The ideas of Frederick W. Taylor
18秋西南大学[0171]《美国文学史及选读》作业答案
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1、 Sherwood Anderson explores the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Freud's t book______.1. E. Winesburg, Ohio2. Babbit3. The Grapes of Wrath4. The Cather in the Rye2、________ was the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms.1. Washing Irving2. Henry James3. Ezra Pound4. T. S. Eliot3、Leaves of Grass is written by_______.1. B. Walt Whitman2. F. O. Henry3. Mark Twain4. Emily Dickinson4、_______ is called by Hemingway the one from which "all modern American literature comes."1. A. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn2. The Gilded Age3. Life on the Mississippi4. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer5、Walt Whitman's poetry is characteristic of_________.1. free verse2. blank verse3. alliteration4. end rhyme6、“Ripeness was all” in the chapter 41 of Catch-22by Joseph Heller is quoted from Shakespeare’s play______.1. The Merchant of Venice2. Othello3. Romeo and Juliet4. King Lear7、Who could be regarded as the founder of detective fiction?1. William Faulkner2. Edgar Allan Poe3. Washington Irving4. Emily Dickinson8、The time setting of "Looking for Mr. Green" by Saul Bellow is________.1. spring2. summer3. autumn4. winter9、What is Ralp W. Ellison’s attitude toward Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of race relations in Invisible M1. He embraces it wholeheartedly.2. He advocates it with some reservations.3. He regards it with ambivalence.4. He rejects it fiercely and repeatedly.10、What is the essay Once More to the Lake by E.B. White about?1.the writer and his son’s camping experience on the lake2. the great changes that took place on the lake3. the natural beauty of the lake4. the writer’s pilgrimage back to a lakefront resort he visited as a child 11、Who is called “the Singer” of the Lost Generation?1. William Faulkner2. Ernest Hemingway3. F. Scott Fitzgerald4. Dos Passos12、Which statement is fit to describe William Faulkner's works?1. The language is biblical.2. Quite a few of Faulkner's protagonists are mentally diseased.3. There is little of stream of consciousness in Faulkner's works.4. Faulkner liked writing about the northerners of America.13、Which literary school does F. Scot Fitzgerald belong to?1. modernism2. realism3. romanticism4. post-modernism14、_______was the leader of a new movement in poetry which was called the “Imagist” movement.1. T. S. Eliot2. Robert Frost3. Ezra Pound4. Emily Dickinson15、Allen Ginsberg is the representative poet of ________.1. The Lake Poets2. The Lost Generation3. The Beat Generation4. The Imagist16、____ was Sherwood Anderson’s most important work.1. Windy McPherson"s Son2. Beyond Desire3. The triumph of the Egg4. Winesburg, Ohio17、Transcendentalists recognized as the “highest power of the soul”.1. intuition2. logic3. data of the senses4. thinking18、Ralph Waldo Emerson’s is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.1. Nature2. The Conduct of Life3. Representative Men4. The American Scholar19、Which may NOT be one of the causes for the rise of American Romantic Movement?1. The westward territorial expansion2. The great increase in population3. The victory of the settlers in the Indian war4. The rapid economic transformation20、Edgar Allan Poe occupies an important position in American literature as a poet and a .1. short story writer2. novelist3. dramatist4. translator21、The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were mainly .1. Quakers2. Anglicans3. atholics4. Puritans22、William Faulkner set many of his short stories and novels in_____________.1. Mississippi2. Oxford3. Yoknapatawpha County4. Massachusetts23、________ is considered to be Theodore Dreiser's greatest work.1. D. An American Tragedy2. The Financier3. Sister Carrie4. The Titan24、_________, disregarding grammar and punctuation, always used "i" instead of "I" to refer to himself as a pr1. C. E. E. Cummings2. Robert Frost3. Wallace Stevens4. William Carlos Williams25、Which of the following writers is famous for the humorous writing style?1. Stephen Crane2. Mark Twain3. Emily Dickinson4. Toni Morrison26、______ is the spokesman for the imagist movement.1. T. S. Eliot2. Saul Bellow3. Ezra Pound4. William Faulkner判断题27、The defining characteristics of the modernist works are discontinuity and fragmentation.1. A.√2. B.×28、Each of Emily Dickinson's poems has a well-chosen title.1. A.√2. B.×29、Theodore Dreiser is greatly influenced by Darwinism and it is not surprising to find in his fiction a world of j law.1. A.√2. B.×30、In Robert Frost's poems, profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the plain language and the simpl1. A.√2. B.×31、Life on the Mississippi tells a story of Henry James's boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot up and d1. A.√2. B.×32、Naturalism is evolved from realism.1. A.√2. B.×33、Robert Frost wrote most of his poems in free verse.1. A.√2. B.×34、Stylistically, Henry James's fiction is characterized by highly refined language.1. A.√2. B.×35、Ezra Pound's reputation as a forerunner of the 20th-century American fiction can never be depreciated.1. A.√2. B.×36、Robert Frost is a poet of New England.1. A.√2. B.×37、Faith in Christianity is one of the main ideas advocated by Raph Waldo Emerson, the chief spokesman of Am1. A.√2. B.×38、In Desire Under the Elms by Eugene G. O"Neill, Abbie is the second wife of Cabot after his first wife dies.1. A.√2. B.×39、Langston Hughes is often entitled “New England Poet”.1. A.√2. B.×40、Chinese poetry and philosophy had exerted great influence on Ezra Pound.1. A.√2. B.×41、Howl is a symbol in the movement of the Beat Generation, which was written by Allen Ginsberg.1. A.√2. B.×42、Joseph Heller was an American satirical novelist, poet and short story writer.1. A.√2. B.×43、The Sun Also Rises is a novel about the Lost Generation.1. A.√2. B.×44、The Scarlet Letter is a novel of symbolism.1. A.√2. B.×45、The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a short story1. A.√2. B.×46、The Autobiography was the masterpiece of Benjamin Franklin.1. A.√2. B.×47、Anne Bradstreet wrote quite a few novels about her hometown Boston.1. A.√2. B.×48、The best work of Walt Whitman was The Leaves of Grass1. A.√2. B.×49、Mark Twain was at his best when he wrote about children.1. A.√2. B.×50、Washington Irving (1783-1859) was the first American writer to get an international reputation.1. A.√2. B.×51、Beyond the Horizon was the first full-length play of O"Neill.1. A.√2. B.×52、The Beat Generation and the Lost Generation are the same.1. A.√2. B.×53、Allan Poe wrote the first detective stories in America.1. A.√2. B.×54、F. S. Fitzgerald was the spokesman of the Jazz Age.1. A.√2. B.×55、Rip Van Winkle was written by James Cooper.1. A.√2. B.×56、Benjamin Franklin was a symbol of the American dream.1. A.√2. B.×57、Emily Dickinson's poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way, covering love, death and nature.1. A.√2. B.×58、Henry James adopts international themes in his fiction writing.1. A.√2. B.×主观题59、菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）的小说《了不起的盖茨比》表现了怎样的科技和消费伦理思想？参考答案：需从科技和消费处于物化状态进行分析。
新GRE逻辑阅读练习题汇总
新GRE逻辑阅读练习题汇总新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and Line in the atmosphere. The term “geohydrology" is 5 sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for "hydrogeology". Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them 10 underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. (107 words)1. It can be inferred that which of the following is most likely to be the subject of study by a geohydrologist?(A) Soft, porous rock being worn away by a waterfall(B) Water depositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through which the water runs(C) The trapping of water in a sealed underground rockcavern through the actionof an earthquake(D) Water becoming unfit to drink through the release of pollutants into it from a manufacturing plant(E) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the water wears away the rocks past which the river flows2. The author refers to "many formations" primarily in order to(A) clarify a distinction(B) introduce a subject(C) draw an analogy(D) emphasize a similarity(E) resolve a conflict答案：C/A新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Initially the Vinaver theory that Malory‘s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified. were in fact eight independent works produced both a Line sense of relief and an unpleasant shock. Vinaver‘s 5 th eory comfortably explained away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying. It was, however, disagreeableto find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books. Part of this response was the natural 10 reaction to the disturbance of set ideas. Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration of the theory‘s refined but legitimate observations, one cannot avoid the conclusion that the eight romances are only one work. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the 15 theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist. (154 words)For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Malory‘sworks?□A There are meaningful links be tween and among the romances.□B The subtleties of the romances are obscured when they are taken as one work.□C Any contradictions in chronology among the romances are less important than their over-all unity.6. The author of the passage concedes which of the following about the Vinaver theory?(A) It gives a clearer understanding of the unity of Malory‘s romances.(B) It demonstrates the irrationality of considering Malory‘s romances to be unified.(C) It establishes acceptab le links between Malory‘s romances and modern novels.(D) It unifies earlier and later theories concerning the chronology of Malory‘s romances.(E) It makes valid and subtle comments about Malory‘s romances.7. Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that, in evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were initially biased by previous interpretations of Malory‘s work.答案及解析：第一题选AC做这个题首先要对文章进行剖析。
