用。
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复习思考题
1 科学原理和非科学原理有什么区别？ 2 什么是假说？为什么它是科学思维方法的重要部分？ 3 为什么只发生一次的事件从科学的角度很难分析? 4 什么是科学方法，它包括哪些过程？ 5 描述热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律。热力学第二 定律与污染有什么相关性？ 6 列举出5种类型的能源。是否所有种类的能源引起变化 的能力都相等？为什么？
6 认识到物质已固、液和气态 存在，其存在形态取决于分 子动能的大小；
7 认识到能量既不能产生，也 不能消失，但是，能量可以 由一种形式转化为另一种形 式，有的能量转化为用途较 少的形式；
8 了解能量具有不同的品质。
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引言环境科学交叉和综合的科学环境问题的演化,人类面
是各个子环之间的差别。 生态学：主体为生物 环境科学：主体为人类，客体为人类周边相关的事物
北京大学环境科学与工程学院
环境多样性
自然环境的多样性 物质多样性 过程多样性 形态多样性 功能多样性
中国？
北京大学环境科学与工程学院
Degraded Soil Means Less Food 土壤退化意味着食物减少
(millions of hectares degraded)
World Totals (million hectares)
Vegetation Removal
579
Overexploitation
环境管理: 经济、法律、政策
人居环境
环境健康: 毒理 流行病学 人体暴露 资源 生态
城市及乡村环境 区域环境 全球环境
污染与健康 资源与
可持续发展
环境控制: 物理 化学 生物技术
大气环境 水环境 土壤环境 生态环境 社会环境
化石燃料为能源的火力发电厂 降低烟尘而采取除尘设备、 降低二氧化硫采用脱硫设备 降低氮氧化物而采用脱氮设备 减少温室效应气体排放的脱碳要求？？
层出不穷的环境问题使得污染控制的成本不断增加。
北京大学环境科学与工程学院
Global population continues to rise
Population (billions)
北京大学环境科学与工程学院
Principles of Sustainability 可持续性原则
1. Substances from Earth’s crust must not systematically increase in the ecosphere.
环境交叉学科
环境交叉学科环境问题是当今世界面临的最大挑战之一。
为了解决这些问题，需要跨越不同学科的界限，进行交叉学科研究。
这就是环境交叉学科。
环境交叉学科可以分为以下几类：1. 生态学与环境科学生态学和环境科学是环境交叉学科中最重要的两个学科。
生态学研究生物与环境之间的相互作用，而环境科学则研究人类活动对环境的影响。
这两个学科的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解生态系统的运作方式，以及人类活动对生态系统的影响。
2. 地理学与环境科学地理学和环境科学也是环境交叉学科中的重要学科。
地理学研究地球表面的自然和人文现象，而环境科学则研究人类活动对环境的影响。
这两个学科的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解人类活动对地球表面的影响，以及如何保护地球表面的生态系统。
3. 化学与环境科学化学和环境科学也是环境交叉学科中的重要学科。
化学研究物质的组成、结构、性质和变化规律，而环境科学则研究人类活动对环境的影响。
这两个学科的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解人类活动对环境的影响，以及如何减少化学物质对环境的污染。
4. 物理学与环境科学物理学和环境科学也是环境交叉学科中的重要学科。
物理学研究物质和能量的基本规律，而环境科学则研究人类活动对环境的影响。
这两个学科的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解人类活动对环境的影响，以及如何减少能源的消耗和环境的污染。
5. 经济学与环境科学经济学和环境科学也是环境交叉学科中的重要学科。
经济学研究资源的分配和利用，而环境科学则研究人类活动对环境的影响。
这两个学科的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解经济活动对环境的影响，以及如何实现经济发展和环境保护的平衡。
总之，环境交叉学科是解决环境问题的重要途径。
通过不同学科的交叉研究，我们可以更好地理解环境问题的本质，找到解决环境问题的有效方法。
环境科学和物理之间的交叉学科的教学设计方案
热力学过程与循环
统计物理基础
简要介绍统计物理的基本概念和方法 ，探讨其在环境科学中的应用前景， 如复杂环境系统的统计描述、环境数 据的统计分析等。
介绍热力学过程与循环的概念，分析 其在环境工程中的应用，如热力发电 、制冷技术等。
电磁学基础及应用
静电场与恒定电场
阐述静电场和恒定电场的基本概 念和性质，讨论其在环境科学中 的应用，如大气电学、土壤电学
环境生物物理学
研究生物体与环境之间的相互作用和影响，如生物体对环境变化的适 应和响应机制。
环境信息学
利用信息技术和大数据分析等方法，对环境数据进行处理、分析和挖 掘，为环境管理和决策提供科学依据。
气候变化与全球环境变化
关注全球气候变化及其对环境的影响和挑战，探讨应对气候变化的策 略和措施。
未来发展趋势预测
教学要求
要求学生具备扎实的物理学基础和环境科学基础知识，能够 运用所学知识分析和解决环境问题，具备创新能力和团队协 作精神。同时，要求学生关注学科前沿动态，积极参与课堂 讨论和实践活动。
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环境科学基础知识
自然环境系统组成及功能
大气圈
大气组成、结构、运动及与环境的相互 作用。
水圈
水循环、水资源、水环境及其保护。
噪声控制技术应用实验
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实验目的
通过实验操作，让学生了解噪 声控制技术的原理和应用。
实验原理
利用声学原理，通过吸声、隔 声、消声等方法降低噪声对环
境和人体的影响。
实验步骤
搭建噪声控制实验装置，选择 不同的噪声源和噪声控制方法
，观察噪声降低的效果。
数据分析与结论
通过对实验数据的分析，让学 生了解噪声控制技术在实际应
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CHAPTER ONE Environmental Interrelationships环境交叉关系Environmental issue and it’s solutions环境问题，它的解决方案Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field. 环境科学是一个跨学科领域。
Because environmental disharmonies occur as a result of the interaction between humans and the natural world, we must include both when seeking solutions to environmental problems. 由于环境的不和谐发生所造成的人与人之间的互动和自然世界，我们必须既包括在寻求解决环境问题。
It is important to have a historical perspective, appreciate economic and political realities, recognize the role of different social experiences and ethical backgrounds ,and integrate these with the science that describes the natural world and how we affect it. 重要的是有一个历史的角度来看，升值的经济和政治现实，承认的作用不同的社会经验和道德的背景，并把这些与科学，描述自然世界，以及我们如何影响到它。
Purpose of this CourseEnvironmental science is intended as a text for a one-semester, introductory course for students with a wide variety of career goals. 环境科学的目的是为文字，以一学期，介绍性课程，为学生在各种各样的职业目标。
