Chps 4 Key Concepts Answers
人工智能导论第四版课后答案
人工智能导论第四版课后答案1.作为计算机科学的一个分支，人工智能的英文缩写是（）。
AI2. 人工智能是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门交叉科学，它涉及（ D）。
A. 自然科学B. 社会科学C. 技术科学D. A、B 和 C3. 人工智能定义中的“智能”，涉及到诸如（ A）等问题。
A. B、C 和 DB. 意识C. 自我D. 思维4. 下列关于人工智能的说法不正确的是（ C ）。
A. 人工智能是关于知识的学科――怎样表示知识以及怎样获得知识并使用知识的科学。
B. 人工智能就是研究如何使计算机去做过去只有人才能做的智能工作。
C. 自 1946 年以来，人工智能学科经过多年的发展，已经趋于成熟，得到充分应用。
D. 人工智能不是人的智能，但能像人那样思考，甚至也可能超过人的智能。
5. 人工智能经常被称为世界三大尖端技术之一，下列说法中错误的是（B ）。
A. 空间技术、能源技术、人工智能B. 管理技术、工程技术、人工智能C. 基因工程、纳米科学、人工智能D. 人工智能已成为一个独立的学科分支，无论在理论和实践上都已自成系统6. 人工智能与思维科学的关系是实践和理论的关系。
从思维观点看，人工智能不包括（ A）。
A. 直觉思维B. 逻辑思维C. 形象思维D. 灵感思维7. 强人工智能强调人工智能的完整性，下列（C ）不属于强人工智能。
A. （类人）机器的思考和推理就像人的思维一样B. （非类人）机器产生了和人完全不一样的知觉和意识C. 看起来像是智能的，其实并不真正拥有智能，也不会有自主意识D. 有可能制造出真正能推理和解决问题的智能机器8. 被誉为“人工智能之父”的科学大师是（D ）。
A. 爱因斯坦B. 冯·诺依曼C. 钱学森D. 图灵9. 电子计算机的出现使信息存储和处理的各个方面都发生了革命。
下列说法中不正确的是（ C）。
A. 计算机是用于操纵信息的设备B. 计算机在可改变的程序的控制下运行C. 人工智能技术是后计算机时代的先进工具D. 计算机这个用电子方式处理数据的发明，为实现人工智能提供了一种媒介10. Wiener 从理论上指出，所有的智能活动都是（A ）机制的结果，而这一机制是有可能用机器模拟的。
4ps理论名词解释
4ps理论名词解释4Ps理论名词解释在市场营销领域，4Ps理论是一种常用的营销工具。
通过4Ps理论，企业可以更好地了解市场需求、制定和实施营销策略，从而实现产品或服务的销售和市场占有。
1. 产品（Product）产品是企业提供给市场的可交换的物品、服务或想法。
产品的设计、功能、品质、品牌和包装都是影响市场接受度和销售额的关键因素。
产品策略要考虑产品的独特卖点、市场定位、目标顾客的需求以及竞争对手的产品特点。
通过产品改进、创新和不断提高品质，企业能够增加市场份额并提升竞争力。
2. 价格（Price）价格是指企业出售产品或服务时向顾客收取的金额。
价格策略要基于产品成本、市场需求和竞争力来确定。
企业可以采取不同的定价策略，如市场定价、折扣定价或套餐定价等，以满足不同顾客群体的需求。
通过合理定价，企业可以获得最大的盈利，并提高产品在市场中的竞争力。
3. 促销（Promotion）促销是用于向潜在顾客传递产品或服务信息以及刺激购买的方式和手段。
促销策略可以包括广告、公关、销售促销、个人销售和直销等手段。
通过有效的促销活动，企业可以提高品牌知名度、吸引潜在顾客、增加销售量并维持现有客户的忠诚度。
促销活动还可以帮助企业与竞争对手的产品区分开来，树立独特的品牌形象。
4. 渠道（Place）渠道是指产品或服务流通到消费者手中的路径和方式。
渠道策略要关注产品的销售渠道、零售商和分销商的选择，以及产品的物流和库存管理等。
通过选择合适的渠道和合作伙伴，企业可以将产品迅速送达顾客手中，并满足顾客的购买需求。
良好的产品渠道管理还可以增加产品的可及性和便捷性，提高销售效率和顾客满意度。
4Ps理论是一种综合性的营销管理工具，通过研究和应用4Ps理论，企业可以实现市场需求与供给的匹配，建立品牌优势，提高市场份额和销售额。
同时，企业还需要时刻关注市场的变化，随时调整4Ps策略，以适应市场的变化和顾客的需求。
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案之欧阳治创编
《计算机英语（第4版）》练习参考答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the informationgiven in the text:1.Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2.input; output3.VLSI4.workstations; mainframes5.vacuum; transistors6.instructions; software7.digit; eight; byte8.microminiaturization; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrasesfrom English into Chinese and viceversa:欧阳治创编 2021.03.101.artificial intelligence 人工智能2.paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3.optical computer 光计算机4.neural network 神经网络5.instruction set 指令集6.parallel processing 并行处理7.difference engine 差分机8.versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9.silicon substrate 硅衬底10.vacuum tube 真空管11.数据的存储与处理 the storage andhandling of data12.超大规模集成电路 very large-scaleintegrated circuit13.中央处理器 central processing unit14.个人计算机 personal computer15.模拟计算机 analogue computer16.数字计算机 digital computer17.通用计算机general-purposecomputer18.处理器芯片 processor chip19.操作指令 operating instructions20.输入设备 input device欧阳治创编 2021.03.10III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of thewords given in the following list,making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as adevice that accepts input, processes data,stores data, and produces output.According to the mode of processing,computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified asmainframes, minicomputers,workstations, or microcomputers. Allelse (for example, the age of themachine) being equal, this categorizationprovides some indication of thecomputer’s speed, size, cost, andabilities.Ever since the advent ofcomputers, there have been constantchanges. First-generation computers ofhistoric significance, such as UNIVAC(通用自动计算机), introduced in theearly 1950s, were based onvacuum tubes.Second-generation computers,appearing in the early 1960s, were those欧阳治创编 2021.03.10in whichtransistors replaced vacuumtubes. In third-generation computers,dating from the 1960s,integrated circuitsreplaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers suchasmicrocomputers, which first appearedin the mid-1970s, large-scale integrationenabled thousands of circuitsto beincorporated on onechip. Fifth-generation computers are expected tocombine very-large-scale integrationwith sophisticated approaches tocomputing, including artificialintelligence and true distributedprocessing.IV.Translate the following passage fromEnglish into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。
计算机操作系统课后习题答案 第四版
计算机操作系统课后习题答案第四版1. Describe the concept of a process and its typical attributes.A process is an entity that represents the execution of a program on a computer system. It consists of the program code, data, and execution context. The typical attributes of a process include a unique process identifier (PID), a program counter that keeps track of the next instruction to be executed, a stack that holds temporary data, a heap for dynamically allocated memory, and a set of resources such as open files and I/O devices.2. Explain the difference between process control block (PCB) and thread control block (TCB).A process control block (PCB) is a data structure used by the operating system to manage a process. It contains information about the process, such as its current state, scheduling information, memory allocation, and I/O status. On the other hand, a thread control block (TCB) is a data structure used to manage a thread within a process. It contains information specific to the thread, such as its program counter, stack pointer, and register values. Multiple threads can exist within a single process, sharing the same resources.3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using threads instead of processes.One advantage of using threads instead of processes is that they are more lightweight in terms of resource consumption. Since threads share the same memory space, inter-thread communication is faster and uses less memory compared to inter-process communication. Threads also enable betterutilization of multi-core processors, as multiple threads can run in parallel on different cores.However, there are also disadvantages to using threads. The main disadvantage is that threads within the same process can interfere with each other if not properly synchronized. This can lead to issues such as race conditions, deadlocks, and data corruption. Additionally, debugging and testing multi-threaded applications can be more complex and time-consuming compared to single-threaded applications.4. Explain the concepts of mutual exclusion, deadlock, and starvation in the context of operating systems.Mutual exclusion refers to the concept of ensuring that only one process or thread can access a shared resource at a time. This is typically achieved using synchronization mechanisms such as locks or semaphores. Mutual exclusion is important to prevent data corruption or inconsistent results due to concurrent access.Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for each other to release resources, resulting in a situation where none of the processes can proceed. It can happen when processes acquire resources in a different order or when they fail to release resources properly. Deadlocks can lead to system failures and require careful resource allocation and scheduling algorithms to avoid.Starvation refers to a situation where a process is unable to acquire the necessary resources to progress, despite its requests. It can occur when resource allocation policies favor certain processes over others, leading to along waiting time for some processes. Starvation can negatively impact the performance and fairness of the system.5. Discuss the purpose and functionality of memory management units (MMUs) in operating systems.Memory management units (MMUs) are hardware components responsible for translating virtual memory addresses used by processes into physical memory addresses. They provide address translation and memory protection mechanisms. MMUs use page tables or translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) to map virtual addresses to physical addresses, allowing processes to utilize more memory than physically available.MMUs also enforce memory protection by assigning memory access permissions to different regions of the process's address space. This prevents processes from accessing memory that they should not be able to, ensuring data integrity and security. Additionally, MMUs help optimize memory access by caching frequently used memory pages in the TLB, reducing the number of costly memory accesses.Overall, MMUs play a crucial role in memory management, allowing processes to have their own virtual address spaces and ensuring efficient and secure memory access.(Note: The above answers are just sample content for the given topic. Please modify and expand them according to your needs, as the word limit has been exceeded.)。
史蒂芬 威廉森 宏观经济学 第四版 课后题答案 最新Solution_CH4
Chapter 4Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit MaximizationTextbook Question SolutionsQuestions for Review1. Consumers consume an aggregate consumption good and leisure.2. Consumers’ preferences are summarized in a utility function.3. The first property is that more is always preferred to less. This property assures us that a consumptionbundle with more of one good and no less of the other good than any second bundle will always be preferred to the second bundle.The second property is that a consumer likes diversity in his or her consumption bundle. Thisproperty assures us that a linear combination of two consumption bundles will always be preferred to the two original bundles.The third property is that both consumption and leisure are normal goods. This property assures us that an increase in a consumer’s income will always induce the individual to consume more of both consumption and leisure.4. The first property of indifference curves is that they are downward sloping. This property is a directconsequence of the property that more is always preferred to less. The second property ofindifference curves is that they are bowed toward the origin. This property is a direct consequence of consumers’ preference for diversity.5. Consumers maximize the amount of utility they can derive from their given amount of availableresources.6. The optimal bundle has the property that it represents a point of tangency of the budget line with anindifference curve. An equivalent property is that the marginal rate of substitution of leisure forconsumption and leisure is equal to the real wage.7. In response to an increase in dividend income, the consumer will consume more goods and moreleisure.8. In response to an increase in the real value of a lump-sum tax, the consumer will consume less goodsand less leisure.28 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth Edition9. An increase in the real wage makes the consumer more well off. As a result of this pure income effect,the consumer wants more leisure. Alternatively, the increase in the real wage induces a substitution effect in which the consumer is willing to consume less leisure in exchange for working more hours (consuming less leisure). The net effect of these two competing forces is theoretically ambiguous.10. The representative firm seeks to maximize profits.11. As the amount of labor is increased, holding the amount of capital constant, each worker gets asmaller share of the fixed amount of capital, and there is a reduction in each worker’s marginalproductivity.12. An increase in total factor productivity shifts the production function upward.13. The representative firm’s profit is equal to its production (revenue measured in units of goods) minusits variable labor costs (the real wage times the amount of labor input). A unit increase in labor input adds the marginal product of labor to revenue and adds the real wage to labor costs. The amount of labor demand is that amount of labor input that equates marginal revenue with marginal labor costs.This quantity of labor, labor demand, can simply be read off the marginal product of labor schedule.Problems1. Consider the two hypothetical indifference curves in the figure below. Point A is on both indifferencecurves, I1 and I2. By construction, the consumer is indifferent between A and B, as both points are on I2. In like fashion, the consumer is indifferent between A and C, as both points are on I1. But atpoint C, the consumer has more consumption and more leisure than at point B. As long as theconsumer prefers more to less, he or she must strictly prefer C to A. We therefore contradict thehypothesis that two indifference curves can cross.2. u al bC=+(a) To specify an indifference curve, we hold utility constant at u Next rearrange in the form:u aC l=−b bChapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization 29 Indifference curves are therefore linear with slope, −a /b , which represents the marginal rate ofsubstitution. There are two main cases, according to whether /a b w > or /.a b w < The top panelof the left figure below shows the case of /.a b w < In this case the indifference curves are flatterthan the budget line and the consumer picks point A, at which 0l = and .C wh T π=+− Theright figure shows the case of /.a b w > In this case the indifference curves are steeper than thebudget line, and the consumer picks point B, at which l h = and .C T π=− In the coincidentalcase in which /,a b w = the highest attainable indifference curve coincides with the indifference curve, and the consumer is indifferent among all possible amounts of leisure and hours worked.(b) The utility function in this problem does not obey the property that the consumer prefers diversity,and is therefore not a likely possibility.