pyramid selling

合集下载

金融词汇的翻译Finance

金融词汇的翻译Finance外汇 foreign exchange法定贬值 devaluation外币 foreign currency法定升值 revaluation汇率 rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支 balance of payments硬通货 hard currency直接标价 direct quotation软通货 soft currency间接标价 indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率 buying rate通货膨胀 inflation卖出汇率 selling rate固定汇率 fixed rate金本位制度 gold standard黄金输送点 gold points铸币平价 mint par纸币制度 paper money system国际货币基金 international monetary fund黄金外汇储备 gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuationacquiring company 收购公司bad loan 呆帐chart of cash flow 现金流量表clearly-established ownership 产权清晰debt to equity 债转股diversity of equities 股权多元化economy of scale 规模经济emerging economies 新兴经济exchange-rate regime 汇率机制fund and financing 筹资融资global financial architecture 全球金融体系global integration, globality 全球一体化，全球化go public 上市growth spurt （经济的）急剧增长have one's "two commas" 百万富翁hedge against 套期保值housing mortgage 住房按揭holdings 控股，所持股份holding company 控股公司initial offerings 原始股initial public offerings 首次公募innovative business 创新企业intellectual capital 智力资本inter-bank lending 拆借internet customer 网上客户investment payoff period 投资回收期joint-stock 参股mall rat 爱逛商店的年轻人means of production 生产要素(the)medical cost social pool for major diseases 大病医疗费用社会统筹mergers and acquisitions 并购mobile-phone banking 移动电话银行业moods 人气net potato 网虫non-store seling 直销offering 新股online-banking 网上银行业online-finance 在线金融online client （银行的）网上客户paper profit 帐面收益physical assets 有形资产project fund system 项目资本金制度pyramid sale 传销recapitalize 资产重组regional corrency blocks 地区货币集团regulate 调控sell off 变现share(stock) option 期权，股票认购权smart card 智能卡slash prices 杀价spare capacity 闲置的生产能力strong growth 强劲的增长势头switch trade 转手贸易take…public 上市tap the idle assets 盘活存量资产transaction （银行的）交易transfer payment from the exchequer 财政转移支付venture-capital 风险资本virtual bank 虚拟银行wire transfer 电子转帐。

第三章渠道结构

4. emerging conditions 5. advantages analysis: Advantage: Realizing the integration of developmental
strategy; easy to control; strengthen serves ; Shortcoming: Does not suit products widespread retailing;
Focus on resources of production; simplify transactions, extensive distribution; Super services, risk-sharing.
3. Disadvantage analysis
difficult to communicate information directly heavy burden on consumers ; market instability, difficult to control
excludes direct selling in store.
Conclusion Direct sale is the form of non-store selling, including
direct selling、 direct marketing.
The direct selling includes two schemes : the singlelevel and multi-level marketing; the latter is known as pyramid selling in our country .
Direct sale can be in direct channels (such as personal selling), as well as indirect channels (such as a cosmetics firm commissioned a direct-sales company selling ).

布莱克—舒尔斯期权定价

显然，S0＝1OO，X＝105，r＝0.20，T-t＝0.50，σ＝0.05 用公式计算：d1=1.47 ； d2=1.43 查正态分布数值表（标准正态曲线下的面积—累积概率）：
N(d1)=N(1.47)=0.9292； N(d2)=N(1.43)=0.9236
用公式计算：
C = $5.17
5）标的物股票的价格波动率越大，看涨期权
的价值越高
关于波动率:在这个公式中，最难理解的莫过于
波动率（），其实这是期权定价法中最重要的变量。这个变量体现的是：金融市场上，吸收了全部当前“信息”之后，对未来该股票价格走势的“不确定性”的判断。
也就是说，越小，说明市场对该股票价格的判断就越明确，市场上投资人相信其价格在未来不会出现大的波动，投资人根据当前市场上掌握的信息，可以比较容易地判断该股票未来价格走势，因而该股票未来价格的不确定性也就越低。
~
S363
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S364
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~
1
Rt 365
St
~
St 1
每天的收益率
1
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R
~
S365
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S0
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S1
S0
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S2
~
S1
~
S365
~
S364
1
~
R1
365
1
~
R2
365
1
~
R365
365
年利率
利用连续计息方式计息的连续复利
rt 365
log
1
二叉树各个阶段股票价格的变化是互相独立的，而且变化的概率分布是同分布的，因此满足条件1
二叉树定价中所分阶数越来越多，适当的选择二叉树中的u和d，使他们都足够快的趋于1，当所分阶数趋于无穷大时，股票的价格变化就趋向于对数正态分布（收益率变化趋于正态分布）

Some up-to-date expressions

Some up-to-date expressions
• 重要战略机遇期 • 建设高素质的领导干部队伍 • 廉政建设 • 依法治国、以德治国 • 自谋职业 • 自主创业 • 解放思想，实事求是 • 继往开来，与时俱进 • 养老保险制度 • 城乡发展不平衡 • 农民收入增长缓慢 • Period of important strategic opportunities • Build a contingent of high-caliber leading cadres • Building a clean and honest government • Govern the country by combining the rule of law with the rule of virtue • Find jobs on one’s own • Become self-employed • Emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts • Carrying our cause forward and keeping pace with the times • Old-age pension system • Uneven development between the urban and rural areas • Slow increase of farmers’ incomes
Some up-to-date expressions (5)
• 经济私有化 The privatization of economy • 与国际接轨 Be geared to international practice (norms) • 福利分房 Welfare-oriented distribution of housing • 住房商品化 Commercialization of housing • 按揭购房 Buy an apartment on a mortgage • 物业管理 Estate management • 南水北调 South-to-North diversion of water • 西气东输 West-to-East piping of natural gas

企业盈利模型

地区市场份额
地区领先模型
在一些行业，公司业务几乎完全是地区性的，例如：上门医疗、食品店、零售点。这些行业中，地区领先比什么都重要，从本钱构造上看，发生的绝大多数本钱是地区行的，成为地区领袖可以降低后勤本钱、广告费用和人力本钱。
Transaction scale profit model
Time profit model
美元 / 单位产品
时间
本钱价格
速度模型
在某些行业，创新业务的供给商具有先行优势，从而获得超额回报。随着效仿者的进入，利润开场受到侵蚀。
利润来自产品或效劳的独特性，超额利润随着效仿者的进入而逐渐消失。应用速度模型的成功案例是英特尔公司。
应用速度模型的关键在于比后面的竞争对手有两年时间的领先期。因此，几乎所有的利润都发生在产品发布后的头几个季度。
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sellin

sellinSelling Your Products: Strategies for SuccessIntroductionIn today's competitive market, selling products efficiently and effectively is vital for business success. Whether you are a small business owner or an employee, understanding the key strategies involved in selling can make a significant difference in achieving your sales goals. This document aims to provide an overview of essential selling techniques and tips to help you enhance your selling skills and increase your success rate.1. Knowing Your Target MarketBefore embarking on any selling activities, it is crucial to identify and understand your target market. Who are your potential customers? What are their needs and preferences? Conduct thorough market research to gather valuable insights that will help you tailor your selling approach specifically to your target audience. Understanding your customers' pain points, motivations, and buying behaviorswill enable you to position your product effectively and communicate its unique value to potential buyers.2. Building RelationshipsBuilding strong relationships with your customers is a key aspect of successful selling. People are more likely to buy from someone they trust and have a positive connection with. Take the time to establish rapport with your customers by actively listening to their needs and concerns. Show genuine interest in solving their problems and providing solutions through your products. Maintaining open lines of communication, following up with customers, and providing exceptional customer service will contribute to building lasting relationships and customer loyalty.3. Effective CommunicationEffective communication is at the core of successful selling. Develop strong communication skills, both verbal and non-verbal, to effectively convey your message to potential buyers. Articulate the unique features and benefits of your product in a clear and concise manner. Use persuasive language and storytelling techniques to engage your audience and help them envision how your product can solve their problems orenhance their lives. Pay attention to body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions to ensure your communication is engaging and builds trust with potential buyers.4. Product KnowledgeHaving in-depth knowledge of your product is essential when selling. Be well-versed in every aspect of your product, including its features, specifications, and benefits. This knowledge will instill confidence in potential buyers and allow you to answer any questions or concerns they may have. Regularly update your product knowledge to stay up-to-date with any changes or new developments. Understanding how your product compares to competitors' offerings will also enable you to highlight its unique selling points and differentiate it from similar products in the market.5. Overcoming ObjectionsThroughout the sales process, you may encounter objections or concerns from potential buyers. Instead of viewing objections as roadblocks, embrace them as opportunities to address your customers' concerns and provide the information they need to make an informed purchase decision. Anticipate common objections in advance andprepare convincing responses. By addressing objections effectively, you can build trust and credibility with potential buyers and increase your chances of closing the sale.6. Closing the SaleClosing the sale is the ultimate goal of any selling activity. After effectively communicating the value of your product, it is crucial to ask for the sale and guide potential buyers towards making a purchase decision. Use closing techniques such as offering incentives, creating a sense of urgency, or providing limited-time offers to encourage buyers to take action. However, remember to be genuine and never pressure or manipulate customers into buying something they do not truly need or want.ConclusionSelling is both an art and a science. By understanding the fundamental strategies involved in successful selling, you can improve your sales skills and increase your chances of achieving your business goals. Knowing your target market, building relationships, effective communication, product knowledge, overcoming objections, and closing the sale are all key components of a successful selling process.Continuously refine your selling techniques, adapt to changing market conditions, and always prioritize customer satisfaction to excel in your selling endeavors.。

