lecture 4.文化与翻译
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(immature/inexperienced/ill) 白(反动、丧事)----white (pure/honorable) 黄(皇帝、色情)---yellow (cowardly/envious)
2. Culture in grammar system
Refer to linguistic differences discussed last
4.1 词义相符(semantic correspondence)
semantic correspondence:指称意义和蕴涵意义
相符;---翻译策略:直译 4.1.1 有些词语在没有特指语境的情况下,只具备 指称意义(denotation/referential meaning)。 山(mountain)、水(water)、湖泊(lake)、森林 (forest)、阳光(sunshine)、沙漠(desert)、苹果 (apple)、蔬菜(vegetable)、医生(doctor)、学校 (school)、工厂(factory)、教师(teacher)、历史博 物馆(history museum)、历史遗产(historical heritage)、温室效应(green-house effect)、环境 保护(environment protection)等。
5. “顺向思维(forward thinking) ” 与 “逆向思维 (converse /reverse thinking)”, eg: (书)向前翻 turn to page … 您(先)请! After you. 可是我们已说到故事的后面去了。 But we are getting ahead of the story. 前事不忘,后事之师。 Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. (Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide in the future./ Remember the
semester and last class. For example: The difference of thinking habits between British and Chinese brings about the syntactic differences, to be specific, that is, the difference between: Hypotaxis (形合) and parataxis (意合), subject-predicate structure and topic structure, active voice and passive voice , affirmative sentence and negative sentence , Initial(head) focus and final (end) focus
3. Culture in idiom
突出表现为概念相似(denotation)、语用意义
(connotation)不同 1.打草惊蛇----to beat about the bush 打草惊蛇: to alert the enemy by rush or accidental events before carrying out the planned attack; to beat about the bush: to approach a subject without coming to the point, try to say something indirectly(旁敲侧击,拐弯抹角). 2. 翻天覆地----to move heaven and earth 翻天覆地:epoch-making, earth-shaking To move heaven and earth: to do one’s utmost (千方百计)
from different angles. 涵盖面最广的是Edward Tylor 1871年在《原始文化》 一书中提出的:“所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、 信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会 成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一 种综合体。” “That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
II. Culture in language
1. 词汇中的文化(in lexical system)
2. 语法结构中的文化(in grammar)
3. 习语中的文化(in idiom)
4. 语用中的文化(in language use)
1. Culture in lexical system
4. Culture in language use
1. 老李(to show one’s respect)----old Li
(unpleasant ):(“老” 字在汉语文化 中具有独特的文化语用含义,与年龄没有 必然联系(老大,老板,老爷,老师,老 兄)
2. 不敢当,哪里哪里----thank you:(自
《东西方文明之根本差异》(李大钊)
“东西方文明有根本不同之点,即东洋文化主静,
西方文明主动是也。……一为自然的,一为人为的; 一为安息的,一为战争的;一为消极的,一为积极 的;一为依赖的,一为独立的;一为苟安的,一为 实进的;一为因袭的,一为创造的;一为保守的, 一为进步的;一为直觉的,一为理智的;一为空想 的,一为体验的;一为艺术的,一为科学的;一为 精神的,一为物质的;一为灵的,一为肉的;一为 向天的,一为立地的;一为自然支配的,一为人间 征服自然……”
4.1.3 Translation practice
1. to show one’s face, to
1. 露面 2. 丢脸 3. 碰壁 4.热心 5.祸不单行 6.趁热打铁 7.混水摸鱼 8.一只耳朵进, 一只耳朵出
show up 2. to lose face 3. run one’s head against a wall 4.kind/warm-hearted 5.misfortunes never come singly/alone 6.srike while the iron is hot 7.to fish in troubled waters 8.to go in at one ear and out at the other
汉英文化比较
Chinese-English Cultural Comparison
by Liu Jian from NBUT
I.
The relationship between Language and Culture
1.1 Defintion of culture:more than 300 types,
1.2 Classification of culture
1.2.1 Classification by ethnolinguistics 文化语言学的分类
1) 物质文化(material culture) 2) 制度文化(institutional culture) 3) 精神文化( mental culture):
1、概念意义的空缺(semantic zero/lexical
gap)
盘古、女娲、秀才、八股文、太极拳 etc.
2、相同词语在文化内涵上的差别(cultural
difference in vocabulary):
龙(高贵,威严,吉祥)---dragon (violent, evil) 红(喜庆)----red (violent) 绿(茂盛、喻娼家男子)----green
IV. Culture and translation
词义相符(semantic correspondence):指称意义
和蕴涵意义相符; 词义相异(semantic non-correspondence):指 称意义相符但蕴涵意义相异,或者指称意义与蕴 涵意义均相异; 词义空缺(semantic zero):汉语词语的指称意义 或蕴涵意义在英语中不存在,造成零指称意义或 零蕴涵意义。
3) Social Culture
1.3 The close relationship between language and culture (语言和文化密不可分)
Language and culture are interdependent and
inseparable. Language is the carrier of culture, and culture governs the language. They are interactive, and help each other progress and develop. 语言是文化的一部分(part of culture),文化又无时 无刻影响着语言. 语言是文化的载体(vehicle/carrier ),又是文化的 写照(reflection). 语言文字当中,处处都打有文化的烙印(language bear a marked brand of culture),语言活动过程 中,时时可觅见文化的踪迹(trails of culture)
4.1.2 有些词语既有指称意义,也有蕴涵意
义(connotation/figurative meaning)。汉 语和英语的指称意义和蕴涵意义均相同。 1. 他是只狡猾的狐狸。 He is an old fox. 2. 那本书的作者似乎没有自己的观点,书 中都是人云亦云、鹦鹉学舌的东西。 That book, whose author doesn't seem to have his own viewpoints, is full of parrot-learned /parrot-talk knowledge.
past and it will guide your future.)
登幽州台歌 (陈子昂)
前不见古人,
Looking back, I do not see
the ancients, 后不见来者。 Looking ahead, I can’t see 念天地之悠悠, the wise ones to come. Brooding on the endless 独怆然而涕下。 universe, Alone, in my sorrow, tears stream down.
(psychology culture心理文化和 idea culture观念文化)
1.2.2 Classification by Nida 奈达的分类
1) Ecology Culture 生态文化 2) Material Culture 物质文化
社会文化 4) Religious Culture 宗教文化 5) Linguistic Culture 语言文化
谦在汉语文化中ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ一种美德,与实际状况 无关)
III. Comparison of thinking mode between Chinese and English (refer to the textbook: P25-32)
1. 中国人注重伦理(ethics),英美人注重认知
(cognition)。 2. 中国人重整体(integrity)、偏重综合性 (synthetic)思维,英美人重个体(individuality)、 偏重分析性(analytic)思维。 3. 中国人重直觉(intuition),英美人重实证 (evidence)。 4. 中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking),英 美人重逻辑思维(logical thinking)。