内 部 通 启 Internal Memorandum
MEMORANDUM
MEMORANDUMFrom: Olive HR ManagerTo: All staffDate: 12 June, 2008Subject: Appointment of FranciscoHere we announce the appointment of Mrs. Francisco as our new Sales Manager of the Headquarter. She will be starting her job next Monday morning. There will be a small welcome party by 9:00 that day so everyone please be on time.一、概述备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。
在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。
在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。
它的内容可以分为以下几项：书端（Heading）收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee…s Name， Title， Address）称呼（Salutation）事因（Subject）正文（Body）结束语（Complimentary Close）署名（Signature）二、备忘录写作注意事项1、书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。
许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。
2、称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir，对政府官员可用Sir.3、正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。
“事因”一项目前采用得较少。
三、经典范文（共有5篇范文）例1 Directions： Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.MEMOAugust 16， 2005To： The leader of student service departmentFrom： Li MingSubject： TelephoneDear Sir，I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student，we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers，friends and people outside the campus.We need a telephone to get and send message，which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address，a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.Regards.Yours，Li Ming注：“remind”一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如“提醒我”译为“please remind me”。
建筑工程常用英语词汇
建筑工程常用英语词汇Building Engineering and Construction Vocabulary1.项目管理project management现场管理site management施工管理construction management政府报批permitting & approvals监理单位supervisory agent质检站quality inspection station设计院design institute协调coordination质量监督quality monitoring工期控制schedule control /工期跟踪schedule tracking安全控制safety control / safety monitoring安全培训safety training安全手册safety manual / handbook每周例会weekly meeting周报weekly report月报monthly report会议记要meeting minutes通知notice记要（备忘录）MOU / memo (memorandum of understanding)指令instruction业主指令client instruction工程管理公司指令Consultant ’s instruction监理单位指令supervisory agent’s instruction验收acceptance inspection中间验收hold -point inspection / milestone inspection隐蔽工程验收concealed work inspection竣工验收final completion inspection会议记要格式meeting minutes template公司信笺company letterhead文件归档archiving / archive文件签收记录单transmittal2.人员和单位roles & staff业主client业主工程师client engineer / consultant管理公司project management company = consultant = e ngineer总承包公司general contractor项目经理project manager施工经理construction manager / site manager政府报批员government permitting liaison土建工程师civil engineer结构工程师structure engineer机电工程师M&E engineer (mechanical & electrical)安全工程师safety engineer质检工程师quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) engineer档案管理员document control合同经理contract manager采购经理procurement manager / purchasing manager项目控制工程师project controls engineer / manager工地秘书site secretary工人workers分包公司sub-contractors专业分包specialist sub-contractor指定分包designated sub-contractor / supplier供应商suppliers / vendors政府机构authorities / agents总部headquarters3.开工准备construction preparation进场做开工准备mobilization preparation场地平整site leveling / land grading清理腐土和植物remove cultivation soil and vegetation / site cleaning受污染土壤contaminated soil受污染水polluted water / river / air pollution水塘pond碎砖瓦砾，废墟rubble垃圾debris / garbage / rubbish / refuse地形地貌terrain搭建临时设施set up temporary facilities安排施工用水、用电、排污arrange construction power, water, sewage 打桩机进场piling machine move in site地质条件geological conditions / terrine开工会议(工程启动会) project kick-of f meeting永久水电permanent water / power开工典礼g round-breaking ceremony开工典礼服务公司GBC service age n t搭建主席台/讲台set up a stag / podium横幅banner e汽球balloons临时棚temporary shelter临时停车场/道路temporary parking/roads奠基石corner stone(engraved with project name and ground-breaking date)土堆soil pile铲子shovels / spade奠基仪式inauguration ceremony出席嘉宾guests政府官员g overnment officials政府机构g overnmental bureaus / agents施工许可证construction permit地质勘探geo-tech survey / report红线图red -line map (property -line map)植物/花篮plants/flower bouquet邀请函invitation card / letter鞭炮crackers礼花fire work红地毯red carpet主持人host发言speech发言人speaker发言稿speech script礼物give -away gifts晚宴dinner banquet着装要求dress code (晚宴装black tie，商务便装business casual ，便装casual) 礼仪小姐model attendants / waitress / ritual girls登记registration登记薄registration book / sing -in book音响系统audio system麦克风microphone扩音器loudspeaker观众audience彩排rehearsal4.采购purchasing / procurement下定单place PO (purchasing order)交货期lead time长交货期材料long lead time items催货expediting海关清关customs clearance陆地送货inland transportation运送shipping一批货物shipment卸货unloading仓库storage / warehouse库存inventory帐单invoice / bill发票receipt / legal receipt提货单Bill of Landing / Cargo Bill信用证Letter of Credit (LC)离岸价FOB (Free on Board)到岸价CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)5.工地管理site management工地site / job-site现场管理site management场地布置site layout第一期phase I第二期phase Ⅱ施工段segment / section分段施工segmented construction施工区construction zone生活区living quarter / living compound物料仓储区material storage / storage yard / logistical center 加工区fabrica tion yard现场办公室site offices工人宿舍workers’dormitory门卫间保安guardhouse / security guard围墙fence / boundary fences进场准备mobilization / preparation for construction临时水、电temporary power & water for construction临时排污temporary sewage system工地标志site signage安全标志safety signs / warning signs安全生活用具safety equipment安全帽helmet手套gloves安全鞋safety boots保险带safety tie-back / harness急救箱first-aid kit担架s tretcher安全眼镜safety glasses / goggles工作服Uniform焊工眼镜面罩welder’s mask监工/工头/组长superintendent / foreman安全拉杆safety barrier安全带子safety banner ( yellow banner)吊车驾驶员crane operator生产组construction crew施工记录construction record施工日记daily log进度Progress进度报告Progress report进度付款Progress payment进度表Progress schedule进度趋势Progress trend / forecast晚间巡逻night patrol工期schedule工期表schedule chart (Microsoft Project) 结点milestone检查check / inspect验收inspection流程图flow chart / flow diagram施工计划construction plan / execution plan 施工组织计划construction execution plan 施工人员组织表site organization chart管理人员management staf工人workers / labor 技术人员technical staf 质量员quality inspe f ctor f/ engineers日常作业routine operati on / daily operation常规施工作业conventional process材料materials设备equipment临时堆放区temporary lay-down area / storage生产设备（进口）临时仓库temporary storage for imported production equipment 租赁的仓库leased warehouse租金/月租金rental / monthly rental桩临时堆放区pile storage yard中间验收hold -point inspection评判标准judgment standards完工complete / completion竣工final completion竣工验收final acceptance inspection工期延误schedule delay超过预定工期ahead of schedule落后预定工期behind of schedule罚款penalty雨季rainy season (5, 6 月)工程验收记录inspection record隐蔽工程验收记录concealed work inspection record安全事故报告accident report入住move-in / occupancy关键途径critical path材料样品material sample样品板sample board通过accepted / passed拒收declined / rejected运行不正常mal function有缺陷的产品defective缺陷defects次品substandard products / sub-grade / off-grade product / seconds 变形deformation局布变形local deformation下弯deflection卷曲变形warping / warpage翻边turn -up / turn-over along edge脱落/松动loosing剥落peeling off分离detached隆起swell生锈rust退色color deterioration不均匀unevenness起砂sanding起泡bubbling起皱wrinkling刮痕scratches印痕marks裂缝crack / cracking / fracture细裂缝fissure漏水leaking / leakage渗漏seepage水痕water stain / water marks平整度flatness光滑度smoothness凹凸起伏sags and crests凹凸小麻点dimples and nipples突起物bumps / raised bumps表面凹坑dent （被砸的）返工rework6.打桩及基础工程piling & foundation work桩pile方桩square pile圆桩round pile导桩pilot pile空心桩hollow pile运桩shipping of piles桩临时堆放区temporary lay-down yard for piles 桩的养护curing （所有混凝土的养护）浇制场地casting yard现场拌挠On-site mixing开控excavation地沟ditch坑pit制作桩帽pile -cap模板form work (steel, timber)支模板erect formwork钢筋笼re-bar cage扎钢筋tie re- bar浇制casting浇制板，梁，柱cast / slab , beam , column浇混凝土pore concrete缓凝剂retarder / retarding agent缓凝混凝土retarded cement按体积配料proportioning by volume散装材料bulk material / in bulk养护curing制作地梁cast ground beams钢结构预埋件cast-in anchor bolts回填土back -fill夯实compacting / compaction振动夯土机vibro -soil compactor设备基础production equipment foundation地基处理soil treatment / foundation treatment 压密注浆injection grouting防渗水层impervious course / layer单层sole course 土工布geo-fabric灌浆grouting地下水位underground water table预制桩pre-cast piles打桩机pile driver / piling machine起重机械lifting / appliance / equipment起重滑轮lifting block / chain block导杆guide pillar起重杆lifting rod / suspender定位positioning起吊hoisting打桩piling (drive piles)试桩pile testing抗拨试验uplift load test养护期curing time地面以下below ground level (±0.00)地面以上above ground level7.地坪工程ground slab地板/楼板slab钢筋re-bar箍筋stirrup砼（混凝土）concrete碎石（骨料）aggregate石块gravel大石块boulder水泥cement地坪浇制g round slab casting沙浆底层mortar bedding表面找平层surface screening表面封闭sealant防水膜water proofing membrane防滑条Non-skid strips (non - slip 形容人) / cuts伸缩缝expansion joint沉降缝settlement joint表面硬化处理hardened surface地下管道预埋underground pipes (pre -buried)现场浇铸cast-in-sites / cast-in-place / cast-in-situ倒塌collapse沉降settlement沉降观测settlement survey坡道ramp / slope坡度grade of slope / gradient管道沟pipe ditch8.钢结构及砖石工程/结构工程steal structure & masonry work/ structure work 上部结构superstructure钢结构steel structure地脚螺栓anchor bolt / screw锚座anchor socket螺纹screw thread预埋件cast-in anchor主立柱main columns柱子底座plinth型钢section steel ( H,C,L, □,○) I ,angle主梁main beams次梁secondary beams大梁g irder脊梁Ridge beam檩条purlin圈梁ring girder工字钢H-column / H-beam / I-beam /腹web pla te / II双腹double -webbed屋顶桁架roof truss屋檐eaves屋脊rigid飞檐cornice / upturned eaves门、窗框架window door frames压条gaske / rubber gaske / bead金属木t 板墙面板wa t ll panels屋面板roof panels采光带light belt / skylight / meltable skylight panel 彩钢板steel sheet彩钢板三明治板（中间有保温）sandwich panels拼接splice (splice joint, spliced connection, splicer)空间网架space gird钢丝网Barbed wire保温层insulation (fiber, foam)表面钢板skin sheet外层external内层internal室内exterior室外interior表面油漆处理surface coating防火涂料fire-proof coating女儿墙parapet wallft墙gable红砖clay bricks层面天沟roof g utter天沟roof valley落水管downspout / down pipe暗雨水管concealed fall pipe护栏（水泥）balustrade落差falling head搭接lap connection屋顶气楼ventilation tower屋顶坡度pitch of roof四坡屋顶hip roof缓坡屋面low pitched roof不上人屋面non -accessible roof百叶窗louver (louver window)铝合金门、窗aluminum doors & windows 雨棚canopy小雨棚awning氟碳烤柒FCP (fluorine carbon paint)铝型材aluminum extrusion双层中空玻璃double glazing抗紫外线玻璃low-e glass铸铁cast iron紧固件fastener / fastening bolt夹层mezzanine / mezzanine floor人行桥cat-walk楼梯井staircase well楼梯staircase (single flight, double flight) 螺旋式楼梯spiral stair圆弧扶梯winding stair车间workshop s辅助建筑subsidiary / auxiliary buildings裙房annex / podium局布承压local bearing局布照明local lighting高杆照明high mast lighting9.