nobody-wins课件5
Chapter6《Nobody wins(Ⅰ)》课件10(21页)(牛津上海八
Did you walk towards the doors?
Yes, we __________ the doors.
Did Gork look like a human?
Yes, it looked almost human __________ that it had a single, huge, red eye.
1 Peters was not a very good navigator. The story says that he _________ _________ _________.
2 Lam was a good pilot. The story says that she _________ _________ _________ _________.
When Gork pressed the button, did the steel bars rise slowly from the ground?
No. They __________ from the ground.
Did you try to make friends with Gork?
2 A __________ is a large Australian animal. 3 __________ is a kind of hard stone.
4 A person who is __________ cannot find his or her way.
5 A __________ is used for catching animals and people. Sometimes it is made of a strong metal called __________.
七年级英语(上)Chapter6Nobodywins课文与翻译
Chapter 6 Nobody wins(Nobody赢了)(第2部分)(nobody [ 'nəubədi]无人,没有人;没有任何人)After his supper,Gork went to bed and almost immediately fell asleep .His snore shook the cave.(almost [ 'ɔ:lməust ]差不多,几乎;immediately [ i'mi:diətli ]立即;fall [ fɔ:l ]倒下;asleep [ ə'sli:p ]睡着的;snore [ snɔ: ]鼾声;shook [ ʃuk ]摇动(shake的过去式);cave [ keiv ]洞穴。
)(戈克吃完晚饭以后,他就上床睡觉,并且几乎立即就睡着了。
他的鼾声震动了洞穴。
)‘Listen,everyone ,’I said .’Here’s my plan.First,we’ll use this laser torch to melt the bars of the cage,and …’(plan [ plæn ]计划;laser [ 'leizə ]激光;torch [ tɔ:tʃ ]火把、火炬、手电筒;melt [ melt ]熔化,溶解;bars [ ba:z ]铁条;cage [ keidʒ ]笼)。
(我说:“每个人都听着,我的计划是:首先,我们要用激光电筒融化笼子上的铁条,然后….”)Peters interrupted me ,’Then you’ll use it to kill Gork,Captain!’(interrupt [ ,intə'rʌpt ]中断、打断)(彼得斯打岔说:”然后,你要用它去杀戈克,机长!”)‘We can’t kill him!’I said .’Otherwise ,we can’t open the door and escape from here.’(otherwise [ 'ʌðəwaiz ]否则;escape [ i'skeip ]逃脱)(我说:”我们不能杀死他,否则,我们就不能打开门从这儿逃走.”)Moments later,we were all out of the cage.I shouted beside Gork’s head,’Gork,this is Nobody!’(moments [ 'məumənt ]片刻;cage [ keidʒ ]笼;shout [ ʃaut ]呼喊)(一会儿后,我们都从笼子里出来了,我在戈克的头旁边大喊:”戈克我是Nobody.”)Gork woke up .I aimed the torch at his eye,and the laser beam hit the eye.Thr light in his eye went out .( aim [ eim ]把…对准;torch [ tɔ:tʃ ]手电筒;laser [ 'leizə ]激光;beam [ bi:m ]光线;电波;)(戈克醒了,我把手电筒瞄准了他的眼睛,激光的光线击中了这只眼,他眼里的光熄灭了.)Gork roared.The noise brough his kangaroors to his door,They opened the door and asked,’What’t wrong,Gork?’(roar [ rɔ: ]咆哮;)(戈克吼叫起来,这个声音把他的袋鼠引到了门口,他们打开门并问:“怎么了,戈克?”)Gork shouted,’Nobody attacked and damged my eye!’(shout [ ʃaut ]呼喊;attack [ ə'tæk ]攻击;damage [ 'dæmidʒ ]损害)(戈克大嚷:“Nobody袭击并伤害了我的眼睛。
八年级英语Nobody wins(1)ppt课件
9
Talk like this: Example 3: S1 What do you think Dennis is going to do?
S2 He’s going to play with a ball.
10
A Work in pairs. S1 and S2 are both at camp. The students are divided into groups. Each group chooses a duty for tomorrow and tells S2. S1 wants to complete the duty list below. He/She asks questions and S2 gives answers.
.
1
2
3
Read the following examples:
I
am
He/She
பைடு நூலகம்
is
We/You/They are
It
is
going to
see the doctor. rain.
We use am/is/are + going to + the base form of the verb to talk about future plans (e.g., I am going to see the doctor.) and also about what we think will probably happen (e.g., It is going to rain.).
