西北师范大学2015年《3029配位化学》攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
XXX2011-2015年博士研究生入学考试试题(2350生物化学)
XXX2011-2015年博士研究生入学考试试题(2350生物化学)XXX2011-2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（2350生物化学）2015年名词解释：1.磷酸无糖途径是一种代谢途径，通过这种途径，生物体可以在没有氧气的情况下产生能量。
2.长链非编码RNA指的是一类RNA分子，它们不被翻译成蛋白质，但在细胞中发挥着重要的调控作用。
3.n是一种生物化学过程，通过这种过程，细胞可以将蛋白质标记为需要降解的垃圾蛋白质。
4.GWAS是基因组关联研究的缩写，是一种通过分析基因组中的单核苷酸多态性位点与表型之间的关系来寻找疾病相关基因的方法。
5.RNAi是RNA干扰的缩写，是一种通过RNA分子干扰靶向RNA的翻译或降解来调控基因表达的方法。
6.化学渗透学说是一种描述细胞膜渗透过程的理论，它认为渗透过程是由溶质浓度差异驱动的。
XXX：1.乳糖操纵子和色氨酸操纵子是一类转录因子，它们可以调控基因表达。
乳糖操纵子可以使得大肠杆菌在缺乏乳糖的条件下不进行乳糖代谢，而在存在乳糖的条件下进行乳糖代谢。
色氨酸操纵子则可以调控色氨酸的合成。
这些调控作用可以通过结构域的结合来实现。
2.蛋白质的结构与功能密切相关。
蛋白质的结构包括四级结构，其中一级结构是由氨基酸序列决定的，二级结构是由氢键和静电相互作用形成的α-螺旋和β-折叠，三级结构是由氨基酸侧链的相互作用形成的空间构型，四级结构则是由多个蛋白质分子的相互作用形成的超级复合物。
蛋白质的功能则是由它的结构决定的，不同的结构可以实现不同的功能。
3.信号转导途径异常与疾病发生有密切关系。
信号转导途径可以调控细胞的生长、分化、凋亡等生理过程，而信号转导途径的异常则可能导致疾病的发生。
例如，癌症的发生与信号转导途径的异常有关。
干扰手段可以通过调控信号转导途径来治疗疾病，例如，通过使用激酶抑制剂来治疗癌症。
2014年名词解释：1.RNA splicing是一种基因表达调控过程，它指的是在转录后的RNA分子上去除非编码区域，保留编码区域的过程。
西北师范大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
西北师范大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题博士研究生入学考试英语试题考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校Part L Listening Comprehension ( 25％)Section A: Spot DictationDirections: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will he read only once. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage, there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students (1)____the learning of English vocabulary. The results were urprising. I'll (2) ____three of them.firstly, most of the stcrdeaats think that (3) ____every word ill English has just one meaning. This is, of course:, completely (4) ____to the facts. A glance at any English dictionary will show this. The student will (5) ____find seven or eight meanings listed for (6) ____simple' words.Why, then, have these students made such a mistake:' One reason irnay be that they're .ill (7) ____. students. Scientists try to use words ill their special subject which have one meaning, and one meaning only. Another reason., of course,could be the way in Which these Student, Were They may have used vocabulary lists when they first learner English. (M one side of the page is the word in Iaaglish-, on the other sloe, a single \ti'ord in the (Q) native language.'l°he second attitude that (10) ____from the findings isequally mistaken. (11) ____all the students think that every word in English has an exact (12)____equivalent. Again, this is far from the trijth. Sometimes one word in Iinglish can only be translated by a (13) ____in the student's native languial c. "there are other (l4) ____ill translation which we won't mention here. (:ertainly the idea of a one word for one word translation (15) ____is completely false. Translation machines, which tried to work on this (16) ____failed completely.The third result'of the investigation showed another (17) ____in the students' thinking. They believe that as soon as they know the meaning of a word, they're in a (18) ____to use it correctly. This is untrue for any language but is perhaps particularly (19) ____for English. The student has to learn when to use a word as well as to know what it means. Some words in English mean almost the same but they can only be used in certain situations.What, then, is the best way to increase one's vocabulary? This can be answered in threewords-observation, (20) ____and repetition.Section B: Multiple ChoiceDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear S questions. The passage and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then write your choice on the Answer Slicet.21. A) It had no efFect on living cells. 13) It had effects on living cells. C) It had effects only on children.I)) It had effects only on adults.22. A) An increasing number of cancers in children.I3) A link between an electric current and the energy fold.C) A causal link between the power-line or device and the energy field.1)) A Small increased chance ofcancer in children living near electric power-line.23. A) 446. 13) 464. C ) 223. 