砖石工程masonry work水泥cement水泥标号cement grade (200 300 400)钢筋re-bar (steel re-bar)石子aggregate大石块boulder道砖ballast砂子sand木材timber混凝土concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete (RC)商品混凝土Ready-mixed / plant –mixed混凝土等级concrete grade ( C20, C30, C40) 混凝土坍落度试验slump test配方recipe整体式混凝土monolithic concrete整块浇筑monolithic pour整体浇铸integral cast砂浆砌筑mortar bond混合比mix proportion中间层intermediate layer砌块墙block wall人字辅砌herring bond pavement丁砖砌合header bond一丁一顺砌合Flemish bond墙面照平抹灰plastering打磨polishing / s anding涂料paint / painting底漆primer coating过梁lintel门、窗框frames for doors and windows / door jamb / header地砖floor tiles管线预埋管子wire duct / conduit排水系统drainage system检修孔inspection hole = man-hole集水坑collection hole / pit / sinkhole水管工程plumbing work供水water supply排水drainage / sewerage污水管sewer化粪池septic tank过滤池filtering tank / fil tration tank蓄水池reservoir排水孔drain hole / sewer outfall / sinkhole混凝土砌块concrete block砂浆mortar ( cement mortar)水泥砂浆抹灰cement mortar plastering现浇梁/板cast-in-site beam/slab (= cast-in-situ) / cast slab, cast beam,cast column 堤dike污泥sludge淤泥，腐土muck soil疏通河道dredge填塞，捣实tamping / stuff10.机电系统mechanical & electrical systems设备安装equipment installation供电系统power supply and distribution system变压器transformer变电站power sub-station配电房power transformer room高压电柜hi-voltage switchgear低压电柜low-voltage switchgear电缆cable (power cable)粗电线wire细电缆桥架cable tray母线槽bus bar / bus rail配电板/箱distribution panels / box信号线cable / signal cable(IT/电话/投影仪) 网络/通讯系统IT/telecom systems]网络中的结点node服务器server程控交换机programmed exchanger中转板harbor空调系统air conditioning system / AHU (air handling unit) 冷冻机chiller中央空调centralized AC system温度控制temperature control 湿度控制humidity control局布采暖local heating局布通风local ventilation区域吸顶空调VRV ceiling mount AC units独立式空调free-stand unit挂壁式空调wall mount unit控制板control pad / thermostat遥控器remote control风管duct / pipe冷媒管coolant pipe / cooling media冷凝水管condensation pipe冷凝器condenser落水管rain leader风冷冷凝器air cooled condenser空调出风口air outlet回风口air inlet回风管道air return duct散流器diffuser新风make-up air空气压缩机air compressor压缩空气compressed air罩子hood电梯elevator / lift液压电梯hydraulic lift自动扶梯escalator快速滑升门fast-speed overhead door红外线感应infra-red sensor防撞杆bollard / bump post移门sliding door阀门valve球阀ball valve止回阀backwater valve / non-return valve 减压阀reducing valve溢流阀relief valve调节阀regulating valve加气砼air-entrained concrete通风ventilation排废气exhaustion支架bracket牛腿corbel支撑bracing(泛指) 支撑柱bracing column撑杆brace(柱条、撑条) 吊杆suspender / hanger 支杆strut / tie壳case泵壳pump case架板，脚手架gang board大小头变径管reducer / reducing镀锌铁管galvanized iron pipe光钢筋plain bar铜管copper tube盘管coil保护套管protective sailing轴承bearing扬程lift of pump弹性缝resilient joint支承块rest pad花纹钢板raffled plate垫板padding plate油毡roof felt管长pipe clip基座pedes tal刚度rigidity柏油毡pitched felt白铁皮galvanized iron sheet阳极电镀anodized镀烙（克罗米）chrome plated法兰flange环箍hoop / hoping / insulation block垫圈弹簧垫圈washer / spring washer管套collar / sleeve90 度接头elbow connector / bend三通Tee joint / connector闷头end-cover压力调节器pressure regulator预应力砼priestesses concrete滑轮pulley减震木垫wooden cushion block柴油diesel润滑油lubrication oil汽油gasoline / gas齿轮gear内套筒inner sleeve绝缘子insulator11.消防系统fire-fighting system总管main pipeline支管branch pipeline消防水管fire water pipes消防水泵房pump room消防栓fire hydrant消火栓箱hose cabinet软管hose喷嘴nozzle灭火器fire extinguisher喷淋头sprinkler head喷淋灭火系统sprinkling system烟感smoke detector压力表pressure meter备用发电机back -up generator紧急照明灯emergency light疏散指示灯evacuation light消防水池fire water tank消防验收fire marshal inspection防火卷帘门fire roller door防火门fire door旋转门revolving door防暴门blast -resistant door隔音门sound -proof door弹簧门swing door12.废水处理waste water treatment废水处理站waste water treatment station排水沟/管drainage ditch/pipe排水井drainage well明沟Open drain地漏drainer / drain hole沉淀池sedimentation tank管道沟pipe ditch沉积物sediment13.室内装修interior decoration / fit-out朝向orientation空房vacant room概念设计schematic design放样lay out / set out平面布置floor layout风水geomancy空间利用率space efficiency / floor efficiency门厅foyer门廊（室外）porch走廊过道passage / walkway背景墙logo wall接待大厅lobby接待台reception desk办公区office = open office坐位间过道aisle / walkway走廊hallway / corridor小办公室private office / manager’s office 会议室meeting room / conference room 公共洗手间common washing room茶水间pantry / tea room / coffee room办公隔断单元cubical / work station办公桌隔断works tation cubical partition隔墙/隔断partition partition wall / dry wall / gypsum board / frames / ribs 轻刚龙骨light gauge steel joist承重墙load bearing wall玻璃隔断glass partition护墙板墙裙wall panel花窗lattice window文件柜file cabinet文印间printing and faxing room食物准备间food preparation room清洗间washing room更衣间locker room挂衣柜wardrobe / built -in wardrobe搁板shelves挂衣杆rail衣架hanger壁橱closet食堂厨房canteen / kitchen茶水柜counter / island counter吊柜cupboard / wall-hung cupboard / wall -mounted cupboard 展示柜show case展示架display shelves家具furniture单人沙发armchair长沙发sofa / couch沙发床davenport / divan bed休闲椅lounge chair壁炉fireplace阳台balcony露天大平台terrace清洁工人房janitor ’s r o m娱乐设施recreation facility健身房gym / fitness center地砖floor tilePVC 地砖PVC floor tile玻化地砖vitrified floor tile瓷砖ceramic tile防滑地砖a nti-slip tile防滑anti-slip防磨损anti-abrasion / anti-friction墙砖wall tile瓷砖ceramic tile多孔砖porous bricks机房server room防静电架空地板anti-static raised floor地毯carpet / carpet tile(块毯) / wall -to-wall(全铺) 地毯底衬under -layer / lining门口踏毯door mat挂毯rug承重墙bearing walls / partitions非承重墙non -bearing wall空心墙hollow core wall螺纹接连nipple joint六角螺栓hexagonal head bolt反拱inverted arch拉毛hacking悬挂脚手架hanging scaffold硬木板条地板hardwood strip floor楼板slab楼层floor楼梯staircase单距single flight双距double flight旋转楼梯spiral stair圆弧楼梯winding s tair楼梯间staircase楼梯井stair well电梯井elevator shaft垃圾滑道井refuse chute扶手railing / rail / handrail / grab rail拉手Pull / pull bar踏步tread侧踏步riser休息平台landing入口出口entrance / exit吊顶(600x600) suspension ceiling / suspended ceiling吊顶龙骨ceiling joist / sub joint / suspender / double -nead / T-joint T 形龙骨石膏板gypsum board石膏板吊顶gypsum board suspension ceiling造型吊顶featured suspension ceiling装饰板ornamental board装饰柱ornamental column镶边margin挑檐overhanging eaves打眼holing吊杆吊筋suspender / hanger (斜inclined 硬stiff 软flexible)照明灯具lighting fixture吸顶式ceiling mount / ceiling -hung / ceiling hanging工矿灯workshop light日光灯fluorescent lamp泛光灯flood light(外墙、广告牌) 卤素灯halogen light白炙灯incandescent light低压卤钨灯low -voltage tungsten halogen lamp霓虹灯neon tube乳白灯泡opal lamp天花嵌入式射灯recessed spot light in ceiling高压汞灯high pressure mercury lamp射灯spot light筒灯down light可调节方向射灯directional spotlight灯带light trough隐形灯槽concealed light trough吊灯pendent lamp / light水晶吊灯crystal pendent light挂壁灯torch照度luminance(流明) LUX 开关switch声控开关sound control switch / acoustic control switch双向开关2 way switch插座socket / outlet接线板Patch panel可调节亮度开关dimmer / dimmer switch电插座power socket / power outlet网络插座IT/telephone socket线槽/管duct / conduit地插座floor embedded socket防触电式电源插座ground fault interrupt outlet双电源插座dual voltage outlet复式插座duplex outlet (2 pin / 3 pin combination)转换插头a daptor暗线concealed wiring电视插座TV antenna outlet / cable TV outlet保险丝箱fuse box电闸power brake窗帘盒pelmet窗帘杆curtain rail窗台window sill / elbow board百页窗roller shutter窗扉window casement / sash平开窗side -hung window / door窗调窗套window opening / window casing单窗single sashed window / casement双窗double sashed window / casement防门窗weather tight window防眩眩玻璃glare control glass防潮水泥垫层moisture-proof / damp -proof cement bedding 猫眼peep hole移门sliding door / panel旋转门revolving door隔音门sound -proof door防暴门blast -resistant door防风窗weather tight window天窗skylight /skylight belt老虎窗dormer window滑轨（上）slide rail滑轨（下）slide track滑轨条guide bead支架support hanger平头flush butt screw平头钉flat head nail / screw平面框架plane frame木门timber door / wooden door木贴面门timber veneer隔汽层vapor barrier五金hardware / ironmongery配件accessories闭门器door closer门吸door stop铰链、合页hinge把手/锁handle / bar / lock榫头rabbet榫头/榫眼plug tenon (tail) / eye (socket)燕尾榫dovetail人字榫herring bond joint内嵌式recessed / flush mount外紧固式surface mount插销latch助推助拉铰链inject / eject hinge移门sliding door移门轨道（上，下）rail, track窗户滑轨guide bead地弹簧floor spring窗钩window catch暗锁mortise lock / bolt插槽slot踢脚线skirting / skirt凹阳台recessed balcony凸阳台cantilever balcony厕所toilet马桶隔间booth卫生洁具sanitary wa re手纸器roll -tissue dispenser擦手纸盒paper towel dispenser洗手盆及龙头washing basin and faucet / washing bow 拖把洗槽mop washing sink冲淋房shower room马桶toilet 、water closet (WC)小便斗urinal蹲便器squat unit手动manual自动sensor controlled / automatic浴缸bath tub 拉手杠grab bar肥皂盒soap dish液体肥皂器liquid soap dispenser毛巾架towel rack毛巾杆towel rail系杆tie bar钢性吊杆rigid hanger / stiff hanger可伸缩凉衣绳retractable washing line浴缸龙头mixer冲淋房shower chamber冲淋头shower head冲淋器shower tower洗手盆washing basin水垢deposit of scale / scale(硬皮的) / gunk(粘软的) 垃圾桶waste bin镜子mirror存水trap壁挂历式取暖器wall radiator木材timber木饰面板wood veneer木纹理grain木节knot三聚氰胺贴面刨花板MFC (melamine faced chipboard) 不锈钢stainless steel (sss)纤维板particle board钢化玻璃tempered glass / annealed glass喷砂玻璃frosted glass / sand blasted glass透明玻璃clear glass有色玻璃tinted glass有机玻璃plexiglass水磨石terrazzo大理石marble人造大理石imitation marble花岗岩granite表面纹理texture粗面砖texture tile / rough surface大石砾gravel大石块boulder光泽gloss / glossiness水磨石terrazzo框饰finish casing复合板laminated wood board安全玻璃laminated glass丙烯酸底涂acrylic primer喷漆spray painting乳胶涂料latex paint / emulsion paint( 室外墙面厚) 滚涂刷roller brush环氧涂料epoxy coating(地面) 自流坪self-leveling epoxy coa ting底漆primer / undercoating瓷釉漆enamel paint丙烯涂料acrylic paint榫头rabbet沟缝caulking腻子putty勾缝Pointing / pointing joint勾缝料Pointing stuff勾缝刀Pointing trowel油灰缝Putting joint浇筑缝Joint between cast poring抹灰plastering (墙面砂浆抹灰)抹灰面plaster finishing复合地板laminated timber floor搁栅（龙骨）joist夹板plywood消音板acoustic panels凸窗bay window窗台板elbow board of window / window sill 窗帘blinds / curtain / drapery / shade电动窗帘motorized drapery空心抹灰hollow plastering(不好) 刮平抹平striking填缝seal crakes / joints大理石贴面marble facing灰饼lime mark企口拼接match joint企口地板matched floor盆景miniature garden微裂缝micro-fissuring假窗mock window护角条corner bead开槽砖notched tile悬挑板overhanging slab架空线overhead line pipe凹缝recessed joint切口，凹口notch层理lamination装玻璃工作glazing花边lace