Example: S1 What are the Red students
牛津上海版英语八年级上册《Unit7Nobodywins(II)》说课稿5
牛津上海版英语八年级上册《Unit 7 Nobody wins (II)》说课稿5一. 教材分析《牛津上海版英语八年级上册》Unit 7 “Nobody wins (II)” 是本册书的第五个单元,该单元以“竞争与合作”为主题,通过不同的小故事引导学生理解竞争与合作的关系,以及如何在竞争中保持公平和尊重。
此单元涉及的语言知识点包括一般现在时态的被动语态,以及与竞争相关的词汇和表达方式。
二. 学情分析八年级的学生已经掌握了基本的英语语法和词汇知识,有了一定的听说读写能力。
但他们在使用英语进行口头表达和写作方面还存在一定的困难。
此外,对于竞争与合作这一主题,学生可能有自己的理解和看法,但如何用英语表达这些观点可能是一个挑战。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标:学生能够掌握一般现在时态的被动语态,以及与竞争相关的词汇和表达方式。
2.能力目标:学生能够在日常生活中运用所学知识进行口头表达和写作。
3.情感目标:学生能够理解竞争与合作的关系,以及在竞争中保持公平和尊重的重要性。
四. 说教学重难点1.教学重点:一般现在时态的被动语态,与竞争相关的词汇和表达方式。
2.教学难点:如何用英语表达对于竞争与合作主题的看法。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.教学方法:采用任务型教学法,让学生在完成任务的过程中学习语言知识和技能。
2.教学手段:利用多媒体课件,故事,小组讨论等手段进行教学。
六. 说教学过程1.导入:通过一个简单的竞争游戏引起学生对于竞争的兴趣,然后引入本课的主题。
2.新课呈现:通过故事呈现本课的主要语言知识点,让学生在理解故事的同时学习语言。
3.练习:通过不同形式的练习让学生巩固语言知识点,如填空,翻译,角色扮演等。
4.小组讨论:让学生分组讨论竞争与合作的关系,以及如何在竞争中保持公平和尊重。
5.输出:让学生运用所学知识进行口头表达和写作。
七. 说板书设计板书设计主要包括本课的主要语言知识点,如一般现在时态的被动语态,以及与竞争相关的词汇和表达方式。
八上《Chapter 7 Nobody wins(Part Ⅱ)》ppt(牛津上海版)PPT优选课件
2020/10/18
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Work in pairs. S1 is Lam. S2 is Peters. They are checking their food supplies. Look at the food list on the right. S1 asks questions. S2 gives answers.
some coffee.
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4
We use some in positive statements about amounts. We use any in negative statements and questions.
I have got some questions. She has not got any questions. Have they got any information?
When we use some or any before the + a noun or before pronouns (this/that/his/her, etc.), we add of. I gave Amy some of the sweets. I saw them but I didn’t speak to any of them. Are any of those buses going to Zhongshan Park?
2020/10/18
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2020/10/182Βιβλιοθήκη 2020/10/183
We use some and any to talk about amounts that are not definite or exact.
Customer: Have you got any tea? Waiter: Sorry, we haven’t got any tea, but we’ve got
Chapter7《Nobody wins(Ⅱ) 》课件3(14页)(牛津上海八年级上)
Amy: Can you hear anything, Tim? Tim: No, I can’t hear anything. Amy: Can you hear anything now? Tim: Yes, I can hear something. It sounds like a bell.
No one is written as two words.
Amy: Can you hear anything, Tim? Tim: No, I can’t hear anything. Amy: Can you hear anything now? Tim: Yes, I can hear something.
Plural pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns. Someone has left their coat behind. If anybody wants to go, they can.
Do not make double negative structures in sentences when nobody, no one and nothing are used. Nobody doesn’t want any tea. (wrong) Nobody wants any tea. (correct)
We use these words to talk about people and things when we do not know exactly who they are or what they are. Somebody and someone refer to people; something refers to things.
牛津上海版八年级上册Unit6Nobodywins说课稿
牛津上海版八年级上册 Unit 6 Nobody wins 说课稿一. 教材分析《牛津上海版八年级上册》Unit 6的主题是“Nobody wins”,通过本单元的学习,学生能了解到竞争中的公平性和合作的重要性。
单元中包含了不同类型的阅读材料,以及相关的语言知识和技能训练。
此外,单元还设计了丰富的任务型活动,旨在提高学生的综合语言运用能力。
二. 学情分析八年级的学生已经具备了一定的英语基础,对日常生活中的话题有了一定的认识。
然而,学生在竞争和合作方面的理解可能还不够深入。
因此,在教学过程中,需要关注学生的认知水平,引导学生从多角度思考问题。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标:学生能掌握与竞争和合作相关的词汇和表达方式,理解文章的主旨大意。
2.能力目标:学生能运用所学的词汇和表达方式,进行简单的交流和讨论。
3.情感目标:学生能认识到竞争中的公平性和合作的重要性,培养良好的团队精神。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点:学生能掌握与竞争和合作相关的词汇和表达方式,理解文章的主旨大意。
2.难点:学生能运用所学的词汇和表达方式,进行复杂的交流和讨论,并从多角度思考问题。
五. 说教学方法与手段本节课采用任务型教学法,通过小组讨论、角色扮演等活动,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的参与度。
同时,利用多媒体手段,如PPT和视频,帮助学生更好地理解教材内容。
六. 说教学过程1.导入:通过一个简单的互动游戏,引导学生思考竞争和合作的关系,激发学生的学习兴趣。
2.课堂活动1:学生自主阅读文章,回答相关问题,了解文章主旨大意。
3.课堂活动2:学生分组讨论,分享对竞争和合作的看法,培养团队精神。
4.课堂活动3:学生进行角色扮演,模拟竞争和合作的情境,提高口语表达能力。
5.课堂活动4:学生总结本节课所学,分享学习心得。
七. 说板书设计板书设计将以竞争和合作为主题,突出重点词汇和表达方式,便于学生复习和巩固。
八. 说教学评价教学评价将从学生的知识掌握、能力运用和情感态度三个方面进行。
unit 6 nobody wins (i)课件
no __g_u_n__s_
left
trapped in the
__c_a_g__e__
entered the
__c_a_v__e_
met _k_a_n_g__a_roos and _G__o_r_k__
Caught by Gork
-----Will they die?