曼昆经济学原理-第九章-应用：国际贸易

A
Price with tariff
Price without tariff
0
B
Tariff
Imports with tariff
Domestic demand
Q1S Q2S
Q2D Q1D
Imports without tariff
World price
Quantity of Steel
The Effects of a Tariff...
进口配额的效应
由于配额使国内价格上升到世界价格之上，因此国内买者的状况变坏，生产者的状况变好。. 进口许可证持有者的状况变好，因为他们可以按世界价格买进商品，再以国内高价卖出，并从中获利。
进口配额的效应 ...
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
Domestic
supply
Price of Steel
பைடு நூலகம்
Domestic supply
Price with tariff
Price without tariff
0
税收收入
E
Tariff
Imports with tariff
Domestic demand
Q1S Q2S
Q2D Q1D
Imports without tariff
World price
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
征税后的生产者剩余
C
G
0
Q1S
Tariff
Imports with tariff
Domestic demand
Q2S
Q2D Q1D
Imports without tariff

美国公司法证券法历年经典论文列表

美国是世界上公司法、证券法研究最为发达的国家之一，在美国法学期刊（Law Review & Journals）上每年发表400多篇以公司法和证券法为主题的论文。

自1994年开始，美国的公司法学者每年会投票从中遴选出10篇左右重要的论文，重印于Corporate Practice Commentator，至2008年，已经评选了15年，计177篇论文入选。