work踢脚板kick panel / kicking panel / skirting螺旋弹簧helical spring拼花地板overlay flooring / matched floor铺设管道laying pipes找平/刮平leveling找平层leveling course原型prototype锁紧力，咬合力locking force修边nip / nipping阴文incised engraving焊脚leg of weld照明带light band / trough薄板light gauge sheet石灰浆lime paste / slurry灰土垫层lime-soil cushion里衬liner外墙面facade玻璃幕墙curtain wall铝型材aluminum extrusion氟碳烤柒fluorine carbon paint (FCP)硅胶silicon glue / silica橡皮垫圈、压条rubber gaske上下推开关窗sash windo t w中空玻璃double -glazing安全玻璃（夹胶玻璃）laminated glass纱窗mosquito screen外挂包裹Clad干挂dry fixing湿挂wet fixing龙骨架joist frame定位卡positioning pin分割线/分隔沟division joint重叠overlap墙面抹灰压角条plasterstop拼缝条splicing plate错位拼接staggered joint / alternate joint嵌入（固定）built -in埋入的（小件）embedded (socket box) ( anchor holts) 内凹recessed (light)浅槽groove切口槽notch (v 形)边缘切口reveal (along edge)企口突缘flange / raised edge槽条channel木线条molded strip一般的/ architrave带造型嵌缝的小条子calking strip耐磨涂料high resistance paint防霉涂料mildew resistant paint防潮涂料damp -proof coating防腐涂料corrosion -proof coating防水涂层waterproof coating节能材料energy -saving products / materials防腐材料preserving material环保材料environment friendly products (green products) 拉毛抹灰stucco油毡malthoid混水油漆opaque timber finish (painting)清漆varnish / lacquer paint防潮漆damp -proof paint防锈漆anti-rust paint瓦棱板（波浪板）corrugated glass / panel半亚光涂料semi-gloss latex paint亚光low gloss喷砂玻璃opaque / sand -blasted / frozen glass砂纸sand -paper金属板吊顶metal panel ceiling合金alloy铝合金aluminum alloy刨花板chip board / particle board刨花shavings夹板plywood / plywood panel铝塑板Alucbond (alum and plastic laminated board)人造大理石artificial marble木贴面夹板plywood with wood veneer木材纹理grain樱桃木cherry wood橡木oak wood松木pine wood榉木beech wood黑胡桃木dark wood树脂resin聚胺脂polyurethane (PU)表面质感surface texture耐用性durability门禁系统door access control system刷卡器sensor pad卡card key密码combination红外线感应探头infra-red motion sensor / detector 监视系统surveillance system风格style仿古pseudo -classic现代modern / contemporary后现代post-modern仿旧reconstruction保守conservative传统traditional经典classical新潮fashionable / trendy流行popular前卫cutting -edge落后潮流out-of-fashioned中国元素China elements / flavors浮雕relief sculpture新古典主义neo-classical豪华luxury简洁simple and elegant粗圹rustic步行街pedestrian mall装饰品ornament14.施工工具tools / 施工设备construction machiner y打桩机pile driver打夯机rammer挖土机excavator推土机bulldozer(履带式crawler)压路机roller钻孔机boring machines砼搅拌车concrete agitating truck铲车dumper翻斗卡车dumper track小翻斗车skip car斗bucket / hoe料斗bucket漏斗funnel / silo装料斗hopper塔吊crane履带式起重机caterpillar crane起重半径crane radius吊车/起重机hoisting machine重型heavy duty锤夯hammer tamping起重设备hoisting equipment起重葫芦hoister手拉葫芦chain block卷扬机cable hoist / cable crane / winching hoist / winch 龙门吊gantry crane龙门架portal frame行车overhead traveling crane脚手架scaffolding / scaffold混凝土搅拌车/机concrete mixer / concrete truck卡车truck小卡车pick -up / lorry混凝土振捣机concrete vibrator压缩空气机air compressor氧气瓶oxygen cylinder电焊机welding machine亚弧焊机arc welding machine火焰切割flame cutting千斤顶jack电焊条welding rod钨丝条tungsten超载overload筛子sieve锤子hammer钻枪、冲击钻/电钻impact drill / power dril检修孔man-hole刨子planer板手wrench锯子saw电锯power saw凿子chisel锉子file风钻pneumatic drill镐pick螺栓、螺帽bolts and nuts螺丝screw自攻螺丝self -tapping screw螺丝刀screw driver钉子nail铆钉rivet平头铆钉flush head rivet铆钉枪rivet pistol钢筋弯折机angle -bender / bar bender 老虎钳pincer / clamp刷子brush夹子clamp烙焊lap welding榫接mortise joint木工carpenter电焊工welder电工electrician刮刀chaser超声波探伤ultrasonic detection15.室外工程yard work / external work 道路road伸缩缝expansion joint围墙fence / boundary fence临时板围墙hoarding（施工用）格栅围墙grill fence树篱笆hedge一砖墙one brick wall亭子pavilion小溪creek / brook池塘pound门卫guardhouse红外线探头infra-red motion sensor避雷针lightning rod道路照明灯road light灯杆light pole停车场parking / parking l ot停车位berth临时警戒围栏hurdle架空管道hanged pipe螺旋线helical line防滑条non -slip strip 人/ nonskid strips 车踏步前缘nosing凸缘条nosing strip卸货平台loading/unloading dock升降机dock leveler滑升门overhead door转弯半径turning radius大斗sharp减小弯度reduce sharpness柏油碎石路tarmac road柏油路tar road碎石拼的路面crazy paving毛石墙rubble wall毛石护坡rubble mound化学品仓库chemical storage高压电房power s tation / transformer room 烟囱stake / chimney自动移门a u tomatic sliding door手动移门manual sliding door伸缩门articulated sliding door自动起落杆automatic lift bar带遥控with remote control雨水管、落管downspout / down pipe旗杆flag pole侧石kerb / kerb stone人行道sidewalk溢水沟spillway路边窨井kerb inlet阴沟under drain / under ground sewer阴沟洞sinkhole混凝土路面concrete pavement路面标志traffic control lines / marks道路分隔线lane division lines斑马线zebra crossing绿化landscaping草地grass lawn草皮turf种花种草planting种植土topsoil施肥fertilizing跟土sowing除杂草weeding播种seeding发芽germination护根mulch护树杆stake and tie修剪trim常青树evergreen shrubs trees灌木丛shrubbery香樟树camphor tree梧桐树phoenix tree枫树maple tree松树pine tree柳树willow杨树poplar tree棕吕Palm tree柏树cypress白杨树white poplar tree黄杨树box tree银杏树gingkotree冷杉fir竹子bamboo喷泉water fountain绿化带green belt花坛border树篱笆hedge小路path灌溉系统irrigation system草地灯lawn lamp年轮annual rings16.生产工艺设备production equipment定型机stenterO 型染色机beam J型染色机jet汽蒸机steamer印花水洗机washing machine蒸化定型机fixing machine平网印花机flat bed printing machine圆网印花机rotary machine逆流漂洗机rope washing machine烘干机dryer打卷机rolling machine装配assemble拆开disassemble设备调试testing and commissioning试运行trial run行车traveling crane振动vibration / shaking隔振vibration absorber / vibration isolator 颗粒particle。
工程术语与英语缩写
工程术语与缩写Terminology and Abbreviation1. 一般术语与缩写General Terms and Abbreviation英文全名或定义FULL NAME OR DEFINITION 中文意义CHINESE MEANING 缩写ABBRAirport Height Restriction 机场高度限建As-built Drawings 竣工图Assignment 转让/ 分配/ 处理(视文意而定) Baseline Criteria 基本准则Baseline Development 基本发展Baseline Programme 基本计划(进度)Building Services General Consultants 建筑设计总顾问Certificate of Substantial Completion 实质完工证明Commencement Date 开工日Competitive Tender 竞标Concession Period 特许期间Conciliation Procedures 调解程序Confidentiality Affidavit 保密切结书Configuration Control Board 型态控制委员会Configuration Management 型态管理Consortium 财团/ 企业联盟/ 共同融资财团Construction Detail Drawing 细部施工图Construction Restriction 限建Contract Management 契约管理Critical Item 紧要项目/ 关键项目Critical Land Issue 关键用地问题Cycle Time 工作循环周期Defects Correction Certificate 缺点改正签证Designer 设计者(单位)Discovery Period / Warranty Period 保固期Driving Simulator 驾驶模拟机E&M Design Criteria 机电设计准则E-mail (e-mail) 电子信箱(件) / 电子通信Equipment 设备Executive Summary 执行摘要Fabrication Drawing 工厂施工制造图Force Majeure 不可抗力General Consultants 总顾问Grace Period 宽限期Handover 移交/ 验收Information Center / Information Desk 信息中心/ 服务台Initial Planning Criteria 初步规划准则Key Equipment(Plants) 主要设备Key Milestone 主时程碑Key date 关键日Key Issue 主要问题/ 关键事件Know how 专业知识Lead Inspector 监工领班Main Guideway Piers 主结构桥墩No objection 不反对Noise barrier 隔音墙Non Collusion Affidavit 不围标切结书Parameter 参数/ 变数Particular Specification 特订条款Patent Rights 专利权Planimetric features 地貌/ 地形特征Planning 规划/ 企划Project Control 计划控制/ 项目控管Project Manager 计划经理Request For Proposal 工作计划(建议书)提报River Administration Rules 河川管理规则River Crossing Permit 河川使用许可River Land using Permit 河川地使用许可Road Diversion 道路改道Rolling Program 承包商之执行时程表/ 承包商之运作计划Rolling Stock / Trainset 车辆/ 列车组Selection Committee 甄审委员会Shop Drawing 施工图Short Form Contract 简式契约Sign-off 签字/ 签核Special Measures 特殊措施Station Zone Master plan 站区整体计划Subcontractor 分包商Take Over 接管Test Line 试车线Third Party 第三者/ 第三人Ticket Barrier 验票口Tracking mechanisms 追踪机制Transits 运输Trend Report 趋势报告UP 向上Water Channel Diversion 水路改道Work Specification 工作规范Working Drawing 工作图Abbreviation 缩写ABBRAgreement / Contract Agreement 契约书/ 协议书As Low As Reasonably Practicable 合理而可行的降低ALARPAlignment Drawing 路线图Advance Loss of Profit 预估利润损失ALOPAdvance Loss of Revenue 预估收益损失ALORApplicable Law 相关法规Approved Sub-contractor 核准分包商Approximate 近似APPROXAlternative Risk Transfer 另类风险移转方式ARTAutomatic Train Control System 列车自动控制系统A TCSAuxiliary 辅助AUXBetween 之间BETBuilding 建筑物BLDGBudget Management 预算管理BMBiologic Oxygen Demand 生化需氧量BODBuild Operate Transfer 兴建营运移转BOTBureau of Taiwan High Speed Rail 交通部高速铁路工程局/ 高铁局BOTHSR British Standard 英国国家标准BSBaseline Status Report 基本状态报告BSRBusiness Development Land 事业发展用地Construction and Operation greement; 兴建营运契约C&OAComputer Aided Drafting and Design 计算机绘图CADDConstruction All Risks Insurance 营造综合保险CARConstruction Contract 施工契约CCCenter to Center 中心到中心C-CCarbonic Copy 副本抄知/ 副知cc.Contract Change Order 契约变更通知CCOContract Document Requirement List 契约资料要求表CDRLCoordination Engineer 协调工程师CECurrent Forecast 当前预测CFCritical Item Action Report 紧要项目处理报告CIARContractor’s Independent C hecking Engineer. 承包商独立查核(工程师)单位CICECivil Works 土木工程(工作)Configuration Management Change Control 型态管理变更CMCCCritical Path Method 要径法CMcmPThe Concession Company 特许公司Con CoConstruction Drawing 施工构造图Construction Specification 施工规范Consultancy Agreement 顾问契约Consultants 顾问/ 顾问公司Contingency 预备金Contract Joint 契约交接点Contract 契约Contract Sum 契约金额Contract Price 契约价格Contractor 承包商Contractor’s Equipment承包商机具设备Contractor’s Representative承包商代表Contractor’s Submission承包商提送文件Core Systesm 核心系统CoreCore System Contract (Contractor) 核心系统契约(承包商)Core programme 核心计划CPConsultants Project Manager 顾问公司计划经理CPMChange Request 变更申请CRCombined Services Drawing 综合服务图CSDChairman , Tender Board 招标委员会主席CTBDesign and Build 设计建造（契约） D & BDispute Adjudication Board 争议裁判委员会DABDesign Coordinator 设计协调工程师DCDetailed Design Consultants 细部设计顾问DDCDrop Dead Dates 招标文件修订终止日DDDDefects Correction Period 缺点改正期Department 部门DEPTDeputy Employer Representative 副业主代表DERDesign Drawings 设计图Design Review 设计审核Design Specification 设计规范Design Unit 设计单元Detail 详细DETDimension 尺寸DIMDirective Drawing 指导图Down 向下DNDeputy Project Director 计划副主持人DPDDevelopment Steering Committee 发展指导委员会(董事会) DSC Delay in Start Up (Insurance) 延迟启用(保险) DSUDummy Change Order 非正式工作变更通知East 东 EElectrical and Mechanical 机电E&MEnvironmental Control System 环境控制系统ECSExisting Ground Level 现有地面高程EGLEnvironmental Impact Assessment 环境影响评估EIA Emergency 紧急EMERGEmployer 业主Employer’s Requirements业主要求Employer’s Specification业主规范Encouragement Statute 奖励民间参与交通建设条例/ 奖参条例Expression of Interest 意愿书EOIEngineering Procurement Construction 工程采购施工EPCEquivalent 同等EQEmployer’s Representative 业主代表EREach Way 各方面EWExcepted Risks 除外风险Existing 现况EXISTExpansion 膨胀EXPExternal Interface 外部界面Final Employer Acceptance 业主最后同意书(完工证明) FEAFinancial Institutions (consortium) 财务联盟(财团)Freeway 高速公路FWYGeneral Conditions of Contract 契约一般条款GCCGeneral Arrangement Drawing 一般配置图Geographic Information System 地理信息系统GISGround Level 地面高程/ 地基高程GLGuideway 高速铁路主结构Height 高HHigh