----Let’s help King!
SOS -------Help! I’m Captain King. We were lost in space. We landed _o_n__a_n_u_n_e_x_p_l_o.red planet We were caught. We had big troubles. • _W_e__w_e_r_e_i_n_t_h_e_c_a_g_e_._______________ • _W__e_w__e_re__in__th_e__c_a_v_e_. _______________ • _W__e_r_a_n_o_u_t_o_f__fo_o_d_._________________ • _W__e_h_a_d__n_o_g_u_n_s_.___________________ Gork will kill us. We need your help. SOS!
Caught by Gork
pull guns
---- How were they in the cage?
magnet
press button
steel bars spring “We were caught like rats in a trap.”
We were trapped in the cage.
Chapter6《Nobody wins(Ⅰ)》课件4(10页)(牛津上海八年级上)
A Rita and Joe are reading another story about Captain King. Complete their conversation with questions tags to find out what happened to Captain King. The first one has been done for you.
Study the following:
Peters is a navigator, isn’t he? All of them left the spaceship, didn’t they? Gork couldn’t speak, could he? Lam wasn’t very brave, was she? Peters, find your way, will you? Don’t lose your way again, will you? Let’s escape from here, shall we?
1 Workbook 8A, pages 53, 54 and 55.
•
再 见
quite hot in here. Rita: OK. Let’s go on reading the story about him, (8)__________?
B Complete the tag questions. 1 Your name is Rebecca, ...? (isn’t it) 2 You live in Pudong New District, ...? (don’t you) 3 You came to school by bus, ...? (didn’t you) 4 You didn’t do your homework last night, ...? (did you) 5 It was raining this morning, ...? (wasn’t it) 6 You’ve been to London, ...? (haven’t you)
鲁教版-八年级英语nobody-wins课件15(中学课件201908)
戏中人牵肠挂肚,悲悲戚戚的。。 I C 网 h t t p s : / / w w w . i c 3 7 . c o m 。
后来,就离开姥姥村庄,离开了姥姥,可是,陪着姥姥看戏的情景一直难以忘记,也因此爱上了戏曲,有事没事就来上一段,真是如姥姥说的,自娱自乐,不图别的,只图有 个好心情。
如今姥姥早已不在了,可是姥姥陪我看戏的日子却留在了记忆里,永远难忘,就如戏里那句:则为你如花美眷,似水流年……我只取这一句,多少如花美眷呀,无法经得起这平 常的一句似水流年呀,姥姥,我想您,很想那一段美丽的日子,您陪我看戏的日子。
从来没有一种初见可以如此令人心动---隔着冰冷的屏幕,抚慰孤寂、惆怅的灵魂;从来没有一种初见可以如此让人沉醉---穿过万水千在蹉跎中几乎成了空壳儿。有时也想静下来好好写点东西,记录一下生命的过往。可是总因为忙工作,忙家务等原因,一直没有付诸行动。 当然为了考核优秀,为了评职称的需要,也东拼西凑地写过不少论文,也在好几本杂志上发表过;也装模作样地搞过省级、市级课题研究,写过看似有价值的课题研究报告。可是 现在想想,这些急功近利的东西简直是对神圣的中华语言文字的亵渎!长此以往会让灵魂变得空虚,让生命变得毫无生机!