以下是每年入选的论文列表：2008年（以第一作者姓名音序为序）：1.Anabtawi, Iman and Lynn Stout. Fiduciary duties for activist shareholders. 60 Stan. L. Rev. 1255-1308 (2008).2.Brummer, Chris. Corporate law preemption in an age of global capital markets. 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1067-1114 (2008).3.Choi, Stephen and Marcel Kahan. The market penalty for mutual fund scandals. 87 B.U. L. Rev. 1021-1057 (2007).4.Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. On beyond CalPERS: Survey evidence on the developing role of public pension funds in corporate governance. 61 V and. L. Rev. 315-354 (2008).5.Cox, James D., Randall S. Thoma s and Lynn Bai. There are plaintiffs and…there are plaintiffs: An empirical analysis of securities class action settlements. 61 V and. L. Rev. 355-386 (2008).6.Henderson, M. Todd. Paying CEOs in bankruptcy: Executive compensation when agency costs are low. 101 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1543-1618 (2007).7.Hu, Henry T.C. and Bernard Black. Equity and debt decoupling and empty voting II: Importance and extensions. 156 U. Pa. L. Rev. 625-739 (2008).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. The hanging chads of corporate voting. 96 Geo. L.J. 1227-1281 (2008).9.Strine, Leo E., Jr. Toward common sense and common ground? Reflections on the shared interests of managers and labor in a more rational system of corporate governance. 33 J. Corp. L. 1-20 (2007).10.Subramanian, Guhan. Go-shops vs. no-shops in private equity deals: Evidence and implications.63 Bus. Law. 729-760 (2008).2007年：1.Baker, Tom and Sean J. Griffith. The Missing Monitor in Corporate Governance: The Directors’ & Officers’ Liability Insurer. 95 Geo. L.J. 1795-1842 (2007).2.Bebchuk, Lucian A. The Myth of the Shareholder Franchise. 93 V a. L. Rev. 675-732 (2007).3.Choi, Stephen J. and Robert B. Thompson. Securities Litigation and Its Lawyers: Changes During the First Decade After the PSLRA. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1489-1533 (2006).4.Coffee, John C., Jr. Reforming the Securities Class Action: An Essay on Deterrence and Its Implementation. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1534-1586 (2006).5.Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Does the Plaintiff Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Lead Plaintiffs in Securities Class Actions. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1587-1640 (2006).6.Eisenberg, Theodore and Geoffrey Miller. Ex Ante Choice of Law and Forum: An Empirical Analysis of Corporate Merger Agreements. 59 V and. L. Rev. 1975-2013 (2006).7.Gordon, Jeffrey N. The Rise of Independent Directors in the United States, 1950-2005: Of Shareholder V alue and Stock Market Prices. 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1465-1568 (2007).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. Hedge Funds in Corporate Governance and Corporate Control. 155 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1021-1093 (2007).ngevoort, Donald C. The Social Construction of Sarbanes-Oxley. 105 Mich. L. Rev. 1817-1855 (2007).10.Roe, Mark J. Legal Origins, Politics, and Modern Stock Markets. 120 Harv. L. Rev. 460-527 (2006).11.Subramanian, Guhan. Post-Siliconix Freeze-outs: Theory and Evidence. 36 J. Legal Stud. 1-26 (2007). (NOTE: This is an earlier working draft. The published article is not freely available, and at SLW we generally respect the intellectual property rights of others.)2006年：1.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director Primacy and Shareholder Disempowerment. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1735-1758 (2006).2.Bebchuk, Lucian A. Letting Shareholders Set the Rules. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1784-1813 (2006).3.Black, Bernard, Brian Cheffins and Michael Klausner. Outside Director Liability. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 1055-1159 (2006).4.Choi, Stephen J., Jill E. Fisch and A.C. Pritchard. Do Institutions Matter? The Impact of the Lead Plaintiff Provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. 835.Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Letting Billions Slip Through Y our Fingers: Empirical Evidence and Legal Implications of the Failure of Financial Institutions to Participate in Securities Class Action Settlements. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 411-454 (2005).6.Gilson, Ronald J. Controlling Shareholders and Corporate Governance: Complicating the Comparative Taxonomy. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1641-1679 (2006).7.Goshen , Zohar and Gideon Parchomovsky. The Essential Role of Securities Regulation. 55 Duke L.J. 711-782 (2006).8.Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman and Richard Squire. Law and the Rise of the Firm. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1333-1403 (2006).9.Hu, Henry T. C. and Bernard Black. Empty V oting and Hidden (Morphable) Ownership: Taxonomy, Implications, and Reforms. 61 Bus. Law. 1011-1070 (2006).10.Kahan, Marcel. The Demand for Corporate Law: Statutory Flexibility, Judicial Quality, or Takeover Protection? 22 J. L. Econ. & Org. 340-365 (2006).11.Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law.58 V and. L. Rev. 1573-1622 (2005).12.Smith, D. Gordon. The Exit Structure of V enture Capital. 53 UCLA L. Rev. 315-356 (2005).2005年：1.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. The case for increasing shareholder power. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 833-914 (2005).2.Bratton, William W. The new dividend puzzle. 93 Geo. L.J. 845-895 (2005).3.Elhauge, Einer. Sacrificing corporate profits in the public interest. 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 733-869 (2005).4.Johnson, . Corporate officers and the business judgment rule. 60 Bus. Law. 439-469 (2005).haupt, Curtis J. In the shadow of Delaware? The rise of hostile takeovers in Japan. 105 Colum. L. Rev. 2171-2216 (2005).6.Ribstein, Larry E. Are partners fiduciaries? 2005 U. Ill. L. Rev. 209-251.7.Roe, Mark J. Delaware?s politics. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2491-2543 (2005).8.Romano, Roberta. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the making of quack corporate governance. 114 Y ale L.J. 1521-1611 (2005).9.Subramanian, Guhan. Fixing freezeouts. 115 Y ale L.J. 2-70 (2005).10.Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The public and private faces of derivative lawsuits. 57 V and. L. Rev. 1747-1793 (2004).11.Weiss, Elliott J. and J. White. File early, then free ride: How Delaware law (mis)shapes shareholder class actions. 57 V and. L. Rev. 1797-1881 (2004).2004年：1Arlen, Jennifer and Eric Talley. Unregulable defenses and the perils of shareholder choice. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 577-666 (2003).2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. The business judgment rule as abstention doctrine. 57 V and. L. Rev. 83-130 (2004).3.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Alma Cohen. Firms' decisions where to incorporate. 46 J.L. & Econ. 383-425 (2003).4.Blair, Margaret M. Locking in capital: what corporate law achieved for business organizers in the nineteenth century. 51 UCLA L. Rev. 387-455 (2003).5.Gilson, Ronald J. and Jeffrey N. Gordon. Controlling shareholders. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 785-843 (2003).6.Roe, Mark J. Delaware 's competition. 117 Harv. L. Rev. 588-646 (2003).7.Sale, Hillary A. Delaware 's good faith. 89 Cornell L. Rev. 456-495 (2004).8.Stout, Lynn A. The mechanisms of market inefficiency: an introduction to the new finance. 28 J. Corp. L. 635-669 (2003).9.Subramanian, Guhan. Bargaining in the shadow of takeover defenses. 113 Y ale L.J. 621-686 (2003).10.Subramanian, Guhan. The disappearing Delaware effect. 20 J.L. Econ. & Org. 32-59 (2004)11.Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The new look of shareholder litigation: acquisition-oriented class actions. 57 V and. L. Rev. 133-209 (2004).2003年：1.A yres, Ian and Stephen Choi. Internalizing outsider trading. 101 Mich. L. Rev. 313-408 (2002).2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director primacy: The means and ends of corporate governance. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 547-606 (2003).3.Bebchuk, Lucian, Alma Cohen and Allen Ferrell. Does the evidence favor state competition in corporate law? 90 Cal. L. Rev. 1775-1821 (2002).4.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Further findings and a reply to symposium participants. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 885-917 (2002).5.Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. How to fix Wall Street: A voucher financing proposal for securities intermediaries. 113 Y ale L.J. 269-346 (2003).6.Daines, Robert. The incorporation choices of IPO firms. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev.1559-1611 (2002).7.Gilson, Ronald J. and David M. Schizer. Understanding venture capital structure: A taxexplanation for convertible preferred stock. 116 Harv. L. Rev. 874-916 (2003).8.Kahan, Marcel and Ehud Kamar. The myth of state competition in corporate law. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 679-749 (2002).ngevoort, Donald C. Taming the animal spirits of the stock markets: A behavioral approach to securities regulation. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 135-188 (2002).10.Pritchard, A.C. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and the counterrevolution in the federal securities laws. 52 Duke L.J. 841-949 (2003).11.Thompson, Robert B. and Hillary A. Sale. Securities fraud as corporate governance: Reflections upon federalism. 56 V and. L. Rev. 859-910 (2003).2002年：1.Allen, William T., Jack B. Jacobs and Leo E. Strine, Jr. Function over Form: A Reassessment of Standards of Review in Delaware Corporation Law. 26 Del. J. Corp. L. 859-895 (2001) and 56 Bus. Law. 1287 (2001).2.A yres, Ian and Joe Bankman. Substitutes for Insider Trading. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 235-254 (2001).3.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, Jesse M. Fried and David I. Walker. Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 751-846 (2002).4.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 887-951 (2002).5.Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman. Delaware’s Takeover Law: The Uncertain Search for Hidden V alue. 96 Nw. U. L. Rev. 521-566 (2002).6.Bratton, William M. Enron and the Dark Side of Shareholder V alue. 76 Tul. L. Rev. 1275-1361 (2002).7.Coates, John C. IV. Explaining V ariation in Takeover Defenses: Blame the Lawyers. 89 Cal. L. Rev. 1301-1421 (2001).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Pill: Adaptive Responses to Takeover Law. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 871-915 (2002).9.Kahan, Marcel. Rethinking Corporate Bonds: The Trade-off Between Individual and Collective Rights. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1040-1089 (2002).10.Roe, Mark J. Corporate Law’s Limits. 31 J. Legal Stud. 233-271 (2002).11.Thompson, Robert B. and D. Gordon Smith. Toward a New Theory of the Shareholder Role: "Sacred Space" in Corporate Takeovers. 80 Tex. L. Rev. 261-326 (2001).2001年：1.Black, Bernard S. The legal and institutional preconditions for strong securities markets. 48 UCLA L. Rev. 781-855 (2001).2.Coates, John C. IV. Takeover defenses in the shadow of the pill: a critique of the scientific evidence. 79 Tex. L. Rev. 271-382 (2000).3.Coates, John C. IV and Guhan Subramanian. A buy-side model of M&A lockups: theory and evidence. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 307-396 (2000).4.Coffee, John C., Jr. The rise of dispersed ownership: the roles of law and the state in the separation of ownership and control. 111 Y ale L.J. 1-82 (2001).5.Choi, Stephen J. The unfounded fear of Regulation S: empirical evidence on offshore securities offerings. 50 Duke L.J. 663-751 (2000).6.Daines, Robert and Michael Klausner. Do IPO charters maximize firm value? Antitakeover protection in IPOs. 17 J.L. Econ. & Org. 83-120 (2001).7.Hansmann, Henry and Reinier Kraakman. The essential role of organizational law. 110 Y ale L.J. 387-440 (2000).ngevoort, Donald C. The human nature of corporate boards: law, norms, and the unintended consequences of independence and accountability. 89 Geo. L.J. 797-832 (2001).9.Mahoney, Paul G. The political economy of the Securities Act of 1933. 30 J. Legal Stud. 1-31 (2001).10.Roe, Mark J. Political preconditions to separating ownership from corporate control. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 539-606 (2000).11.Romano, Roberta. Less is more: making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance. 18 Y ale J. on Reg. 174-251 (2001).2000年：1.Bratton, William W. and Joseph A. McCahery. Comparative Corporate Governance and the Theory of the Firm: The Case Against Global Cross Reference. 38 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 213-297 (1999).2.Coates, John C. IV. Empirical Evidence on Structural Takeover Defenses: Where Do We Stand?54 U. Miami L. Rev. 783-797 (2000).3.Coffee, John C., Jr. Privatization and Corporate Governance: The Lessons from Securities Market Failure. 25 J. Corp. L. 1-39 (1999).4.Fisch, Jill E. The Peculiar Role of the Delaware Courts in the Competition for Corporate Charters. 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1061-1100 (2000).5.Fox, Merritt B. Retained Mandatory Securities Disclosure: Why Issuer Choice Is Not Investor Empowerment. 85 V a. L. Rev. 1335-1419 (1999).6.Fried, Jesse M. Insider Signaling and Insider Trading with Repurchase Tender Offers. 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 421-477 (2000).7.Gulati, G. Mitu, William A. Klein and Eric M. Zolt. Connected Contracts. 47 UCLA L. Rev. 887-948 (2000).8.Hu, Henry T.C. Faith and Magic: Investor Beliefs and Government Neutrality. 78 Tex. L. Rev. 777-884 (2000).9.Moll, Douglas K. Shareholder Oppression in Close Corporations: The Unanswered Question of Perspective. 53 V and. L. Rev. 749-827 (2000).10.Schizer, David M. Executives and Hedging: The Fragile Legal Foundation of Incentive Compatibility. 100 Colum. L. Rev. 440-504 (2000).11.Smith, Thomas A. The Efficient Norm for Corporate Law: A Neotraditional Interpretation of Fiduciary Duty. 98 Mich. L. Rev. 214-268 (1999).12.Thomas, Randall S. and Kenneth J. Martin. The Determinants of Shareholder V oting on Stock Option Plans. 35 Wake Forest L. Rev. 31-81 (2000).13.Thompson, Robert B. Preemption and Federalism in Corporate Governance: Protecting Shareholder Rights to V ote, Sell, and Sue. 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 215-242 (1999).1999年（以第一作者姓名音序为序）：1.Bankman, Joseph and Ronald J. Gilson. Why Start-ups? 51 Stan. L. Rev. 289-308 (1999).2.Bhagat, Sanjai and Bernard Black. The Uncertain Relationship Between Board Composition and Firm Performance. 54 Bus. Law. 921-963 (1999).3.Blair, Margaret M. and Lynn A. Stout. A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law. 85 V a. L. Rev. 247-328 (1999).4.Coates, John C., IV. “Fair V alue” As an A voidable Rule of Corporate Law: Minority Discounts in Conflict Transactions. 147 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1251-1359 (1999).5.Coffee, John C., Jr. The Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and Its Implications. 93 Nw. U. L. Rev. 641-707 (1999).6.Eisenberg, Melvin A. Corporate Law and Social Norms. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1253-1292 (1999).7.Hamermesh, Lawrence A. Corporate Democracy and Stockholder-Adopted By-laws: Taking Back the Street? 73 Tul. L. Rev. 409-495 (1998).8.Krawiec, Kimberly D. Derivatives, Corporate Hedging, and Shareholder Wealth: Modigliani-Miller Forty Y ears Later. 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1039-1104.ngevoort, Donald C. Rereading Cady, Roberts: The Ideology and Practice of Insider Trading Regulation. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1319-1343 (1999).ngevoort, Donald C. Half-Truths: Protecting Mistaken Inferences By Investors and Others.52 Stan. L. Rev. 87-125 (1999).11.Talley, Eric. Turning Servile Opportunities to Gold: A Strategic Analysis of the Corporate Opportunities Doctrine. 108 Y ale L.J. 277-375 (1998).12.Williams, Cynthia A. The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Social Transparency. 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1197-1311 (1999).1998年：1.Carney, William J., The Production of Corporate Law, 71 S. Cal. L. Rev. 715-780 (1998).2.Choi, Stephen, Market Lessons for Gatekeepers, 92 Nw. U. L. Rev. 916-966 (1998).3.Coffee, John C., Jr., Brave New World?: The Impact(s) of the Internet on Modern Securities Regulation. 52 Bus. Law. 1195-1233 (1997).ngevoort, Donald C., Organized Illusions: A Behavioral Theory of Why Corporations Mislead Stock Market Investors (and Cause Other Social Harms). 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 101-172 (1997).ngevoort, Donald C., The Epistemology of Corporate-Securities Lawyering: Beliefs, Biases and Organizational Behavior. 63 Brook. L. Rev. 629-676 (1997).6.Mann, Ronald J. The Role of Secured Credit in Small-Business Lending. 86 Geo. L.J. 1-44 (1997).haupt, Curtis J., Property Rights in Firms. 84 V a. L. Rev. 1145-1194 (1998).8.Rock, Edward B., Saints and Sinners: How Does Delaware Corporate Law Work? 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1009-1107 (1997).9.Romano, Roberta, Empowering Investors: A Market Approach to Securities Regulation. 107 Y ale L.J. 2359-2430 (1998).10.Schwab, Stewart J. and Randall S. Thomas, Realigning Corporate Governance: Shareholder Activism by Labor Unions. 96 Mich. L. 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Rev. 2498-2632 (1997).7.Kahan, Marcel and Klausner, Michael, Lockups and the Market for Corporate Control, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1539-1571 (1996).8.Mahoney, Paul G., The Exchange as Regulator, 83 V a. L. Rev. 1453-1500 (1997).haupt, Curtis J., The Market for Innovation in the United States and Japan: V enture Capital and the Comparative Corporate Governance Debate, 91 Nw. U.L. Rev. 865-898 (1997).10.Skeel, David A., Jr., The Unanimity Norm in Delaware Corporate Law, 83 V a. L. Rev. 127-175 (1997).1996年：1.Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman A Self-Enforcing Model of Corporate Law, 109 Harv. L. Rev. 1911 (1996)2.Gilson, Ronald J. Corporate Governance and Economic Efficiency: When Do Institutions Matter?, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 327 (1996)3. Hu, Henry T.C. Hedging Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 21 J. Corp. L. 3 (1995)4.Kahan, Marcel & Michael Klausner Path Dependence in Corporate Contracting: Increasing Returns, Herd Behavior and Cognitive Biases, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 347 (1996)5.Kitch, Edmund W. The Theory and Practice of Securities Disclosure, 61 Brooklyn L. Rev. 763 (1995)ngevoort, Donald C. Selling Hope, Selling Risk: Some Lessons for Law From Behavioral Economics About Stockbrokers and Sophisticated Customers, 84 Cal. L. Rev. 627 (1996)7.Lin, Laura The Effectiveness of Outside Directors as a Corporate Governance Mechanism: Theories and Evidence, 90 Nw. U.L. Rev. 898 (1996)lstein, Ira M. The Professional Board, 50 Bus. Law 1427 (1995)9.Thompson, Robert B. Exit, Liquidity, and Majority Rule: Appraisal's Role in Corporate Law, 84 Geo. L.J. 1 (1995)10.Triantis, George G. and Daniels, Ronald J. The Role of Debt in Interactive Corporate Governance. 83 Cal. L. Rev. 1073 (1995)1995年：公司法：1.Arlen, Jennifer and Deborah M. 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Institutions as Relational Investors: A New Look at Cumulative V oting, 94 Colum. L. Rev. 124-192 (1994)3.Karpoff, Jonathan M., and Lott, John R., Jr. The Reputational Penalty Firms Bear From Committing Criminal Fraud, 36 J.L. & Econ. 757-802 (1993)4.Kraakman, Reiner, Park, Hyun, and Shavell, Steven When Are Shareholder Suits in Shareholder Interests?, 82 Geo. L.J. 1733-1775 (1994)5.Mitchell, Lawrence E. Fairness and Trust in Corporate Law, 43 Duke L.J. 425- 491 (1993)6.Oesterle, Dale A. and Palmiter, Alan R. Judicial Schizophrenia in Shareholder V oting Cases, 79 Iowa L. Rev. 485-583 (1994)7. Pound, John The Rise of the Political Model of Corporate Governance and Corporate Control, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1003-1071 (1993)8.Skeel, David A., Jr. Rethinking the Line Between Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy, 72 Tex. L. Rev. 471-557 (1994)9.Thompson, Robert B. Unpacking Limited Liability: Direct and V icarious Liability of Corporate Participants for Torts of the Enterprise, 47 V and. L. 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高中英语作文：传销的诱惑The Temptation of Pyramid Selling