1))234.24. A) Because he doesn't have enough evidence.R) Because other scientists have not studied his results yet.C.) Because he discovered nodirect link between disease and electricity.D) Because the link between cancer and electricity has not yet beenproved.25. A) Health and environment.B) Electric current and the energy field. C) Electricity and cancer.D) Electrical workers and cancer.Section C: Question and AnswerDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read only once. Then try to answer the following questions according to what you have heard. Remember you should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.26. Why aren't most new doctors interested in beginning work in a small town?27. Why do many small town doctors work long hours? 28. What is the growing problem in theUnited States? 29. How many new doctors did the National Health Service Corps produce in 1979?30. Whom did a hospital in Parkersprary offer a reward o€5,000 dollar to?Part 11[. Vocabulary (20%),Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.31. To qualify for such a position, the native would first have to receive specialized training, and thisis____A) refused B) discouragedC) denied D) forbidden32. The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her____A) whirl B) shiftC) shiver D) shake33. Presently, there are nine teachers in my team, who have____the task of teaching advanced English tomore than 500 non-English majors.A) inclined B) hesitatedC) afforded D) undertaken34. The press demands that politicians____the sources of their income.A) betray B) concealC) disclose D) renew35. Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a m with a strong____A) philosophy B) idealismC) morality D) personality36. One new____to learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context.A) approach B) solutionC) manner D) road37. To maintain public____is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen's responsibility.A) custom B) confidenceC) security D) simplicity38. All was dark in the district except for a candle____through th curtains in one of houses.A) glimmering B)glitteringC) flaming D) blazing39. One of the stands____and dozens of people were either killer or injured.A) destroyed B) collapsedC) corroded D) ruined40. "Me, afraid of him?" he said with a(n) ____smile, "Not me!"A) contemptible B) amusingC) contagious D) contemptuous41. He will simply no listen to anybody; he is____to argument.A) impervious B) imperceptibleC) impassable D) blunt42. Stop asking all these personal questions! It is bad manners to beA) inquisitive B) impatientC) acquisitive D) informative43. He____between life and death for a few days but then he pul:A) hovered B) lurchedC) wavered D) fluctuated44. We are prepared to satisfy all your____claimA} legitimate B) legibleC) intimate D) legislative45. There is not a Greek word which is the exact____of the English word ' stile'.A) equivalent B) copyC) counterpart D) meaning46. The prizes will be____at the end of the school year.A) distributed B) attributedC) granted D) contributed47. During our stay in Paris we were splendidly____by the Italian Ambassador.A) sustained B) maintainedC) retained D) entertained48. On leaving, we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality____to us and our friends.A) extended B) expandedC) expended D) awarded49. If the dispute is not settled in a(n) ____ way soon, the two countries will certainly go to war.A) amiable B) amicableC) inimical D) unfriendly50, If I may be so____as to advise you, my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.A) generous B) humbleC) proud D) bold51. If you take a(n) ____course like her you can learn English in less than two years.A) intensive B) extensiveC) expansive D) retentive52. After a year's hard work I think I am____to a long holiday. 