Nobody wins
Captain King, Master Spaceman, has been all over space. He often tells his friends stories of his adventures. This is one of them.Peters, our navigator, was lost again. We were running out of food, so towards evening, we landed on an unexplored planet. Lam, our pilot, brought us down gently in a valley close to a great cliff of smooth, black rock. In the cliff there were doors —of two storeys high!All twelve of us left the ship and approached the doors carefully. One was a little open. We went through it into a huge cave. The furniture inside was earth-type, but huge! You could play tennis on the bed and have a bath in the bowl on the bedside table.…Let‟s get out of here,‟ Peters said. …This is the home of a monster.‟…It‟s clearly partly human, so it may be a friendly monster,‟ I said. …We‟ll wait.‟…But…,‟ Peters began.…Don‟t argue,‟ I said. …We are going to wait.‟The ground began to shake. The door opened and some animals hopped in. They looked like kangaroos, giant kangaroos. Following them was a huge monster. It looked almost human except that it had a single, huge, red glowing eye.The monster turned to close the door and shouted, …Good night, friends.‟The friends outside shouted , …Good night, Gork.‟Then Gork shut the door, turned round and saw us. He gave a roar that turned our blood to ice. …Aliens! Aliens in my cave. How did you get in here?‟I thought fast, and said quietly, …Good evening, Mr Gork. My name is Nobody and these people here are my…‟Gork roared again, …I know who you are. You‟re aliens and we kill all aliens in this valley. That‟s our custom. Tomorrow, at dawn, you are going to die! All of you.‟Before we could move, Gork pressed a button on the wall beside him. Steel bars sprang from the ground around us and closed over our heads. We were cought like rats in a trap. Gork pressed another button, and a powerful magnet above the cage pulled our guns from our hands.…Well, Captain,‟ Lam said, …You were wrong about the monster being friendly, were‟t you? And why did you say your name was “Nobody”?‟…I have a plan and “Nobody” is part of it,‟ I replied. …You‟ll see.‟I turned to Gork and said. …Mr Gork, it is ture that we are aliens, but why can‟t we be friends? Believe me, sir. We come in peace.‟Gork said, …You come in peace, but tomorrow you‟ll be in pieces.‟ He roared with laughter, …But listen, Nobody. I‟ll do you a favour. Tomorrow, you‟ll be the last one to die.