2024届高三下学期英语培优外刊阅读学案 年度人物话题
高三英语培优外刊阅读班级：____________学号：____________姓名：____________外刊精选｜《时代》2023年度人物：泰勒·斯威夫特近日，美国流行音乐歌手泰勒·斯威夫特当选为《时代》杂志2023年度人物，成为近百年以来第一位单独拥有这一称号的艺人，也是该杂志第一位两次获评年度人物的女性。
2023年，泰勒·斯威夫特的时代（Eras）巡回演唱会在全球掀起追捧热潮，其个人净资产也高达11亿美元。
这位歌手到底有着怎样的魅力？她曾经历过怎样的人生低谷，又如何脱胎换骨，成为更强大的自己？Taylor Swift named Time Magazine's person of the yearBy Mark SavageTaylor Swift has capped off a stellar 2023 by being named Time Magazine's person of the year. The award goes to an event or person deemed to have had the most influence on global events over the past year.Already a superstar before 2023, her career has reached new heights thanks to the Eras tour -which sees the singer perform a career-spanning 45-song set every night. In Seattle, her concerts generated seismic activity equivalent to a 2.3 magnitude earthquake."It feels like the breakthrough moment of my career, happening at 33," she told Time. "And for the first time in my life, I was mentally tough enough to take what comes with that."Swift's imperial phase comes after a period where she was vilified for her positions on feminism - although her silence stemmed from nothing more sinister than a lack of confidence. After speaking out against Donald Trump and in favour of abortion rights, she hit a creative purple patch with the pandemic-era albums Folklore and Evermore.Time editor-in-chief Sam Jacobs said the US pop icon was "the rare person who is both the writer and hero of her own story", adding that Swift had "found a way to transcend borders and be a source of light".【词汇过关】请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。
Edward Taylor
Edward Taylor (1642-1729)Huswifery(undated)Make me, O Lord, thy Spining Wheele compleate.Thy Holy Worde my Distaff make for mee. Make mine Affections thy Swift Flyers neate And make my Soule thy Holy Spoole to bee.My Conversation make to be thy ReeleAnd reele the yarn thereon spun of thy Wheele. Make me thy Loome then, knit therein this Twine:And make thy Holy Spirit, Lord, winde quills: Then weave the Web thyself. The yarn is fine. Thine Ordinances make my Fulling Mills.Then dy the same in Heavenly Colours Choice, All pinkt with Varnisht Flowers of Paradise. Then cloath therewith mine Understanding, Will, Affections, Judgment, Conscience, Memory,My Words, and Actions, that their shine may fill My Wayes with glory and thee glorify.Then mine apparell shall display before yee That I am Cloathd in Holy robes for glory.Huswifery – housewifery yee – you Spining – spinning thine - your Wheele – wheelCompleate – completeMee - meNeate – neatSpoole - spoolReele - reelLoome – loomWinde – windDy – dyePinkt – pinkedVarnisht – varnishedCloath – clothWayes – waysCloathd – clothed2] Distaff: “A cleft staff about 3 feet long, on which … wool or flax was wound. It was held under the left arm, and the fibres of the material were drawn from it through the fingers of the left hand, and twisted spirally by the forefinger and thumb of the right, with the aid of the suspended spindle, round which the thread, as it was twisted or spun, was wound” (OED “distaff” 1).3] Flyers: later in machine spinning, the flyer twisted the thread as it led it to the bobbin and wound it therein (OED “flyer, flier” 3e).8] quills: stems on which yarn is wound.10] Fulling Mills: a mill where wooden hammers beat cloth and fuller’s earth (soap) cleans it Compleat, a. 有造诣的, 非常熟练的Distaff, n. 卷线棒；妇女做的活计Flyer, n. 飞轮Spool, n. 线轴,缠线用的框 v. 缠绕在线轴上Reel, n. 卷筒,线轴 v. 卷,绕 vi. 眩晕,蹒跚vt. 卷Yarn, n. 纱Spun, v. 旋转Loom, n. 织布机Twine, n. 线 v. 缠绕,捻Quill, n. 羽茎,大翎毛,鹅毛笔Ordinance, n. 法令,条例Varnish, n. 油漆,掩饰,光泽面 v. 粉饰,涂油漆于Apparell, v. 给穿, 使装饰Upon a Spider Catching a FlyThou sorrow, venom elf.Is this thy play,To spin a web out of thyselfTo catch a fly?For why?I saw a pettish waspFall foul therein,Whom yet thy whorl pins did not claspLest he should flingHis sting.But as afraid, remoteDidst stand hereatAnd with thy little fingers strokeAnd gently tapHis back.Thus gently him didst treatLest he should pet,And in a froppish waspish heatShould greatly fretThy net.Whereas the silly fly,Caught by its leg,Thou by the throat took'st hastilyAnd 'hind the headBite dead.This goes to pot, that notNature doth call.Strive not above what strength hath gotLest in the brawlThou fall.This fray seems thus to us:Hell's spider getsHis entrails spun to whipcords' thus,And wove to netsAnd sets,To tangle Adam's raceIn's stratagemsTo their destructions, spoiled, made baseBy venom things,Damned sins.But mighty, gracious Lord,CommunicateThy grace to break the cord; affordUs glory's gateAnd state.We'll Nightingale sing like,When perched on highIn glory's cage, Thy glory, bright,And thankfully,For joy.Taylor was a 17th century Puritan minister who left England to find religious freedom in America. He differed with most other Puritans in that his writings, including his poetry, often depicted God as loving and forgiving rather than punishing and wrathful. The poem is symbolic. The "silly fly" is the sinner; the spider ("Hell's spider") is, of course, Satan; the wasp is the "saved" person who has the strength to escape the web. A few archaic words: "whorl" (or "whorle") in line 8 = a flywheel, in this case, the spider's legs. "Pet" = take offense.The poem is an understanding of natural world. The spider sits and waits for sinners. It attacks. It is Satan. The fly is the sinner. It is weak in the faith. The wasp is strong in the faith. The spider is afraid of it but acting like it is not. The wasp can always veer off. The spider tries to calm the wasp. He knows he can break away. Longer in there, more web can subdue it. Don't see it is dangerous till too late. Sins=some look ok/disguised. Can become negative with excess. Adam's race...wants to deceive and spoil God's creature. Nightingaile (Free, loose) Thankful for God's grace..Like other Puritanical writers of his generation, Edward Taylor looked to nature and utilized it as an example of a belief system that he had already deemed factual. The use Ramist logic here may seem irrational to many. The very essence of logic commands that we must first look toward nature and then draw conclusions from it. In his work, "Upon a Spider Catching a Fly", Taylor applies his doctrine in advance by using the interaction between an arachnid and a certain contrasting insect as an example of the Calvinist theory of predestination; the belief that one's fate cannot be influenced by one's works or earthly deeds. It is also part of his belief system, however, that a person's prosperity on the earthly plain could be a testament that that individual is already a member of 'the elect'. Taylor interprets a natural situation with a personal hermeneutics with which he selectively reads situations that serve to enforce his beliefs.。
【全面版】泰勒斯威夫特英文详细介绍PPT文档
When asked whether "infidelity" was a major non-negotiable, the blond beauty answered with a defiant"Yes!"
Taylor has shown the power of good songwriting with 此前领跑提名名单的小美女泰勒·斯威夫特成为最大赢家，她一人独揽8项大奖，其中还包括最佳艺人这一最为重量级的奖项。
• When she was 12 years old, she devoted an entire summer to writing a 350-page novel, which remains unpublished.
Taylor has come a long way in five years 音乐小天后泰勒•斯威夫特的完美蜕变
TAYLOR SWIFT
panhonghong
• Taylor Swift was born and raised as the first child and only daughter of her family
• At the age of 10, Taylor began writing songs and singing them at contests, festivals, and fairs around her hometown.
•When Taylor Swift first came to public notice she was a 17-year-old newcomer who loved singing to her own guitar. She was far more enthusiastic than accomplished, but had an undeniable spark.