高中英语作文：传销的诱惑The Temptation ofPyramid SellingMany years ago, a popular word comes to people’s ears,it is the new illegal industry, it called pyramid selling.The media exposed the industry, it was a selling group which worked on the illegal selling, once people joined in the group, there was no way for them to get rid of it. It is people’s greed that makes them hard to resist the temptation of pyramid selling.很多年以前，一个流行的词进入人们的耳朵，那就是新的不合法的产业，叫做“传销”。

媒体曝光了这个产业，那是一个销售团体，从事不合法的销售，一旦人们加入，就无法脱离队伍。

正是人们的贪念才会让他们无法拒绝传销的诱惑。

Pyramid selling is made up of a group, they implantpeople the idea that they can be rich by selling the products. It sounds ridiculous, but the group finds a way to persuade people to believe it, they know people can’t resist thegreat temptation from money, so they always succeed incheating people.传销是由有一个团体组成，他们向人们灌输能够通过卖产品来致富的观点。

Despicable me英汉详解

卑鄙的我Despicable[dɪˈspɪkəbl] meExcuse me, sir,is there a commode[kəˈməud]厕所?Justin!Quick, honey, take my picture. I got the pyramid ['pɪrəmɪd]金字塔 in my hand. Justin, you get back here right now!No, stop! No, no! Stop him!Go back! Don't climb! Wait, wait. Hold on. Easy, little boy.Okay, stop, child! Stop right there. No!No, no, no! There he goes.Justin! I've got him! I've got him!Outrage['aʊtreɪdʒ]震怒in Egypt tonight as it was discovered that the GreatPyramid['pɪrəmɪd] of Giza吉萨金字塔 had been stolen and replaced by a giant['dʒaɪənt] inflatable [ɪnˈfleɪtəbl]充气 replica [ˈreplɪkə]赝品复制品. There is panic ['pænɪk]恐慌throughout the globe as countries and citizens各国及其国民try to protect their beloved landmarks名胜古迹. Law enforcement [ɪn'fɔ:smənt]执法部门 still has no leads leaving everyone to wonder，which of the world's villains ['vɪlən]罪犯 is responsible for this heinous [ˈheɪnəs]极邪恶的crime? And where will he strike [straɪk]攻击next?I'm having a bad, bad day 今天过得糟糕透顶It's about time that I get my way老子地盘该由老子做主Steamrolling whatever I see 彻底摧毁所见一切Freeze ray!Freeze ray! Freeze ray!冷冻光! 冷冻光! 冷冻光! I'm having a bad, bad day今天过得糟糕透顶If you take it personal, that's oka y别以为我这是针对你Watch, this is so fun tosee我在一旁沾沾自喜Despicable[dɪˈspɪkəbl] me我可真是相当卑鄙Morning, Gru! How you doing你好吗?Hello, Fred. FYI for your information顺便说一句, your dog has been leaving little bombs all over my yard and I don't appreciate it.Sorry. You know dogs. They go wherever they want to go随心所欲.Unless they're dead. I'm joking! Although, it is true. Anyway, have a good one再见啦. Okay. Yeah.Steamrolling whatever I see彻底摧毁所见一切Despicable me我可真是相当卑鄙I'm having a bad, bad day今天过得糟糕透顶If you take it personal, that'sokay别以为我这是针对你Despicable me我可真是相当卑鄙You've got to be pulling on my leg开什么玩笑啊!Hello! 有人吗Cookies for sale.Go away. I'm not home.Yes, you are. I heard you.No, you didn't. This is a recording答录机.No, it isn't.Yes, it is. Watch this. Leave a message, beep.Goodbye, recorded message语音留言.Agnes, come on.Kyle! Bad dog! No! No, no.Sit. My muffin [ˈmʌfɪn]松饼.Gru!Dr Nefario.I know how you must be feeling. I, too, have encountered [ɪn'kaʊntəd]遇到 great disappointment,but in my eyes, you will always be one of the greats.What? What happened?It's all over the news! 这事传得沸沸扬扬呢Some fella['felə(r)]小伙子 just stole a pyramid. They're saying he makes all other villains look lame[leɪm]残了.Assemble[ə'sembl]集合 the minions [ˈmɪniən]小兵狗腿子!Minions, assemble! Okay. Okay.Looking good气色不错啊, Kevin! How is the family? Good?All right. That's my Billy boy! What up, Larry?Hello, everybody! Yeah, all right! Simmer['sɪmə(r)] down安静. Simmer down! Thank you, okay.Now, I realize that you guys probably heard about this other villain who stole the pyramids. Apparently[əˈpærəntli]显然, it's a big deal. People are calling it the crime of the century ['sentʃərɪ] and stuff [stʌf] like that. But am I upset失落? No, I am not! A little, but we have had a pretty good year ourselves, and you guys are all right in my book计一功. No, no raises不加薪! You're not going to get any raises.What did we do?Well, we stole the Times Square时代广场Jumbotron[ˈdʒʌmbəutrɔn]巨型屏幕 ! Nice! That's how I roll这就是我的风格. Yeah, you all like watching football on that, huh? But that's not all不仅如此. We stole[stəʊl] the Statue [ˈstætʃu:] of Liberty['lɪbətɪ]自由女神, the small one from Las Vegas. And I won't even mention the Eiffel [ˈaɪfəl] Tower埃菲尔铁塔! Also Vegas. Okay, I wasn't going to tell you about this yet, but I have been working on something very big! Something that will blow this pyramid thing out of the water! And thanks to the efforts['efəts] of my good friend Dr Nefario...Thank you!There he is. He's styling有款有型.Now, we have located[ləʊˈkeɪtɪd] a shrink ray微缩光 in a secret lab, and once we take this shrink ray, we will have the capability to pull off the true crime of the century. ...We are going to steal...Wait, wait! I haven't told you what it is yet. Dave, listen up, please. Next, we are going to steal, pause for effect制造点神秘气氛,the moon! And once the moon is mine, the world will give me whatever I want to get it back! And I will be the greatest villain of all time! That's what I'm talking about. Yes?Hello, Gru? I've been crunching [krʌntʃ]处理 some numbers, and I really don't see how we can afford this. It can't be done. I'm not a miracle worker.没办法我变不出钱来Hey, chillax [tʃɪ'læks]淡定. I'll just get another loan[ləʊn]贷款 from the bank. They love me!Edith伊迪斯, stop it!What? I'm just walking.Miss Hattie's Home for Girls海蒂小姐女童院Hi, Miss Hattie. We're back.Hello, girls!Anybody come to adopt[ə'dɒpt]收养us while we were out?Let me think. No! Edith! What did you put on my desk?A mud pie泥巴派.You're never gonna get adopted, Edith. You know that, don't you?Yeah, I know.Good. So, how did it go, girls? Did we meet our quotas[k'wəʊtəz]定额?Sort[sɔ:t] of. We sold 43 mini-mints[mɪnt]薄荷, 30 choco-swirlies[swɜ:l]旋转螺旋, and 18 coco-nutties可可坚果饼['nʌtɪ].Okay. Well, you say that like it's a great sale day. Look at my face! Do you still think it's a great sale day?Eighteen coco-nutties. I think we can do a little better than that, don't you?We wouldn't want to spend the weekend in the Box ofShame羞愧小屋, would we? No.No, Miss Hattie.Okay, good. Off you go. Go clean something of mine.Hi, Penny.Hi, guys.Hello, Mom. Sorry, I meant to call, but... 想给你打电话来着但是...I just wanted to congratulate you on stealing the pyramid. That was you, wasn't it? Or was it a villain who's actually successful?Just so you know, Mom, I am about to do something that's very, very big, very important. When you hear about it, you're going to be very proud.Good luck with that那祝你好运. Okay, I'm out of here挂了.BANK(银行)BANK OF EVIL (万恶银行)Gru to see Mr. Perkins. 格鲁求见博金斯先生Yes, please have a seat.That's one small step for man, one giant leap [li:p]飞跃 formankind.这是我的一小步却是人类的一大步Ma, someday I'm going to go to the moon.I'm afraid you're too late, Son. NASA isn't sending the monkeys any more.I'm applying for a new villain loan. Go by the name of Vector['vektə(r)]向量.It's a mathematical[ˌmæθə'mætɪkl] term[tɜ:m]术语, a quantity[ˈkwɒntəti] represented by an arrow, with both direction and magnitude[ˈmægnɪtju:d]数量巨大重要. Vector! That's me, 'cause I'm committing crimes with both direction and magnitude目标明确数额巨大. Oh, yeah! Check out my new weapon.Piranha[pɪ'rɑ:nə] gun食人鱼枪! Oh, yes! Fires live piranhas. Ever seen one before? No, you haven't. I invented it. Do you want a demonstration[ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn]演示? Shoot! So difficult, sometimes, to get the piranha[pɪ'rɑ:nə] back inside of my...Mr. Gru, Mr. Perkins will see you now.So, all I need is money from the bank to build a rocket. And then, the moon is ours. Well, very nice presentation[ˌpreznˈteɪʃn]演讲.I'd like to see this shrink ray.Absolutely[ˈæbsəlu:tli]没问题! Will do. Soon as很快 I have it.You don't have it? And yet you have the audacity[ɔ:'dæsətɪ]胆大妄为 to ask the bank for money?Apparently[əˈpærəntli]显而易见是的.Do you have any idea of the capital资金 that this bank has invested in you给你投资, Gru? With far迄今 too few of your sinister[ˈsɪnɪstə(r)]危险的 plots[plɒt]密谋 actuallyturning a profit['prɒfɪt]利益收益. How can I put it?怎么说呢 Let's say this apple is you. If we don't start getting our money back还钱... Get the picture你滴明白?Look, Gru, the point is, there are a lot of new villains out there人才辈出, younger than you, hungrier than you, younger than you, Like that young fellow out there named Vector. He just stole a pyramid!I've got it. I've got it. So, as far as getting money for the rocket...Get the shrink ray, then we'll talk否则免谈.TOP SECRET RESEARCH FACILITY EAST ASIA最高机密研究所东亚Suckers傻帽! Suckers! We got it!What? Hey! Hey! What! Hey! No, no, no! You!Now, maybe you'll think twice三思 before you freeze someone's head! So long回见, Gru!Quick! We can't let him get away! Up ahead前上方! Up ahead! Fire! Fire, now!You missed me!Come to papa! Take that.How adorable[əˈdɔ:rəbl]有趣可爱的.Got you in our sights锁定你了!Like taking candy from a简直轻而易举...? What?Hey, Gru! Try this on for size试试这个大小!That's weird[wɪəd]诡异奇怪. What is going... This is claustrophobic[ˌklɔ:strəˈfəʊbɪk]幽闭恐惧症! No, no, no! Too small! This is too small for me! I hate that guy!...and please watch over us照拂我们, and bless that we'll have a good night's sleep. And bless that while we're sleeping, no bugs will crawl[krɔ:l]爬 into our ears and lay eggs in our brains.Great. Thanks for that image, Edith.And please bless that someone will adopt[ə'dɒpt]收养 us soon, and that the mommy and daddy will be nice and have a pet unicorn独角兽. Amen.Amen. Amen.* Unicorns, I love them Unicorns, I love them. Uni, uni, unicorns I love them. Uni, unicorns, I could pet one. If they were really real. And they are. So, I bought one so I could pet it. Now it loves me Now I love it *VECTOR'S FORTRESS['fɔ:trəs]要塞城堡 SECURITY ALERT(安全警报)!!Don't you... What the... Good luck, little girls!Miss Hattie's Home for Girls(海蒂小姐女童院) Whoa! Cool. Hi! We're orphans['ɔ:fn]孤儿from Miss Hattie's Home for Girls.I don't care. Beat it!Come on! We're selling cookies so, you know, we can have a better future.Wait, wait! Do you have coco-nutties?Yeah.Light bulb灵光一现[bʌlb]球茎灯泡. Dr Nefario! I'm going to need a dozen tiny robots disguised[dɪs'ɡaɪz]伪装隐瞒 as cookies!What?Cookie robots!Who is this?Oh, forget it.Well, it appears[ə'pɪə(r)]显现出现 you have cleared our background check通过了背景检查, Dr Gru. And I see you have made a list of some of your personal achievements. Thank you for that. I love reading.And I see you have been given the Medal of Honor荣誉勋章and a knighthood[ˈnaɪthʊd]骑士.Me, me, me. Me, me, me. Kevin? (the Minions)You had your own cooking show and you can hold your breath for 30 seconds? It's not that impressive[ɪmˈpresɪv]印象深刻.Idiot! Fight! Fight! Fight! Fight! Fight! Fight! Fight! Fight! (the Minions)What in the name of... What?这些乱七八糟的都是什么？Well, here's the dealio事情是这样的. Things have been so lonely since my wife, Debbie, passed on. It's like my heart is a tooth, and it's got a cavity['kævətɪ]蛀牙 that can only be filled with children.I'm sorry. You are a beautiful woman. Do you speak Spanish? Do I look like I speak Spanish?You have a face como un burro你长得真像只驴 (西班牙语).Well, thank you!Anyway, can we proceed[prə'si:d]进行打断后继续 with this adoption? So, so excited! Please tell Margo, Edith and Agnes to come to the lobby['lɒbɪ]大厅.I bet the mom is beautiful!I bet the daddy's eyes sparkle.I bet their house is made of Gummi['gʌmɪ]软糖橡皮糖 Bears. I'm just saying it'd be nice.My caterpillar['kætəpɪlə(r)]毛毛虫 never turned into a butterfly.That's a Cheeto[tʃitəu]芝士条.Well, Debbie was a very lucky woman.Who's Debbie?Your wife.Hi, girls! Girls, I want you to meet Mr. Gru. He's going to adopt you. And he's a dentist!Yeah! Hi. I'm Margo. This is Edith. And that's Agnes.I got your leg, I got your leg!Okay, that is enough, little girl. Let go of my leg. Come on.You can do it.Higher! Higher!Just release your grip. Wow! How do you remove them? Is there acommand[kə'mɑ:nd]命令? Some nonstick spray[spreɪ]喷雾? Crowbar['krəʊbɑ:(r)]撬棍? Okay, girls, let's go.Oh, yeah! Pretty impressive真不错! What are you looking at瞪? You got shrunk[ʃrʌŋk], tiny mouthwash漱口水! Take that接招! You done been shrunk去小人国吧! Yello谁呀?I got the shrink ray, all right. No, I'm not playing with it. Gru? Don't make me laugh! No. P.S., he is not getting the moon, and P.P.S., by the time I'm done withhim等我把他料理了, he's gonna be begging for mercy跪求. Okay, bye. Look at you, a little tiny toilet for a little tiny baby... Curse[kɜ:s] you去死吧, tiny toilet!Okay, here we are.Home sweet home.So, this is, like, your house? Wait a sec... You're the guy who pretended he was a recorded message答录机!No, that was someone else.Can I hold your hand?No.When we got adopted by a bald[bɔ:ld]秃头的单调的 guy, I thought this'd be more like Annie漫画孤女安妮.No, hey! Kyle, these are not treats [tri:t]款待趣事零食. These are guests. Girls, this is Kyle, my dog.Fluffy['flʌfɪ]松软的毛茸茸的 doggy!What kind of dog is that?He is a... I don't know.Do you really think that this is an appropriate[ə'prəʊprɪət]合适适当的 place for little kids?'Cause it's not.No! No! Stay away from there! It's fragile['frædʒaɪl]易碎的.Well, I suppose the plan will work with two.Hey! It's dark in here. It poked[pəʊk]戳 a hole in my juice box.As you can see, I have provided everything a child might need. All right. Okay. As I was saying... Hey!Somebody broke that不是我打碎的.Okay, okay. Clearly, we need to set some rules看来我们需要约法三章.Rule number one. You will not touch anything.What about the floor?Yes, you may touch the floor.What about the air?Yes, you may touch the air!What about this?Where did you get that?Found it.Okay. Rule number two. You will not bother me while I'm working.Rule number three. You will not cry or whine[waɪn]发牢骚 or laugh or giggle['ɡɪɡl]傻笑玩笑or sneeze [sni:z]打喷嚏 or burp[bɜ:p]打嗝 or fart[fɑ:t]放屁! So, no, no, no annoying sounds. All right?Does this count as annoying这个算吗?Very! I will see you in six hours.Okay, don't worry. Everything's going to be fine. We're gonna be really happy here. Right? Agnes?Question. What are these?A dozen boogie['bu:ɡɪ]随音乐跳舞摆动身体 robots! Boogie! Look at this. Watch me!Cookie robots. I said cookie robots. Why are you so old你怎么那么糊涂啊?Okay. I'm on it.好的我这就弄。