‟Peters turned towards to me. When he spoke, his voi ce shook. …I hope your plan‟s a good one, sir. If it isn‟t, we‟re all going to die.‟…No, we are not.‟ I said. …We‟re all going to live, Peters! Trust me.‟After his supper of kangaroo soup,Gork lay down on his bed and almost immediately fell asleep.He was snoring.The noise shook the cave.'Listen,everyone,'I said.'Here's my plan.'From my pocket, I took my small, powerful laser torch.Because it was in a plastic case,the magnet could not attract it.'We'll use this to escape from the cage,' I said.'First,I'll melt the bars and then...'Peters interrupted me.'I know,Captain.Then you'll use the torch to kill Gork.''Use your brains,' I said.'If we kill Gork,how will we escape?We're too weak to open the door.Here's what we'll do!We'll...'Moments later,we were all out of the cage.The crew was hiding among the kangaroos,and I was standing on the bed,beside Gork's head.I said loudly, 'Gork,this is Nobody.' Gork woke up.I aimed the torch at his eye and pressed the buttonThe laser beam hit the eye.The eye went out. Gork roared,'I can't see!My eye!'The noise brought his neighbours running to his door. 'What's wrong,Gork?' they shouted from outside.Gork shouted back,'It's Nobody.Nobody attacked me.Nobody damaged my eye.'The neighbours laughed and said,'Nobody attacked him.Gork's having a bad dream.Let's go back to bed.Good night, Gork.By this time,I had joined my crew among the kangaroos.Gork said,'Nobody,I know you're hiding among my kangaroos.I'll get you.You're finished,all of you.'He opened the cave door a little and called his kangaroos to come out.As they hopped through the narrow opening,one at a time,he felt their backs with his hands to make sure we were not on them.'What do we do now?' Peters whispered.'We can't get out on the kangarros.We're done for.''Don't panic,Peters,'I said.'We can't get out on the kangaroos but we can get out in them.[Here,get inside this one.'Peters climbed into the giant kangaroo's pocket.A few moments later,he hopped through the door to freedom.'That's how we all got free,'said Captain King,'And back to our ship and, eventually, back to the safety of the earth.''What happened to Gork?'Asked someone.'Gork? I don't know.Maybe he's still in his cave-looking for Nobody.'Everyone laughed except a figure in the captain's garden.It was moving silently towards the house.It was a huge figure, and in its face was a single,red,glowing eye.。