新通用大学英语综合教程第三册听力原文unit3
新通用大学英语综合教程第三册听力原文Unit 3Lesson 1Part 1 Meeting on the StreetSue: You look like you’re in a hurry!Kim: I am. I’ve got to get 50 color copies made I hope they can do a rush job.Sue: They must get requests like that all the time.Kim: I sure hope so. B ut that’s not all.Sue: What elseKim: Then I’ve got to get it all air expressed so it arrives in Singapore first thing Monday morning.Sue: I won’t keep you then. Actually, I’m in a bit of a hurry myself. I need to have the tailor putnew buttons on this jacket.Kim: OK. I’ll call you tonight.Sue: Great.Part 2 Items and ServicesConversation 1M1: Can you recommend a good dry-cleaner I want to get my shirts done and I don’tlike the place I’m for a good tailor. My new pants are too short.F2: You should take them to mine. I’m sure you could get them lengthened there. Conversation 3M: I wonder if you could help me with something. My camera isn’t working right. Do you know a goodplace for repairsF: You can try Hoyt Camera. People say they’re very good.Conversation 4M: That’s a terrific painting. Where’d you get itF: Oh, we bought that on our trip to New Zealand.M: Really! You should get it framed.F: I’d like to. Got any suggestions where to get that doneM: I’ll ask around.Part 3 Where to Get the ServicesJulia: Hi, I’m your new neighbor. I just moved into apartment number twelve. I’m Julia Frost.Mark: I’m Mark Fines. Welcome to the neighborhood. Let me know if you need anything. Julia: Actually, can you recommend a housecleaning service I’d like to get the apartment cleanedbefore I unpack.Mark: Sure. Almost everyone in the building uses Maid to Clean. They’re very honest. Julia: Great. And what about a copy service I have to get some things copied before Monday.Mark: Go to Edison’s. It’s just down the street. They’re really fast.Julia: Edison’s for coping. And can you tell me where you get your car repairedMark: I always go to Tony’s Auto Repair. They’re not very efficient, but they’re extremely helpful.They’re around the corner.Julia: And just one more question. Can you recommend a tailorMark: Sure. Sew Good is great for tailoring. Their work is excellent, and they’re very reasonable.They’re across the street.Julia: Thanks so much for your help. I appreciate it.Mark: No problem. See you around!Part 4 Having Things DonePassage 1 Paoding Carves up a CowOne time, a butcher named Paoding was commissioned to butcher a cow for King Hui. As he worked,his movements were graceful and faultless. The sound of the knife between the bones was like a whisper inthe night. When Paoding was finished, the cow didn’t even know it was dead. The king said, “Your skill isamazing”. Paoding said, “It was nothing really. When I butcher a cow, it’s notskill that I use, it is the Dao.When I first took up th e butcher’s trade, what I saw was the whole cow. But after I had been at it for a fewyears and butchered a good number of cows, what I saw was no longer the whole cow, but just its skeletalstructure. Ever since then, I stopped using my eyes and used my mind instead, tointuit my way around thecow. The good cook changes knives every year, because he merely chops but doesn’t hack. Because I neitherhack nor chop, I have used this same knife for 19 years, and it’s still like new. My knife glides in and outbetween the bone joints, moving as it pleases; so, the cow suffers no pain and in the end, doesn’t even knowit is dead.” The king was enlightened. He understood the good way of living one’s life. The complexities oflife are like the skeletal structure of the cow, and those who don’t understand how to approach them end uprunning around in circles, wasting all their energy.Passage 2 The Beginning of StampsRowland Hill, a schoolmaster in England, was the first to put forward a proposal to use stamps. Hethought it would be much easier for people to use stamps to cover postage. They could go to the nearby postoffice to buy stamps and put them on envelops before they sent the letters. The post office could simply putseals on the stamps so that people could not use the stamps again. In this way, the post office did not needto send postmen to collect postage. It only needed to send postmen to deliver letters. That was a good ideaand the government finally accepted it.Passage 3 “Dry” CleaningDespite its name, dry cleaning is actually not a dry process. Clothes are washed in liquid chemicals, butwithout water, and that is why the process became known as dry cleaning. But who came up with this idea,and how did it happenThe invention of dry cleaning was an accident. In 1855, a Frenchman named Jean Baptiste Jolly made adiscovery: a lamp filled with kerosene fell on a greasy cloth in his home. Kerosene is a type of oil that burnswell. When the kerosene dried, the cloth was cleaner where the liquid had been.Based on this discovery, people began to use chemicals to clean clothes. But most of these chemicals,such as kerosene and gasoline, could easily catch on fire, so dry cleaning was very dangerous.In the 1930s, people started to use a new chemical called perchloroethylene, or perc for short. This chemicaldidn’t catch on fire easily, so it was much safer than the earlier ones. It is still used today by most drycleaners.Lesson 2Part 1 Find a Good Courier ServiceSteve: Hey, Maya, can you recommend a courier service I need to send this package. Maya: Sure, Steve. Why don’t you have Pack Express take care of itSteve: Do you think that they can get it to Lima overnightMaya: They must be able to. They have service all over South America. They’re really reliable.Steve: I should have asked you for a recommendation earlier! Last week I used Aero Fast, but theywere expensive and not very efficient.Part 2 It is Urgent.Anna: Hello. Can I help youGreg: I hope so. This photo is too small. Can you enlarge itAnna: Absolutely.Greg: I need this done right away. Do you have express serviceAnna: Sure. When do you need itGreg: Well, can you do it in an hour It’s urgent.Anna: Let me see…is 4:30 OKGreg: It is great. Thanks. I really appreciate it.Part 3 News and IntroductionPassage 1 Book of the MonthHome and Family magazine talked to Pamela Darby, author of the new book Time Management. Here’ssome of the advice that she gives:Making time for special treatments and things you enjoy is important. You make time for a lot of thingsthat you don’t enjoy, like work and housecleaning. Choose something that you really like to have done,make an appointment, and go. You could get your nails done or have someone massage your back. Theimportant thing is to choose something that you enjoy having done.Accept offers of help. People are so used to doing things on their own, that they don’t think aboutletting people help them. If someone asks, “How can I help” tell them what you need done! For example,if you’re planning a class party for one of your children, get some of the other parents to bring food. Whensomeone offers to watch the kids, let them do it.But, you don’t have to wait for people to offer to help. Assign responsibilities to other family members.Have your spouse drop off the dry cleaning on the way to work. Get your kids to help around the house.Even young children can be responsible for certain tasks, such as putting away their toys or setting the table.Passage 2 The Beginnings of Mass ProductionUntil the early twentieth century, the normal method of manufacturing was that one person produceda whole item. This system was transformed by Frederick W. Taylor, an American engineer who developedthe theory of scientific management. His aim was to make factory work as fast and efficient as possible: increasing workers’ productivity in this way would mean that large quantities of goods could bemanufactured cheaply.Taylor recommended that the manufacturing process should be broken down into tasks, and that workersshould specialize in particular tasks, instead of making the whole item. Through this division of labor, eachworker would become very good at certain activities. Henry Ford, the American car manufacturer, was thefirst industrialist to base product ion on Taylor’s ideas. Although this approachkeeps production costs to aminimum, it has been blamed for making factory work boring.Passage 3 Lost LuggageApproximately one airline passenger in every thousand arrives at their destination to find that some orall of their baggage has not arrived with them. For many passengers this means a waitof hours or days,with all the associated inconvenience, whilst the missing item is being located and forwarded. Others, lessfortunate still, have to resign themselves to the fact that their bags are actuallylost and, as the days turn intoweeks, face the fact that they are unlikely ever to see them again.To prevent loss, or at least assist recovery, passengers are urged to make sure that identification tags aresecure and up-to-date, an itinerary with addresses is enclosed and that bags are distinguishable from othersof the same make. Airlines recommend the use of colored tape or large elasticatedstraps made specificallyfor this purpose.Lost or delayed luggage actually costs the world’s airlines over £ 6 billion per year. They get some ofthis back, however, by selling off those lost items which are never claimed by their rightful owners. Aftermonths of intensive tracking, airlines send hopelessly lost luggage to companies which sort the contentsand then put them on sale at bargain prices. At one such company in Alabama, the leftovers of flying are laidout in a vast store, which has itself now become an attraction for tourists from all over the world. Whoknows, they may even come across some of their own stuff.。
Taylor Swift泰勒 斯威夫特PPT课件
If we loved again I swear I’d love you right 不过若我们再次相爱，我发誓我将好好爱 你
I’d go back in time and change it but I can’t 我回到那个时刻改变一切，但Hale Waihona Puke 终究不能19 year-old
The song Back to December moved lots of
people,as well as me.The song is an apologize to her former boyfriend Taylor Lautner.（泰 勒·洛特纳）
I miss your tan skin, your sweet smile, so good to me, so right 我怀念你褐色的皮肤，温暖的微笑，对我 来说是那么的好，那么合适
was looking through an English website,I was listen this song.It was her real first song.The song tells the story of a girl who was an American West high school on a summer vacation fell in love with a boy.It was a beautiful but short-lived romance. The boy said, her eyes are brighter than the stars. They danced at night by the lake. Two people all like a country singer Tim McGraw.Lyrics sing
非裔美籍作家
小说揉合了realism现实主义和surrealism超现实主义的风格， 运用satire讽刺、irony反语和analogy比喻，追溯了一位无名 黑人的“隐形”历史，因为他觉得自己在美国社会缺少个 人认同感。主人公的经历不仅象征着埃利森的黑人同胞们 的困境，也代表着所有人都在无法理解的现代社会中在寻 找自我。 《影子与行动》（Shadow and Act）（1964年）和《步入 文学界》（Going to the Territory）（1986年）是两卷文集。 1999年，《六月庆典》（Juneteenth）出版，这是埃利森生 前耗费42年完成的一份文稿。