They will find it interesting and informative. 他们会发现很有趣，内容翔实。
The central theme is interrelatedness .中部的主题是相互关联。
No text of this nature can cover all issues in depth. 无文字的这种性质可以涵盖所有问题的深度。
What we have done is to identify major issues and give appropriate examples that illustrate the complex interaction that are characteristic of all environmental problems. 我们所做的是找出主要问题，并给予适当的例子，说明复杂的相互作用的特点，所有的环境问题。
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:在阅读本章，你应该能够：Understand why environmental problems are complex and interrelated.理解，为什么环境问题是复杂和相互关联的。
Realize that environmental problems involve social, political, and economic issues, not just scientific issues.认识到，环境问题涉及社会，政治和经济问题，而不仅仅是科学的问题。
Understand that acceptable solutions to environmental problems are not often easy to achieve.理解，接受的解决环境问题是不是经常容易实现的。
Understand that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings.了解所有生物体产生影响及其周围地区。
Understand what is meant by an ecosystem approach to environmental problem solving.了解什么是生态系统方法对环境问题的解决。
Recognize that different geographic regions have somewhat different environmental problems, but the process for resolving them is the same and involves compromise.认识到不同的地理区域有所不同的环境问题，但这一进程为解决这些问题是相同的，涉及的妥协。
The Field of Environmental Science该领域的环境科学The Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems 在相互关联的环境问题An Ecosystem Approach生态系统方法Regional Environmental Concerns区域环境问题The Field of Environmental ScienceEnvironment: the surrounding conditions that affect people and other organism. In a broader definition, environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.环境：周围的条件，影响人民和其他有机物。
在更广泛的定义，环境就是一切，影响到一个有机体在其生命周期。
环境：与某一中心事物有关的周围事物，就是这个中心事物的环境。
Environmental Science: is an interdisciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical aspects of human impact on the world. 环境科学：是一个跨学科的研究领域，其中包括两个应用和理论方面的人力上对世界的影响。
The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.该领域涉及环境科学的理解科学原理，经济的影响，和政治行动。
creating a new interdisciplinary field. 创建一个新的学科领域An environmental decision that may be supportable from a scientific or economic point of view may not be supportable from a political point of view without modification, often political decisions relating to the environment may not be supported by economic analysis. 环境的决定，可能是支持的，从科学或经济角度来看，可能不会支持的，从政治的角度看，无需修改，往往是政治决定，有关环境可能不支持的经济分析。
Environmental problem(Environmental Issue)is very complex!环境问题是非常复杂的！An ecosystem approach 生态系统方法The natural world is organized into interrelated units called ecosystems. 自然世界是由相互关联的单位称为生态系统。
An ecosystem is a region in which the organisms and the physical environment form interacting unit. 生态系统是在该地区的生物和物理环境相互作用的单位形式。
Weather affects plants, plants use minerals in the soil, and affect animals, animals spread plant seeds, plants secure the soil, and plants evaporate water, which affects weather. 天气影响植物，植物使用矿物的土壤，并影响到动物，动物传播植物种子，植物保护土壤和植物蒸发水，影响天气。
Ecosystems sometimes have fairly discrete boundaries, as is the case with a lake or island. 生态系统有时相当离散的边界，如内有一个湖，或岛屿。
Sometimes the boundaries are indistinct, as in the transition from grassland to desert. 有时界限模糊，如在过渡到草原沙漠。
Grassland gradually becomes desert depending on the historical pattern of rainfall in an area.草原逐渐成为沙漠根据历史降雨模式的一个地区。
An ecosystem approach requires a look at the way the natural world is organized. 生态系统方法需要看的方式，自然世界是有组织的。
Where do the rivers flow? 哪里的河流？What are the prevailing wind patterns? 什么是当前的风的模式What are the typical plants and animals in the area? 什么是典型的植物和动物在该地区？How does human activity affect nature?？如何影响人类活动的性质？The task of an environmental scientist is to recognize and understand the natural interactions that take place and to integrate these with the uses humans must make of the natural world.这项任务的环境科学家是认识和了解自然的相互作用发生，并把这些与人类的使用必须作出的自然世界。