八年级英语nobody-wins课件15(中学课件201908)
懂得区
一
“伟大的灵魂们是永远孤单的”。不是他们甘愿孤单,他们是不能不孤单。他们的要求与需要不是寻常人的要求与需要;他们评价的标准也不是寻常的标准。他们到人间来一样的要爱、要安慰,要 认识、要了解。但不幸他们的组织有时是太复杂太深奥太曲折了,这浅薄的人生不能担保他们的满足。只有生物性生活的人们,比方说,只要有饭吃;有衣穿,有相当的异性配对,他们就可以平安的过 去,再不来抱怨什么,惆怅什么。
。 形式婚姻 http://www.xinghun.love/
白色给人洁净,绿色给人以生命。最能让人们联想到白色的莫过于医生和护士的工作服了。这种平时在医院里流动的色彩,在今年抗击“新冠”疫情的会战中,这种白色的符号却是统一流向湖北, 流向了武汉。
当集结号被吹响,只有中国人会加快集结地步伐,向着集结地汇集。这响亮的号声凝聚了一个民族特殊的思想,那就是在理解和包容中求得生存。
一个诗人,一个艺术家,却往往不能这样容易对付。天才是不容易伺候的。在别的事情方面还可以迁就,配偶这件事最是问题。想象你做一个大诗人或大画家的太太(或是丈夫,在男女享受平等权 利的时候!)你做到一个贤字,他不定见你情,你做到一个良字,他不定说你对。他们不定要生活上的满足,那他们有时尽可随便,他们却想象一种超生活的满足,因为他们的生活不是生根在这现象的 世界上。你忙着替他补袜子,端整点心,他说你这是白忙,他破的不是袜子,他饿的不是肚子!这样的男人(或是女人)真是够别扭的,叫你摸不着他(或她)的脾胃。
Chapter6《Nobody wins(Ⅰ)》课件1(12页)(牛津上海八
2 S2 What _____________ with us? (take) S1 _____________ food and water.
We will/We’ll land soon. They will not/won’t take off next week. Will he be ready tomorrow? Yes, he will./No, he will not/won’t.
A Read the table carefully.
D Talk like this:
S1 Will the concert end at 7 p.m. or 7.15 p.m.? S2 It’ll end at 7.15 p.m.
Work in pairs. You will both go hiking next week. S1 has made the arrangements. S2 asks questions about them. Use will (’ll) or will not (won’t) and the verbs in brackets. Change roles and do the exercise again when you have finished. The first one has been done for you.
I
He
She
It
will
We
You
They
be ready arrive
soon.
Note the short forms of will and will not. I’ll/you’ll/he’ll/she’ll/we’ll/you’ll/they’ll … I/you/he/she/we/you/they won’t … Study the following:
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Questions for discussion: ¤ What are the main characters inБайду номын сангаас“Nobody
Wins”? ¤ What happened in part Ⅰof King’s story? ¤ Why did King give his name as Nobody? ¤ How did King and his crew escape from
Gork’s cave? ¤ What happened to Gork at last?
listening Understanding time references
1.Visit Venus 2.Eat green cheese from the Moon e a telescope 4.Escape from Gork 5.Take some rubber plants to Mars 6.Play computer games 7.Take photos of dinosaurs 8.Live on a comet
Past Often Future
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; 乐动体育 LD乐动 ;