小说《隐形人》（Invisible Man）（1952年）赢得广泛的 好评。
注：其花费七年多（有的认为长达八年）时间精心创作的第一部长篇小说、也是其在 世期间问世的唯一一部长篇小说《看不见的人》（又名《隐形人》）于1952年出版后， 便立即在美国文学界和美国社会引起了巨大反响，在1953年相继获得美国国家图书奖 和普利策奖，1965年又被评为美国二战以来最重要、最有影响的小说，从而一举奠定 了他在美国文学史上的地位。直到今天，这部小说仍被列为世界文坛的“现代经典作 品”。他本人也因此获得了美国自由勋章等荣誉，并被接纳为美国科学院院士。这部
拉尔夫〃埃利森以美国现代作家的身份出现在世界文坛,文学界普遍认为,其 《无形人》的问世标志着黑人文学脱离现实主义和自然主义文风,迈入了现代文学 的殿堂,但值得注意的是,拉尔夫〃埃利森对美国非裔文学的里程碑式贡献还远不 在此。 拉尔夫〃埃利森是美国二十世纪五十年代以来最重要的黑人文学作家,同时 是一个卓有成效的美国文学评论家,还是20世纪美国文化研究的重要开拓者之一。 他对美国黑人文学和美国文学作出了里程碑式的贡献,在整个美国非裔文学创作及 文学理论的发展演变过程中起到了承前启后的作用。
泰勒科学管理原理(英文版)
The Principles of Scientific Management(1911)by Frederick Winslow Taylor, M.E., Sc.D.IntroductionChapter I: Fundamentals of Scientific ManagementChapter II: The Principles of Scientific ManagementINTRODUCTIONPresident Roosevelt, in his address to the Governors at the White House, prophetically remarked that "The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency."The whole country at once recognized the importance of conserving our material resources and a large movement has been started which will be effective in accomplishing this object. As yet, however, we have but vaguely appreciated the importance of "the larger question of increasing our national efficiency."We can see our forests vanishing, our water-powers going to waste, our soil being carried by floods into the sea; and the end of our coal and our iron is in sight. But our larger wastes of human effort, which go on every day through such of our acts as are blundering, ill-directed, or inefficient, and which Mr Roosevelt refers to as a lack of "national efficiency," are less visible, less tangible, and are but vaguely appreciated.We can see and feel the waste of material things. Awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men, however, leave nothing visible or tangible behind them. Their appreciation calls for an act of memory, an effort of the imagination. And for this reason, even though our daily loss from this source is greater than from our waste of material things, the one has stirred us deeply, while the other has moved us but little.As yet there has been no public agitation for "greater national efficiency," no meetings have been called to consider how this is to be brought about. And still there are signs that the need for greater efficiency is widely felt.The search for better, for more competent men, from the presidents of our great companies down to our household servants, was never more vigorous than it is now. And more than ever before is the demand for competent men in excess of the supply.What we are all looking for, however, is the ready-made, competent man; the man whom some one else has trained. It is only when we fully realize that our duty, as well as our opportunity, lies in systematically cooperating to train and to make this competent man, instead of in hunting for a man whom some one else has trained, that we shall be on the road to national efficiency.In the past the prevailing idea has been well expressed in the saying that "Captains of industry are born, not made" and the theory has been that if one could get the right man, methods could be safely left to him. In the future it will be appreciated that our leaders must be trained right as well as born right, and that no great man can (with the old system of personal management) hope to compete with a number of ordinary men who have been properly organized so as efficiently to cooperate.In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first. This in no sense, however, implies that great men are not needed. On the contrary, the first object of any good system must be that of developing first-class men; and under systematic management the best man rises to the top more certainly and more rapidly than ever before.This paper has been written:First. To point out, through a series of simple illustrations, the great loss which the whole country is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily acts.Second. To try to convince the reader that the remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic management, rather than in searching for some unusual or extraordinary man.Third. To prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules, and principles, as a foundation. And further to show that the fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations, which call for the most elaborate cooperation. And, briefly, through a series of illustrations, to convince the reader that whenever these principles are correctly applied, results must follow which are truly astounding.This paper was originally prepared for presentation to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The illustrations chosen are such as, it is believed, will especially appeal to engineers and to managers of industrial and manufacturingestablishments, and also quite as much to all of the men who are working in these establishments. It is hoped, however, that it will be clear to other readers that the same principles can be applied with equal force to all social activities: to the management of our homes; the management of our farms; the management of the business of our tradesmen, large and small; of our churches, our philanthropic institutions, our universities, and our governmental departments.CHAPTER I: FUNDAMENTALS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTTHE principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee.The words "maximum prosperity" are used, in their broad sense, to mean not only large dividends for the company or owner, but the development of every branch of the business to its highest state of excellence, so that the prosperity may be permanent.In the same way maximum prosperity for each employee means not only higher wages than are usually received by men of his class, but, of more importance still, it also means the development of each man to his state of maximum efficiency, so that he may be able to do, generally speaking, the highest grade of work for which his natural abilities fit him, and it further means giving him, when possible, this class of work to do.It would seem to be so self-evident that maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with maximum prosperity for the employee, ought to be the two leading objects of management, that even to state this fact should be unnecessary. And yet there is no question that, throughout the industrial world, a large part of the organization of employers, as well as employees, is for war rather than for peace, and that perhaps the majority on either side do not believe that it is possible so to arrange their mutual relations that their interests become identical.The majority of these men believe that the fundamental interests of employees and employers are necessarily antagonistic Scientific management, on the contrary, has for its very foundation the firm conviction that the true interests of the two are one and the same; that prosperity for the employer cannot exist through a long term of years unless it is accompanied by prosperity for the employee, and vice versa; and that it is possible to give the workman what he most wants high wages and the employer what he wants a low labor cost -- for his manufactures.It is hoped that some at least of those who do not sympathize with each of these objects may be led to modify their views; that some employers, whose attitudetoward their workmen has been that of trying to get the largest amount of work out of them for the smallest possible wages, may be led to see that a more liberal policy toward their men will pay them better; and that some of those workmen who begrudge a fair and even a large profit to their employers, and who feel that all of the fruits of their labor should belong to them, and that those for whom they work and the capital invested in the business are entitled to little or nothing, may be led to modify these views.No one can be found who will deny that in the case of any single individual the greatest prosperity can exist only when that individual has reached his highest state of efficiency; that is, when he is turning out his largest daily output.The truth of this fact is also perfectly clear in the case of two men working together. To illustrate: if you and your workman have become so skilful that you and he together are making two pairs of shoes in a day, while your competitor and his workman are making only one pair, it is clear that after selling your two pairs of shoes you can pay your workman much higher wages than your competitor who produces only one pair of shoes is able to pay his man, and that there will still be enough money left over for you to have a larger profit than your competitor.In the case of a more complicated manufacturing establishment, it should also be perfectly clear that the greatest permanent prosperity for the workman, coupled with the greatest prosperity for the employer, can be brought about only when the work of the establishment is done with the smallest combined expenditure of human effort, plus nature's resources, plus the cost for the use of capital in the shape of machines, buildings, etc. Or, to state the same thing in a different way: that the greatest prosperity can exist only as the result of the greatest possible productivity of the men and machines of the establishment that is, when each man and each machine are turning out the largest possible output; because unless your men and your machines are daily turning out more work than others around you, it is clear that competition will prevent your paying higher wages to your workmen than are paid to those of your competitor. And what is true as to the possibility of paying high wages in the case of two companies competing close beside one another is also true as to whole districts of the country and even as to nations which are in competition. In a word, that maximum prosperity can exist only as the result of maximum productivity. Later in this paper illustrations will be given of several companies which are earning large dividends and at the same time paying from 30 per cent to 100 per cent higher wages to their men than are paid to similar men immediately around them, and with whose employers they are in competition. These illustrations will cover different types of work, from the most elementary to the most complicated.If the above reasoning is correct, it follows that the most important object of both the workmen and the management should be the training and development of each individual in the establishment, so that he can do (at his fastest pace andwith the maximum of efficiency) the highest class of work for which his natural abilities fit him.These principles appear to be so