(c) This utility function does have the property that more is preferred to less. However, the marginalrate of substitution is constant, and therefore this utility function does not satisfy the property ofdiminishing marginal rate of substitution.3. (a) Using the formulas in the example from the textbook, one obtains:l = C = (0.75 × 16 − 0.8 − 6)/(1 + 0.75) = 3.89Given the numbers given, we can precisely determine the coordinates of the points in the figureabove: A is (0,6.8), B is (3.89,3.89), D is (9,07,0), with the slope of ABD being − 0.75.30 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth Edition (b) With the new wage, we obtain: l = C = (1.5 × 16 − 0.8 − 6)/(1 + 1.5) = 7.52where A, B and D have the same coordinates as above, and E is (0, 12.8), F is (7.52, 7.52), H is(12.53,0), and the slope of EFH is − 1.5. As there are no substitution effects when goods areperfect complements, the entire move from point B to point F is due to the income effect.4. When the government imposes a proportional tax on wage income, the consumer’s budget constraintis now given by:(1)(),C w t h l T π=−−+−where t is the tax rate on wage income. In the figure below, the budget constraint for t = 0, is FGH.When t > 0, the budget constraint is EGH. The slope of the original budget line is –w , while the slope of the new budget line is −(1 − t )w . Initially the consumer picks the point A on the original budget line. After the tax has been imposed, the consumer picks point B. The substitution effect of the imposition of the tax is to move the consumer from point A to point D on the original indifference curve. The point D is at the tangent point of indifference curve, I 1, with a line segment that is parallel to EG. The pure substitution effect induces the consumer to reduce consumption and increase leisure (work less). T he tax also makes the consumer worse off, in that he or she can no longer be on indifferencecurve, I 1, but must move to the less preferred indifference curve, I 2. This pure income effect moves the consumer to point B, which has less consumption and less leisure than point D, because bothconsumption and leisure are normal goods. The net effect of the tax is to reduce consumption, but the direction of the net effect on leisure is ambiguous. The figure shows the case in which the substitution effect on leisure dominates the income effect. In this case, leisure increases and hours worked fall. Although consumption must fall, hours worked may rise, fall, or remain the same.Chapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization 315. The budget constraint has a kink due to the tax deduction and is represented in the following figuresby ABDh. Reducing the tax deduction pushes the budget constraint to FEDh.First consider a consumer who does not pay taxes. In the old regime, he would have an optimalbundle somewhere between B and D. Two things can happen. If the bundle is between E and D, there is no change. If it is between B and E, say at H, then the household will reoptimize with the new tax deduction. The new bundle is then either somewhere between E and F, and the MRS equals w(1 −t).Or we obtain a corner solution at E, and the MRS is somewhere between w and w(1 −t). The move from H to E is due to the income effect, and if there is an optimal strictly between E and F, the move from E to that point is due to the substitution effect.32 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth EditionFor a consumer who pays taxes, his wage, and thus is MRS does not change. Thus the move from H to J is a pure negative income effect.6. The increase in dividend income shifts the budget line upward. The reduction in the wage rate flattensthe budget line. One possibility is depicted in the figures below. The original budget constraint HGL shifts to HFE. There are two income effects in this case. The increase in dividend income is a positive income effect. The reduction in the wage rate is a negative income effect. The drawing in the top figure shows the case where these two income effects exactly cancel out. In this case we are left witha pure substitution effect that moves the consumer from point A to point B. Therefore, consumptionfalls and leisure increases. As leisure increases, hours of work must fall. The middle figure shows a case in which the increase in dividend income, the distance GF, is larger and so the income effect is positive. The consumer winds up on a higher indifference curve, leisure unambiguously increases, and consumption may either increase or decrease. The bottom figure shows a case in which theincrease in dividend income, the distance GF, is smaller and so the income effect is negative. The consumer winds up on a lower indifference curve, consumption unambiguously decreases, andleisure may either increase or decrease.Chapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization 33 7. This problem introduces a higher, overtime wage for hours worked above a threshold, q. Thisproblem also abstracts from any dividend income and taxes.(a) The budget constraint is now EJG in the figure below. The budget constraint is steeper for levelsof leisure less than h − q, because of the higher overtime wage. The figure depicts possiblechoices for two different consumers. Consumer #1 picks point A on her indifference curve, I1.Consumer #2 picks point B on his indifference curve, I2. Consumer #1 chooses to work overtime;consumer #2 does not.(b) The geometry of the figure above makes it clear that it would be very difficult to have anindifference curve tangent to EJG close to point J. In order for this to happen, an indifferencecurve would need to be close to right angled as in the case of pure complement. It is unlikely that consumers wish to consume goods and leisure in fixed proportions, and so points like A and Bare more typical. For any other allowable shape for the indifference curve, it is impossible forpoint J to be chosen.