Density 高密度HDHorizontal 水平/横向HORHour 时HRHighway 公路HWYInterface Management 界面管理Interface Action Form 界面工作表IAFInsurance Broker Consortium 保险经纪联盟IBCIndependent Checking Engineer 独立查核(工程师)单位ICEInterface Coordination Work Group 界面协调工作小组ICWG Identification / Inside Diameter 识别/ 内径IDIndependent Engineer 独立稽查工程师（单位）IEInterface Engineer 界面工程师IEInformation 资料/ 问讯台INFOIn Place 现场INSITUIntellectual Property Rights 智慧财产权Interface 界面Interface Action List 界面工作执行表Interface Action Report 界面工作执行报告Interface Control 界面控制Interface Control Drawing 界面控制图Internal Interface 内部界面Independent Site Engineer 独立监造(工程师)单位ISEInstructions To Tenderers 投标须知ITTIndependent Verification and Validation 独立查验及认证IV&VJunior Engineer / Site Engineer / Office ngineer 工地工程师/ 内业工程师JE Joint Venture 合资(联合承揽) JVKey Person 主要人员Key Issue Action Report 关键事件处理报告KIARLetter of Credit 信用状L / CLegal Adviser 法律顾问LALand Lease Contract 土地出租契约Land Use Contract 用地契约Local Condition 本地条款LCLife Cycle Cost 寿命周期成本LCCLiquidation Damages 损害赔偿金LDsAverage Noise Levels / Equivalent Continuous Sound Level 均能音量Leq Left Hand 左边LHLocal Road 县乡道LRMain Station 主站M / SMajor Temporary Work 主要临时工程Master Schedule 主计划时程Middle Capacity Transportation 中运量运输系统MCTMethod Statement on Construction 工法Manager 经理MgrMilestone 时程碑Milestone Certificate 时程碑签证Management Information System 信息管理系统MISMiscellaneous 杂项MISCMiscellaneous 零星/ 杂项MISCMaster Interface Table 主界面表MITMean Kilometer Between Failure 平均故障公里数MKMkmBFMatch Line 衔接线/ 接图线MLMaintenance Man Hour 维修人时MMmmHMontreal Protocol 蒙特娄议定书Memorandum Of Understanding 备忘录MOUMonthly Progress Report 月进度报告MPRMass Rapid Transit 大众捷运MRTMaterials Technician 材试监工员MTMean Time Between Failure 平均故障间隔时间MTBFMetal 金属MTLMean Time To Repair 平均修复时间MTTRNorth 北NNot Applicable 不适用NANot Included / Not In Contract 不包括/ 不含于契约内NICNational Information Infrastructure 国家信息基础建设NIINotice Of Award 决标通知书NOANew Taiwan Dollar 新台币NT$Notice To Proceed 开工通知书NTPNot To Scale 未按比例(Not In Scale) NTSOperations and Maintenance 营运及维修/ 营运养护O&MOperation and Maintenance Cost 营运维修成本O＆MCOperation Center 营运中心OCOwner’s Controlled Insurance Program 业主主控保险OCIPOwner / Employer 业主Precast Concrete 预铸混凝土PCCProject Coordination Office 计划协调单位PCOPrice Center Values 计价中心值PCVProgramme Engineer / Professional Engineer 进度控制工程师/ 专业工程师PE Permanent Works 永久工作(工程) / 主体工程Price Evaluation Team 标价评审小组PETPrevious Forecast 过去预测PFProfessional Consultants Management 专业顾问管理PCMcmProfessional Indemnity Insurance 专业责任保险Project Management Group 计划管理小组PMGProject Management Organization 计划管理机构(组织) PMOPre-Qualification 资格预审PQPrice Center 计价中心Price Center Value 计价中心值Pricing Document 标单/ 详细价目表Prime Cost Item 预置款项Professional Engineer 专业工程师Project / The Project 计划/ 本计划Provisional Sum 预留款Principal Station 主站PSPolyvinyl Chloride 塑料PVCQuality Assurance Plan / Quality Control Plan, 质量保证计划/ 质量管理计划QA/QCQuality Evaluation Board 质量评审委员会QEBQuality Evaluation Team 质量评审小组QETQuality Plan 品管计划Quantity Surveyer 数量控制员QSReinsurance 再保险R / IRepublic of China 中华民国R.O.CReliability / Availability / Maintainability / Logistics Support 可靠度/ 可用度/ 维修度/ 后勤支援RAMLRoad 道路RDResident Engineer .驻地工程师/ 工地主任REReference 参考/ 依据REFRequired / Requirement 需求/ 要求REQDRetention Money 保留款Revision 修正REVRequest for Prequalifications 厂商征选通知RFPRequest For Proposal 服务建议书征选RFPRequest for Tenders 邀标(书) RFTRegional Office 地区工程部RORight of Way 路权ROWROW Drawing 路权图Rail Road 铁路RRSouth 南向SSafety Plan 安全计划Special Conditions of Contract 契约特别条款SCCSchedule of Milestones 时程碑计划Schedule of Prices 计价资料(表)Schedule of Rate 付款计划Scope of Works 工作范围Section Engineer 段长SESection 断面SECTSection 分段工作Site 工地Statement of Qualification 资格评审表SOQSpecial Purpose Company 特殊任务公司SPCSquare 方形/ 平方/ 正方/ 广场SQSuspended Solid / System Safety / Schedule of Section 悬浮固体/ 系统安全/ 分段计划表SSStandard drawing 标准图Station Special District 车站特定区Station Zone 车站用地/ 站区用地Symbol 图例SYMSystem 系统SYSTop / Telephone 顶/ 电话TTender Board 招标委员会TBTender Coordination Group 契约文件协调小组TCGTender Coordination Office 契约文件统合单位TCOTraffic Control System 交通控制系统TCSTechnical Document Files 技术文件档TDFTelephone 电话TELTemporary Works 临时工作(工程)Means the Tundra’s return of the RFT.投标文件Tender Polytetrafluorethyene 特弗龙TFETechnical Impact Assessment 技术影响评估TIATangible Net Worth 资产净值TNWTerms of Reference 服务范畴说明条款/ 依据条款TORThird Party Liability 第三人(者)责任险TPLTaiwan Railroad Administration Bureau 台湾铁路管理局(铁路局) TRATrack Work 轨道工作/ 轨道工程Transportation Infrastructure Land 转运联营用地Total Suspended Particle 总悬浮微粒量TSPTurnkey 统包Typical 标准型式/ 制式TYPUniform Building Code (美国)建筑标准规则UBCInternational Union of Railways Codes 国际铁路规则UICUnless Noted Otherwise 除非另有规定UNOVariable 可变V ARValue Engineering 价值工程VEWest 西WWith 含…及…W /Without 不含W / OWork Breakdown Structure 分工组织架构WBSWorkforce (Manpower) 人力资源WFWorking Limit 工作范围WLWorks 工作(工程)Working Point 工作点WPWalkway 人行道WWCompensation for Demolition and Relocation of Buildings 建筑物拆迁补偿Easement 地役权Equalization of Land Rights Act 平均地权条例Joint Development 联合开发Land Expropriation 土地征收Land Law 土地法Land Leasing 土地租用Public Land Appropriation 公地拨用Superficies on Land 设定地上权Urban Land Consolidation 市地重划Urban Planning Act 都市计划法Water and Soil Conservation 水土保持Zone Expropriation 区段征收2. 土木Civil Works英文全名或定义FULL NAME OR DEFINITION 中文意义CHINESE MEANING 缩写ABBRAbove Ground 地面上AGAbutment 桥台ABUTAcceptance Quality Level 可接受质量水平AQLAcoustical 隔音ACOUSAdit 隧道横坑Advanced Shoring Method 支撑先进工法ASMAggregate Subgrade 级配料基层ASRAllowable Compressive Strength of Concrete 混凝土容许抗压强度Fc AllowableTensile Stress of Steel 钢材容许应力FsAlternative 交错/ 排列/ 替代ALTAluminum 铝ALUMAnchor Bolt 锚栓ABAsbestos Concrete Pipe 石棉管ACPAsphalt Concrete 沥青混凝土ACAt Grade 地面段 A / GAzimuth 方位角AZBalanced Cantilever Mothed 悬臂工法BCMcmBasement 地下室BSMTBeam 梁BMBearing 支承BRGBeginning of simple Circular Curve 单曲线起点BCBeginning of Vertical Curve 竖曲线起点BVCBench 台阶 BBench Mark 水平标准点/ 水平点BMBent 弯BTBottom 底(层) BOTBottom of Footing 基础底面BOFBoundary Line 边界线BLBox Culvert 箱涵BOXCadaster Map 地籍图CMcmCast In Place Concrete 场铸混凝土CIPCCast Iron 铸铁CICast Iron Pipe 铸铁管CIPCast-iron Pipe 铸铁管CIPCatch Basin 阴井CBCenter Line 中心线CLCenter of Gravity of Pre-stressing Tendons 预力钢键坐标(重心) CGS Center To Center 中心距CTCChainage 测炼/ 里程CHCivil design Criteria 土木设计准则Civil Engineering 土木工程CEClearance 净空CLClearance Line 净空线CLLClothoid 克罗梭曲线Column 柱COLColumn Tie-bar 柱箍筋CTCompressive Strength of Concrete 混凝土抗压强度Fc’Concrete 混凝土CONCConcrete Grouted Rock 混凝土砌卵石CGR.Concrete Masonry Unit 混凝土砖CMcmUConcrete Molded Unit 混凝土空心砖CMcmUConstruction Joint 施工缝/ 收缩缝CONST , JTContinue 继续CONTControl Joint / Construction Joint 控制缝/ 施工缝CJCorridor 通路/ 走廊CORRCross Heading 横坑（隧道）CHCross-Road 交叉路 C / RCurtain Wall 帷幕墙CWCut and Cover 明挖覆盖C&CCut and Cover Method 明挖覆盖工法CCMcmCombined Services Drawings 综合服务图CSDDesign,Construction and Function Test 设计施工测试(统包) DCFTDead Load 呆重/ 静重DLDesigned Ground Level 设计地面高程DGLDiameter 直径DIADowel 预留钢筋DWLDelivery Route Drawings 提报路径图DRDDrill and Blow 钻炸法D&BEach 每个EAEnvironmental Impact Assessment Rpt. 环境影响评估报告EIAEach Way 双向EWEarth Pressure Cell 土压计EPElevation 高程ELElevation(Height) 立面ELElevation(View) 立视ELEVEmbedded Plate 预埋底板EMB.PLEqual Space 等距EQExcavation 开挖EXCExhaust 排气EXHExisting Ground Level 现地高程EGLExisting Top of Pavement 现有铺面顶ETPExpansion Joint 伸缩缝EJFar Face 远侧面FFFault 断层 FFiber Glass Reinforced Concrete 强化玻璃纤维混凝土FRCFinished Floor Level 楼板地面完成高程FFLFinished Ground Level 地面完成面高程FGLFixed Point / Fix End 固定点/ 固定端 FFloor Drainage 地板落水/ 地板排水FDFooting 基脚FTGFoundation 基础FDNFull Span Precast Launching Method 全跨预铸推进工法FPLMFull Span Supporting Method / Full Staging Method 就地支撑场铸工法/全跨支撑工法FSMFull Superelevation 全超高Function Test 功能测试Galvanized 镀锌GALVGalvanized Iron Pipe 镀锌铁管GIPGauge 轨距/ 板厚GAGeological Map 地质图Geological Time Schedule 地质时间表Glassfiber Reinforced Concrete 玻璃纤维强化混凝土GRC Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GPSGround 地面GGround Level 地面高程/ 地基高程GLGround Water Level 地下水位GWLGuided Expansion Bearing 导向伸缩支承GEB Handhole 手孔HHHeel of Crossing 横断面交趾点HCHeight of Water 水深HWHigh Point 高点HPHigh Strength Bolt 强力螺栓HSBHigh Tension Strand 高拉力钢索HTSHigh Tension Wire 高拉力钢线HTWHigh Water Level 高水位HWLHighest High Water Level 最高洪水位HHWLHinged 铰支HGHorizontal Intersection Point 平面交叉点HIP Horizontal Line 水平线HLHydraulic Piezometer 水压计HYPIn Place Inclinometer 倾钭计IPIInlet 进水井INLInner Face 内面IFInside Diameter 管内径IDInterface Demarcation Drawings 界面区分图IDD Intersection Point 交连点IPInvert 仰拱Invert Elevation 仰拱高IEInvert Level 仰拱面高程ILJoint 接缝JTKnock Out 预留开口(孔) KOLean Concrete 低强度混凝土LCLength of Circular Curve 曲线长LCCLength of Spiral 缓和曲线长LSLength of Vertical Curve 竖曲线长LVCLive Load 活载重LLLoad Cell 荷重计LoCLow Point 低点LPLower Water Level 低水位LWLManhole 人孔MHMark 记号MKMean Sea Level 平均海平面MSLMean Water Level 平均水位MWLMiddle of Vertical Curve 竖曲线中点MVCMinimum Yield Stress of Steel 钢材最低降伏应力强度Fy Movable Scaffolding System 逐跨场铸工法/ 活动支撑系统MSS Near Face 近侧面NFNew Austrian Tunnelling Method 新奥工法NATMNon-Guided Expansion Bearing 非导向伸缩支承NGEBNormal Water Level 常水位NWLNorth 北NObservation Well 观测井OWOffset 支距OFSOn Center 中心点OCOpening 开孔OPNGOpposite 反向OPPOriginal Ground Line 原地面线OGLOut Side Face / Outer Face 外侧面OFOutside Diameter 外径ODPedestrian Bridge 人行桥PED BRIGPedestrian Underpass 人行地下道PED U / PPerpendicular 垂直PERPPile Cut Off 桩头打除PCOPlain Concrete 无筋混凝土PCPoint 点PTPoint of Contra-flexure 挠曲点CFPoint of Curve to Curve 曲线连结点CCPoint of Curve to Spiral / Cutting Slope 缓曲线起点/ 开挖坡面CS Point of Curve to Tangent / Cable Trough 切线点/ 电缆槽CT Point of Intersection 交错点PIPoint of Spiral to Curve 缓和曲线交点SCPoint of Tangent to Curve 切线交点TCPoint of Tangent to Spiral 切线缓和曲线交点TSPoint of Tangent to Tangent 切线与切线交点TTPoint of Vertical Intersection 竖曲线交点PVIPrecast Reinforced Concrete 预铸钢筋混凝土PRXPrecast Segmental Method 预铸节块工法PSMPressure Gauge 压力计PGPrestressed Concrete 预力混凝土PSCPrestressed Concrete Pipe 预力混凝土管PSCPPre-stressed Concrete / Process Control 预力混凝土/ 制程管控PC Process Quality Control 制程品管PQCProfile Grade 纵坡PGProfile Grade Line 纵坡线PGLProjection 投影图PROJProperty Line 地界线PLPVC Pipe 塑料管PVCPRain Water Down-Pipe 雨水落水管RWDPRandom Number 随机函数RNRandom Sampling 随机抽样法RSReference Line 参考线RLReinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土RCReinforced Concrete Box 钢筋混凝土箱涵RCBReinforced Concrete Wall 钢筋混凝土墙RCWReinforcement 钢筋REINFReinforcing Bar Strain