self-evident that many men may think it almost childish to state them. Let us, however, turn to the facts, as they actually exist in this country and in England. The English and American peoples are the greatest sportsmen in the world. Whenever an American workman plays baseball, or an English workman plays cricket, it is safe to say that he strains every nerve to secure victory for his side. He does his very best to make the largest possible number of runs. The universal sentiment is so strong that any man who fails to give out all there is in him in sport is branded as a "quitter," and treated with contempt by those who are around him.When the same workman returns to work on the following day, instead of using every effort to turn out the largest possible amount of work, in a majority of the cases this man deliberately plans to do as little as he safely can -- to turn out far less work than he is well able to do -- in many instances to do not more than one-third to one-half of a proper day's work. And in fact if he were to do his best to turn out his largest possible day's work, he would be abused by his fellow-workers for so doing, even more than if he had proved himself a "quitter" in sport. Under working, that is, deliberately working slowly so as to avoid doing a full day's work, "soldiering," as it is called in this country, "hanging it out," as it is called in England, "ca' cannie," as it is called in Scotland, is almost universal in industrial establishments, and prevails also to a large extent in the building trades; and the writer asserts without fear of contradiction that this constitutes the greatest evil with which the working-people of both England and America are now afflicted.It will be shown later in this paper that doing away with slow working and "soldiering" in all its forms and so arranging the relations between employer and employee that each workman will work to his very best advantage and at his best speed, accompanied by the intimate cooperation with the management and the help (which the workman should receive) from the management, would result on the average in nearly doubling the output of each man and each machine. What other reforms, among those which are being discussed by these two nations, could do as much toward promoting prosperity, toward the diminution of poverty, and the alleviation of suffering? America and England have been recently agitated over such subjects as the tariff, the control of the large corporations on the one hand, and of hereditary power on the other hand, and over various more or less socialistic proposals for taxation, etc. On these subjects both peoples have been profoundly stirred, and yet hardly a voice has been raised to call attention to this vastly greater and more important subject of "soldiering," which directly and powerfully affects the wages, the prosperity, and the life of almost every working-man, and also quite as much the prosperity of every industrial establishment in the nation.The elimination of "soldiering" and of the several causes of slow working would so lower the cost of production that both our home and foreign markets would be greatly enlarged, and we could compete on more than e en terms with our rivals. It would remove one of the fundamental causes for dull times, for lack of employment, and for poverty, and therefore would have a more permanent and far-reaching effect upon these misfortunes than any of the curative remedies that are now being used to soften their consequences. It would insure higher wages and make shorter working hours and better working and home conditions possible.Why is it, then, in the face of the self-evident fact that maximum prosperity can exist only as the result of the determined effort of each workman to turn out each day his largest possible day's work, that the great majority of our men are deliberately doing just the opposite, and that even when the men have the best of intentions their work is in most cases far from efficient?There are three causes for this condition, which may be briefly summarized as:First. The fallacy, which has from time immemorial been almost universal among workmen, that a material increase in the output of each man or each machine in the trade would result in the end in throwing a large number of men out of work.Second. The defective systems of management which are in common use, and which make it necessary for each workman to soldier, or work slowly, in order that he may protect his own best interests.Third. The inefficient rule-of-thumb methods, which are still almost universal in all trades and in practising which our workmen waste a large part of their effort.This paper will attempt to show the enormous gains which would result from the substitution by our workmen of scientific for rule-of-thumb methods.To explain a little more fully these three causes:First. The great majority of workmen still believe that if they were to work at their best speed they would be doing a great injustice to the whole trade by throwing a lot of men out of work, and yet the history of the development of each trade shows that each improvement, whether it be the invention of a new machine or the introduction of a better method, which results in increasing the productive capacity of the men in the trade and cheapening the costs, instead of throwing men out of work make in the end work for more men.The cheapening of any article in common use almost immediately results in a largely increased demand for that article. Take the case of shoes, for instance. The introduction of machinery for doing every element of the work which was formerlydone by hand has resulted in making shoes at a fraction of their former labor cost, and in selling them so cheap that now almost every man, woman, and child in the working-classes buys one or two pairs of shoes per year, and wears shoes all the time, whereas formerly each workman bought perhaps one pair of shoes every five years, and went barefoot most of the time, wearing shoes only as a luxury or as a matter of the sternest necessity. In spite of the enormously increased output of shoes per workman, which has come with shoe machinery, the demand for shoes has so increased that there are relatively more men working in the shoe industry now than ever before.The workmen in almost every trade have before them an object lesson of this kind, and yet, because they are ignorant of the history of their own trade even, they still firmly believe, as their fathers did before them, that it is against their best interests for each man to turn out each day as much work as possible.Under this fallacious idea a large proportion of the workmen of both countries each day deliberately work slowly so as to curtail the output. Almost every labor union has made, or is contemplating making, rules which have for their object curtailing the output of their members, and those men who have the greatest influence with the working-people, the labor leaders as well as many people with philanthropic feelings who are helping them, are daily spreading this fallacy and at the same time telling them that they are overworked.A great deal has been and is being constantly said about "sweat-shop" work and conditions. The writer has great sympathy with those who are overworked, but on the whole a greater sympathy for those who are under paid. For every individual, however, who is overworked, there are a hundred who intentionally underwork -- greatly underwork -- every day of their lives, and who for this reason deliberately aid in establishing those conditions which in the end inevitably result in low wages. And yet hardly a single voice is being raised in an endeavor to correct this evil.As engineers and managers, we are more intimately acquainted with these facts than any other class in the community, and are therefore best fitted to lead in a movement to combat this fallacious idea by educating not only the workmen but the whole of the country as to the true facts. And yet we are practically doing nothing in this direction, and are leaving this field entirely in the hands of the labor agitators (many of whom are misinformed and mis-guided), and of sentimentalists who are ignorant as to actual working conditions.Second. As to the second cause for soldiering -- the relations which exist between employers and employees under almost all of the systems of management which are in common use -- it is impossible in a few words to make it clear to one not familiar with this problem why it is that the ignorance of employers as to theproper time in which work of various kinds should be done makes it for the interest of the workman to "soldier."The writer therefore quotes herewith from a paper read before The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. in June, 1903, entitled "Shop Management," which it is hoped will explain fully this cause for soldiering:"This loafing or soldiering proceeds from two causes. First, from the natural instinct and tendency of men to take it easy, which may be called natural soldiering. Second, from more intricate second thought and reasoning caused by their relations with other men, which may be called systematic soldiering."There is no question that the tendency of the average man (in all walks of life) is toward working at a slow, easy gait, and that it is only after a good deal of thought and observation on his part or as a result of example, conscience, or external pressure that he takes a more rapid pace."There are, of course, men of unusual energy, vitality, and ambition who naturally choose the fastest gait, who set up their own standards, and who work hard, even though it may be against their best interests. But these few uncommon men only serve by forming a contrast to emphasize the tendency of the average."This common tendency to 'take it easy' is greatly increased by bringing a number of men together on similar work and at a uniform standard rate of pay by the day."Under this plan the better men gradually but surely slow down their gait to that of the poorest and least efficient. When a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable. 