(c) An increase in the overtime wage steepens segment EJ of the budget constraint, but has no effecton the segment JG. For an individual like consumer #2, the increase in the overtime wage has no effect up until the point at which the increase is large enough to shift the individual to a point like point A. Consumer #2 receives no income effect because the income effect arises out of a higher wage rate on inframarginal units of work. An individual like consumer #1 has the traditionalincome and substitution effects of a wage increase. Consumer #1 increases her consumption, but may either increase or reduce hours of work according to whether the income effect outweighsthe substitution effect.8. Lump-sum Tax vs. Proportional Tax. Suppose that we start with a proportional tax. Under theproportional tax the consumer’s budget line is EFH in the figure below. The consumer choosesconsumption, *,C and leisure, *,l at point A on indifference curve I1. A shift to a lump-sum taxsteepens the budget line. The absolute value of the slope of the budget line is (1),− and t has fallent w to zero. The imposition of the lump-sum tax shifts the budget line downward in a parallel fashion. By construction, the lump-sum tax must raise the same amount of revenue as the proportional tax. The consumer must therefore be able to continue to consume *C of the consumption good and *l of leisure after the change in tax collection. Therefore, the new budget line must also pass through point A.The new budget line is labeled LGH in the figure below. With the lump-sum tax, the consumer can34 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth Editiondo better by choosing point B, on the higher indifference curve, I2. Therefore, the consumer is clearly better off. We are also assured that consumption will be greater at point B than at point A, and that leisure will be smaller at point B than at point A.9. Leisure represents all time used for nonmarket activities. If the government is now providing forsome of those, like providing free child care, households will take advantage of such a program,thereby allowing more time for other activities, including market work. Concretely, this translates ina change of preferences for households. For the same amount of consumption, they are now willing towork more, or in other words, they are willing to forego some additional leisure. On the figure below, the new indifference curve is labeled I2. It can cross indifference curve I1 because preferences, as we measure them here, have changed. The equilibrium basket of goods for the household now shifts from A to B. This leads to reduced leisure (from l*1 to l*2), and thus increased hours worked, and increased consumption (from C*1 to C*2) thanks to higher labor income at the fixed wage.Chapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization 3536 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth Edition 10. The firm chooses its labor input, N d , so as to maximize profits. When there is no tax, profits for thefirm are given by(,).d d zF K N wN π=−That is, profits are the difference between revenue and costs. In the top figure on the following page,the revenue function is (,)d zF K N and the cost function is the straight line, wN d . The firm maximizes profits by choosing the quantity of labor where the slope of the revenue function equals the slope of the cost function:.N MP w =The firm’s demand for labor curve is the marginal product of labor schedule in the bottom figure onthe following page.With a tax that is proportional to the firm’s output, the firm’s profits are given by:(,)(,)(1)(,),d d d d zF K N wN tzF K N t zF K N π=−−=−where the term (1)(,)d t zF K N − is the after-tax revenue function, and as before, wN d is the costfunction. In the top figure below, the tax acts to shift down the revenue function for the firm and reduces the slope of the revenue function. As before, the firm will maximize profits by choosing the quantity of labor input where the slope of the revenue function is equal to the slope of the cost function, but the slope of the revenue function is (1),N t MP − so the firm chooses the quantity oflabor where(1).N t MP w −=In the bottom figure below, the labor demand curve is now (1),N t MP − and the labor demand curvehas shifted down. The tax acts to reduce the after-tax marginal product of labor, and the firm will hire less labor at any given real wage.Chapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization 37 11. The firm chooses its labor input N d so as to maximize profits. When there is no subsidy, profits forthe firm are given by(,).d d zF K N wN π=−That is, profits are the difference between revenue and costs. In the top figure on the following pagethe revenue function is (,)d zF K N and the cost function is the straight line, wN d . The firm maximizes profits by choosing the quantity of labor where the slope of the revenue function equals the slope of the cost function:.N MP w =The firm’s demand for labor curve is the marginal product of labor schedule in the bottom figurebelow.With an employment subsidy, the firm’s profits are given by:(,)()d d zF K N w s N π=−−where the term (,)d zF K N is the unchanged revenue function, and (w – s )N d is the cost function. Thesubsidy acts to reduce the cost of each unit of labor by the amount of the subsidy, s . In the top figure below, the subsidy acts to shift down the cost function for the firm by reducing its slope. As before, the firm will maximize profits by choosing the quantity of labor input where the slope of the revenue function is equal to the slope of the cost function, (t – s ), so the firm chooses the quantity of labor where.N MP w s =−In the bottom figure below, the labor demand curve is now ,N MP s + and the labor demand curve hasshifted up. The subsidy acts to reduce the marginal cost of labor, and the firm will hire more labor at any given real wage.38 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth Edition 12. Minimum Employment Requirement. Below *,N no output is produced. Thereafter, the productionfunction has its usual properties. Such a production function is reproduced in the first two figures below. At high wages, the firm’s cost curve is entirely above the revenue curve, so the firm hires nolabor, to prevent incurring losses. Only if the wage rate is less than ˆwwill the firms choose to hire anyone. At ˆ,w w= the firm chooses *,N just as it would in the absence of the constraint. Below ˆ,w the labor demand curve is unaffected. The labor demand curve is reproduced in the bottom figure.Chapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization 39 13. The level of output produced by one worker who works h – l hours is given by(,).s Y zF K h l =−This equation is plotted in the figure below. The slope of this production possibilities frontier is simply .N MP −14. As the firm has to internalize the pollution, it realizes that labor is less effective than it previouslythought. It now needs to hire N (1 + x ) workers where N were previously sufficient. This is qualitatively equivalent to a reduction of z , total factor productivity. The figure below highlights the resulting outcome: the firm now hires fewer people for a given wage and thus its labor demand is reduced.40 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Fourth Edition 15. 0.30.7Y zK n =(a) 0.7.Y n = See the top figure below. The marginal product of labor is positive and diminishing. (b) 0.72.Y n = See the figures below. (c) 0.30.70.72 1.23.Y n n =≈ See the figures below. (d) See the bottom figure below.0.30.30.30.30.31,10.72,1 1.41,220.70.86N N N z K MP n z K MP n z K MP n n −−−−==⇒===⇒===⇒=×≈。
新概念英语第四册课后习题及答案资料讲解