政之本务。令民入粟受爵至五大夫以上,乃复一人耳,此其与骑马之功相去远矣。爵者,上之所擅,出於口而亡穷。粟者,民之所种,生於地而不乏。夫得高爵与免罪,人之所甚欲也。使天下人入粟於边,以受爵免罪,不过三岁,塞下之粟必多矣。}於是文帝从错之言,令民入粟边,六百石 爵上造,稍增至四千石为五大夫,万二千石为大庶长,各以多少级数为差。错复奏言“陛下幸使天下入粟塞下以拜爵,甚大惠也。窃恐塞卒之食不足用大渫天下粟。边食足以支五岁,可令入粟郡、县矣。足支一岁以上,可时赦,勿收农民租。如此,德泽加於万民,民俞勤农。时有军役,若遭 水旱,民不困乏,天下安宁”岁孰且美,则民大富乐矣”上复从其言,乃下诏赐民十二年租税之半。明年,遂除民田之租税。后十三岁,孝景二年,令民半出田租,三十而税一也。其后,上郡以西旱,复修卖爵令,而裁其贾以招民,及徒复作,得输粟於县官以除罪。始造苑马以广用,宫室、 列馆、车马益增修矣。然娄敕有司以农为务,民遂乐业。至武帝之初七十年间,国家亡事,非遇水旱,则民人给家足,都鄙廪庾尽满,而府库馀财。京师之钱累百巨万,贯朽而不可校。太仓之粟陈陈相因,充溢露积於外,腐败不可食。众庶街巷有马,阡陌之间成群,乘牸牝者摈而不得会聚。 守闾阎者食粱肉。为吏者长子孙。居官者以为姓号。人人自爱而重犯法,先行谊而黜愧辱焉。於是罔疏而民富,役财骄溢,或至并兼。豪党之徒以武断於乡曲。宗室有土,公卿大夫以下争於奢侈,室庐车服僭上亡限。物盛而衰,固其变也。是后,外事四夷,内兴功利,役费并兴,而民去本。 董仲舒说上曰“《春秋》它谷不书,至於麦禾不成则书之,以此见圣人於五谷最重麦与禾也。今关中俗不好种麦,是岁失《春秋》之所重,而损生民之具也。愿陛下幸诏大司农,使关中民益种宿麦,令毋后时”又言“古者税民不过什一,其求易共。使民不过三日,其力易足。民财内足以养老 尽孝,外足以事上共税,下足以蓄妻子极爱,故民说从上。至秦则不然,用商鞅之法,改帝王之制,除井田,民得卖买,富者田连阡陌,贫者无立锥之地。又颛川泽之利,管山林之饶,荒淫越制,逾侈以相高。邑有人君之尊,里有公侯之富,小民安得不困。又加月为更卒,已,复为正,一岁 屯戍,一岁力役,三十倍於古。赋盐铁之利,二十倍於古。或耕豪民之田,见税什五。故贫民常衣牛马之衣,而食犬彘之食。重以贪暴之吏,刑戮妄加,民愁亡聊,亡逃山林,转为盗贼,赭衣半道,断狱岁以千万数。汉兴,循而未改。古井田法虽难卒行,宜少近古,限民名田,以澹不足,塞 并兼之路。盐铁皆归於民。去奴婢,除专杀之威。薄赋敛,省徭役,以宽民力。然后可善治也”仲舒死后,功费愈甚,天下虚耗,人复相食。武帝末年,悔征伐之事,乃封丞相为富民侯。下诏曰“方今之务,在於力农”以赵过为搜粟都尉。过能为代田,一亩三甽。岁代处,故曰代田,古法也。 后稷始甽田,以二耜为耦,广尺、深尺曰甽,长终亩。一亩三甽,一夫三百甽,而播种於甽中。苗生叶以上,稍耨陇草,因贵阝其土以附苗根。故其《诗》曰“或芸或芓,黍稷儗儗”芸,除草也。芓,附根也。言苗稍壮,每耨辄附根。比盛暑,陇尽而根深,能风与旱,故儗儗而盛也。其耕耘 下种田器,皆有便巧。率十二夫为田一井一屋,故亩五顷,用耦犁,二牛三人,一岁之收常过缦田亩一斛以上,善者倍之。过使教田太常、三辅,大农置工巧奴与从事,为作田器。二千石遣令长、三老、力田及里父老善田者受田器,学耕种养苗状。民或苦少牛,亡以趋泽,故平都令光教过以 人挽犁。过奏光以为丞,教民相与庸挽犁。率多人者田日三十亩,少者十三亩,以故田多垦辟。过试以离宫卒田其宫壖地,课得谷皆多旁田,亩一斛以上。令命家田三辅公田,又教边郡及居延城。是后边城、河东、弘农、三辅、太常民皆便代田,用力少而得谷多。至昭帝时,流民稍还,田野 益辟,颇有蓄积。宣帝即位,用吏多选贤良,百姓安土,岁数丰穰,谷至石五钱,农人少利。时大司农中丞耿寿昌以善为算能商功利,得幸於上,五凤中奏言“故事,岁漕关东谷四百万斛以给京师,用卒六万人。宜籴三辅、弘农、河东、上党、太原郡谷,足供京师,可以省关东漕卒过半”又 白增海租三倍,天子皆从其计。御史大夫萧望之奏言“故御史属徐宫家在东莱,言往年加海租,鱼不出。长老皆言武帝时县官尝自渔,海鱼不出,后复予民,鱼乃出。夫阴阳之感,物类相应,万事尽然。今寿昌欲近籴漕关内之谷,筑仓治船,费值二万万馀,有动众之功,恐生旱气,民被其灾。 寿昌习於商功分铢之事,其深计远虑,诚未足任,宜且如故”上不听。漕事果便,寿昌遂白令边郡皆筑仓,以谷贱时增其贾而籴,以利农,谷贵时减贾而粜,名曰常平仓。民便之。上乃下诏,赐寿昌爵关内侯。而蔡癸以好农使劝郡国,至大官。元帝即位,天下大水,关东郡十一尤甚。二年, 齐地饑,谷石三百馀,民多饿死,琅邪郡人相食。在位诸儒多言盐、铁官及北假田官、常平仓可罢,毋与民争利。上从其议,皆罢之。又罢建章、甘泉宫卫、角抵、齐三服官,省禁苑以予贫民,减诸侯王庙卫卒半。又减关中卒五百人,转谷赈贷穷乏。其后用度不足,独复盐铁官。成帝时,天 下亡兵革之事,号为安乐,然俗奢侈,不以蓄聚为意。永始二年,梁国、平原郡比年伤水灾,人相食,刺史、守、相坐免。哀帝即位,师丹辅政,建言“古之圣王莫不设井田,然后治乃可平。孝文皇帝承亡周乱秦兵革之后,天下空虚,故务劝农桑,帅以节俭。民始充实,未有并兼之害,故不 为民田及奴婢为限。今累世承平,豪富吏民訾数巨万,而贫弱俞困。盖君子为政,贵因循而重改作,然所以有改者,将以救急也。亦未可详,宜略为限”天子下其议。丞相孔光、大司空何武奏请“诸侯王、列侯皆得名田国中。列侯在长安,公主名田县道,及关内侯、吏、民名田,皆毋过三十 顷。请侯王奴婢二百人,列侯、公主百人,关内侯、吏、民三十人。期尽三年,犯者没入官”时田宅奴婢贾为减贱,丁、傅用事,董贤隆贵,皆不便也。诏书“且须后”,遂寝不行。宫室、苑囿、府库之臧已侈,百姓訾富虽不及文、景,然天下户口最盛矣。平帝崩,王莽居摄,遂篡位。王莽 因汉承平之业,匈奴称藩,百蛮宾服,舟车所通,尽为臣妾,府库百官之富,天下晏然。莽一朝有之,其心意未满,狭小汉家制度,以为疏阔。宣帝始赐单于印玺,与天子同,而西南夷钅句町称王。莽乃遣使易单于印,贬钅句町王为侯。二方始怨,侵犯边境。莽遣兴师,发三十万众,欲同时 十道并出,一举灭匈奴。募发天下囚徒、丁男、甲卒转委输兵器,自负海江、淮而至北边,使者驰传督趣,海内扰矣。又动欲慕古,不度时宜,分裂州郡,改职作官,下令曰“汉氏减轻田租,三十而税一,常有更赋,罢癃咸出,而豪民侵陵,分田劫假,厥名三十,实十税五也。富者骄而为邪, 贫者穷而为奸,俱陷於辜,刑用不错。