'Why should I work hard when that lazy fellow gets the same pay that I do and does only half as much work?'"A careful time study of men working under these conditions will disclose facts which are ludicrous as well as pitiable."To illustrate: The writer has timed a naturally energetic workman who, while going and coming from work, would walk at a speed of from three to four miles per hour, and not infrequently trot home after a day's work. On arriving at his work he would immediately slow down to a speed of about one mile an hour. When, for example, wheeling a loaded wheelbarrow, he would go at a good fast pace even uphill in order to be as short a time as possible under load, and immediately on the return walk slow down to a mile an hour, improving every opportunity for delay short of actually sitting down. In order to be sure not to do more than his lazy neighbor, he would actually tire himself in his effort to go slow."These men were working under a foreman of good reputation and highly thought of by his employer, who, when his attention was called to this state of things, answered: 'Well, I can keep them from sitting down, but the devil can't make them get a move on while they are at work.'"The natural laziness of men is serious, but by far the greatest evil from which both workmen and employers are suffering is the systematic soldiering which is almost universal under all of the ordinary schemes of management and which results from a careful study on the part of the workmen of what will promote their best interests."The writer was much interested recently in hearing one small but experienced golf caddy boy of twelve explaining to a green caddy, who had shown special energy and interest, the necessity of going slow and lagging behind his man when he came up to the ball, showing him that since they were paid by the hour, the faster they went the less money they got, and finally telling him that if he went too fast the other boys would give him a licking."This represents a type of systematic soldiering which is not, however, very serious, since it is done with the knowledge of the employer, who can quite easily break it up if he wishes."The greater part of the systematic soldiering, however, is done by the men with the deliberate object of keeping their employers ignorant of how fast work can be done."So universal is soldiering for this purpose that hardly a competent workman can be found in a large establishment, whether he works by the day or on piece work, contract work, or under any of the ordinary systems, who does not devote a considerable part of his time to studying just how slow he can work and still convinc6 his employer that he is going at a good pace."The causes for this are, briefly, that practically all employers determine upon a maximum sum which they feel it is right for each of their classes of employees to earn per day, whether their men work by the day or piece."Each workman soon finds out about what this figure is for his particular case, and he also realizes that when his employer is convinced that a man is capable of doing more work than he has done, he will find sooner or later some way of compelling him to do it with little or no increase of pay."Employers derive their knowledge of how much of a given class of work can be done in a day from either their own experience, which has frequently grown hazy with age, from casual and unsystematic observation of their men, or at best from records which are kept, showing the quickest time in which each job has beendone. In many cases the employer will feel almost certain that a given job can be done faster than it has been, but he rarely cares to take the drastic measures necessary to force men to do it in the quickest time, unless he has an actual record proving conclusively how fast the work can be done."It evidently becomes for each man's interest, then, to see that no job is done faster than it has been in the past. The younger and less experienced men are taught this by their elders, and all possible persuasion and social pressure is brought to bear upon the greedy and selfish men to keep them from making new records which result in temporarily increasing their wages, while all those who come after them are made to work harder for the same old pay."Under the best day work of the ordinary type, when accurate records are kept of the amount of work done by each man and of his efficiency, and when each man's wages are raised as he improves, and those who fail to rise to a certain standard are discharged and a fresh supply of carefully selected men are given work in their places, both the natural loafing and systematic soldiering can be largely broken up. This can only be done, however, when the men are thoroughly convinced that there is no intention of establishing piece work even in the remote future, and it is next to impossible to make men believe this when the work is of such a nature that they believe piece work to be practicable. In most cases their fear of making a record which will be used as a basis for piece work will cause them to soldier as much as they dare."It is, however, under piece work that the art of systematic soldiering is thoroughly developed; after a workman has had the price per piece of the work he is doing lowered two or three times as a result of his having worked harder and increased his output, he is likely entirely to lose sight of his employer's side of the case and become imbued with a grim determination to have no more cuts if soldiering can prevent it. Unfortunately for the character of the workman, soldiering involves a deliberate attempt to mislead and deceive his employer, and thus upright and straightforward workmen are compelled to become more or less hypocritical. The employer is soon looked upon as an antagonist, if not an enemy, and the mutual confidence which should exist between a leader and his men, the enthusiasm, the feeling that they are all working for the same end and will share in the results is entirely lacking."The feeling of antagonism under the ordinary piece-work system becomes in many cases so marked on the part of the men that any proposition made by their employers, however reasonable, is looked upon with suspicion, and soldiering becomes such a fixed habit that men will frequently take pains to restrict the product of machines which they are running when even a large increase in output would involve no more work on their part."Third. As to the third cause for slow work, considerable space will later in this paper be devoted to illustrating the great gain, both to employers and employees, which results from the substitution of scientific for rule-of-thumb methods in even the smallest details of the work of every trade. The enormous saving of time and therefore increase in the output which it is possible to effect through eliminating unnecessary motions and substituting fast for slow and inefficient motions for the men working in any of our trades can be fully realized only after one has personally seen the improvement which results from a thorough motion and time study, made by a competent man.To explain briefly: owing to the fact that the workmen in all of our trades have been taught the details of their work by observation of those immediately around them, there are many different ways in common use for doing the same thing, perhaps forty, fifty, or a hundred ways of doing each act in each trade, and for the same reason there is a great variety in the implements used for each class of work. Now, among the various methods and implements used in each element of each trade there is always one method and one implement which is quicker and better than any of the rest. And this one best method and best implement can only be discovered or developed through a scientific study and analysis of all of the methods and implements in use, together with accurate, minute, motion and time study. This involves the gradual substitution of science for rule of thumb throughout the mechanic arts.This paper will show that the underlying philosophy of all of the old systems of management in common use makes it imperative that each workman shall be left with the final responsibility for doing his job practically as he thinks best, with comparatively little help and advice from the management. And it will also show that because of this isolation of workmen, it is in most cases impossible for the men working under these systems to do their work in accordance with the rules and laws of a science or art, even where one exists.The writer asserts as a general principle (and he proposes to give illustrations tending to prove the fact later in this paper) that in almost all of the mechanic arts the science which underlies each act of each workman is so great and amounts to so much that the workman who is best suited to actually doing the work is incapable of fully understanding this science, without the guidance and help of those who are working with him or over him, either through lack of education or through insufficient mental capacity. In order that the work may be done in accordance with scientific laws, it is necessary that there shall be a far more equal division of the responsibility between the management and the workmen than exists under any of the ordinary types of management. Those in the management whose duty it is to develop this science should also guide and help the workman in working under it, and should assume a much larger share of the responsibility for results than under usual conditions is assumed by the management.。
【精品】学点英文谚语了解西方文化
【关键字】精品学点英文谚语了解西方文化为了学好英语，特别是为了提高英语写作和翻译水平，了解和熟悉一些英文谚语和格言十分必要。
这些谚语源远流长，反映了前人在生活实践中所积累的经验和教训，既富有知识性和哲理性，又形象生动、通俗易懂。
由于谚语大多韵律和谐，读来朗朗上口，听来印象深刻，所以比较容易记忆。
如果再与我国相应的谚语和成语加以比较，就更易于人们全面掌握、正确使用。
我们将分几次陆续介绍一些常用的英文谚语，并提供必要的解释和例句，供读者学习、鉴赏。
(1)A fool at forty is a fool indeed.孔子云：四十而不惑。
又云：年四十而见恶焉，其终也已。
(The person who at the age of forty still evokes the dislikes of others is a hopeless case.) 西谚谈的也是这个意思，只不过换了一种说法：到了四十岁还不懂得生活的人，就真的是一个愚人。
正如另一句西谚所说，Life begins at forty. 由此看来，四十岁是不惑之年，是一个人领悟生活真谛的开始，在这一点上，无论是东方抑或是西方，都有着共鸣。
e.g. John never lived up to the expectations of his family. Twenty years after college, he hasaccomplished nothing. Which reminds us of the proverb, "A fool at forty is a fool indeed!"(2)Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.这句话很有意思，字面意思为：“ 住在玻璃房子里的人不应该向他人扔石块。
” 因为当别人以同样的方式回击时，他就会损失惨重。
泰勒斯威夫特英文介绍ppt
SLIDE SECTION
‘Before writing the first great song, I must write one hundred songs for not so good.’ She said, ‘There are going to be people along the way who will try to undercut your success or take credit for your accomplishments or your fame, but if you just focus on the work and you don't let those people sidetrack you, someday when you get where you are going, you look around and you will know that it was you and the people who love you who put you there, and that will be the greatest feeling in the world. Thank you for this moment.’
7
P-BROTHER PRESEBTATION
Questions ：
Where was Taylor born? In Pennsylvania. When did she release her first album? When she was 16. Is she a composer? Yes, she is. How many Grammy Awards did she win? 10. Did she give up? No, she didn't. What can we learn from Taylor?