金融博士书目

金融博士书目经济学、金融学博士书目（A：数学分析微分方程矩阵代数）微观金融学包括金融市场及金融机构研究、投资学金融工程学金融经济学、公司金融财务管理等方面，宏观金融学包括货币经济学货币银行学、国际金融学等方面，实证和数量方法包括数理金融学、金融计量经济学等方面，以下书目侧重数学基础、经济理论和数理金融学部分。

◎函数与分析《什么是数学》，牛津丛书●集合论Paul R. Halmos，Naive Set Theory 朴素集合论（美）哈莫斯（好书，深入浅出但过简洁）集合论(英文版)Thomas Jech（有深度）Moschovakis，Notes on Set Theory集合论基础（英文版）——图灵原版数学·统计学系列（美）恩德滕●数学分析○微积分Tom M. Apostol, Calculus vol Ⅰ&Ⅱ（数学家写的经典高等微积分教材/参考书，写法严谨，40年未再版，致力于更深刻的理解，去除微积分和数学分析间隔，衔接分析学、微分方程、线性代数、微分几何和概率论等的学习，学实分析的前奏，线性代数应用最好的多元微积分书，练习很棒，对初学者会难读难懂，但具有其他教材无法具备的优点。

Stewart 的书范围相同，也较简单。

）Carol and Robert Ash，The Calculus Tutoring Book（不错的微积分辅导教材）R. Courant, F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis vol Ⅰ&Ⅱ（适合工科，物理和应用多）Morris Kline，Calculus, an intuitive approachRon LarsonCalculus (With Analytic Geometry（微积分入门教材，难得的清晰简化，与Stewart同为流行教材）《高等微积分》Lynn H.Loomis / Shlomo StermbergMorris Kline，Calculus: An Intuitive and Physical Approach （解释清晰的辅导教材）Richard Silverman，Modern Calculus with Analytic GeometryMichael，Spivak，Calculus（有趣味，适合数学系，读完它或者Stewart的就可以读Rudin 的Principles of Mathematical Analysis 或者Marsden的Elementary Classical Analysis，然后读Royden的Real Analysis学勒贝格积分和测度论或者Rudin的Functional Analysis 学习巴拿赫和希尔伯特空间上的算子和谱理论）James Stewart，Calculus（流行教材，适合理科及数学系，可以用Larson书补充，但解释比它略好，如果觉得难就用Larson的吧）Earl W. Swokowski，Cengage Advantage Books: Calculus: The Classic Edition（适合工科）Silvanus P. Thompson，Calculus Made Easy（适合微积分初学者，易读易懂）○实分析（数学本科实变分析水平）（比较静态分析）Understanding Analysis，Stephen Abbott，（实分析入门好书，虽然不面面俱到但清晰简明，Rudin, Bartle, Browder等人毕竟不擅于写入门书，多维讲得少）T. M. Apostol, Mathematical AnalysisProblems in Real Analysis 实分析习题集(美)阿里普兰斯，（美）伯金肖《数学分析》方企勤，北大胡适耕，实变函数《分析学》Elliott H. Lieb / Michael LossH. L. Royden, Real AnalysisW. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical AnalysisElias M.Stein，Rami Shakarchi, Real Analysis：MeasureTheory，Integration and Hilbert Spaces，实分析(英文版) 《数学分析八讲》辛钦《数学分析新讲》张筑生，北大社周民强，实变函数论，北大周民强《数学分析》上海科技社○测度论（与实变分析有重叠）概率与测度论（英文版）（美）阿什（Ash.R.B.），(美)多朗-戴德（Doleans-Dade,C.A.）?Halmos，Measure Theory，测度论(英文版)（德）霍尔姆斯○傅里叶分析（实变分析和小波分析各有一半）小波分析导论（美）崔锦泰H. Davis, Fourier Series and Orthogonal FunctionsFolland，Real Analysis：Modern Techniques and Their ApplicationsFolland，Fourier Analysis and its Applications，数学物理方程：傅里叶分析及其应用（英文版）——时代教育.国外高校优秀教材精选（美）傅兰德傅里叶分析（英文版）——时代教育·国外高校优秀教材精选（美）格拉法科斯B. B. Hubbard, The World According to Wavelets: The Story of a Mathematical Technique in the MakingKatanelson，An Introduction to Harmonic AnalysisR. T. Seeley, An Introduction to Fourier Series and IntegralsStein，Shakarchi，Fourier Analysis：An Introduction○复分析（数学本科复变函数水平）L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis ，复分析——华章数学译丛，（美）阿尔福斯（Ahlfors,L.V.）Brown，Churchill，Complex Variables and Applications Convey, Functions of One Complex Variable Ⅰ&Ⅱ《简明复分析》龚升, 北大社Greene，Krantz，Function Theory of One Complex VariableMarsden，Hoffman，Basic Complex AnalysisPalka，An Introduction to Complex Function TheoryW. Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis 《实分析与复分析》鲁丁（公认标准教材，最好有测度论基础）Siegels，Complex VariablesStein，Shakarchi，Complex Analysis 《复变函数》庄坼泰●泛函分析（资产组合的价值）○基础泛函分析（实变函数、算子理论和小波分析）实变函数与泛函分析基础，程其衰，高教社Friedman，Foundations of Modern Analysis《实变与泛函》胡适耕《泛函分析引论及其应用》克里兹格泛函分析习题集（印）克里希南Problems and methods in analysis，Krysicki夏道行，泛函分析第二教程，高教社夏道行，实变函数与泛函分析《数学分析习题集》谢惠民，高教社泛函分析·第6版（英文版） K.Yosida《泛函分析讲义》张恭庆，北大社○高级泛函分析（算子理论）J.B.Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis，泛函分析教程(英文版)Lax，Functional AnalysisRudin，Functional Analysis，泛函分析（英文版）[美]鲁丁（分布和傅立叶变换经典，要有拓扑基础）Zimmer，Essential Results of Functional Analysis○小波分析Daubeches，Ten Lectures on WaveletsFrazier，An Introduction to Wavelets Throughout Linear Algebra Hernandez，《时间序列的小波方法》PercivalPinsky，Introduction to Fourier Analysis and WaveletsWeiss，A First Course on WaveletsWojtaszczyk，An Mathematical Introduction to Wavelets Analysis●微分方程（期权定价、动态分析）○常微分方程和偏微分方程（微分方程稳定性，最优消费组合）V. I. Arnold, Ordinary Differential Equations，常微分方程（英文版）（现代化，较难）W. F. Boyce, R. C. Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems《数学物理方程》陈恕行，复旦E. A. Coddington, Theory of ordinary differential equationsA. A. Dezin, Partial differential equationsL. C. Evans, Partial Differential Equations丁同仁《常微分方程教程》高教《常微分方程习题集》菲利波夫，上海科技社G. B. Folland, Introduction to Partial Differential EquationsFritz John, Partial Differential Equations《常微分方程》李勇The Laplace Transform: Theory and Applications，Joel L. Schiff（适合自学）G. Simmons, Differntial Equations With Applications and Historecal Notes索托梅约尔《微分方程定义的曲线》《常微分方程》王高雄，中山大学社《微分方程与边界值问题》Zill○偏微分方程的有限差分方法（期权定价）福西斯，偏微分方程的有限差分方法Kwok，Mathematical Models of Financial Derivatives（有限差分方法美式期权定价）?Wilmott，Dewynne，Howison，The Mathematics of Financial Derivatives （有限差分方法美式期权定价）○统计模拟方法、蒙特卡洛方法Monte Carlo method in finance （美式期权定价）D. Dacunha-Castelle, M. Duflo，Probabilités et Statistiques IIFisherman，Monte Carlo Glasserman，Monte Carlo Mathods in Financial Engineering （金融蒙特卡洛方法的经典书，汇集了各类金融产品）Peter Jaeckel，Monte Carlo Methods in Finance（金融数学好，没Glasserman的好）?D. P. Heyman and M. J. Sobel, editors，Stochastic Models, volume 2 of Handbooks in O. R. and M. S., pages 331-434. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North Holland) Jouini，Option Pricing，Interest Rates and Risk ManagementD. Lamberton, B. Lapeyre, Introduction to Stochastic Calculus Applied to Finance （连续时间）N. Newton，Variance reduction methods for diffusion process :H. Niederreiter，Random Number Generation and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods. CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Appl. Math. SIAMW.H. Press and al.，Numerical recepies.B.D. Ripley. Stochastic SimulationL.C.G. Rogers et D. Talay, editors，Numerical Methods in Finance. Publicationsof the Newton Institute.D.V. Stroock, S.R.S. Varadhan，Multidimensional diffusion processesD. Talay，Simulation and numerical analysis of stochastic differential systems, a review. In P. Krée and W. Wedig, editors,Probabilistic Methods in Applied Physics, volume 451 of Lecture Notes in Physics, chapter 3, pages 54-96.P.Wilmott and al.，Option Pricing (Mathematical models and computation). Benninga，Czaczkes，Financial Modeling ○数值方法、数值实现方法Numerical Linear Algebra and Its Applications，科学社K. E. Atkinson, An Introduction to Numerical AnalysisR. Burden, J. Faires, Numerical Methods《逼近论教程》CheneyP. Ciarlet, Introduction to Numerical Linear Algebra and Optimisation, Cambridge Texts in Applied MathematicsA. Iserles, A First Course in the Numerical Analysis of Differential Equations, Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics 《数值逼近》蒋尔雄《数值分析》李庆杨，清华《数值计算方法》林成森J. Stoer, R. Bulirsch, An Introduction to Numerical AnalysisJ. C. Strikwerda, Finite Difference Schemes and Partial Differential Equations L. Trefethen, D. Bau, Numerical Linear Algebra《数值线性代数》徐树芳，北大其他（不必）《数学建模》Giordano《离散数学及其应用》Rosen《组合数学教程》Van Lint◎几何学和拓扑学（凸集、凹集）●拓扑学○点集拓扑学Munkres，Topology：A First Course《拓扑学》James R.MunkresSpivak，Calculus on Manifolds◎代数学（深于数学系高等代数）（静态均衡分析）○线性代数、矩阵论（资产组合的价值）M. Artin，AlgebraAxler, Linear Algebra Done RightCurtis，Linear Algeria：An Introductory ApproachW. Fleming, Functions of Several VariablesFriedberg, Linear Algebra Hoffman & Kunz, Linear