Gauge 钢筋应变计RGReject Number 拒收数RNRetaining Wall 挡土墙RWReverse Circulation Pile / Reinforced Concrete Pipe 反循环(基)椿/ 钢筋混凝土管RCPRight Of Way 路权ROWRiser / Radius 阶梯踏高/半径RRock Bolt 岩锚RBRock Quality Directive 岩石品质指导RQDRoller 滚动支承RRSampling Inspection 抽样检验SISchedule 时程SCHSea Level 海平面S / LSelection 选择SELSequential excavation and support 连续开挖及支撑SESSetting Out Point 定位点SOPSettlement Marker 沉陷计SMSettlement Rod 沉陷杆桩SRShotcrete 喷凝土SHCShoulder 路肩SHLDSingle 单一SGLSlope / Scale 坡度/ 比例SSound Barrier 隔音墙SBSpacing 间距SPASpecification 规范SPECSpiral / Steel Pipe 螺筋/ 钢管SPSquare 广场SQStainless Steel 不锈钢SSStainless Steel Pipe 不锈钢管SSPStairs/ Straight 楼梯/直通STRStation 测站/ 桩号/ 车站STASteel 钢STLSteel Reinforced Concrete 钢骨钢筋混凝土SRCSteel Reinforced Concrete / Structure Reinforced Concrete 钢骨混凝土/ 结构混凝土SRCStirrup 箍筋STIRStorage 贮藏STORStrain Transducer 应变感应计STTStructural Electrical and Mechanical Drawings 结构机电图SEM Structural Floor Level 结构楼版面SFLSuper Elevation / Structure Engineering 超高/ 结构工程SE Suspended 悬吊SUSPSymmetrical 对称的/ 匀称的SYMSystematic Random Sampling 系统随机抽样法SRS Temporary Invert 临时仰拱TIThickness 厚THKTiltmeter 倾斜计TITop Height 上半断面THTop of Concrete 混凝土顶面TOCTop of Grout 灌浆顶面TOGTop of Rail 轨道顶T/RTopography 地形图TOPOTransverse 横向TRANTunnel Boring Machine 全断面隧道钻掘机TBMTurning Point 转点TPUnapparent Section 隐藏段面USUnder Drain 下水道UDUnder Ground 地下U / GUtilities 公共管线/ 公共设施UTVehicular Bridge 车行桥VEH BRIGVehicular Underpass 车行地下道VEH U / PVentilation 通风VENTVertical 垂直VERTVibrating Rod 振动杆VRVibrating Wire Strain Gauge 振动应变计VGV olume 册/ 量VOLWalkway 走道WWWarm up Point 起动点WPWarning Water Level 警戒水位WWLWater Cement Ratio 水灰比W / CWater Level 水位/ 水平面WLWater Surface 水面WSWeight 重量WTWelded Wire Fabric 熔接钢丝网WWFWest / Width 西/ 宽度WWindow / Water Supply 窗/ 自来水WWood 木料WDWorking Point 参考点WP3. 建筑Architecture英文全名或定义FULL NAME OR DEFINITION 中文意义CHINESE MEANING 缩写ABBRArchitecture / Engineering Consultants 建筑/ 工程顾问AEC Above Finished Floor 完成楼地板以上AFFAbove Finished Grade 完成地面线以上AFGAbove Suspended Ceiling 悬吊天花板以上ASCAccess Door 进出门ADAccess Floor 进出楼层AFAccess Panel 进出区间APAcoustical Insulation 隔音Acoustical Panel 隔音板Acoustical Plaster 隔音粉刷Acoustical Tile 隔音砖Acoustical Wall 隔音墙Air Tight Door 气密门ATDAir Vent 通风AV工程师/Architect / Engineer 建筑师 A / EArea Drain 区域排水ADAutomatic Door Closer 自动关门器ADCAutomatic Door Seal 自动密封门ADSAvenue 林荫道AVE/大道Back of Curb 缘石背面BCBack to Back 背至背 B / BBase Line 底层线BLBasement 2 地下二层B2Bathroom 浴室 BBelow Ceiling 天花板以下Below Finish Floor 楼板完成面以下Block 街区BLKBoth Faces 双面BFBoth Sides 双侧/ 两侧BSBoth Ways 双向BWBottom Face 底面BFBrick 砖BRKBuilding Syst. General Engr. Consultant 建筑系统总顾问BSGEC Build Up 加盖BUBuilding 大楼/ 建筑物BLDGCabinet 室/ 厨/ 箱/ 衣橱CABCarpet 地毯CARPCast Stone 人造石CSCatalog 商品型录CATCatch Basin 沉砂井CBCeiling 天花板CLGCeiling Diffuser 天花板出风口Ceiling register 天花板调温器Ceramic Tile 瓷砖Class Room 教室Cleanout 清洁口COCloset 壁橱/ 盥洗室Co - Construction 共站共构Column Line 柱基线CLL Compartment 隔间Concrete Sewer Pipe 混凝土污水管CSP Concrete Splash Block 混凝土饰板CSB Conference 会议室CONF Construction Joint 建筑缝CJCorner Bead 隅饰CBCorner Guard 护角CDCorridor 走廊CORRCover Plate 盖板COV. PLCurb and Gutter 缘石及边沟C&G Diaphram Wall 连续壁DWDining Room 餐厅DRDoor Louver 门百叶DLVDoor Opening 门开口DOPDoor Stop 门止DSPDouble Glazing 双面透光DGDouble Joist 屋面迭梁DJDove Tail 榫头/ 笋头DVTLDumb Waiter 送菜升降机DWTRDust Tight 防尘DTEach Face 各面EFEach Side 每边ESEach Way 各方面EWElbow 弯管ELBElevator 电梯/ 升降机ELEmergency Shower 消防洒水口Enamal 瓷漆Enclosure 围墙（篱）ENCLEnd of Platform 月台终端EOP Entrance 进口/ 入口ENTEscalator 电扶梯ESCLExhaust 排气EXHExisting Grade 既有坡面Explosion Proof 防爆Exterior 室外/ 外侧EXTFace of Finish 完成面FOFFace of Masonry 砌砖面FOMFace to Face 面对面 F / FFar Side 远侧面FSFiberglass 纤维玻璃FGLFinish Floor 完成楼板面FIN FLFinish Grade 完成坡面FIN GRFinish / Finished 粉刷/ 完成FINFire Blanket 防火毯FBFire Department Connection 消防局联机FDC Fire Extinguisher 灭火器FEXTFire Hose Cabinet 消防软管箱FHCFire Hydrant 消防栓FHYFire Hydrant Cabinet 消防箱FHCFire Rating 防火率（等级）FR Fireproofing 防火FPRFFirst Basement 地下一层B1First Floor 一楼1FFitting 管接头FTGFixture 器具/ 灯具FXTRFlange 凸缘FLGFlash 盖板/ 遮雨板Flashing 雨遮板FLHFloding 折迭FLDGFloor 楼板(层)Floor Cleanout 落地清洁口FCOFloor Drain 楼地板排水FDFloor Finish 楼板完成面FL FINFloor Register 楼层调温器FL REGFrame （门/ 窗）框FRFramed Mirror 有框镜面FR MIRFrom Floor Above 楼板面以上FFAFrom Floor Below 楼板面以下FFBFull Height Partition 全高隔墙FHPFull Size 实量尺寸FSFurniture 装潢FURRGlass Block 玻璃砖GL BLKGlue Laminated 自黏式金属箔Grade Line 坡面线GR LNGranite Precast 人造花岗石GPCGypsum 石棉/ 石膏板GYPGypsum Board 石绵板/ 石膏板GVP BDHand Dryer 烘手器HDHand Rail 扶手HRHanger 挂钩HGRHeat Absorbing Glass 吸热玻璃HAGLHeat, Ventilation, Air Condition 通风空调HVACHollow Concrete Masonry Unit 镂空水泥砖HCMcmUHollow Metal Door 镂空金属门HMDIllumination 照明（亮）ILLUMIncinerator 焚化炉INCINInsulated Panel 隔板Kick Plate 踢脚板KPLKitchen 厨房KITLaboratory 试验室LABLadder 梯子LADLaundry 洗衣间LAULavatory 盥洗室/ 洗手间LAVLawn Sprinkling 草坪洒水LSLight Panel 亮光嵌板Lightweight Concrete Masonry Unit 轻质混凝土砖LCMcmULihgt Proof 遮光/ 防光LPLinear Ceiling Diffuser 条形天花板出风口LCDLocker Room 衣帽间LKR RMLouver 百叶LVRLouvered Roof Vent 百叶式屋顶通风LRVMachine Room 机械间Marble 大理石MARBMasonry 砌砖/ 圬工MASMasonry Opening 砌砖开孔MOMedicine Cabinet 药柜MCMetal Lath 金属条MLMirror 镜面MIRMirror Finish 镜面粉刷MFMolding 金属模/ 模铸Mop Service Basin 拖把盆MSBMounument 纪念碑（柱）MONNameplate 名牌NPLNoise Criteria 噪音准则NCNoise Reduction Coefficient 噪音减低系数NRCNormally Closed 经常关闭NCNormally Open 经常打开NOOutside Air Damper 室外空气加温机OADOutside Face 外侧面OFOwner Furnished Contractor Installed 业主提供装潢, 承包商安装OFCI Owner Furnished Owner Installed 业主提供装潢, 业主自行安装OFOIPaint 油漆PNTPartition 隔间Perspective 透视Platform 月台PLATPlumbing 管路/ 管线PLBGPole 旗杆PPower Roof Ventilation 电动屋顶通风PRVProject Control Board 计划控管委员会PCB Property Line 产权线PLRail Level 轨道高程RALRelative Humidity 相对湿度RHRoof 屋顶RFRoof Drainage 屋顶排水RDRoof Ventilator 屋顶抽风机RVRoofing 屋顶RFGRoom 房间RMRoller Shutter Door 铁卷门RSDSanitary Napkin Dispenser 卫生纸架SND Sanitary Napkin Receptacle 卫生纸收集箱SNR Sanitary Napkin Vending 卫生纸贩卖机SNV Sanitary Pipe 卫生管SPSanitary Sewer 卫生下水道SSSanitary Vent 卫生间通风SVSecond Basement 地下二层B2Second Floor 二楼2FShower 淋浴SHRSidewalk 人行道SWSoap Dispenser 肥皂架SDSolid Concrete Masonry Unit 实心水泥砖SCMcmU Sprinkler 喷雾器/ 洒水器Square 广场SQStation 车站STAStation Area 车站用地Station Control Room 车站控制室SCRStation Design Criteria 车站设计准则Station Reserved Area 车站保留区Station Special District 车站特定区Station Zone 站区用地Station Zone Development plan 站区开发计划Station Zone Master plan 站区整体计划Storage 储藏室STORStorm Drain 暴雨排水SDSurrounding Ground 外围地面SGSuspended Ceiling 悬吊式天花板Symmetrical 对称SYMMmmTerrazzo 磨石子TERRToilet Paper Holder 卫生纸架TPHTop and Bottom 顶层及底层T&BTop of Finish Floor 楼板完成顶面TFFTop of footing 基础顶面TFTop of Wall 墙顶TWTowel Bar 毛巾架TBUnder Floor Duct 楼板下管道UFDUrinal 小便器URUtility Set 管线设施USVinyl Composition Tile 合成地砖VCTVinyl Faced Acoustic Tile 塑料面隔音砖VFAT Vinyl Tile 塑料地砖VTVinyl Wall Covering 塑料墙面处理VWCWall Cleanout 墙面清洁口WCOWall Hung 墙挂WHWall Hydrant 墙式消防栓WHWall Line 墙面线WLWall Louver and Screen 墙面百叶及纱窗WLS Wall to Wall 墙至墙W / WWaste Disposer 废物处理机WDSPWaste Receptacle 废物篓WRWater Closet 抽水马桶/ 洗手间WCWater Proofing 防水WPWaterproof Membrane 防水膜Yard Cleanout 庭院清洁口YCOYard Drain 庭院排水YDYard Hydrant 庭院消防栓YH4. 机电Electrical and Mechanical英文全名或定义FULL NAME OR DEFINITION 中文意义CHINESE MEANING 缩写ABBRA dB referred to one millivolt V 毫伏分贝dBmV A dB reffered to one milliwatt W 毫瓦分贝dBmw Adjustable 可调式ADJAir Circuit Breaker 空气断路器无熔线断路器ACB Alternating Current 交流电流ACAluminum 铝ALAmerican Wire Gage 美国线规AWGAmmeter Switch 安培A 计开关ASAmmeter / Amplitude Modulation 安培A 表/ 调幅AMAmpere Hour 安培A 小时AhAmpere / Amps 安培A AAmplifier 增幅器AMPLAnnounciator 警报器ANNAntenna 天线ANTAudio / Audio Frequency 音频AUDAuto Transformer 自耦变压器AUTOTRAutomatic 自动AUTOAutomatic Frequency Control /Automatic Fare Collection 自动频率控制／自动收费AFCAutomatic Transfer Switch 自动切换开关ATSAverage 平均AVGBack Ground Music 背景音乐BGMBasic Insulation Level 基本绝缘位准BILBattery 电池BATBattery Charger 电池充电机BATCHGBinary Coded Decimal 二进码十进制BCDBulk Substation 主变电站BSSCabinet 配电箱CABCable 电缆CACable Tray 电缆架CTYCamera / Cooling Auxmeter 摄影机/ 空调辅助电表CAMCapacitor / Capacitance 电容器/ 电容CAPCategory 种类CATCathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRTCenter 中心CTRCentimeter 公分CMcm / cmCentral Control Room 中央控制室/ 行车控制室CCRCentral Master Clock 主定时器CMcmCCentral Processor Unit 中央处理CPUCentral Supervisory and Remote Control 中央监控CSRCChannel 频道CHCircuit 电路/ 回路CKTCircuit Breaker 无熔线断路器CBClock 定时器/ 时钟CLKClock System 计时系统CKClosed Circuit Television 闭路电视CCTVCoaxial 同轴COAXColumn 圆柱COLCombined Distribution Frame 综合配线架CDFCommunications 通讯COMMmmCommunications Equipment 通讯设备CEComputer 计算机CMcmPTRConductor 导线CONDConduit 导线管 CConnector / Connection 接头/ 连接CONNControl 控制CTLControl Power Transformer 控制电源变压器CPTControl Relay 控制电译CRControl Switch 控制开关CSConvergence Plug 聚合插座CPCopper 铜CUCross Linked Polyethylene 交连聚氯乙烯XLPECurrent Transformer 比流器CTData Display Terminal 数据显示终端机DDTData Distribution Controller 数据分配控制器DDCData Gathering Processor 数据收集处理机DGPDecibel 分贝dBDemand Factor 需量因素 D / FDemand Meter 需量表DMDigit Telephone System 数字电话系统DTSDigital Display 数字显示DDDigital To Analog Converter 数字模拟转换器 D / ADirect Current 直流DCDirectorate General of Telecommunications 电信总局DGT Disconnect 分开/ 不接DISCDisconnect Switch 隔离开关DSDistribution 分布/ 分配DISTRDistribution Amplifier 分散放大器DADiversity Factor 参差因子DIVDouble Pole 双极DPDouble Pole Double Throw 双极双投DPDTDouble Pole Single Throw 双极单投DPSTDouble Throw 双投DTDraw Out 抽出DODust Tight 防尘DTGEach 每一EAElectric 电气ELECElectric Multiple Unit 电联车组EMUElectrical Metallic Tubing 金属电导管EMTElectromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMIElectronic Distance Measurement 电子测距EDMElevator 电梯ELVEmergency 紧急 EEmergency Telephone / Elapse Time 紧急电话/ 经过时间ET Empty Conduit 空导管ECEnclosure 箱体ENCL。
口译笔记符号