新概念英语第四册课后习题及答案Structure 句型Lesson 15 in some part of the world people are still __ b__ to writeA in capable b impote nt c en able d un able6 they can preserve their history ____ d_ dow n lege ndsA by hand b by handing c to hand d in hand7the ___ a__ why these lege nds are useful is that they tell us about migrati onsA cause b effect c why d reas on8 there were n't __ a__ of the n who could write dow n what they did.A any b none c no one d noLesson 25 it would ___ a__ impossible for us to live in this world if insects had no en emies.A make it b stay c be d have it6 we owe __c ___ to the birds and beast who eat in sects.A a great deal b a lot of c a great many d much of7 how many spiders are invo Ived ____ a_ this work on our behalf?A at b for c in d to8 there are many differe nt __ a __ spidersA sort of b kind of c type of d kindsLesson 35 earlier climbers liked summits __ c__ had n ever bee n climbed before.A which b which they c that they d uni ess they6 _____ d_ sin gle aim was gett ing to the topA they're b there c their d theirs7 ___ a __ Zermatt and Chamo ni x,most places were unknown.A except b uni ess c without d apart from8 ___ b__ were gen erally dirty and flea-ridde n.A the few inns that existed b inns like thisC such inns d few innsLesson 45 several cases have bee n reported in Russia rece ntly of people __ b can readA whom b that c which d they6 one day she came into his office and put her hands on the door of the safe ___ c__A as it happe ned b by cha nce c perhaps d inten ti on ally7 _d _____ these tests were being con ducted ,she was able to read a n ewspaper.A during b on occasion c while d as if8 Vera could n't see with her skin ___ a__ she was bli ndfold .A only b except c as if d uni essLesson 55 the problem# there is one, __d _____ by older peopleA created b is created c creates d is creat ing6 for one thi ng ,if you ___ a__ a problem,you have a certa in ide ntity.A were b being c had d are7 ___ c__ to be lin ked with life ,and the origi n of thi ngs.A they seem b it seems c this seems d what seems8 it is ____ b __ they are con ceited and ill-ma nn eredA n ecessary b permissible c possible d likelyLesson 65 if only ____ a_ possible for the com mon people to meet each other.A it would be b it could be c it were d it might be6 you play __a__ winA in order to b in order that c so that d for7 the village green is the _a__ you pick sides.A the place b the time c the reas on d the cause8 ___ d__ the questi on of n ati onal prestige arisesA the mome nt b just c as long as d proved ingLesson 75 not __b ___ sound made by ani mals serves as Ian guageA every b each c the whole d the en tire6 we have only to turn to that extraord inary discovery of echo-locati on inbats to see a case ____ a__ the voice plays a strictly utilitaria n roleA which b where c whe n d though7 __c ___ he shout in the vic inity of a wall, an echo will come back.A should b if c whe n d though8 ___ d _ the echo-so unding apparatus was born.A such b the way c that's how d like thisLesson 85 america n farmers can't export chicke ns to europe _ b __differe nces in n ati onal regulati ons.A through b accord ing to c in respect of d because of6 an electric razor from the eu __a ____ sold in the us unless it meets us sta ndards.A ought n't to be b can't be c should n't be d does n't have to be7 america and the eu __ a__ to reach a dealA are still trying b slways try c tried d were trying8 the details are __b ___ that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal.A so complex b eno ugh complex c such complexity d too complex。
人工智能导论课后答案第四版
人工智能导论课后答案第四版1、在机器学习中，机器可以自行通过样本总结规律，不需要人工干预，就可以总结规律的方向以及参数的维度。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)2、知识图谱已经成为推动人工智能发展的唯一核心驱动力。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)3.快递无人车配送主要是根据雷达控制、GPS定位、图像识别、路径规划、道路监控来实现快递车的运行及环境感知。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. 无人机航拍主要利用遥感操控平台。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)错5.惯性导航系统测量运动载体的线加速度和角速率数据，再对这些数据对距离进行微分运算。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)6. 全局路径规划的主要规划内容是避免碰撞和保持安全距离。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)7.2010年美国颁布了以IEEE802.11P作为底层通信协议和以IEEE1609系列规范作为高层通信协议的V2X网联通通信标准。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. 无人车自主避障的第一阶段是规划合理路线。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)9.三维自动目标识别（ATR）是指从三维成像的传感器数据中自动检测并识别目标。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)错10. 无人船分为自主无人船、非自主无人船两种。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)1、现阶段的机器感知是计算机通过（）来辨别周围世界。
*A. 图像(正确答案)B. 声音(正确答案)C. 感觉D. 信息2、图像识别经历的阶段有（） [单选题] *A. 文字识别B. 数字图像处理C. 识别、物体识别D. 以上都是(正确答案)3、机器学习包括（） *A. 监督学习(正确答案)B. 无监督学习(正确答案)C. 半监督学习(正确答案)D. 强化学习(正确答案)4、模式识别的主要目标就是（） [单选题] *用计算机来模拟人的各种识别能力(正确答案)用语言来模拟人的各种识别能力用机器来模拟人的各种识别能力用感觉来模拟人的各种识别能力5、图像识别是指利用计算机对图像进行（） [单选题] *分析、解决、感受处理、分析、理解(正确答案)认知、感受、分析6、( )是以数字图像处理与识别为基础并结合人工智能、系统学等学科的研究,其研究成果被广泛应用在各种工业及探测机器人上。
计算机科学导论(第4版)习题答案-第5、6章
第5章算法与复杂性习题一、选择题1. B2. D3. C4. A5. B6. B7. D8.B9.C 10.A11.A 12.C 13.A 14.A二、简答题1．什么是算法，算法的特性有哪些？答：“算法(Algorithm)是一组明确的、可以执行的步骤的有序集合，它在有限的时间内终止并产生结果”。
算法的特性有：(1) 有穷性(可终止性)：一个算法必须在有限个操作步骤内以及合理的有限时间内执行完成。
(2) 确定性：算法中的每一个操作步骤都必须有明确的含义，不允许存在二义性。
(3) 有效性(可执行性)：算法中描述的操作步骤都是可执行的，并能最终得到确定的结果。
(4) 输入及输出：一个算法应该有零个或多个输入数据、有1个或多个输出数据。
2．什么是算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度，如何表示？答：时间复杂度是与求解问题规模、算法输入相关的函数，该函数表示算法运行所花费的时间。
记为，T(n)，其中，n代表求解问题的规模。
算法的空间复杂度(Space complexity)度量算法的空间复杂性、即执行算法的程序在计算机中运行所占用空间的大小。
简单讲，空间复杂度也是与求解问题规模、算法输入相关的函数。
记为，S(n)，其中，n代表求解问题的规模。
时间复杂度和空间复杂度同样，引入符号“O”来表示T(n)、S(n)与求解问题规模n之间的数量级关系。
3．用图示法表示语言处理的过程。
答：语言处理的过程如图所示：4．简述算法设计的策略。
答：作为实现计算机程序实现时解决问题的方法，算法研究的内容是解决问题的方法，而不是计算机程序的本身。
一个优秀的算法可以运行在比较慢的计算机上，但一个劣质的算法在一台性能很强的计算机上也不一定能满足应用的需要，因此，在计算机程序设计中，算法设计往往处于核心地位。
要想充分理解算法并有效地应用于实际问题，关键是对算法的分析。
通常可以利用实验对比分析、数学方法来分析算法。
实验对比分析很简单，两个算法相互比较，它们都能解决同一问题，在相同环境下，一般就会认为哪个算法的速度快这个算法性能更好。
新概念英语第四册答案：Unit4
Section AVocabularyIII.1. investment2. disposal3. condensed4. strategic5. revenue6. scratch7. utilities8. invested9. nowhere 10. transmission IV.1. is lagging far behind2. are stuck with3. going for4. remain in contact5. keep pace with6. at your disposal7. dates from8. scratched the surface of9. stuck in 10. choose betweeV.1.L2.N3.D4.E5.H6.17.F8.09.1 10.BCollocatioVI.1. exchange2. growth3. opportunities4. understanding5. benefit6. peace7. development8. career9. will 10. statuWord BuildingVII.1. superpower2. superabundant3. supermarket4. super-speed5. supercomputer6. superman7. superstar8. super-efficientVIII.1. auto-timer2. auto-focus3. autograph4. auto-reverse5. autobiography6. automakers7. autoloading8. autocriticism sentence structureIX1. Concentrate on indoor delights rather than outdoor fights and you'll be much better appreciated.2. As a result of the development of computer technology many people may eventually be able to work at home rather than go to the office.3. Some people say that the pupils' achievements this term will be measured by a formal test rather than their teacher's assessment.4. They argued that their products should be developed on the basis of need rather than profit.5. During weekends the businessmen may spend time establishing friendship and mutual trust rather than discussing any particular item of business.X.1. Petrol now is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.2. Theirs is about three times as big as ours.3. Latin American customers talk two to four times as long on the phone as people in North America.4. the fee for cell phones is typically twice as much as for calls made over fixed line5. can transmit 250,000 times as much data as a standard telephone wire TranslatioXI.1. Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.2. Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past.3. In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.4. Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job.5. For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal.6. We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.XII.1，发展中国家认为信息技术是促进经济发展的途径，但⼀些国家在估算成本与选择技术⽅⾯缺乏经验。
人工智能导论第四章课后答案
人工智能导论第四章课后答案1. 什么是模型训练？为什么要进行模型训练？模型训练指的是利用现有数据集对模型进行训练，从而优化模型的参数，使得模型能够更好地拟合数据，提高其预测能力。
模型训练的主要目的是通过数据挖掘，寻找数据中的规律和模式，从而构建出一个能够更好地解释现象和预测未来的模型。
为什么要进行模型训练？主要原因就是数据的复杂性和多样性。
对于人类来说，我们很难直接从数据中发现规律和模式，而模型可以通过训练学习到这些模式，并将其应用于未来的数据中。
另外，模型训练可以帮助我们更好地理解数据和现象，预测未来的趋势和变化，从而帮助我们更好地做出决策。
2. 什么是分类模型？举例说明。
分类模型是一种可以将输入数据分为不同类别的数学模型。
它基于已知的数据集建立一个用于分类的函数，从而将新的数据分成不同的类别。
举个例子，假设我们有一些狗狗的图片，我们希望利用分类模型将它们分为不同的品种。
我们可以将这些数据集分为训练集和测试集，利用训练集训练出一个分类器，然后利用测试集来测试分类器的准确率。
最后，我们可以利用这个分类器对新的狗狗图片进行分类，从而判断它们的品种。
3. 什么是回归模型？举例说明。
回归模型是一种可以预测数值型变量的数学模型，它可以通过已知的数据集来预测未知的数值。
举个例子，假设我们有一些房屋数据，包括房屋的面积、房间数、地段等信息，我们希望通过这些数据来预测房价。
我们可以将这些数据集分为训练集和测试集，利用训练集训练出一个回归模型，然后利用测试集来测试回归模型的准确率。
最后，我们可以利用这个回归模型对新的房屋数据进行预测，从而预测出它的价格。
4. 什么是聚类模型？举例说明。
聚类模型是一种可以将输入数据分为不同组或簇的数学模型。
聚类模型通过特定的算法，将数据集中相似的数据分成一组，从而将不同的组或簇区分开来。
举个例子，假设我们有一些顾客的数据，包括顾客的年龄、性别、消费行为等信息，我们希望通过聚类模型将这些顾客分为不同的群体，以便于我们更好地为他们提供个性化的服务。
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案
Unit Four/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Information engineering emphasizes a modeling tool called entityrelationship diagrams.2. One of the disadvantages of model-driven development is the long durationof projects.3. Unlike structured analysis and design and information engineering,object-oriented analysis and design attempt to emerge the data and process concerns into singular constructs called objects.4. Unlike logical models, physical models show not only what a system is ordoes , but also how the system is physically and technically implemented.II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. check box 复选框.选择框.校验框2. structured design 结构化设计3. building block 积木块.构建模块.构件4. database schema 数据库模式5. radio button 单选（按）钮6. 系统建模技术 system modeling technique7. 模型驱动开发 model-driven development8. 数据流程图 data flow diagram9. 下拉式菜单 drop-down (或pull-down) menu10. 滚动条 scroll barUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. New software may be developed from scratch or through the use of existingsystems and off-the-shelf software or system components.2. The three generic process models discussed in the text are often complementaryrather than mutually exclusive, especially for large system development.3. The waterfall model is so named because of the cascade from one phase to anotherin the software development process.4. The fundamental development activities of the waterfall model arerequirements analysis and definition, system and software design, implementation and unit testing, integration and system testing, and operation and maintenance.5. The two fundamental types of evolutionary development are exploratorydevelopment and throwaway prototyping.6. The evolutionary approach is often more effective than the waterfall approachin producing systems that meet the immediate needs of customers, but it is difficult to establish a(n) stable system architecture using this approach.7. CBSE is a(n) reuse-oriented approach to software development, which relieson a large base of reusable software components and an integrating framework for these components.8. While CBSE can reduce the amount of software to be developed and the associatedcost and risks, it cannot avoid requirements compromises which may lead to a system that does not meet the real needs of users.II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. system specification 系统规格说明2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）4. system validation testing 系统验证测试5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6. linear model 线性模型7. program unit 程序单元8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9. text formatting 正文格式编排.文本格式化10. system evolution 系统演变11. 系统设计范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式编程方法 exploratory programming approach14. 系统文件编制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model16. 系统集成 system integration17. 商用现成软件 commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18. 基于组件的软件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19. 软件维护工具 software maintenance tool20. 软件复用 software reuseIV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:Software processes are complex and, like all intellectual and creative processes, rely on people making decisions and judgments. Because of the need for judgment and creativity, attempts to automate software processes have met with limited success. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support some process activities. However, there is no possibility, at least in the next few years, of more extensive automation where software takes over creative design from the engineers involved in the software process.One reason the effectiveness of CASE tools is limited is because of the immense diversity of software processes. There is no ideal process, and many organization have developed their own approach to software development.Processes have evolved to exploit the capabilities of the people in an organization and the specific characteristics of the systems that are being developed. For some systems, a very structured development process is required while for others a flexible, agile process is likely to be more effective.软件过程比较复杂.而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样.依靠人们作出决定和判断。
java编程思想第四版 习题答案
java编程思想第四版习题答案
《Java编程思想第四版习题答案》
在学习编程语言Java的过程中，深入理解和掌握其编程思想是至关重要的。
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解和运用所学知识。
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人工智能-chpt4
• 由于表示的形式不同，知识表示显然 可以分为许多层次
5
第4章 知识表示
4.1.1 分层方法
• 一种分层方法(Brachman, 1979)
• 实现层次(Implementational)：程序实现级 • 逻辑层次(Logical)：符号逻辑 • 认识论层次(Epistemological)：概念类型
and things.
23
第4章 知识表示
本体论顶层分类(1)
• 二分法：物理(Physical) / 抽象(Abstract) • 三分法：独立(Independent) / 关系
(Relative) / 中介(Mediating)
• 分别称为第一级(Firstness)/第二级 (Secondness)/第三级/(Thirdness)
• 本体论是关于事物本身的研究，主要 研究如何描述事物(定义)，特别是如 何分类事物
• Quine认为本体论的基本问题是：What is there?