享受读书的英语作文
享受读书的英语作文Title: The Joys of Reading。
In today's fast-paced world, finding solace in the pages of a good book is a timeless pleasure. Reading not only enriches our minds but also opens doors to new worlds and perspectives. As an avid reader myself, I can attest to the myriad joys that accompany the pursuit of literary exploration.First and foremost, reading is a form of escapism. Whether we immerse ourselves in the enchanting realms of fantasy or lose ourselves in the intricacies of a gripping mystery, books have the unparalleled ability to transport us to distant lands and alternate realities. In the midst of life's chaos, there's nothing quite like the feeling of slipping into the shoes of a compelling protagonist and embarking on an adventure of the mind.Moreover, reading fosters empathy and understanding.Through the diverse array of characters and situations encountered in literature, we gain insights into the human condition and develop a greater appreciation for the complexities of life. By empathizing with characters from different backgrounds and cultures, we broaden our perspectives and cultivate a deeper sense of compassion for others.Additionally, reading stimulates intellectual curiosity and promotes lifelong learning. With each page turned, we encounter new ideas, concepts, and experiences that challenge our preconceptions and expand our intellectual horizons. Whether delving into the realms of science, history, philosophy, or literature, the act of reading encourages a thirst for knowledge that knows no bounds.Furthermore, reading is a source of inspiration and creativity. Many great works of art, music, and innovation have been sparked by the seeds of ideas sown in the fertile soil of literature. From the timeless wisdom of Shakespeare to the visionary imagination of Jules Verne, the written word has the power to ignite the flames of creativity andfuel the fires of innovation.Beyond its cognitive and emotional benefits, reading also serves as a form of relaxation and stress relief. In a world where constant connectivity and information overload are the norm, the simple act of curling up with a good book offers a welcome respite from the pressures of modern life. The gentle rhythm of turning pages and the immersive nature of storytelling create a sense of calm and tranquility that soothes the soul.In conclusion, the joys of reading are manifold and enduring. From the thrill of discovery to the comfort of companionship, books enrich our lives in countless ways. As we embark on our literary journeys, let us savor each moment and embrace the transformative power of the written word. After all, in the words of Frederick Douglass, "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free."。
关于泰勒斯威夫特经济学的英语作文
关于泰勒斯威夫特经济学的英语作文Taylor Swift is not only a global music sensation but also a savvy businesswoman whose economic decisions have greatly impacted her success in the music industry. Despite facing numerous challenges and controversies throughout her career, Swift has managed to navigate the complex world of economics with grace and precision, establishing herself as a force to be reckoned with in both the music and business realms.One of the key aspects of Taylor Swift's economic strategy is her understanding of the importance of diversification. While many artists rely solely on album sales and touring revenue to sustain their careers, Swift has diversified her income streams by investing in various business ventures. From her successful partnership with clothing brand Keds to her lucrative endorsement deals with companies like Coca-Cola and Apple, Swift has managed to expand her financial portfolio and mitigate the risks associated with relying solely on music sales.In addition to diversification, Swift has also demonstrated a keen understanding of the power of branding and marketing in the music industry. From her carefully curated image as a relatable and down-to-earth artist to her strategic use of social media platforms to connect with her fans, Swift has mastered theart of building a strong brand that resonates with her audience. By leveraging her brand effectively, Swift has not only increased her visibility and reach but has also been able to command higher fees for endorsements and partnerships, further boosting her economic success.Furthermore, Swift has also displayed a shrewd understanding of the digital landscape and the importance of adapting to evolving technology trends in order to stay ahead of the curve. In an industry that has been heavily disrupted by streaming services and online piracy, Swift has been quick to adapt her business model to embrace these changes. By pulling her music from streaming platforms like Spotify and championing the importance of artists' rights to fair compensation, Swift has not only taken a stand for herself but has also sparked important conversations about the economic viability of the music industry in the digital age.Despite the many challenges that Taylor Swift has faced in her career, from public disputes with record labels to personal controversies that have threatened to derail her success, Swift has consistently demonstrated resilience and determination in the face of adversity. By leveraging her economic acumen, branding prowess, and adaptability to changing market trends,Swift has managed to not only weather the storm but emerge stronger and more successful than ever.In conclusion, Taylor Swift's economic success can be attributed to a combination of factors, including her strategic diversification of income streams, her strong branding and marketing skills, and her ability to adapt to the changing landscape of the music industry. By consistently making sound economic decisions and staying true to her values as an artist, Swift has established herself as a formidable force in the music business and a role model for aspiring entrepreneurs everywhere.。
关于霉霉的英语阅读
关于霉霉的英语阅读全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Taylor Swift, also known as "Tay Tay" or "T-Swizzle," is one of the biggest names in the music industry. With multiple Grammy awards, hit songs, and millions of fans around the world, she has truly made a name for herself.第二篇示例：霉霉（Taylor Swift），1989年12月13日出生于美国宾夕法尼亚州，是一位享誉全球的流行音乐歌手、词曲作者和演员。
霉霉凭借其才华横溢的音乐才华和独特的个人风格，成为了全球最受欢迎和最成功的歌手之一。
霉霉的音乐风格多变，包含流行、乡村、摇滚和电子音乐元素。
她的歌曲深情而真挚，描绘了丰富多彩的人生故事和情感。
她的歌词充满力量和智慧，深受广大歌迷的喜爱和追捧。
霉霉的音乐事业始于2006年，当时她发布了自己的首张专辑《霉霉》。
她的音乐风格深受观众喜爱，迅速在全球范围内赢得了大量粉丝。
之后，霉霉相继发布了多张备受好评的专辑，包括《Fearless》、《Speak Now》、《Red》和《1989》等。
这些专辑中的歌曲都被认为是霉霉创作的代表作品，展现了她的音乐才华和创作实力。
除了音乐事业，霉霉还活跃于荧幕之上。
她出演了多部电影和电视剧，展现出自己的多面才华。
她的表演风格细腻而生动，深受影迷的喜爱和认可。
除了事业上的成功，霉霉也以其慈善事业和公益活动著称。
她多次参与各种慈善活动，捐赠资金和物资，为那些需要帮助的人们提供援助和支持。
她的善举得到了社会各界的认可和赞赏。
总的来说，霉霉是一位备受尊重和爱戴的音乐天才和多面艺术家。
她的音乐和表演风格独树一帜，深受广大观众的喜爱和追捧。
弗雷德里克·W·泰勒
一个在死后被尊称为“科学管理之父”的人；一个影响了流水线生产方式产生的人；一个被工人称为野兽般残忍的人；一个与工会水火不容，被迫在国会上作证的人；一个被现代管理学者不断批判的人。
这个人就是泰勒，管理思想发展史中最重要，同时也是最富有争议的人。
弗雷德里克·W·泰勒 - 生平简历1856年，3月20日,弗雷德里克·w·泰勒(Frederick Winslow Taylor)出生于美国费城杰曼顿一个富有的律师家庭。
在接受中学教育后，进入埃克塞特市菲利普斯?埃克塞特专科学校学习。
1874年，考入哈佛大学法律系，不久，因眼疾辍学。
1875年，进入费城恩特普里斯水压工厂当模具工和机工学徒。
1878年，转入费城米德维尔钢铁公司(Midvale steel Works)工作。
从机械工人做起，历任车间管理员、小组长、工长、技师等职，他在该厂一直干到1897年。
1881年，泰勒开始在米德维尔钢铁厂进行劳动时间和工作方法的研究，为以后创建科学管理奠定了基础。
同年，在米德瓦尔开始进行著名的“金属切削试验”，经过两年初步试验之后，给工人制定了一套工作量标准米德瓦尔的试验是工时研究的开端。
1883年，通过业余学习，获得新泽西州霍肯博的史蒂文斯技术学院机械工程学位。
1884年，担任米德维尔钢铁公司的总工程师。
同年结婚。
1886年，加入美国机械工程师协会(The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)1890年，离开米德维尔，到费城一家造纸业投资公司任总经理。
1893年，辞去投资公司职务，独立从事工厂管理咨询工作。
此后，他在多家公司进行科学管理的实验。
在斯蒂尔公司，泰罗创立成本会计法。
在西蒙德滚轧机公司，泰罗改革了滚珠轴承的检验程序。
1895年，在美国机械工程师协会发表《计件工资制》。
1898年，在伯利恒钢铁公司大股东沃顿(Joseph Wharton)的鼓动下，以顾问身份进入伯利恒钢铁公司(Bethlehem Steel Company)，此后在伯利恒进行了著名的“搬运生铁块试验”和“铁锹试验”，搬运生铁块试验，是在这家公司的五座高炉的产品搬运班组大约75名工人中进行的。
泰勒斯威夫特-英文介绍PPT
《fearless》
《speak now》
NO.4 1. Mine 2. Sparks Fly 3. Back To December 4. Speak Now 5. Dear John 6. Mean 7. The Story Of Us 8. Never Grow Up 9. Enchanted 10. Better Than Revenge 11. Innocent 12. Haunted 13. Last Kiss 14. Long Live 15. Superman 16. If This Was A Movie
→Taylor Swift always tell me that you have to change yourself before you change anything.
→Taylor Swift always inspire me to work hard by her own experience .