AlgebraP.R. Halmos，Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces（经典教材，数学专业的线性代数，注意它讲抽象代数结构而不是矩阵计算，难读）J. Hubbard, B. Hubbard, Vector Calculus, Linear Algebra, and Differential Forms: A Unified ApproachN. Jacobson，Basic Algebra Ⅰ&ⅡJain《线性代数》Lang，Undergraduate AlgeriaPeter D. Lax，Linear Algebra and Its Applications（适合数学系）G. Strang, Linear Algebra and its Applications（适合理工科，线性代数最清晰教材，应用讲得很多，他的网上讲座很重要）●经济最优化Dixit，Optimization in Economic Theory●一般均衡Debreu，Theory of Value●分离定理Hildenbrand，Kirman，Equilibrium Analysis（均衡问题一般处理）Magill，Quinzii，Theory of Incomplete Markets（非完备市场的均衡）Mas-Dollel，Whinston，Microeconomic Theory（均衡问题一般处理）Stokey，Lucas，Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics （一般宏观均衡）经济学、金融学博士书目（B：概率论、数理统计、随机）◎概率统计●概率论（金融产品收益估计、不确定条件下的决策、期权定价）○基础概率理论（数学系概率论水平）《概率论》（三册）复旦Davidson，Stochastic Limit TheoryDurrett，The Essential of Probability，概率论第3版（英文版）W. Feller，An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications概率论及其应用（第3版）——图灵数学·统计学丛书《概率论基础》李贤平，高教G. R. Grimmett, D. R. Stirzaker, Probability and Random ProcessesRoss，S. A first couse in probability，中国统计影印版；概率论基础教程（第7版）——图灵数学·统计学丛书（例子多）《概率论》汪仁官，北大王寿仁，概率论基础和随机过程，科学社《概率论》杨振明，南开，科学社○基于测度论的概率论测度论与概率论基础，程式宏，北大D. L. Cohn, Measure TheoryDudley，Real Analysis and ProbabilityDurrett，Probability：Theory and ExamplesJacod，Protter，Probability Essentials Resnick，A Probability PathShirayev，Probability严加安，测度论讲义，科学社钟开莱，A Course in Probability Theory○随机过程微积分Introduction of diffusion processes (期权定价)K. L. Chung, Elementary Probability Theory with Stochastic ProcessesCox，Miller，The Theory of StochasticR. Durrett, Stochastic calculus黄志远，随机分析入门黄志远《随机分析学基础》科学社姜礼尚，期权定价的数学模型和方法，高教社《随机过程导论》KaoKarlin，Taylor，A First Course in Stochastic Prosses（适合硕士生）Karlin，Taylor，A Second Course in Stochastic Prosses（适合硕士生）随机过程，劳斯，中国统计J. R. Norris，Markov Chains（需要一定基础）Bernt Oksendal, Stochastic differential equations（绝佳随机微分方程入门书，专注于布朗运动，比Karatsas和Shreve的书简短好读，最好有概率论基础，看完该书能看懂金融学术文献，金融部分没有Shreve的好）Protter，Stochastic Integration and Differential Equations （文笔优美）D. Revuz, M. Yor, Continuous martingales and Brownian motion（连续鞅）Ross，Introduction to probability model（适合入门）Steel，Stochastic Calculus and Financial Application（与Oksendal的水平相当，侧重金融，叙述有趣味而削弱了学术性，随机微分、鞅）《随机过程通论》王梓坤，北师大○概率论、随机微积分应用（连续时间金融）Arnold，Stochastic Differential Equations《概率论及其在投资、保险、工程中的应用》BeanDamien Lamberton,Bernard Lapeyre. Introduction to stochastic calculus applied t o finance.David Freedman.Browian motion and diffusion.Dykin E. B. Markov Processes.Gihman I.I., Skorohod A. V.The theory of Stochastic processes 基赫曼，随机过程论，科学Lipster R. ,Shiryaev A.N. Statistics of random processes.Malliaris，Brock，Stochastic Methods in Economics and FinanceMerton，Continuous-time FinanceSalih N. Neftci，Introduction to the Mathematics of Financial DerivativesSteven E. Shreve ，Stochastic Calculus for Finance I: The Binomial Asset Pric ing Model；II: Continuous-Time Models（最佳的随机微积分金融（定价理论）入门书，易读的金融工程书，没有测度论基础最初几章会难些，离散时间模型，比Naftci的清晰，S hreve的网上教程也很优秀）Sheryayev A. N. Ottimal stopping rules.Wilmott p., J.Dewynne,S. Howison. Option Pricing: Mathematical Models and Compu tations.Stokey，Lucas，Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics Wentzell A. D. A Course in the Theory of Stochastic Processes.Ziemba，Vickson，Stochastic Optimization Models in Finance○概率论、随机微积分应用（高级）Nielsen，Pricing and Hedging of Derivative SecuritiesRoss，《数理金融初步》An Introduction to Mathematical Finance：Options and othe r TopicsShimko，Finance in Continuous Time：A Primer○概率论、鞅论P. Billingsley，Probability and MeasureK. L. Chung & R. J. Williams，Introduction to Stochastic IntegrationDoob，Stochastic Processes严加安，随机分析选讲，科学○概率论、鞅论Stochastic processes and derivative products （高级）J. Cox et M. Rubinstein : Options MarketIoannis Karatzas and Steven E. Shreve，Brownian Motion and Stochastic Calculu s（难读的重要的高级随机过程教材，若没有相当数学功底，还是先读Oksendal的吧，结合Rogers & Williams的书读会好些，期权定价，鞅）M. Musiela - M. Rutkowski : (1998) Martingales Methods in Financial Modelling ?Rogers & Williams，Diffusions, Markov Processes, and Martingales: Volume 1, F oundations；Volume 2, Ito Calculus （深入浅出，要会实复分析、马尔可夫链、拉普拉斯转换，特别要读第1卷）David Williams，Probability with Martingales（易读，测度论的鞅论方法入门书，概率论高级教材）○鞅论、随机过程应用Duffie，Rahi，Financial Market Innovation and Security Design：An Introduction，Journal of Economic Theory Kallianpur，Karandikar，Introduction to Option Pricing TheoryDothan，Prices in Financial Markets （离散时间模型）Hunt，Kennedy，Financial Derivatives in Theory and Practice何声武，汪家冈，严加安，半鞅与随机分析，科学社Ingersoll，Theory of Financial Decision MakingElliott Kopp，Mathematics of Financial Markets（连续时间）Marek Musiela，Rutkowski，Martingale Methods in Financial Modeling（资产定价的鞅论方法最佳入门书，读完Hull书后的首选，先读Rogers & Williams、Karatzas and Sh reve以及Bjork打好基础）○弱收敛与随机过程收敛Billingsley，Convergence of Probability MeasureDavidson，Stochastic Limit TheoremEthier，Kurtz，Markov Process：Characterization and Convergence Hall，Marting ale Limit TheoremsJocod，Shereve，Limited Theorems for Stochastic Process Van der Vart，Weller，Weak Convergence and Empirical Process◎运筹学●最优化、博弈论、数学规划○随机控制、最优控制（资产组合构建）Borkar，Optimal control of diffusion processesBensoussan，Lions，Controle Impulsionnel et Inequations Variationnelles Chiang，Elements of Dynamic Optimization Dixit，Pindyck，Investment under UncertaintyFleming，Rishel，Deterministic and Stochastic Optimal ControlHarrison，Brownian Motion and Stochastic Flow SystemsKamien，Schwartz，Dynamic OptimizationKrylov，Controlled diffusion processes○控制论（最优化问题）●数理统计（资产组合决策、风险管理）○基础数理统计（非基于测度论）R. L. Berger, Cassell, Statistical InferenceBickel，Dokosum，Mathematical Stasistics：Basic Ideas andSelected TopicsBirrens，Introdution to the Mathematical and Statistical Foundation of Econom etrics数理统计学讲义，陈家鼎，高教Gallant，An Introduction to Econometric TheoryR. Larsen, M. Mars, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics《概率论及数理统计》李贤平，复旦社Papoulis，Probability，random vaiables，and stochastic processStone，《概率统计》《概率论及数理统计》中山大学统计系，高教社○基于测度论的数理统计(计量理论研究)Berger，Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis陈希儒，高等数理统计Shao Jun，Mathematical StatisticsLehmann，Casella，Theory of Piont EstimationLehmann，Romano，Testing Statistical Hypotheses《数理统计与数据分析》Rice○渐近统计Van der Vart，Asymptotic Statistics○现代统计理论、参数估计方法、非参数统计方法参数计量经济学、半参数计量经济学、自助法计量经济学、经验似然经济学、金融学博士书目（C：计量经济学、数理金融）统计学基础部分1、《统计学》《探索性数据分析》 David Freedman等，中国统计（统计思想讲得好）2、Mind on statistics 机械工业（只需高中数学水平）3、Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis 机械工业（这本书理念很好，讲了很多新东西）4、Business Statistics a decision making approach 中国统计（实用）5、Understanding Statistics in the behavioral science 中国统计回归部分1、《应用线性回归》中国统计（蓝皮书系列，有一定的深度，非常精彩）2、Regression Analysis by example，（吸引人，推导少）3、《Logistics回归模型——方法与应用》王济川郭志刚高教（不多的国内经典统计教材）多元1、《应用多元分析》王学民上海财大（国内很好的多元统计教材）2、Analyzing Multivariate Data，Lattin等机械工业（直观，对数学要求不高）3、Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis，Johnson & Wichem，中国统计（评价很高）《应用回归分析和其他多元方法》Kleinbaum《多元数据分析》Lattin时间序列1、《商务和经济预测中的时间序列模型》弗朗西斯著（侧重应用，经典）2、Forecasting and Time Series an applied approach，Bowerman & Connell（主讲Box-Jenkins(ARIMA)方法，附上了SAS和Minitab程序）3、《时间序列分析：预测与控制》 Box，Jenkins 中国统计《预测与时间序列》Bowerman抽样1、《抽样技术》科克伦著（该领域权威，经典的书。