• 可以回答：everything / 但这过于笼统了 • 他提出了一个标准：“To be is to be the
value of a quantified variable”
• 表示常常和推理紧密联系 • 知识表示通常是一些符号的集合 / 推理
和行动可以由这些符号构建，也可以本 身就代表着一种行为结构(如神经网络)
3
第4章 知识表示
4.1 知识表示的层次
4.1.1 分层方法 4.1.2 表示的本质
第4章 知识表示
知识与知识表示的层次
• 知识表示是什么？
• 按照Sowa教授的说法：知识表示是关 于设计计算机系统以完成那些需要人 类智能的任务的科学
人工智能第4版部分课后答案
第２章附加题1.请写出用一阶谓词逻辑表示法表示知识的步骤。
步骤：（1）定义谓词及个体，确定每个谓词及个体的确切含义；（2）根据所要表达的事物或概念，为每个谓词中的变元赋予特定的值；（3）根据所要表达的知识的语义用适当的联接符号将各个谓词联接起来，形成谓词公式。
1.什么是子句？什么是子句集？请写出谓词公式子句集的步骤。
解：子句就是由一些文字组成的析取式。
由子句构成的集合称为子句集。
步骤：（1）消去谓词公式中的蕴涵和双条件符号，以 A B代替A B，以(A B) ( A B)替换A B。
（2）减少不定符号的辖域，使不定符号最多只作用到一个谓词上。
（3）重新命名变元名，使所有的变元的名字均不同，并且自由变元及约束变元亦不同。
（4）消去存在量词。
（5）把全称量词全部移到公式的左边，并使每个量词的辖域包括这个量词后面公式的整个部分。
（6）母式化为合取范式，建立起与其对应的子句集。
2-2用谓词表示法求解修道士和野人问题。
在河的北岸有三个修道士、三个野人和一条船，修道士们想用这条船将所有的人都运过河去，但要受到以下条件限制：(1) 修道士和野人都会划船，但船一次只能装运两个人。
(2) 在任何岸边，野人数不能超过修道士，否则修道士会被野人吃掉。
假定野人愿意服从任何一种过河安排，请规划出一种确保修道士安全的过河方案。
要求写出所用谓词的定义、功能及变量的个体域。
解：（1）定义谓词先定义修道士和野人人数关系的谓词：G(x,y,S)：在状态S下x大于yGE(x,y,S)：在状态S下x大于或等于y其中，x,y分别代表修道士人数和野人数，他们的个体域均为{0,1,2,3}。
再定义船所在岸的谓词和修道士不在该岸上的谓词：Boat(z,S)：状态S下船在z岸EZ(x,S)：状态S下x等于0，即修道士不在该岸上其中，z的个体域是{L,R}，L表示左岸，R表示右岸。
再定义安全性谓词：Safety(z,x,y,S)≡(G(x,0,S)∧GE(x,y,S))∨(EZ(x,S))其中，z,x,y的含义同上。
《人工智能-一种现代方法》第四版习题答案
2.1 Define in your own words the following terms: agent, agent function, agent program, rationality, reflex agent, model-based agent, goal-based agent, utility-based agent, learning agent. The following are just some of the many possible definitions that can be written:
2.2 Both the performance measure and the utility function measure how well an agent is doing. Explain the difference between the two. A performance measure（性能度量） is used by an outside observer to evaluate（评估） how successful an agent is. It is a function from histories to a real number. A utility function（效用函数） is used by an agent itself to evaluate how desirable（令人想要） states or histories are. In our framework, the utility function may not be the same as the performance measure; furthermore, an agent may have no explicit utility function at all, whereas there is always a performance measure.
(完整版)C实用教程郑阿奇课后习题答案
第一章C#快速入门习题1、CLR是一种 BA 程序设计语言B 运行环境C 开发环境D API编程接口2、C#语言源代码文件后缀名为 DA .C#B .CC C .CSPD .CS3、构建桌面应用程序需要.NET提供的类库是： DA B Windows.FormC XMLD 4、与C++等语言相比，C#中增加的一个类成员访问修饰符是 DA privateB publicC protectedD internal5、C#中导入某一命名空间的关键字是 AA usingB useC importD include6、C#中程序入口方法名是 AA MainB mainC BeginD using第二章C#编程基础习题1、 C#中值类型包括三种，它们是 CA 整型，浮点型,基本类型B 数值类型，字符类型，字符串类型C 简单类型，枚举类型，结构类型D数值类型，字符类型，枚举类型2、枚举类型是一组命名的常量集合，所有整型都可以作为枚举类型的基本类型，如果类型省略，则约定为int3、C#的引用类型包括类，接口，数组，object和string。
其中object D 根类A 只是引用类型B 只是值类型C 只是string类型D是所有值类型和所有引用类型的4、浮点常量有三种格式，下面 A 组的浮点常量都属于都变了常量A 0.618034，0.618034D, 6.18034E-1B 0.918034，0.618034F，0.0618034e1C 0.618034，0.618034f，0.618034MD 0.618034F，0.618034D，0.618034M5、下面字符常量表示有错的一组是 DA ‘\\’ , ‘\u0027’ , ‘\x0027’B ‘\n’ , ‘\t’ , ’\037C’a ’, ‘\u0061’ , (char)90 D ‘\x0030’ , ’\0’ , ’0’6、下列标示符命名正确的是 AA _int,Int,@intB using, _using, @usingC NO1,NO_1,NO.1 DA3,_A3,@A37当表达式中混合了几种不同数据类型时，C#会基于运算的顺序将他们自动转换为同一类型。
初级人工智能训练认证答案修订版
初级人工智能训练认证答案修订版IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】智能辅助常用话术会通过算法，自送更新近30天内的常用话术，以下对于更新时间的描述，哪一个是正确的？每周二、周四下午15点每周一、周五下午15点每周一、周四下午15点每周三、周日下午15点最多可以分5组最多可以分10组最多可以分15组最多可以分20组“什么时候发货”和“明天可以发货么”是否都属于咨询“发货时间”？是否"小小鲁班有活动吗？"是否属于“店铺活动”场景？是否关于测试窗的描述，以下哪个说法是错误的？您可以直接在店小蜜后台测试问答效果，不会影响线上客服接待测试窗可以帮助定位命中的场景是属于官方知识库、自定义知识库或无命中如发现问法匹配错误的，无需再联系小二反馈，线上提交反馈直接流转至算法同学进行评估优化通过测试窗可以直接跟在线的买家进行聊天，帮助买家解决问题训练师柳柳发现“离线消息”板块中，“批量分配”和“一键分配当天全部”的按钮是灰色的，无法点击，可能是由于以下哪一个原因导致的？因为选择了人工优先服务模式因为关闭了店小蜜人工客服全部挂起无法分配因为人工客服服务量超过负荷“最低多少钱？”是否属于“店铺活动”场景？是否“今天能给我发吗”这句话与下列哪一句话的语义接近？到杭州要多少天退回去的衣服发出来了么衣服我不要了，不要给我发货了衣服裤子要什么时候才发货？“我这里挺偏的，你们都发什么快递的”，与这句话意思相似的是以下哪一个选项？我这里挺偏的，你们发的快递到不了你们可以给我发我指定的快递吗我想要后天收到货，你们快点发货你们通常发货都是什么快递“帮我发顺丰吧？”是否属于“指定快递”场景？是否“我想换一件，这件太大了”和“我想换货，怎么换”是否属于咨询同一类问题？是否白天开启店小蜜助手优先模式，机器人已解决部分的咨询量会记录到客服的接待量里。
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Canadian History~ TEST REVIEW! ~Chapter 4 ~ T he First World War: Shaping Canada’s Identity 1. How did the First World War begin?World War I began as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914; was transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of war against Russia on Aug. 1, 1914; and eventually became a global war involving 32 nations.2. How did Canada become involved?Canada was a colony of Britain; it was Canada’s duty to help Britain in the war.3. What is “Total War”? What were the changes in this war? Total War is war that involves an entire society, in which civilians are considered fair targets. This means everyone in the country is affected by the war. In previous wars, fighting was limited to armies: rifles, guns, and bayonets.4. What was Canada like in 1914?Innocent – population of only 8 millionUnprepared to go to war5. How did the war shape Canada’s development as a nation? WWI brought many significant changes to Canada as it developed as a NationI。
Canada found it’s place among the Community of Nations。