10,A) entailed B) deservedC) entitled D) satisfied53. Thousands of people____from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A) emigrate B) leaveC) abandon D) immigrate54, lie was a member of the Hillary____that conquered Mount Everest.A) mission B) invasionC) experiment D) expedition55. It was my sad duty to____the news of John's death to his family.A) submit B) breakC) say D) proclaim56. He____himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam.A) discerned B) distinguishedC) discriminated D) extinguished57. She____his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A) inclined B) declinedC) denied D) disinclined58. He was____with attempted robbery and held in custody..A) accused B) prosecutedC) charged D) arrested59. What the witness said in court was not____with the statement he made to the police.A) prevalent B) relevantC) consistent D) coincident60. Molly has always beep a(n) ____child; she becomes ill easily.A) delicate B) gloomyC) energetic D) confident61. There are some very beautifully____glass windows in the church.A) designed B) drawnC) marked D) stained62. The man who never tries anything new is a(n) ____on the wheels of progress.A) obstacle B) brakeC) break D) block63. There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with____in all departments.A) decreases B) subtractionsC) reductions D) accounts64. Doctors have long known that if a patient is____that he will recover and is treated with sympathy, his painwill often disappear.A) assumed B) assuredC) informed D) proved65: Although most birds have only a____sense of smell, they have acute vision.A} genuine.B) negativeC) negligible D) condensed66. We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be____with either money or secret information.A）entrusted B) committedC)consigned D) assigned67. If you never review your lessons, you will only have yourself to____if you fail in your examination.A) complain B) blameC) mistake D) fault68. We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go,so the game looked completely____A) irresistible B) irremissibleC} irreplaceable D) irretrievable69. Had the explosion broken out, the passagers in the plane should have been killed, for it was____timedwith the plane's take-off.A) spontaneously B) instantaneouslyC} simultaneously D) conscientiously70. The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to____who hard fired first.A) encounter B) highlightC} testify D) identifyPart III. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 points)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate witheach other. He was standing a t the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like theword `More?'The astonished astronomer went -to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.`Oh, yes: That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o€ sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster ,and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a `language' in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words.A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions `Who loves Mary?' and `Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question `Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.71. The dolphin leapt into the air becauseA) Sagan had turned his backB) it was part of the game they were playingC) he wanted Sagan to scratch him againD) Sagan wanted him to do this72. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin haddone, the directorA) didn't seem to think it was unusualB) thought Sagan was jokingC) told Sagan about other words the dolphin knewD) asked him if he knew other words73. Dolphins' brains are particularly well-developed toA) help them to travel fast in waterB) arrange sounds in different structuresC) respond to different kinds of soundD) communicate with humans through sound74. The sounds we call words can be called a language only ifA) each sound has a different meaningB) each sound is different from the otherC) there is a system of writingD) they have a structure or grammar（2）Married people live "happily ever after" in fairy tales, but they do so less and less often in real life. 1, like many of my friends, got married, divorced, and remarried. I suppose, to some people, I'm a failure. After all, I broke my first solemn promise to "love and cherish until death us do part." But I feel that I'm finally a success. I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage. This time around, the ways my husband and I share our free time, make decisions, and deal with problems are very