Taylor Swir
Quick Introduction
• An American country music singer-songwriter • Singing playing a guitar songwriting at a very young age • Showing her talents at fairs • Moved from her home in Pennsylvania to Tennessee • Sign her first record deal with a new record label
Quick Introduction
• Her music sounds both county and pop • The first country singer ever to have two singles reach number one on the pop chart • Written or co-written every song on the album • Known around the world by her music
新通用大学英语综合教程第三册听力原文Unit 3
新通用大学英语综合教程第三册听力原文Unit 3Lesson 1Part 1 Meeting on the StreetSue: You look like you’re in a hurry!Kim: I am. I’ve got to get 50 color copies made a.s.a.p. I hope they can do a rush job.Sue: They must get requests like that all the time.Kim: I sure ho pe so. But that’s not all.Sue: What else?Kim: Then I’ve got to get it all air expressed so it arrives in Singapore first thing Monday morning.Sue: I won’t keep you then. Actually, I’m in a bit of a hurry myself. I need to have the tailor putnew buttons on this jacket.Kim: OK. I’ll call you tonight.Sue: Great.Part 2 Items and ServicesConversation 1M1: Can you recommend a good dry-cleaner? I want to get my shirts done and I don’t like the place I’m for a good tailor. My new pants are too short.F2: You should take them to mine. I’m sure you could get them lengthened there.Conversation 3M: I wonder if you could help me with something. My camera isn’t working right. Do you know a good place for repairs?F: You can try Hoyt Camera. People say they’re very good.Conversation 4M: That’s a terrific painting. Where’d you get it?F: Oh, we bought that on our trip to New Zealand.M: Really! You should get it framed.F: I’d like to. Got any suggestions where to get that done?M: I’ll ask around.Part 3 Where to Get the ServicesJulia: Hi, I’m your new neighbor. I just moved into apartment number twelve. I’m Julia Frost.Mark: I’m Mark Fines. Welcome to the neighborhood. Let me know if you need anything.Julia: Actually, can you recommend a housecleaning serv ice? I’d like to get the apartment cleanedbefore I unpack.Mark: Sure. Almost everyone in the building uses Maid to Clean. They’re very honest.Julia: Great. And what about a copy service? I have to get some things copied before Monday.Mark: Go to Edison’s. It’s just down the street. They’re really fast.Julia: Edison’s for coping. And can you tell me where you get your car repaired?Mark: I always go to Tony’s Auto Repair. They’re not very efficient, but they’re extremely helpful. They’re around the corn er.Julia: And just one more question. Can you recommend a tailor?Mark: Sure. Sew Good is great for tailoring. Their work is excellent, and they’re very reasonable.They’re across the street.Julia: Thanks so much for your help. I appreciate it.Mark: No problem. See you around!Part 4 Having Things DonePassage 1 Paoding Carves up a CowOne time, a butcher named Paoding was commissioned to butcher a cow for King Hui. As he worked,his movements were graceful and faultless. The sound of the knife between the bones was like a whisper in the night. When Paoding was finished, the cow didn’t even know it was dead. The king said, “Your skill is amazing”. Paoding said, “It was nothing really. When I butcher a cow, it’s not skill that I use, it is the Dao.When I first took up the butcher’s trade, what I saw was the whole cow. But after I had been at it for a few years and butchered a good number of cows, what I saw was no longer the whole cow, but just its skeletal structure. Ever since then, I stopped using my eyes and used my mind instead, to intuit my way around the cow. The good cook changes knives every year, because he merely chops but doesn’t hack. Because I neitherhack nor chop, I have used this same knife for 19 years, and it’s still like new. My knife g lides in and out between the bone joints, moving as it pleases; so, the cow suffers no pain and in the end, doesn’t even knowit is dead.” The king was enlightened. He understood the good way of living one’s life. The complexities of life are like the skel etal structure of the cow, and those who don’t understand how to approach them end up running around in circles, wasting all their energy.Passage 2 The Beginning of StampsRowland Hill, a schoolmaster in England, was the first to put forward a proposal to use stamps. He thought it would be much easier for people to use stamps to cover postage. They could go to the nearby postoffice to buy stamps and put them on envelops before they sent the letters. The post office could simply put seals on the stamps so that people could not use the stamps again. In this way, the post office did not need to send postmen to collect postage. It only needed to send postmen to deliver letters. That was a good idea and the government finally accepted it.Passage 3 “Dry” Clea ningDespite its name, dry cleaning is actually not a dry process. Clothes are washed in liquid chemicals, but without water, and that is why the process became known as dry cleaning. But who came up with this idea, and how did it happen?The invention of dry cleaning was an accident. In 1855, a Frenchman named Jean Baptiste Jolly made a discovery: a lamp filled with kerosene fell on a greasy cloth in his home. Kerosene is a type of oil that burnswell. When the kerosene dried, the cloth was cleaner where the liquid had been.Based on this discovery, people began to use chemicals to clean clothes. But most of these chemicals, such as kerosene and gasoline, could easily catch on fire, so dry cleaning was very dangerous.In the 1930s, people started to use a new chemical called perchloroethylene, or perc for short. This chemicaldidn’t catch on fire easily, so it was much safer than the earlier ones. It is still used today by most dry cleaners.Lesson 2Part 1 Find a Good Courier ServiceSteve: Hey, Maya, can you recommend a courier service? I need to send this package.Maya: Sure, Steve. Why don’t you have Pack Express take care of it?Steve: Do you think that they can get it to Lima overnight?Maya: They must be able to. They have service all over South Ameri ca. They’re really reliable.Steve: I should have asked you for a recommendation earlier! Last week I used Aero Fast, but theywere expensive and not very efficient.Part 2 It is Urgent.Anna: Hello. Can I help you?Greg: I hope so. This photo is too small. Can you enlarge it?Anna: Absolutely.Greg: I need this done right away. Do you have express service?Anna: Sure. When do you need it?Greg: Well, can you do it in an hour? It’s urgent.Anna: Let me see…is 4:30 OK?Greg: It is great. Thanks. I really appreciate it.Part 3 News and IntroductionPassage 1 Book of the MonthHome and Family magazine talked to Pamela Darby, author of the new book Time Management. Here’s some of the advice that she gives:Making time for special treatments and things you enjoy is important. You make time for a lot of things that you don’t enjoy, like work and housecleaning. Choose something that you really like to have done, make an appointment, and go. You could get your nails done or have someone massage your back. The important thing is to choose something that you enjoy having done.Accept offers of help. People are so used to doing things on their own, that they don’t think aboutletting people help them. If someone asks, “How can I help?” tell them what you need done! For example, if you’re planning a class party for one of your children, get some of the other parents to bring food. When someone offers to watch the kids, let them do it.But, you don’t have to wait for people to offer to help. Assign responsibilities to oth er family members. Have your spouse drop off the dry cleaning on the way to work. Get your kids to help around the house. Even young children can be responsible for certain tasks, such as putting away their toys or setting the table. Passage 2 The Beginnings of Mass ProductionUntil the early twentieth century, the normal method of manufacturing was that one person produceda whole item. This system was transformed by Frederick W. Taylor, an American engineer who developed the theory of scientific management. His aim was to make factory work as fast and efficient as possible: increasing workers’ productivity in this way would mean that large quantities of goods could be manufactured cheaply.Taylor recommended that the manufacturing process should be broken down into tasks, and that workers should specialize in particular tasks, instead of making the whole item. Through this division of labor, each worker would become very good at certain activities. Henry Ford, the American car manufacturer, was the first i ndustrialist to base production on Taylor’s ideas. Although this approach keeps production costs to a minimum, it has been blamed for making factory work boring.Passage 3 Lost LuggageApproximately one airline passenger in every thousand arrives at their destination to find that some orall of their baggage has not arrived with them. For many passengers this means a wait of hours or days, with all the associated inconvenience, whilst the missing item is being located and forwarded. Others, less fortunate still, have to resign themselves to the fact that their bags are actually lost and, as the days turn into weeks, face the fact that they are unlikely ever to see them again.To prevent loss, or at least assist recovery, passengers are urged to make sure that identification tags are secure and up-to-date, an itinerary with addresses is enclosed and that bags are distinguishable from others of the same make. Airlines recommend the use of colored tape or large elasticated straps made specifically for this purpose.Lost or delayed luggage actually costs the world’s airlines over £6 billion per year. They get some ofthis back, however, by selling off those lost items which are never claimed by their rightful owners. After months of intensive tracking, airlines send hopelessly lost luggage to companies which sort the contents and then put them on sale at bargain prices. At one such company in Alabama, the leftovers of flying are laidout in a vast store, which has itself now become an attraction for tourists from all over the world. Who knows, they may even come across some of their own stuff.。
介绍泰勒英语作文
介绍泰勒英语作文Introducing Taylor Swift: A Multifaceted Artist。
Taylor Swift, a globally renowned singer-songwriter,has established herself as a force to be reckoned with in the music industry. Her journey from a young country music star to a multi-genre artist has been nothing short of remarkable. With her powerful lyrics, captivating melodies, and unwavering authenticity, Taylor has won the hearts of millions worldwide.Born in Pennsylvania and raised in Nashville, Tennessee, Taylor's early exposure to music was inevitable. She began playing the guitar at a young age and soon started writing her own songs. Her debut single, "Tim McGraw," released in 2006, marked the beginning of her meteoric rise to fame.Her self-titled debut album solidified her position as a promising newcomer in the country music scene.However, Taylor was never content with being confinedto a single genre. Her subsequent albums, including "Fearless" and "Speak Now," explored a wider range of musical styles while maintaining her signature lyrical prowess. Her ability to connect with her audience through her personal stories and experiences has been a key factor in her enduring popularity.Taylor's music videos have also become iconic, often featuring elaborate sets and storylines that complement her songs perfectly. Her visual style is as distinctive as her musical style, and her videos have become must-watch events for her fans.Off the stage, Taylor is also known for her philanthropic efforts and activism. She has been involved。
组织结构,管理和变革
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE & MANAGEMENT
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH
1. The Principles of Scientific Management (Taylorism) Frederick F. Taylor (1911)
1.Develop a science for each element of a man’s work, which replaces the old “rule-of thumb” method. 2.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself as best he could. 3.Managers heartily cooperate with the men so as to insure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. 4.There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men.