口译记录的常用符号a.图标符号:↑ : 上升, 发展, 扩大, 加强等(grow, develop, expand, strengthen, etc.)↓ :下降, 减少, 恶化, 裁减(drop to, reduce, deteriorate, cut down )→ ：导致，输出，派遣, 进入, 结论(result in, export to, send to, enter, drawa conclusion）：来自，源于，追溯至, 进口，收到(come from, originate from, date back,import from, receive from）：国家(country, state, nation）：国内(domestic, internal, home）：国外(external, overseas, abroad）⊙：开会,会议,研讨会,讨论,谈判(meeting, conference, seminar, discussion, negotiation）（图像表示“圆桌”）∪：协议,协定,条约,合同(agreement, accord, treaty, contract) （图像表示“酒杯”，含有庆祝的意思）如: 双边条约(bilateral treaty)可写成: ;三边协定(trilateral agreement )可写成: ;°：人, 人们(person, people) （图像表示“人头”）如: 美国人可写成: “US°” ; 中国人可写成: “中°” ;♂：男性,男人(male, man）♀：女性,女人(female, woman）Δ：代表(on behalf of）：对立,冲突(confrontation, conflict）~ ：交流,交换, 相互(exchange, replace, each other）?：疑问,问题,提问(doubt , problem, question, ask）: ：说,告诉,认为,声明,例如(say, speak, tell, think, declare, such as, like）( )：包括,在…之中/内,封闭(including, within, among, inside, seclusion）∈：属于,归于,归属(belong to ,be part of, fall into, pertain to)// ：停顿,停止,终止(stop, halt）& ：和,与…一起(and, together with）…：等等(and so on, and so forth, and the like, etc.)√：正确,好,肯定的,积极的,同意(correct, good, affirmative, certain, positive, agree）×：不/非,错误的,坏的,不好的, 否定的(not, no, wrong, incorrect, bad, notorious, negative)☆：杰出的,优秀的,最佳的,重要的,榜样(outstanding, excellent, best, important, model）（星光璀璨，表示“优秀,突出”）：高兴,开心,愉快,兴奋(happy, pleased, delightful, joyful, excited）（这是个脸谱图像符号，嘴巴向上翘，表示“开心”）：不满,生气,不开心,郁闷(unsatisfied, angry, unhappy, gloomy)（嘴巴向下撇，表示“不高兴”）：惊讶,惊奇,吃惊,震惊(surprised , astonished , amazed, shocked )（嘴巴张大，表示“吃惊”）：害怕,恐惧,恐慌(scared , frightened, panic ) （两只眼睛张大，表示“恐惧”）：听说,据说,众所周知(it is said that, maybe you’ve heard of, as we allknow , as is known to all ) （脑袋上画个耳朵，表示“听说过，有所闻”）b .数学符号:= ：等于,相当于,是…的对手(equal to, the same as, a match/rival/competitor for sb.)≠：不等于,不同,不是…的对手(not equal to, different, no match for)≈：大约,左右(approximately, around, or so )＞：大于,多于,超过,优于(greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, superior to)＜：小于,少于,不够,劣于,次于(smaller/fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to)+ ：加上,另外,除此之外(plus, add, moreover, besides, in addition to, furthermore)－：减去,扣除,缺乏(minus, deduct, lack )∑：总共,合计(total, in all, add up )% ：百分比,百分之…(percent)‰：千分比,千分之…(per thousand)∵：因为, 由于(as, because, owing to, due to, thanks to）∴：所以, 因此, 因而(consequently, so, therefore, as a result）c .常用缩写词:UN ( United Nations ) :联合国UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization):联合国教科文组织UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund):联合国儿童基金会UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees):联合国难民公署EU (European Union ) : 欧洲联盟(简称“欧盟”)EEC (European Economic Community): 欧洲经济共同体NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): 北大西洋公约组织APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation): 亚太经济合作组织WTO (World Trade Organization): 世界贸易组织WB (World Bank): 世界银行IMF(International Monetary Fund):国际货币基金组织L.G( ladies and gentlemen):女士们、先生们TKS( thanks):谢谢Org(organization):组织Co.(Company):公司MKT(market):市场L/C(letter of credit):信用证Ltd.(Limited): 有限Memo (memorandum): 备忘录 B.C.(before Christ): 公元前e. g. (for example): 例如i.e. (that is ): 即；那就是etc. (and so on ):等等esp.(especially):特别;尤其usu.(usually):通常;惯常max.(maximum): 最高min.(minimum): 最低;最小Wt.(weight):重量Kg.(kilogramme):公斤;千克b. (billion ): 十亿m.(million, meter, mile):百万;米;英里t.( thousand ,temperature , ton):千; 温度; 吨h. (hundred, hour, height): 百;小时;高度km. (kilometer)千米:公里sq. km (square kilometer):平方公里E(East):东S( South):南W( West ):西N( North ):北Q.( question ) :问题; A.(answer, acre ): 回答;英亩C (centigrade): 摄氏温度F( Fahrenheit): 华氏温度att. (attention):注意cf.(compare):比较c/o(care of): 转交ref.(reference):参考add.(Address):住址st.(street): 街std.(standard): 标准econ. (economy):经济ad.(advertisement):广告w (world):世界p (peace):和平r (repetition):重复y (year):年m (month):月w (week):星期 d (day):日a.m.(before noon):上午p.m.(afternoon):下午CN(China):中国(或简写为“中”) US(United States ):美国F(France):法国J(Japan):日本(或简写为“日”) UK(United Kingdom):英国HK(Hong Kong):香港MO(Macao):澳门TW(Taiwan):台湾AL(Australia ):澳大利亚SD(Sweden):瑞典SZ(Switzerland):瑞士CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States):独联体IQ(Iraq):伊拉克IR(Iran):伊朗ID(India):印度IN(Indonesia):印度尼西亚PL(Palestine ):巴勒斯坦PK(Pakistan):巴基斯坦d .综合性符号:. d ( yesterday): 昨天.. d (the day before yesterday): 前天. y( last year): 去年.. y (the year before last ): 前年d . (tomorrow): 明天 d .. (the day after tomorrow): 后天y . (next year): 明年y .. (the year after last): 后天[注:在年、月、日缩写词前后加“.” , 表示时间的推前或后移。
提单英语、单证英语
提单英语小结Shipper 发货方Consignee 收货方['kɒnsaɪ'ni:]Notify party 联系人 ( 一般与收货方相同) [相同则写 SAME AS CONSIGNEE，后写上 ATTN ：联系人名字]Ocean vessel 船名PORT OF LOADING 装货港PORT OF DISCHARGE 卸货港FINAL DESTINATION 目的港For delivery of goods, please apply to 船公司在客户所在地的代理(通知客户与此公司的相关人员联系)ALSO NOTIFY：也可以联系(写船公司在客户所在地代理的电话 ,传真及联系人) FREIGHT PAYABLE AT 运费在 XX 付MARKS AND NUMBERS 包括 CONTAINER NO (柜号) &SEAL NO: (封条号)QUANTITY 数量DESCRIPTION OF GOODS：货物描述GROSS WEIGHT 毛重MEASUREMENT (CBM) 体积 [这个根据货物不一样，单位不一样] SHIPPED ON BOARD DATE：装船日单证常用英语词汇缩写(2)f.f.a. free from alongside 船边交货价f.g.a.;F.G.A. free from general average 共同海损不赔f.i. for instance 例如;free in 船方不负担装船费f.ig. figure 数字f.i.o. free in and out 船方不负担装卸费fi.o.s. free in,out and stowed 船方不负担装卸费及理舱费f.i.o.s.t. free in.lut,stowed and trimmed 船方不负担装卸费、理舱费及平舱费f.i.w. free in wagon 承运人不负担装入货车费F/O in favor of 交付给......, 以......为受益人f.o. free out 船方不负担卸货费F.O.A. free on aircraft 飞机上交货价fo.vo. filio verso=turn the page 转下页f.o.r.;F.O.R. free on rail 火车上交货价FOS.;f.o.s. free on steamer 船上交货价f.o.b.;F.O.B. free on board 船上交货价F.O.B.S. free on board stowed 包括理舱费在内的船上交货价f.o.c. free of charges 免费f.ot.;fot free on truck 卡车上交货价F/P fire policy 火灾保险单E.P. floating policy 总括保险单F.P.A. free from particular average 平安险F.;Fr. franc 法郎 frt.;frit.;fgt. freight 运费frt.ppd freight prepaid 运费已预付 ft. foot 英尺ft.-lb. foot-pound 英尺磅(功的单位)f.w.d. fresh water damage 淡水损失fwd. forward 前面;接下页F.X. foreign excharge 外汇 g. gram 克;公分G.A.;G/A General Average 共同海损(保险用语)gal. gallon 加仑 gds. goods 货物gm gram 克;公分G.M.Q. Good Merchantable Quality 上好可销品质gr. gross 总的;全体的;毛的(重量)gr.;grm. gram 克;公分grs.wt.;G.w.;Gr.wt. gross weigth 毛重g.s.w. gross weight 装船毛重 h.;hr. hour 一小时H.D. Hook damage 钩损H.O. Head office 总公司;总行H.&O. Hook and oil damage 钩损和油损Hund. Hundred 百 h.w.d. heavy weather damage 恶劣气候损坏I.C.C. International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会Id. Idem(the same) 同样i.e. Id est (that is) 即;就是Imp. import 进口 in. inch 英寸;interest 利息In trans. Intransit(on the way) 在运输途中Infra Below 以下 Insp. inspection 检验Insur.;Ins. Insurance 保险 inst. instant 本月Inst.cls. Institute clauses 伦敦协会保险条款Int. Interest 利息 inv. invoice 发票I.O.P. irrespective of percentage 不计免赔率(保险用语)I/P insurance policy 保单险I.Q. Idem quod(the same as) 同样['ɪdem] <拉>同上，同前，同一作者ISO international Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织it. item 项目;条款ITV Internal Transfer Vchicle 码头内运输车J.and/or l.o. Jettison and/or loss overboard 抛弃或落水损失Jan. January 一月 Jul. July 七月 Jun. June 六月kilo;kg. kilogramme 公斤;千克kl. kilolitre 千公升;公秉km. kilometre 千米;千公尺km square kilometre 千平方米;千平方公尺km cubic kilometre 千六方米;千立方公尺L/A letter of authority 授权书l.;lit. litre 公升 Lb. pound 磅L/C letter of credit 信用证LCL Less than a full Container Load Cargo 非整装箱货;拼箱货ldg. loading 装货;装载L/G letter of guarantee 保证书 lkge leakage 渗漏lkge & bkge leakage and breakage 渗漏及破碎L.T;L/T long ton 长吨 Ltd. Limited 有限m. metre 公尺;mile 英里m spuare metre 平方米;平方公尺m cubic metre 立方米;立方公尺max. macimum 最高 Mar. March 三月M.B.D. orMchy.dge Machinery Breakdown Damage 机器损坏mdse. merchandise 货物;商品Memo. memorandum 备忘录Messrs. Messieurs 先生(复数) [meɪˈsj3:, ˈmesəz]M.Ex.C. Marine Extension clause 海运扩展条款mfd. manufactured 制造的mfr. manufacturer 厂商;制造商mg. milligram 毫克 mi. mile 英里MI. marine insurance 海险M.I.C.C. Marine Insrrance Cargo Clause 海上运输货物保险条款mil.;ml. millilitre 毫升min. minimum 最低;最小;起码M.I.P. Marine Insurance Policy 海险保险单mk. mark 唛头;商标 mm millimetre 毫米;公厘mm cubic millimetre 立方毫米;立方公厘M/R Nate's Receipt 收货单;大幅收据Mr. mister 先生 m.s.;m/s motorship 轮船M/S months after sight 见票后 XX 月付款M/T or m.t mettric ton 公吨M/T mail transfer 信汇M.Y. marshalling yard 集装箱编号场N/A Non Acceptance 不承兑Nav. Navigating or navigation 航行N.B. Nota bene (take notice) 注意N.C.V. No commercial value 无商业价值N.D. not dated 不记载日期N.d. Non delivery 提货不着 nil nothing 无N.M. No Mark 无标志Nom. Nominal 名称 Nov. November 十一月N/P No Payment 拒绝付款N.W.;Nt.Wt. Net weight 净重 N.Y. New York 纽约检验证书的英语词汇Inspection Certificate of Quality 质量检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书Inspection Certificate of Origin 产地检验证书Inspection Certificate ofValue 价值检验证书Inspection Certificate of Health 健康检验证书Sanitary Inspection Certificate 卫生检验证书Veterinary Inspection Certificate 兽医检验证书Inspection Certificate on Damaged cargo 验残检验证书Certificate of Measurement & Weight 货载衡量证书Inspection Certificate on Tank 验船证书船舶登记证书 certificate of registry船用物品申报单 ship's stores declaration出口许可证申请表 export licence, application出口许可证 export licence出口结汇核销单 exchange control declaration, exprotT 出口单证(海关转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note moder T T1 出口单证(内部转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note model T1 T2 出口单证(原产地证明书) despatch note model T2T5 管理单证(退运单证)(欧共体用) control document． nbspT5铁路运输退运单 re-sending consigment noteT2L 出口单证(原产地证明书)(欧共体用) despatch note model T2L 分析证书 certificate of analysis一致性证书 cettificate of conformity质量证书 certificate of quality 测试报告 test report产品性能报告 product performance report产品规格型号报告 product specification report工艺数据报告 process data report首样测试报告 first sample test report价格／销售目录 price ／sales catalogue参与方信息 party information农产品加工厂证书 mill certificate家产品加工厂证书 post receipt邮政收据 post receipt重量证书 weight certificate 重量单 weight list 证书 cerificate价值与原产地综合证书 combined certificate of value adn origin移动声明 A． TR． 1 movement certificate A． TR． 1数量证书 certificate of quantity质量数据报文 quality data message 查询 query ['kw ɪər ɪ]查询回复 response to query订购单 purchase order制造说明 manufacturing instructions领料单 stores requisition产品售价单 invoicing data sheet 包装说明 packing instruction内部运输单 internal transport order统计及其他管理用内部单证 statistical and other administrative inter nal documents直接支付估价申请 direct payment valuation request直接支付估价单 direct payment valuation临时支付估价单 provisional payment valuation [prəˈvɪ3ənl] 暂时的，临时的；暂定的支付估价单 payment valuation数量估价单 quantity valuation request数量估价申请 quantity valuation request合同数量单 contract bill of quantities BOQ不祭价投标数量单 unpriced tender BOQ标价投标数量单 priced tender BOQ询价单 enquiry临时支付申请 interim application for payment支付协议 agreement to pay意向书 letter of intent订单 order 总订单 blanket order现货订单 spot order [spɒt] 地点，场所；斑点，污点； [股票]现货；职位，职务租赁单 lease order紧急订单 rush order修理单 repair order 分订单 call off order寄售单 consignment order样品订单 sample order 换货单 swap order订购单变更请求 purchase order change request订购单回复 purchase order response租用单 hire order备件订单spare parts order交货说明delivery instructions交货计划表delivery schedule 按时交货delivery just-in-time发货通知delivery release交货通知delivery note装箱单packing list发盘／报价offer／quotation 报价申请request for quote合同contract 订单确认acknowledgement of order形式发票pro forma invoice [prəuˈfɔ:mə] 形式上的；预计的； 1 。