different.I learned, first of all, not to be a clinging vine (依赖男子的妇女) . In my first marriage, I felt the every moment we spent apart was wasted. If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game, I felt rejected and talked him into staying home. I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join anexercise class it' it meant that Ray would be home alone. I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together. In contrast, my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own. I have started playing racquetball at a health club, and Davidsometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends. When we are together, we aren't bored with each other; our separate interests make us more interesting people.I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions. When Ray and I were married, I left all the important decisions to him. He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it, and where to take a vacation. I know now that I went along with this so that I wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong. I could always end an argument by saying, "It was your fault!" With my second marriage, I am trying to be a full partner. We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree. If we make the wrong choice, we're equally guilty. When we rented an apartment, for example, we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the "no pets" clause in our lease.Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems. David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults. If we're mad at each other or worried and upset, we say how we feel. Rather than hide behind our own misery, we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it. Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis, but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times.I would lock myself in the spare bedroom. Ray would stalk out ofthe house, slam the door, and race off in the car. Then I would cry and worry till he returned.I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn.1 feel better now about being an independent person, about making decisions, and about facing problems. My second marriage isn't perfect, but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart.75. Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?A) Her former husband went out to watch football games.B) She started to play racquetball at a health club.C) They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.D) They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.76. It can be learned from the passage that the writer, in her first marriage,A) took less responsibility than she should for major decisionB) tool: the same responsibility as her husbandC) took more blame when things went wrongD) felt equally guilty when things went wrong77. Which of the following that the author should have said when she quarrelled with her former husband but she did not.A) "It was your fault!"B) "Maybe you're right."C) "It's none of your business."D) "It's none of my business."78. All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved becauseA) they hide their feelingsB) they lock themselves in their bedroomC) they have promised not to be mad at each otherD) they dare to face them79, The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways except A) that they share their free timeB) that they make their decisions togetherC) that they talk to each otherD) that they deal with their troubles together80. The best title for the passage isA) First MarriageB) Second MarriageC) DivorceD) Perfect Marriage（3）Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as "Help Wanted", "Real Estate," "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who, is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper.It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to apage of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of realestate advertising.81. Classified advertising is different to display advertising becauseA) all advertisements of a certain type are grouped togetherB) it is more distinguishedC) it is more expensiveD) nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size82. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement isA) house for saleB) people who are asking for helpC) people who are lostD) real antiques for sale83. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisements, according to thewriter?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.84. What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers?A) They used to be voluntary.B) They used to use display type.C) They were all the same size.D) They were more formal.85. Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance, according to the writer?A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C）Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongst advertisers. .（4）Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard. He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys. If he caught any of them in any petty thieving, he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters. Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews, moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.The science master, a man called Vernier, stepped in and stood on his small platform. Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them, then retired behind the "ChurchTimes" which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches, advising boys. It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.During the class, Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about, having retired to the lavatory for a smoke. As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight, minor pandemonium ('N k) broke out. Some of the boys raided the store. The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles, and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films. The poorer boys, with a more determined aim, took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market. They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets. Soda for making soap, magnesium sulphate for opening medicine, salt for cooking, liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing, and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores. Kojo objected mildly to all this. "Oh, shut up!" a few boys said. Sorie, a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors, commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called "gin and fizz"----from a beaker. "Look here, Kojo, you are getting out of hand. What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for? For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson? " The other boys laughed. Simpson was the European headmaster, feared by the small boys, adored by the boys in the middle school, and liked, in a critical fashion, with reservations, by some of the senior boys and African masters. He had a passion for new motor-cars, buying one yearly."Come to think of it," Sorie continued to Kojo, "you must takesomething yourself, then we'll know we are safe," "Yes, you must," the other boys insisted. Kojo gave in and, unwillingly, took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home. "Someone!" the look-out called.The boys ran back to their seats in a moment. Sorie washed out his mouth, at the sink with some water.Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, entered and observed the innocent expression on the faces of thewhole class. He looked round fiercely and suspiciously, and then sniffed the air. It was a physicsexperiment, but the place smelled chemical. However, Vemier came in then. After asking if anyonewas in difficulties, and finding that no one could in a moment think up anything, he retired to hischair and settled down to an article on Christian reunion.86, The boys were afraid of Mr Abu becauseA) he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of disciplineB) he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them petty thievingC) he was cruelD) he believed in strict discipline87. When the boys were caught petty thieving, they usually chose to be beaten by Mr Abu becauseA) he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachersB) they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachersC) they were afraid of their science mastersD) his punishment was quicker than their teachers'88. Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder becauseA) they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things, like tradersB) they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicineC) they wanted money and could sell such things quicklyD) they needed things like soap and medicine for sores89. A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was thatA) Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted his in making an alcoholicdrink.B) Sorie was rich but Kojo was poorC) Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did notD) when Kojo objected. Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable90. On entering the laboratory, Mr Abu was immediately suspicious becauseA) the whole class was looking so innocentB) he was a suspicious man by natureC) there was no teacher in the roomD) he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson ,（5）Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase. As usual, she had brought some work home from the travel agency. She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then, after spending a few hours working, she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door. `Uli, no! Who on earth could that be?'she muttered to herself. She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was. A man of about sixty was standing there. It took her a moment before she realized who he was. He lived in the flat below. They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice, and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.`Uh, sorry to bother you, but ...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,' he mumbled. He had a long, thin face and two big front teeth that made him look rather like a rabbit. Alison hesitated, but then, opening the door wide, asked him to come in. It was then that she noticed the dog. She hated dogs----particularly big ones. This one was a very old, very fat bulldog. The man had already bone into her small living-room and, without being asked, he sat down on the sofa. The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him, breathing heavily. She stared at it. It stared back.The man coughed. `Uh, do you mind if I smoke?' he asked. Before she could ask him not to, he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.`I'll tell you why I've come. I ...I hope you won't be offended but, well ...,' he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red. His whole body began to shake. Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him. Still coughing, he took out a grey, dirty-looking handkerchief and spat into it. Afterwards he put the cigarette back into his mouth and inhaled deeply. As he did so, some ash fell on the carpet.The man looked around the room. He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say. Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point. She waited.'Nice place you've got here,' he said at last.。
中科院应化所考博真题高等物理化学及答案
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二O一O年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题高等物理化学一、选择题〔每题2分，共40分〕1. 物质的量为n 的纯理想气体，该气体的哪一组物理量确定后，其他状态函数方有定值？〔〕〔A〕p 〔B〕V 〔C〕T,U 〔D〕T, p2. 273 K，10p 下，液态水和固态水〔即冰〕的化学势分别为μ(l) 和μ(s)，两者的关系为：〔〕(A) μ(l) >μ(s) (B) μ(l) = μ(s)(C) μ(l) < μ(s) (D) 不能确定3. 一封闭钟罩中放一杯纯水A 和一杯糖水B，静止足够长时间后发现：〔〕〔A〕 A 杯水减少, B 杯水满后不再变化〔B〕 A 杯水变成空杯，B 杯水满后溢出〔C〕B杯水减少, A 杯水满后不再变化〔D〕B杯水变成空杯，A杯水满后溢出4. 硫酸与水可形成H2SO4·H2O(s)、H2SO4·2H2O(s)、H2SO4·4H2O(s)三种水合物,问在101 325 Pa 的压力下，能与硫酸水溶液及冰平衡共存的硫酸水合物最多可有多少种( )(A) 3 种(B) 2 种(C) 1 种(D) 不可能有硫酸水合物与之平衡共存。
5. A 和B 可构成固溶体，在A 中，假设参加B 可使A 的熔点提高，那么B在此固溶体中的含量必_______ B 在液相中的含量。
( )(A) 大于(B) 小于(C) 等于(D)不能确定6. 反响2NH3= N2+ 3H2在等温条件下，标准平衡常数为0.25，那么，在此条件下，氨的合成反响(1/2) N2+(3/2) H2= NH3的标准平衡常数为：( )(C) 2 (D) 17. 在一定温度和压力下，对于一个化学反响，能用以判断其反响方向的是：( )(A) Δr G m(B) K p(C) Δr G m(D) Δr H m8. (1) 处于标准态的CO2(g) 和O2 (g)，其标准燃烧焓值为零(2) 因为Δr G m= -RT ln K p，而K p是由平衡时的组成表示的，所以Δr G m表示平衡时产物的吉布斯自由能与反响物的吉布斯自由能之差(3) 水在25℃, p 下蒸发，求算熵变的公式为ΔS m=(ΔH m-ΔG m)/ T(4) 在恒温，恒压下可逆电池反响，求算熵变的公式为Δr S m= Δr H m/ T上述说法正确的选项是：〔〕(A) 1 , 2(B) 2 , 3(C) 1 , 3(D) 3 , 49.对于催化剂特征的描述，哪一点是不正确的：〔〕(A)催化剂不能实现热力学上不可能实现的反响.(B)催化剂有“中毒〞现象。