Canada was ultimately granted the right to make it’s own decisions in foreign affairs by British Parliament through the Statute of Westminster in 1931 Propaganda in World War One6. What is Propaganda?Propaganda is a specific type of message presentationaimed at serving an agenda. At its root, the denotation of propaganda is 'to propagate (actively spread) a philosophy or point of view'.7. Why do we use propaganda?They used propaganda to:a) justify their involvement to their own populaceb) As a means of recruiting menc) A way to raise money and resources to sustain themilitary campaign.d) To urge conservation8. Why posters?They used posters because:a. Television had not yet been inventedb. Not everyone owned or had access to a radioc. Posters were the most effective means of getting amessage across9. What are the seven tricks/terms of propaganda?The seven tricks/terms of propaganda are:∙Name Calling∙Glittering Generalities∙Transfer∙Testimonial∙Plain Folks∙Card Stacking∙Band WagonControversies during the First World War10. The War Measures Acta) What is the War Measures Act?The War Measures Act was created in the year of1914 on August.4. This Act enabled the governmentof Canada to make arrests, detain and deport anypeople of foreign origins with the power to usephysical force.This Act stripped away the rights ofCanadian citizens and put the country in a state ofemergency. It was a preventative measure againstenemy spies.b) What is your opinion of the War Measures Act? Was itfair? Was it necessary?11. A White Man’s Wara) What difficulties did Aboriginals and African Canadianshave in participating in the war?Canada chose a recruitment policy with racistovertones. No German-Canadian recruits wereaccepted. Asian-Canadian recruits were likewiserejected (initially refused admittance outright, by1916 a handful had been accepted with reluctance ).many black Canadians tried to enlist but wereturned away. Natives initially discouraged becausethe enemy would treat them as “savages” and notaccord them the “privileges of civilized warfare”1. with some reluctance Aboriginal troopswere eventually accepted2. black Canadians were not wanted forcombat units3. Asian- and German-Canadian soldiers werenot welcomedb) What was Canada’s enlistment policy?Canada chose a recruitment policy with racistovertones. Local militias organized recruitment(and therefore decided who they would accept)Sam Hughes, when asked about this, replied thatrecruitment was “entirely in the hands ofCommanding Officers, and their selections orrejections are not interfered with fromHeadquarters”c) What was Valcartier?Hastily-built camp at Valcartier, Quebec that trainedthe recruits before they went overseas to fight.d) Who was Sir Sam Hughes?Minister of the Militia Hughes was the driving forcebehind recruitment “Sir Sam” kept promising moreand more recruits12. The Conscription Crisisa) What was the Conscription Crisis?Conscription is military service by all men of a certain age. It is required by law.The Canadian government introduced the idea in 1917.b)Do you think everyone agreed with conscription?Many groups disagreed.French-Canadians said, “No.”To the French-Canadians, Canada was fighting to protect England. This was not a French war.Farmers said, “No.”Their sons were needed to help harvest the crops to feed the soldiers.Labour unionists said, “No.”They needed workers to operate the machines making the war equipment.b) Which two groups did the Canadian Government allowto vote in the Conscription election?In return for women supporting conscription, the Government granted the vote to two groups in the next election:Soldiers who were fighting overseasMothers and wives of soldiers who were fighting overseas.c) Why would the Government of Canada want thesetwo groups to vote in the conscription vote?The War and Social Change in Canada13. Women’s changing role ~ Women’s suffrage movementa) How did the drop in the labour force effect women?Women are forced/welcomed into the WorkforceWomen entered for 2 reasons,–1, Their sole support was gone and they needed money to survive–2, Factories were in demand of labour for the war effort.Over 30,000 Canadian women worked in factories during the war making military supplies (guns, bullets, uniforms, ships, tanks etc).Workers or slaves ??⏹Women paid ½ salary of men.⏹(they had no union) and male unions anti-losing theirjobs.⏹Near end of the war Women Unions did form,mostly working conditions not salaries raise.⏹“Canaries” from sulfur.14. Women also employed as welders, fitters, machinists,riveters and numerous other jobs that before the war were considered to be “men’s work.”a) Why were some women given the right to vote in 1917?In return for women supporting conscription, the Government granted the vote to two groups in the next election:Soldiers who were fighting overseasMothers and wives of soldiers who were fighting overseas.15. How did war change the face of Canada domestically (athome) and abroad?No one was exempt from “military service “at home. Canadians who could not serve directly in combat were expected to participate in smaller but still significant, ways. Across the nation, Canadians rallied for the war effort. Hundreds of church groups, women's organizations, charities sprang into action.a) Women took war factory jobsb) Received lower wages than malesc) Food shortages made running a household difficult By the end of the war in 1918, over 60,000 Canadians would have perished, out of a total population of only eight million.♦Men lost limbs and were mutilated♦Birthrate fell markedly♦Invalids unable to work♦Ethnic hostility♦Influenza epidemicCanada found it’s place among the Community of Nations。