单证工作常用英语词汇缩写
单证工作常用英语词汇缩写部门： xxx时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑单证工作常用英语词汇缩写at每。
以(价格> and和,与AA Automatic Approval 自动许可证 a.a after arrival 到达以后 A.A.R.。
aar Against all risks 承保一切险abt. about 大约A/C. Account Current 往来帐户A/C. Account 帐户,帐Acc. Acceptance 承兑。
Accepted 接受。
account 帐户。
Accident 意外事故(保险用语> acpt. acceptance 承兑ACN. Air Consignment Note 空运托运单A/D. after date 期后 A.D. anno domini(L.> 公元(后> ad。
advt. advertisement 广告Adval. Advalorem(according to value>从价计算add. Address 住址adv. advice 通知 A.F. Advanced freights 预付运费 A.F.B. air freight bill 空运提单Ag. Agreement 同意。
Agent 代理人 A.l first-class 一等。
一流amt. amount 金额。
总数。
共计anon. anonymous 不记名a/c。
acc/o account of...某人帐户a/or and/or 与/或A/P Authority to Purchase 委托购买证 a.p, abitional premium 附加费A/P。
a.p. Additional Premium 附加保险费。
额外保险费 A.P.L.。
a.p.l. As per list 按照表所列出的app. appendix 附录approx. approximately。
商务沟通10-13
商务沟通10-13LEARNING OBJECTIVESknow the definition of memos;identify the types of memos;explain the communicative purposes of memos;choose the appropriate format to write business memos;understand the language features of memos.Memorandum, also called memo or internal memo, is a kind of simple and efficient internal communication within a business organization.商务备忘录(memos) 是商业机构内部和企业内部用来联系工作、交流信息和处理一样公务常采纳的一种文体。
备忘录——“memos”是英文“memorandum”的缩写形式。
备忘录一词源自拉丁语“memoro”（提到，想起，涉及）和“gerundive memorandum”（令人难忘）。
PRINCIPLES FOR LESSON PLANNINGbusiness memos商务备忘录memos of minutes synopsis会议纪要式备忘录memos of legal documents法律公文式备忘录PRINCIPLES FOR LESSON PLANNINGformal memos正式备忘录simplified memos简化备忘录Classification of Business Memoshard-copy memos打印备忘录electronic memos电子备忘录Informative Memos信息类备忘录通常用来传递或讲明公司的政策方针和公告等。
作为决策性的文件(decision-making documents)，信息类备忘录的结构和语言必须清晰、简洁。
会计英语1-14章术语翻译(仅供参考-不足之处望批评指正。)
Chapter 1 Accounting会计Accounting equation会计等式Assets资产Auditors审计师Balance sheet资产负债表Bookkeeping记账Business entity assumption会计主体原则Common stock普通股Corporation公司Cost principle成本原则Equity权益Ethics伦理Events事项Expanded accounting equation扩展的会计等式Expenses费用External transactions外部交易External users外部信息使用者Financial accounting财务会计FASB美国财务会计准则委员会Full disclosure principle充分披露原则GAAP公认会计原则Going-concern assumption持续经营原则Income statement损益表Internal transactions内部交易Internal users内部信息使用者IASB国际会计准则理事会Liabilities负债Managerial accounting管理会计Matching principle配比原则Monetary unit assumption货币单位原则Net income净收益Net loss净损失Owner ,Capital所有者名下的资本Owner investment所有者投资Owner withdrawals所有者提取Partnership合伙企业Proprietorship独资企业Recordkeeping记账Revenue recognition principle收入确认原则Revenues收入Sarbanes –Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》SEC证劵交易委员会Shareholders股东Shares股份Sole proprietorship个人独资企业Statement of cash flows现金流量表Statement of owner’s equity所有者权益表Stock股票Stockholders股东Time period assumption会计分期原则Withdrawals提取Chapter 2 Account账户Account balance账户余额Balance column account三栏式账户Chart of accounts会计科目表Compound journal entry复合日记账分录Credit贷方Creditors债权人Debit借方Debtors债务人Double-entry accounting复式记账法General journal普通日记账General ledger总分类账Journal日记账Journalizing 登记日记账Ledger分类账Posting过账(PR) column过账索引栏Source documents原始凭证T-account T型账户Trial balance试算平衡表Unearned revenue预收收入Chapter 3 Accounting period会计期间Accrual basis accounting权责发生制会计Accrued expenses应计费用Accrued revenues应计收入Adjusted trial balance调整后试算平衡表Adjusting entry调整分录Annual financial statements年度财务报表Book value账面价值Cash basis accounting收付实现制会计Contra account备抵账户Depreciation折旧Fiscal year会计年度Interim financial statements中期财务报表Matching principle配比原则Natural business year自然营业年度Plant assets固定资产Prepaid expenses预付费用Straight-line depreciation method直线折旧法Time period assumption会计分期原则Unadjusted trial balance调整前的试算平衡表Unearned revenues 预收收入Chapter 4 Accounting cycle会计循环Classified balance sheet分类资产负债表Closing entries结账分录Closing process结账过程Current assets流动资产Current liabilities流动负债Income summary损益汇总账户Intangible assets无形资产Long-term investments长期投资Long-term liabilities长期负债Operating cycle营业周期Permanent accounts永久性账户Post-closing trial balance结账后试算平衡表Pro forma financial statements预测财务报表Temporary accounts临时性账户Unclassified balance sheet未分类资产负债表Working papers工作底稿Work sheet工作底表Chapter 5 Cash discount现金折扣Cost of goods sold商品销售成本Credit memorandum贷记通知单Credit period 信用期Credit terms信用条件Debit memorandum借记通知单Discount period折扣期EOM月末FOB交货点General and administrative expenses一般及行政管理费用Gross margin毛利Gross profit毛利Inventory存货List price价目表价格Merchandise 商品Merchandise inventory库存商品Merchandiser商业企业Multiple-step income statement多步式损益表Periodic inventory system定期盘存制Perpetual inventory system永续盘存制Purchase discount购货折扣Retailer零售商Sales discount销售折扣Selling expenses销售费用Shrinkage损耗Single-step income statement单步式损益表Supplementary records辅助记录Trade discount商业折扣Wholesaler批发商Chapter 6 Average cost平均成本Conservatism constraint稳健性原则Consignee 收货人Consignor发货人Consistency concept一致性原则FIFO先进先出法Interim statements中期报告LIFO后进先出法LCM成本与市价孰低法Net realizable value可变现净值Specific identification个别认定法Weighted average加权平均法Chapter 7 Accounts payable ledger应付账款分类账Accounts receivable ledger应收账款分类账Cash disbursements journal现金支出日记账Cash receipts journal现金收入日记账Check register支票登记薄Columnar journal多栏式日记账Compatibility principle适应性原则Controlling account统驭账户Control principle控制原则Cost-benefit principle成本—收益原则Flexibility principle灵活性原则General journal普通日记账Internal controls内部控制Purchases journal购货日记账Relevance principle相关性原则Sales journal销售日记账Schedule of accounts payable应付账款明细表Schedule of accounts receivable应收账款明细表Special journal特种日记账Subsidiary ledger明细分类账Chapter 8 Bank reconciliation银行存款余额调节表Bank statement银行对账单Canceled checks注销支票Cash 现金Cash equivalents现金等价物Cash over and short现金溢缺Check支票Deposit ticket存款单Deposits in transit在途存款EFT电子资金转账Internal control system内部控制制度Liquid assets流动资产Liquidity偿债能力Outstanding checks未兑现支票Petty cash备用金Principles of internal control内部控制原则Sarbanes-Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》Signature card印鉴卡Voucher 凭单Voucher system凭单制Chapter 9 Accounts receivable应收账款Aging of accounts receivable应收账款账龄分析Allowance for Doubtful Accounts呆帐准备金Allowance method备抵法Bad debts坏账Direct write-off method直接核销法Interest 利息Maker of the note出票人Matching principle配比原则Materiality constraint重要性约束Maturity date of a note票据到期日Payee of the note票据收款人Principal of a note票据的本金Promissory note票据Realizable value可变现价值Chapter 10 Accelerated depreciation method加速折旧法Amortization摊销Asset book value资产账面价值Betterments改进工程投资Capital expenditures资本支出Change in an accounting estimate会计估计变更Copyright版权Cost成本Declining-balance method余额递减法Depletion折耗Depreciation折旧Extraordinary repairs非常修理Franchises特许权Goodwill商誉Impairment减损Inadequacy生产能力不足Indefinite life不确定使用年限Intangible assets无形资产Land improvements土地改进物Lease租约Leasehold租赁权Leasehold improvements租赁资产改进Lessee承租人Lessor 出租人Licenses特许权Limited life有限使用年限MACRS修正后的加速成本回收制度Natural resources自然资源Obsolescence陈旧，过时Ordinary repairs日常维修Patent专利权Plant asset age固定资产寿命Plant assets固定资产Plant asset useful life固定资产使用年限Revenue expenditures收益性支出Salvage value残值Straight-line depreciation直线折旧法Trademark or trade (brand) name商标或品牌Units-of-production depreciation工作量法Useful life使用年限Chapter 11 Contingent liability或有负债Current liabilities流动负债Current portion of long-term debt一年内到期的长期负债Employee benefits职工福利Estimated liability估计负债〔FICA〕Taxes联邦社会保险税FUTA联邦失业税Gross pay薪资总额Known liabilities已知负债Long-term liabilities长期负债Merit rating考绩Net pay薪资净额Payroll deductions薪资扣款Short-term note payable短期应付票据SUTA州失业救济税Warranty保修Chapter 12Bond 债券Bond certificate债券证书Bond indenture债券契约Carrying (book) value of bonds债券账面价值Discount on bonds payable应付债券折旧Installment note分期付款期票Market rate市场利率Mortgage抵押权Pension plan养老金计划Premium on bonds债券溢价Par value of a bond债券面值Straight-line bond amortization债券利息直线摊销法Chapter 13(AFS) securities可供出售证劵Comprehensive income综合收益Consolidated financial statements合并财务报表Equity method权益法Equity securities with controlling influence具有控制权的权益类证劵Equity securities with significant influence具有重大影响力的权益类证劵(HTM) securities持有至到期证劵Long-term investments长期投资Parent母公司Short-term investments短期投资Subsidiary子公司Trading securities交易性证劵Unrealized gain (loss)未实现收益〔损失〕Chapter 14Appropriated retained earnings拨定留存收益Authorized stock核定股本Call price赎回价格Callable preferred stock可赎回优先股Capital stock股本Changes in accounting estimates会计估计变更Common stock普通股Convertible preferred stock可转换优先股Corporation股份制公司Cumulative preferred stock累积优先股Date of declaration股利宣告日Date of payment股利发放日Date of record股权登记日Discount on stock股票折旧Dividend in arrears积欠股利Financial leverage财务杠杆Large stock dividend大额股票股利Liquidating cash dividend清算性现金股利Market value per share每股市价Minimum legal capital最低法定资本Noncumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Nonparticipating preferred stock非参与式股票No-par value stock无面值股票Organization expenses组建费Paid-in capital实收资本Paid-in capital in excess of par value资本溢价Participating preferred stock参与式股票Par value面值Par value stock有面值股票Preemptive right优先认股权Preferred stock优先股Premium on stock股票溢价Prior period adjustments前期损益调整Proxy授权委托书Restricted retained earnings限定用途留存收益Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings deficit留存收益赤字Reverse stock split并股Small stock dividend小额股票股利Stated value stock设定价值股票Statement of stockholders’ equity股东权益表Stock dividend股票股利Stock options股票期权Stock split股票分割Stockholders’ equity股东权益Treasury stock库藏股。
公文写作专业术语汇总(17类)
公文写作专业术语汇总（17类）公文写作是一种正式的文字表达方式，需要使用专业术语来传达信息。
下面是公文写作中常见的17类专业术语汇总。
第一类：文件类型1. 内部函件（Internal memorandum）：公司内部的一种文件形式，用于各部门之间的传达和交流。
2. 外部函件（External memorandum）：公司或组织之间的正式文件形式，用于跨部门或跨组织之间的传达和交流。
3. 通知（Notice）：一种正式的文件形式，用于向相关人员传达特定的信息或安排。
4. 公告（Announcement）：一种公开的文件形式，用于向公众或特定群体发布重要信息。
5. 报告（Report）：一种详细的文件形式，用于总结、分析和汇报特定问题或情况。
6. 决议（Resolution）：一种正式文书形式，用于记录会议或组织机构的决策或决议。
第二类：部门与职务1. 行政部门（Administrative Department）：负责公司或组织的行政管理工作的部门。
2. 人力资源部（Human Resources Department）：负责公司或组织的人力资源管理工作的部门。
3. 财务部（Finance Department）：负责公司或组织的财务管理和会计工作的部门。
4. 营销部（Sales and Marketing Department）：负责公司或组织产品销售和市场推广的部门。
5. 技术部（Technical Department）：负责公司或组织的技术研发和技术支持工作的部门。
6. 总经理（General Manager）：公司或组织的最高行政负责人，负责整体管理和决策。
第三类：文书格式和要素1. 抬头（Header）：文件的开头部分，包含机构名称、地址和日期等信息。