今更名天下田曰王田,奴婢曰私属,皆不得卖买。其男口不满八,而田过一井者,分余田与九族乡党”犯令,法至死。制度又不定,吏缘为奸,天下謷謷然,陷刑者众。后三年,莽知民愁,下诏诸食王田及私属皆得卖买,勿拘以法。然刑罚深刻,它政誖 乱。边兵二十馀万人仰县官衣食,用度不足,数横赋敛,民俞贫困。常苦枯旱,亡有平岁,谷贾翔贵。末年,盗贼群起,发军击之,将吏放纵於外。北边及青、徐地人相食,雒阳以东米石二千。莽遣三公将军开东方诸仓赈贷穷乏,又分遣大夫谒者教民煮木为酪。酪不可食,重为烦扰。流民入 关者数十万人,置养澹官以廪之,吏盗其廪,饑死者什七八。莽耻为政所至,乃下诏曰“予遭阳九之厄,百六之会,枯、旱、霜、蝗,饑馑荐臻,蛮夷猾夏,寇贼奸轨,百姓流离。予甚悼之,害气将究矣”岁为此言,以至於亡。[标签:标题] 凡货,金、钱、布、帛之用,夏、殷以前其详靡记云。太公为周立九府圆法:黄金方寸而重一斤。钱圜函方,轻重以铢。布、帛广二尺二寸为幅,长四丈为匹。故货宝於金,利於刀,流於泉,布於布,束於帛。太公退,又行之於齐。至管仲相桓公,通轻重之权,曰“岁有凶穰,故谷有贵贱。 令有缓急,故物有轻重。人君不理,则畜贾游於市,乘民之不给,百倍其本矣。故万乘之国必有万金之贾,千乘之国必有千金之贾者,利有所并也。计本量委则足矣,然而民有饑饿者,谷有所臧也。民有馀则轻之,故人君敛之以轻。民不足则重之,故人君散之以重。凡轻重敛散之以时,即准 平。守准平,使万室之邑必有万钟之臧,臧繦千万。千室之邑必有千钟之臧,臧繦百万。春以奉耕,夏以奉耘,耒耜器械,种饷粮食,必取澹焉。故大贾畜家不得豪夺吾民矣”桓公遂用区区之齐合诸侯,显伯名。其后百馀年,周景王时患钱轻,将更铸大钱,单穆公曰“不可。古者天降灾戾, 於是乎量资币,权轻重,以救民。民患轻,则为之作重币以行之,於是有母权子而行,民皆得焉。若不堪重,则多作轻而行之,亦不废重,於是乎有子权母而行,小大利之。今王废轻而作重,民失其资,能无匮乎。民若匮,王用将有所乏,乏将厚取於民,民不给,将有远志,是离民也。且绝 民用以实王府,犹塞川原为潢洿也,竭亡日矣。王其图之”弗听,卒铸大钱,文曰“宝货”,肉好皆有周郭,以劝农澹不足,百姓蒙利焉。秦兼天下,币为二等:黄金以溢为名,上币。铜钱质如周钱,文曰“半两”,重如其文。而珠、玉、龟、贝、银、锡之属为器饰宝臧,不为币,然各随时 而轻重无常。汉兴,以为秦钱重难用,更令民铸荚钱。黄金一斤。而不轨逐利之民蓄积余赢以稽市,物痛腾跃,米至石万钱,马至匹百金。天下已平,高祖乃令贾人不得衣丝乘车,重税租以困辱之。孝惠、高后时,为天下初定,复弛商贾之律,然市井子孙亦不得为官吏。孝文五年,为钱益多 而轻,乃更铸四铢钱,其文为“半两”。除盗铸钱令,使民放铸。贾谊谏曰:{法使天下公得顾租铸铜锡为钱,敢杂以铅铁为它巧者,其罪黥。然铸钱之情,非殽杂为巧,则不可得赢。而殽之甚微,为利甚厚。夫事有召祸而法有起奸,今令细民人操造币之势,各隐屏而铸作,因欲禁其厚利微 奸,虽黥罪日报,其势不止。乃者,民人抵罪,多者一县百数,及吏之所疑,榜笞奔走者甚众。夫县法以诱民,使入陷井,孰积如此。曩禁铸钱,死罪积下。今公铸钱,黥罪积下。为法若此,上何赖焉。又,民用钱,郡县不同:或用轻钱,百加若干。或用重钱,平称不受。法钱不立,吏急而 壹之歑则大为烦苛,而力不能胜。纵而弗呵歑则市肆异用,钱文大乱。苟非其术,何乡而可哉。今农事弃捐而采铜者日蕃,释其耒耨,冶熔炊炭。奸钱日多,五谷不为多。善人怵而为奸邪,愿民陷而之刑戮:将甚不详,奈何而忽。国知患此,吏议必曰禁之。禁之不得其术,其伤必大。令禁铸 钱,则钱必重。重则其利深,盗铸如云而起,弃市之罪又不足以禁矣。奸数不胜而法禁数溃,铜使之然也。故铜布於天下,其为祸博矣。今博祸可除,而七福可致也。何谓七福。上收铜勿令布,则民不铸钱,黥罪不积,一矣。伪钱不蕃,民不相疑,二矣。采铜铸作者反於耕田,三矣。铜毕归 於上,上挟铜积以御轻重,钱轻则以术敛之,重则以术散之,货物必平,四矣。以作兵器,以假贵臣,多少有制,用别贵贱,五矣。以临万货,以调盈虚,以收奇羡,则官富实而末民困,六矣。制吾弃财,以与匈奴逐争其民,则敌必怀,七矣。故善为天下者,因祸而为福,转败而为功。今久 退七福而行博祸,臣诚伤之。}上不听。是时,吴以诸侯即山铸钱,富埒天子,后卒叛逆。邓通,大夫也,以铸钱,财过王者。故吴、邓钱布天下。武帝因文、景之蓄,忿胡、粤之害,即位数年,严助、朱买臣等招徕东瓯,事两粤,江、淮之间萧然烦费矣。唐蒙、司马相如始开西南夷,凿山 通道千馀里,以广巴、蜀,巴、蜀之民罢焉。彭吴穿秽貊、朝鲜,置沧海郡,则燕、齐之间靡然发动。及王恢谋马邑,匈奴绝和亲,侵扰北边,兵连而不解,天下共其劳。干戈日滋,行者赍,居者送,中外骚扰相奉,百姓抏敝以巧法,财赂衰耗而不澹。人物者补官,出货者除罪,选举陵夷, 廉耻相冒,武力进用,法严令具。兴利之臣自此而始。其后,卫青岁以数万骑出击匈奴,遂取河南地,筑朔方。时又通西南夷道,作者数万人,千里负担馈饷,率十馀钟致一石,散币於邛、僰以辑之。数岁而道不通,蛮夷因以数攻,吏发兵诛之。悉巴、蜀租赋不足以更之,乃募豪民田南夷, 入粟县官,而内受钱於都内。东置沧海郡,人徒之费疑於南夷。又兴十馀万人筑卫朔方,转漕甚远,自山东咸被其劳,费数十百巨万,府库并虚。乃募民能人奴婢得以终身复,为郎增秩,及入羊为郎,始於此。此后四年,卫青比岁十馀万众击胡,斩捕首虏之士受赐黄金二十馀万斤,而汉军士 马死者十馀万,兵甲转漕之费不与焉。於是大司农陈臧钱经用赋税既竭,不足以奉战士。有司请令民得买爵及赎禁锢免减罪。请置赏官,名曰武功爵,级十七万,凡值三十馀万金。诸买武功爵“官首”者试补吏,先除。“千夫”如王大夫。其有罪又减二等。爵得至“乐卿”。以显军功。军功 多用超等,大者封侯、卿大夫,小者郎。吏道杂而多端