博士研究生生物化学入学试题
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生生物化学入学试题1996年1.请依照功能对蛋白质分类，并举例说明。
〔10分〕2.DNA的变性与蛋白质变性有何不同，理由是什么？〔10分〕〔10 3.列出你所明白的具有DNA外切酶活性的酶及它们在分子生物学研究中的应用。
分〕4.举例说明蛋白质天然构象的信息存在于氨基酸顺序中。
〔12分〕5.以图示说明：〔22分〕a.真核生物基因表达的调剂，指出哪些在细胞核中进展，哪些在胞质中进展。
b.哺乳动物的ATP循环，请说明为何说ATP是“自然界的货币〞。
6. 如何运用DNA序列分析方式确信DNA序列中与蛋白质结合的区域？〔12分〕7. 生物膜的不对称的拓扑构造是由什么维持的？它对生物膜的哪些功能是必需的？〔12分〕8. C3植物和C4植物有何不同？有人提出用基因工程手腕将C3植物改造成C4植物，你感觉是不是可行？为何？〔12分〕1997年一、名词说明：〔40分〕1、蛋白质的去折叠与再折叠 5、RNA－酶2、差向异构体 6、抗体酶3、冈崎片段 7、Z－DNA4、信号肽 8、酮体二、何谓同工酶？试述同工酶分析的原理及应用。
〔12分〕三、简述生物膜流体镶嵌模型的要点。
什么是膜脂的多形性，非双脂层构造的生理意义是什么。
〔12分〕四、什么是反义RNA？举例说明它的理论和实践意义。
〔12分〕五、列举四种不同类型的PCR技术的原理及应用。
〔12分〕六、阻碍DNA变性和复性的条件是什么？如何依照DNA复性和反映动力学别离基因组中重复频率不同的序列？〔12分〕1998年一、名词说明：〔40分〕1.糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖2.多酶体系3.共价催化4.A、B和ZDNA5.糖异生6.非蛋白质性氨基酸7.蛋白质的四级构造8.离子泵9.逆转录转座子〔retrotransposon〕10.亲和层析二、哪一种类型的蛋白质适用于系统学研究？为何？比拟在系统学研究中的依据蛋白质分析的技术和依据DNA分析的技术。
(完整)全国部分名校考博生物化学真题大全,推荐文档
2004年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、名词解释1、端粒酶2、嘌呤核苷酸循环3、断裂基因4、模序5、抑癌基因6、RT-PCR7、密码子摆动性8、核心酶9、解偶联机制10、顺式作用元件二、简答题1、血红蛋白氧离曲线为何呈S形？2、DNA双螺旋结构的特点？3、酶促反应的机制4、维生素B12为何能导致巨幼红细胞性贫血？5、IP3、DAG是什么？其在信号传导中的作用是什么？三、问答题1、试述蛋白质一级结构和空间结构与蛋白质功能的关系。
2、试述人类基因组计划的内容、意义，以及后基因组计划的研究方向。
3、以操纵子理论说明：细菌如何利用乳糖作为碳源？当葡萄糖与乳糖共存时，如何调节？4、1分子葡萄糖子体内完全氧化生成38个ATP：（1）各个途径以及其中的能量生成？（2）NADH进入线粒体的途径？（3）NADH的呼吸链组成？5、试述血浆脂蛋白分类及作用，载脂蛋白的含义，作用。
LDL升高、HDL降低为何导致动脉粥样硬化？2003年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、选择题1、限制性内切酶识别的序列是A、粘性末端B、回文结构C、TATAATD、聚腺苷酸E、AATAA2、由氨基酸生成糖的过程称为A、糖酵解B、糖原分解作用C、糖异生作用D、糖原合成作用3、四氢叶酸不是下列哪种基团或化合物的载体？A、-CHOB、CO2C、-CH=D、-CH3E、-CH=NH ;4、细胞色素aa3的重要特点是A、可使电子直接传递给氧分子的细胞色素氧化酶B、以铁卟啉为辅基的递氢体C、是递电子的不需氧脱氢酶D、是分子中含铜的递氢体E、含有核黄素5、转氨酶的辅酶含有哪种维生素？A、Vit B1B、Vit B2C、Vit PPD、Vit B6E、Vit B126、下列哪种成分的含量高，则双螺旋DNA的溶解温度也增高？A、G+GB、C+TC、A+TD、A+GE、A+C7、胆红素在肝脏中的转变主要是A、转变成胆绿素B、受加单氧化酶体系氧化C、与葡萄糖醛酸结合D、与清蛋白结合E、直接排除8、密度最低的血浆脂蛋白是A、VLDLB、C、MDLD、HDLE、CM9、操纵子的基因表达调控系统属于A、复制水平调节B、转录水平调节C、翻译水平调节D、逆转录水平调节E、翻译后水平调节10、关于DNA复制，下列哪项叙述是错误的？A、原料是4种dNTPB、链的合成方向是C、以DNA链为模板D、复制的DNA与亲代的DNA完全相同E、复制的DNA需要剪切加工二、名词解释1、酮体2、基因3、肽链4、锌指5、核酶6、糖异生7、胆色素8、复制叉9、Km 10、一碳单位三、简答题1、什么是反式作用因子？2、简述脂蛋白的种类。
电化学与电分析化学
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二ОО九年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题电化学与电分析化学一、名词解释（10分）1 电极上法拉第和非法拉第过程：在一些反应中，电荷（电子）在金属-溶液界面上转移，电子转移引起氧化或还原反应的发生，由于这些反应遵守法拉第定律，所以称为法拉第过程；在某些条件下，对于一个给定的电极-溶液界面，在一定的电势范围内，由于热力学或动力学方面的不利因素，没有电荷-转移反应发生，然而，象吸附和脱附这样的过程可以发生，电极-溶液界面的结构可以随电势或溶液组成的变化而改变。
这些过程成为非法拉第过程。
2形式电势(formal potential)：半电池单位浓度的氧化还原电对共存平衡时的电势。
氧态和还原态可以以多种化学形式存在。
形式电势总是包含活度系数的贡献，也常反应如配位、酸碱平衡等化学效应。
因此，化学电势会因介质的变化而有规律的变化，相应的取样电流伏安波形的半波电势也会偏移，这种现象为获得有用的化学信息提供有效的途径3 双电层；当电极插入溶液中后，在电极和溶液之间便有一个界面。
如果导体电荷带正电荷，会对溶液中的负离子产生吸引作用，同时对正离子也有一定的排斥作用。
结果在电极附近就会聚集很多负离子，叫做吸附层，在吸附层外一微小区域，由于静电引力的存在，也有电荷过剩现象存在，称为扩散层，这种结构就叫做双电层4 原电池(galvanic cell)和电解池(electrolytic cell) ：化学电池能自发的将本身的化学能转化为电能的装置，称为原电池。
如果实现电化学反应所需要的能量是由外部电源供给的，则为电解池。
5准参比电极(quasireference electrode, QRE)：对于非水溶剂，选择一个对测试溶液的参比电极很困难，这时就采用准参比电极，它通常是一根银丝或铂丝，若在实验中本体溶液的组成基本上保持不变，尽管此金属丝电势未知，但在一系列测量中并不发生变化。
但在报告相对于QRE的电势以前，需要一个真正的参比电极对准参比电极的实际电势进行校正。
2015年西北师范大学333教育综合真题及答案
西北师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试业务课试题适用专业名称：学科教学、教育管理、小学教育、学前教育、现代教育技术、科学与技术教育、心理健康教育考试科目名称：教育综合科目代码：333注意：1、请将答案直接做到答题纸上，做在试题纸上或草稿纸上无效。
2、除答题纸上规定的位置外，不得在卷面上出现姓名、考生编号或其他标志，否则按违纪处理。
一，名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、课程标准2、德育3、分斋教学法4、生活教育理论5、导生制6、恩物7、元认知8、品德二，简答题（每题10分，共80分）1、简述颜元对学校教育的改革。
2、夸美纽斯在教育学上的地位和贡献。
3、怎样培养学生的学习动机。
4、学校心里健康教育的途径。
5、学记的教学原则。
6、学校管理的发展趋势。
7、列举中小学常见的教学方法。
8、文艺复兴时期教育特点。
三，论述题（每题，15分，共30分）1、材料：黑龙江某学校的班主任在教师节期间向学生索要礼物，被曝光。
据此分析教师应该具有的品德。
2、学校教育在人的发展中起什么作用？为什么？2015年西北师范大学333教育综合真题答案一，名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、课程标准【解析】课程标准是依照课程计划的要求，每门学科以纲要的形式编定的、有关学科教学内容的指导性文件。
它规定某门学科的性质与地位，是教材编写、教学、评估与考试命题的依据，是国家管理与评价课程的基础。
编写课程标准是课程开发的重要步骤。
课程标准的结构：说明部分、课程目标部分、内容标准部分、课程实施建议部分。
2、德育【解析】德育的概念有广义和狭义之分，广义的德育是指教育者根据一定社会的要求和受教育者身心发展的规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地在受教育者身上培养所期望的政治素质、思想素质、道德素质、法律素质等，以促使他们成为合格的社会成员的过程。
它包括政治教育、思想教育、道德教育和法律教育。
狭义的德育专指道德教育。
教育者根据一定历史时期社会的道德要求和个体的品德心理发展规律，有目的、有计划、有组织地在受教育者身上培养所期望的道德素质，使他们具有正确的道德观念、丰富的道德情感、坚强的道德意志、热切的道德观念和较高的道德实践能力，不断提升他们的道德境界的教育过程。