2. 主题（Subject）：文件的主要内容或目的。
3. 附件（Attachment）：与文件有关的附加信息或文件。
4. 签章（Signature）：文件最后的签名部分，用于确认文件的真实性和有效性。
城市交通干线信号协调控制方案过渡调整策略
城市交通干线信号协调控制方案过渡调整策略树爱兵;张雷元;徐棱;卢诚【摘要】介绍了国内外当前交通信号协调控制方案过渡方法的研究现状,分析比较了现有的干线协调过渡方法.针对当前过渡调整方法对于交通信号控制机如何实现协调方案的快速调整涉及较少,未考虑交通信号机实现过渡调整过程中的实际需求等不足,以当日零点为协调控制方案的起始点,针对交叉口过渡信号周期以及周期调整步幅的取值范围,提出了1种基于周期的交通信号协调控制过渡调整策略,并进行了算例分析.结果表明:该策略能够在1～2个周期内快速调整完毕,减少了信号配时的突变所引发路面交通的剧烈波动,实现了交通流运行的平稳和连续.文中所介绍的算法可以实现不同控制方式之间的切换,也可以用于城市区域协调控制中,具有较广的适用范围和实用价值.【期刊名称】《交通信息与安全》【年(卷),期】2015(033)001【总页数】5页(P122-126)【关键词】交通信号;协调控制;周期;相位差;过渡策略【作者】树爱兵;张雷元;徐棱;卢诚【作者单位】公安部交通管理科学研究所江苏无锡214151;公安部交通管理科学研究所江苏无锡214151;公安部交通管理科学研究所江苏无锡214151;公安部交通管理科学研究所江苏无锡214151【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U491.2Key words:traffic signal; coordinated control; cycle; offset; transition tactic *中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(批准号2014SJA04)资助城市交通信号干线协调控制是城市交通控制中简单而广泛使用的1种控制方式，是城市交通区域协调控制的基础[1-2]。
在城市交通信号干线协调控制中，相位差是最重要的交通控制参数。
相位差的优化往往由中心计算机来完成，中心计算机专注于最优相位差的获取，精心选择和优化相位差生成算法。
而把与各交叉口状态相关的相位差调整放置在路口本地交通信号控制机内完成，所有的路口信号机可以并行地对相位差进行调整[3]。
LEC_考试备考重点
英语世界 2022·01
6. Conclusion（结论）
结论部分是在对案件涉及的一系列法律问题做出回答的基础上给出的
最终法律意见。对案件所涉法律问题逐个分析并回答后，需要结合客户的
具体情形进行分析和方案选择，给出一个较为合理的法律意见供客户决策
时参考。
结论部分的意见要和客户的问题相对应。如果客户的问题是从多个方
案中选择一个，那么结论部分就需要对多个方案进行利弊分析、横向比较，
二、legal memo 的写作结构 法律写作是法律思维的重要载体，不同类型的法律文书有着不同的
组织结构。许多大型律师事务所和法学院都制定自己的法律备忘录格式。 虽然目前没有统一标准的 legal memo 写作规范，但通常会包括以下六部 分：Heading、Question(s) Presented、Brief Answer(s)、Statement of Facts、 Discussion 和 Conclusion。
本题要求考生论述 communication 方式的变化。communication 有多种
* 上海外国语大学国际新闻硕士，讲师，专注大学英语写作教学十余年。
〔承前页〕
于当前案例，即体现出普通法系的 stare decisis（遵循先例原则）。这里要
处理各种“逻辑关系”，既需要 deductive reasoning（演绎推理），也需要
120 法律英语
LEC 考试备考重点： 如何撰写 legal memo（上）
文 / 汤文华
一、了解 legal memo 及其作用 legal memo（法律备忘录，亦称 legal memorandum、law office memo）
是美国律师处理事务时最常见的一种法律文书，它是起草人在研究和分析 的基础上，对某一法律问题做出书面解释、提出意见的法律文件。在中国 的红圈所和精品所中，多数项目都涉及与外国客户打交道，所以撰写 legal memo 自然成为涉外业务必不可少的一部分。
memorandum的类型
memorandum的类型关于"memorandum"的类型，一般可以从不同的角度进行分类和讨论。
首先，从法律和商业文件的角度来看，"memorandum"可以分为几种类型。
首先是内部备忘录（Internal Memorandum），这种类型的"memorandum"是在组织内部使用的文件，用于传达重要信息、决策或者指示。
其次是谅解备忘录（Memorandum of Understanding，MOU），这种"memorandum"是用于明确双方意向和约定的文件，通常在商业合作、合作协议或者国际关系中使用。
再次是备忘录和文章（Memorandum and Articles of Association），这是指公司章程，其中包括了公司的基本信息、章程、组织结构等内容。
此外，"memorandum"还可以根据内容和用途进行分类，比如工作备忘录、会议备忘录、法律备忘录等等。
另外，如果从学术和研究的角度来看，"memorandum"也可以被分为不同的类型。
比如在研究领域，"memorandum"可以是研究报告、研究备忘录、实验记录等，用于记录研究过程中的重要信息、数据和结论。
在学术机构或者政府部门中，"memorandum"也可能包括政策备忘录、学术备忘录等，用于传达决策、政策或者学术观点。
总的来说，"memorandum"的类型是多样的，可以根据不同的领域和用途进行分类。
不同类型的"memorandum"在内容、格式和用途上都有所不同，但它们都是用于传达和记录重要信息的文件。
希望这些信息能够帮助你更全面地了解"memorandum"的类型。
公文范文摘抄大全
公文范文摘抄大全As a professional writer, I have encountered numerous requests for sample official document templates. When creating official documents, it is important to remember that they are legally binding and should be drafted with utmost care and precision. While there are certainly many different types of official documents, they typically follow a similar structure and format.作为一名专业作家，我已经遇到了很多样本官方文件模板的请求。
在创建官方文件时，重要的是要记住它们具有法律约束力，应该小心谨慎地起草。
虽然确实有许多不同类型的官方文件，但它们通常遵循类似的结构和格式。
One of the most common types of official documents is a memorandum. Memos are typically used for internal communication within an organization and are a way to convey important information or decisions to employees. They are often short and to the point, containing a clear subject line and a concise message. When drafting a memorandum, it is important to use a formal tone and ensure that the information is accurate and up to date.最常见的一种官方文件类型是备忘录。
memo作文模板合集
memo作文模板合集英文回答：What is a Memo?A memo, short for memorandum, is a brief, informal written communication used within organizations to convey information, requests, or instructions. Memos are typically used for internal communication and are not intended for external audiences.Structure of a Memo。
Memos typically follow a standard structure:Header: Includes the date, sender's name and contact information, recipient's name, subject line, and any attachments.Introduction: Briefly states the purpose of the memo.Body: Presents the information, requests, or instructions in a clear and concise manner.Action Requested: (Optional) States any actions required by the recipient.Closing: Usually includes a professional closing phrase (e.g., "Thanks," "Sincerely") followed by the sender's signature.Guidelines for Writing Effective Memos。
最新整理关于碧桂园集团年员工购房便利政策的通知.doc
内部通启碧桂园控股有限公司COUNTRY GARDENMEMORANDUM HOLDING PANY LIMITED致：各公司、各部门日期：20xx年 3月19 日由：营销中心总裁签发：莫斌事由：关于碧桂园集团20xx年员工购房便利政策的通知页数（含本页）：共2页档号：ZCB编20xx031901为鼓励员工努力工作，以公司为家，藉碧桂园集团成立20周年之机，公司向全体员工提供购房便利政策，具体如下：一、适用对象：碧桂园集团（含非上市公司）所有入职（包括试用期）超过一年（含一年）的员工；二、适用时间：自本文发布之日起至20xx年12月31日止；三、适用产品：碧桂园集团任一项目的商品住宅（不包括车库、车位、商铺）；四、具体政策：为员工所购商品住宅代付物业服务费或为员工提供自付分期付款方式；五、使用要求：符合条件的员工在规定时间内购买集团内的商品住宅的（以签订《商品房买卖合同》为准），除享有该商品住宅当期的客户优惠以外，每人均可按照相应的服务年限及职级额外享受一次便利政策（两种政策只能择一使用，双职工及员工联名购房的，便利政策不能叠加）；不同服务年限及职级对应的两种便利政策具体如下表：注：上述4成首付分两期支付，签约时支付3成，买卖合同约定的收楼日期当天支付1成；6成分期的支付时间与现销售中心中长期分期付款执行时间一致。
六、其他事项：1、受限购或限贷影响的，员工可在认购后，签约前填写《员工便利政策变更申请》（详见附表），把业主名变更为员工指定的亲属（含父母、兄弟姊妹、子女、岳父母<夫家父母>及岳父母<夫家父母>的子女，须附关系证明）；2、受限购政策影响导致员工20xx年年内无法签约（纳税或社保缴存证明不足1年）的，可在认购后填写《员工便利政策变更申请》，提前确定享有的便利及明确签约时间，待达到条件时再签约；3、个别员工如需将代付物业管理费在楼价折减的，须在签约时另行提出申请；4、上述政策具体操作方式及员工可选购单位明细请咨询意向购买单位所属销售中心，同时操作方式亦可拔打碧桂园营销总部客服xxx ：4008222288。
内部通启_2.doc
内部通启文件编码：JH/QER/企/2003/022 存根联内部通启文件编码：JH/QER/企/2003/022 发文联致：由：日期：主要内容：拟稿：签发：份数：份品味人生1、不管鸟的翅膀多么完美，如果不凭借空气，鸟就永远飞不到高空。
想象力是翅膀，客观实际是空气，只有两方面紧密结合，才能取得显着成绩。
2、想停下来深情地沉湎一番，怎奈行驶的船却没有铁锚;想回过头去重温旧梦，怎奈身后早已没有了归途。
因为时间的钟摆一刻也不曾停顿过，所以生命便赋予我们将在汹涌的大潮之中不停地颠簸。
3、真正痛苦的人，却在笑脸的背后，流着别人无法知道的眼泪，生活中我们笑得比谁都开心，可是当所有的人潮散去的时候，我们比谁都落寂。
4、温暖是飘飘洒洒的春雨;温暖是写在脸上的笑影;温暖是义无反顾的响应;温暖是一丝不苟的配合。
5、幸福，是一种人生的感悟，一种个人的体验。
也许，幸福是你风尘仆仆走进家门时亲切的笑脸;也许，幸福是你卧病床上百无聊赖时温馨的问候;也许，幸福是你屡遭挫折心灰意冷时劝慰的话语;也许，幸福是你历经艰辛获得成功时赞赏的掌声。
关键的是，你要有一副热爱生活的心肠，要有一个积极奋进的目标，要有一种矢志不渝的追求。
这样，你才能感受到幸福。
6、母爱是迷惘时苦口婆心的规劝;母爱是远行时一声殷切的叮咛;母爱是孤苦无助时慈祥的微笑。
7、淡淡素笺，浓浓墨韵，典雅的文字，浸染尘世情怀;悠悠岁月，袅袅茶香，别致的杯盏，盛满诗样芳华;云淡风轻，捧茗品文，灵动的音符，吟唱温馨暖语;春花秋月，红尘阡陌，放飞的思绪，漫过四季如歌。
读一段美文，品一盏香茗，听一曲琴音，拾一抹心情。
8、尘缘飞花，人去楼空，梦里花落为谁痛?顾眸流盼，几许痴缠。
把自己揉入了轮回里，忆起，在曾相逢的梦里;别离，在泪眼迷朦的花落间;心碎，在指尖的苍白中;淡落，在亘古的残梦中。
在夜莺凄凉的叹息里，让片片细腻的柔情，哽咽失语在暗夜的诗句里。
9、用不朽的“人”字支撑起来的美好风景，既有“虽体解吾犹未变兮”的执着吟哦，也有“我辈岂是蓬蒿人”的跌宕胸怀;既有“我以我血荐轩辕”的崇高追求，也有“敢教日月换新天”的豪放气魄。
发文格式
呈报USBMIT A REPO致/To：董总文档号/Ref No.: JZ-HR-2010-001由/From：行政人力资源部日期/Date：2010-11-25事由Subject：关于规范酒店内部发文的管理规定关于规范酒店内部发文的管理规定一．目的为规范酒店各类文件的管理，保证酒店各类文件流转及规范化；特对酒店内部文本类型及行文格式做出统一规定。
二适用范围适应于金泽国际酒店各部门。
三职责与权限酒店行政人力资源部负责制定本规定。
四．酒店内部四种发文文本类型。
1．红头文件：1.1、适用发文类型：重大决议、决定、意见、通报、规定。
1.1.1、重大决议:用于经会议通过的重要决策事项及重要人事任免。
1.1.2、决定:用于对重要事项作出的决策和安排。
1.1.3、意见:用于对重要问题提出见解和处理办法。
1.1.4、通报:用于表彰先进、批评错误、传达重要精神、交流重要情况。
1.1.5、规定:用于对特定范围内的工作和事务制定具有约束力的行为规范。
1.2、格式：见附件（一）：红头文件发文格式范本。
1.3、存档：由发文部门和接收部门保存；1.4、留转形式：由行政人力资源部下发，各部门签收，原件由行政人力资源部存档。
2．呈报：对于部门呈报上级，要求批复执行的专项申请报告。
通常为超越部门处置职权，而又需解决的工作事宜：如大额的工作物资，设备的申购，工程技改，工作程序的修改，调整编制等需解决事项的报告文件。
2.1、适用发文类型：请示、报告2.1.1、报告:用于向上级部门汇报工作、反映情况、提出建议，答复上级部门的询问。
2.1.2、请示:用于向上级部门请求指示、批准。
备注：报告与请示的区别：（1）行文目的不同。
报告是为了使上级部门了解有关情况；请示是请求上级的指示和批复，要求上级部门给予答复。
（2）行文时间不同。
报告可以写于事前，也可以写于事后；而请示必须写于事前。
（3）行文的处理要求不同。
报告除涉及主要问题外，一般的可以不作答复；请示则需要上级部门回文，表明态度，使下级部门知道该怎么做。
国际招投标常用英语词汇
国际招标投标英语词汇标的物Subject matter 招标通告call for bid招标通知tender notice 招标文件bid documents招标条件general conditions of tender招标截止日期date of the closing of tender招标方tenderer 投标submission of tenders投标方，投标商tenderer, bidder投标邀请书Invitation to Bid投标押金，押标金Bid Bond投标文件tender documents做标，编标work out tender documents投标书Form of Tender投标评估evaluation of bids愿意／不愿意参加投标be wi11ing／unwilling to participate in the bid我们拟参加……的投标。
We wish to tender fro…我们同意遵守以上规定的投标条款。
We agree to abide by the conditions of Tender specified above.资格预审prequalification询价inquiry询价请求，询价单Requisition for Inquiry报价quotation报价表格Form of Quotation提交报价submission of quotation升价，提价escalation不适当的(如用电话)或不负责任的报价将被拒收。
An inadequate(e.g. by telephone) or unresponsive quotation may be reason for rejecting the quotation标底base price limit on bids报标bid quotation 评标evaluation of tender议标tender discussion 决标tender decision 开标bid opening中标has/have won the bidding in …中标者the winning/successful bidder, the successful tenderer未中标者the unsuccessful tenderer中标函Letter of Acceptance常用造价英语词汇估算/费用估算：estimate/cost estimate;估算类型：types of estimate;详细估算：是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;设备估算：equipment estimate;分析估算：analysis estimate;报价估算:proposal estimate;控制估算：control estimate;初期控制估算：interim control estimate/initial control estimate批准的控制估算：initial approved cost核定估算：check estimate首次核定估算：first check estimate二次核定估算：production check estimate人工时估算：man hour estimate材料费用/直接材料费用：material cost/direct material cost设备费用/设备购买费用：equipment cost/purchased cost of equipment 散装材料费用/散装材料购买费用：bulk material cost/purchased cost of bulk material施工费用：construction cost施工人工费用：labor cost/construction force cost设备安装人工费用：labor cost associated with equipment散装材料施工安装人工费用：labor cost associated with bulk materials 人工时估算定额：standard manhours施工人工时估算定额：standard labor manhours标准工时定额：standard hours劳动生产率：labor productivity/productivity factor/productivity ratio修正的人工时估算值：adjusted manhours人工时单价：manhours rate施工监督费用：cost of construction supervision施工间接费用：cost of contruction indirects分包合同费用/现场施工分包合同费用：subcontract cost/field subcontract cost公司本部费用：home office cost公司管理费用：overhead非工资费用：non payroll开车服务费用：cost of start-up services其他费用：other cost利润/预期利润：profit/expected profit服务酬金：service gains风险：risk 风险分析：risk analysis风险备忘录：risk memorandum未可预见费：contingency基本未可预见费：average contingency最大风险未可预见费：maximum risk contingency用户变更/合同变更：cilent change/contract change认可的用户变更：approved client change待定的用户变更：pending client change项目变更：project change 内部变更：internalchange批准的变更：authoried change强制性变更：mandatory change选择性变更：optional change内部费用转换：internal transfer认可的预计费用：anticipated approved cost涨价值：escalation项目费用汇总报告：project cost summary report项目实施费用状态报告：project operation cost status report总价合同：lump sum contract 偿付合同：reimbursible contract 预算：budget合同英语常用词汇和句子(1)We'll have the contract ready for signature.我们应准备好合同待签字。
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Hale Waihona Puke 见证之旅——首季万达中国行（上海-宁波-重庆站）报名表
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