河南大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案

河南大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案河南大学（回忆）汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释（20*2.5）给了一段文章，文章部分内容给下划线，解释下划线。

文艺复兴、启蒙运动、一战、二战、人文主义、人道主义、世界银行、国际货币基金组织、伏尔泰、马克思、世贸组织、理性、国际贸易组织、唯物主义、无神论。

二、应用文写作求职信，300--500字，40分。

大作文是论英语学习的必要性800字，60分。

三、“论英语学习的必要性’六十分。

英语翻译基础一、英译汉、汉译英各一段，120分，都是书上的，汉译英是李鹏讲话，英译汉有关抑郁症。

二、英汉、汉英缩写、短语各15个，30分：GMT格林威治标准时间(=Greenwich Mean Time)GATT关税及贸易总协定（=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）NASA美国国家航空和航天管理局(=National Aeronautics and Space Administration) NATO北大西洋公约组织(=North Atlantic Treaty Organization)ASEAN东盟（=Association of Southeast Asian Nations)UNESCO联合国教科文组织OPEC石油输出国家组织(=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)FOB离岸价不良贷款non-performing loan西部大开发Development of the West Regions安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents传销pyramid sellingGMT、GATT、NASA、NATO、ASEAN、UNESCO、OPEC、FOB、不良贷款、可持续发展、西部大开发、安居工程、传销。

金字塔模型策略 python

金字塔模型策略 python
金字塔模型策略是一种投资或交易策略，它基于逐步增加头寸
的概念，以最大限度地利用有利的市场走势。

在这种策略中，投资
者或交易者会在市场走势向有利的方向发展时逐步增加头寸，以增
加利润。

Python是一种流行的编程语言，可以用于实现金字塔模型
策略。

下面我会从几个方面来回答这个问题。

首先，我们可以使用Python来编写金字塔模型策略的交易算法。

通过使用Python的量化交易库，我们可以编写代码来实现根据市场
走势逐步增加头寸的逻辑。

这包括定义市场进入点、头寸规模、止
损和盈利目标等参数，以及根据这些参数来逐步增加头寸。

其次，Python也可以用于数据分析和市场预测，这对金字塔模
型策略至关重要。

我们可以使用Python的数据分析库来处理历史市
场数据，进行技术分析和统计学分析，以确定市场走势的潜在方向。

这些分析可以帮助我们决定何时逐步增加头寸以及何时退出头寸。

此外，Python还可以用于实时市场监控和交易执行。

我们可以
使用Python的交易执行库来连接交易接口，实时监控市场走势，并
根据金字塔模型策略的逻辑进行交易执行。

总之，Python在实现金字塔模型策略方面具有广泛的应用。

它
可以用于编写交易算法、进行数据分析和预测，以及实时交易执行。

通过结合Python的灵活性和功能强大的库，我们可以有效地实现金
字塔模型策略，并在量化交易中取得成功。

广告专业英语课后题及答案

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of AdvertisingDefinition of Advertising1) What’s the definition about “advertising”?American Heritage Dictionary: The activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in print or on the air.Another one: Advertising is a non-personal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through various media.Five components: non-personalcommunication of informationpaid forpersuasivevarious media2) How can you categorize advertising in academy?Criteria: target audience: consumer advertising (direct user, end user)Business advertising (professional journal, direct mailing)Target area: local advertisingNational advertisingInternational advertisingMedia: print advertisingElectronic advertisingOut-of-home advertising (Transit advertising)Purpose: commercial advertisingNoncommercial advertising( public interests advertising)2. Common Expressions:Advertising 广告，广告业，广告活动Advertisement 广告Advertising audience 广告的受众consumer advertising 消费者广告Business advertising 企业广告local advertising 地方广告National advertising 全国广告International advertising 全球广告print advertising 印刷广告Electronic advertising 电子广告Out-of-home advertising 户外广告Transit advertising 交通广告，移动广告commercial advertising 商业广告，盈利广告Noncommercial advertising 非盈利广告3. 英汉互译练习：We may define advertising as a communication process, a marketing process, a public relations process, or a persuasion process.我们可以把广告定义为沟通过程、营销过程、公关过程、劝说过程。

广告专业英语课后题及答案

金融词汇英汉词典

English Terms中文翻译English Terms中文翻译"First In, First Out (FIFO)先进先出Impairment（资本）损耗"Invest, Then Investigate"先投资，后调查Implicit Cost隐含成本私人投资公开股票Implied Volatility (IV)隐含波动性"Private Investment, PublicEquity (PIPE)"销售及行政开支Import进口"Selling, General, &Administrative Expenses(SG&A)"Accelerated Depreciation加快折旧In the Money到价Accident and Health Benefits意外与健康福利Income收入Accounts Receivable (AR)应收账款Income Fund收益基金Income Statement损益表Accretive Acquisition具增值作用的收购项目Acid Test酸性测试比率Income Stock收益股票Acquisition收购Income Tax所得税Acquisition Premium收购溢价Indemnity赔偿Act of God Bond天灾债券Indenture契约Active Bond Crowd活跃债券投资者Independent Auditor独立审计师Active Income活动收入Index指数Active Investing积极投资Index Fund指数基金Active Management积极管理Index Futures指数期货Activity Based Budgeting以活动为基础的预算Index Option指数期权案Activity Based Management以活动为基础的管理Indexing指数化Activity Ratio活动比率Indicator指标Actual Return实际回报Industry行业Actuary精算Inflection Point转捩点Affiliated Companies联营公司Infrastructure基础设施Affiliated Person关联人士Initial Margin首期保证金首次公开上市After Hours Trading收盘后交易Initial Public Offering(IPO)税后营运收入Insider内幕人士After Tax Operating Income -ATOIAfter Tax Profit Margin税后利润率Insider Information内幕消息After The Bell收盘铃后Insider Trading内幕交易Agency Bonds机构债券Insolvency资不抵债Agency Cross交叉代理人Installment Debt分期偿还债务机构经纪人预测系统Agency Problem代理问题Institutional Brokers'Estimate System(IBES)Agency Securities机构证券Institutional Fund机构基金Agent代理人Institutional Investor机构投资者Aggregate Exercise Price总行使价格Intangible Asset无形资产Aggressive Accounting激进会计法Interest利息、权益Aggressive Investment进取投资策略Interest Rate利率Alan Greenspan格林斯潘Interest Rate Ceiling最高利率Allotment配股Interest Rate Parity利率平价理论呆账准备金Interest Rate Swap利率掉期Allowance For DoubtfulAccounts美国存托凭证Interim Dividend中期股息American Depository Receipt(ADR)American Depository Share(ADS)美国存托股份Internal Audit内部审计American Option美式期权Internal Growth Rate内部增长率American Stock Exchange美国股票交易所Internal Rate ofReturn (IRR)内部回报率Amortization摊销InternationalAccounting Standards国际会计标准Analyst分析员International Bond国际债券Angel Investor天使投资者International Fund国际基金Annual General Meeting(AGM)年度股东大会Intrinsic Value内在价值Annual Report年报Inventory库存、存货Annualize年度化Inventory Turnover库存周转率Annuity年金Investing投资Annuity Due即付年金Investment投资Anti-dilution Provision反摊薄条款Investment Advisor投资顾问Anti-takeover Measure反收购措施Investment Bank投资银行Anti-takeover Statute反收购法规Investment Banker投资银行家Anti-trust反垄断法Investment Climate投资环境Any and All Bid所有出价Investment CompanyAct of 19401940年投资公司法APICS Business Outlook Index APICS（美国生产及库存控制协议）商业前景指数Investment Grade投资等级Appraisal价值评估Investment RealEstate投资性房地产Appreciation升值Investment Vehicle投资媒体Arbitrage套汇Investor Relations投资者关系部Arbitrage Bond套汇债券Invisible Hand无形之手Arbitrage Pricing Theory(APT)套汇定价理论Invisible Supply可见供应Arbitrage Trading Program(ATP)套汇交易理论IPO首次公开上市Arbitration仲裁IPO Lock-up首次公开上市锁定期、禁售期Arms Length Transaction公平交易IR投资者关系部Asian Option亚洲式期权IRR内部回报率Ask (Price)买方叫价Issuer发行人Assessed Value评估后价值Joint Account联合账户Assessor估价人Joint Bond共同债券Asset资产Joint Owned Property共同拥有财产Asset Allocation资产分配Joint Stock Company股份公司Asset Allocation Fund资产分配基金Joint Venture合资企业、合资经营Asset Coverage Ratio资产偿付比率Jointly and Severally连带、共同Asset Management资产管理Junior Security次级证券Asset Play资产隙Junk Bond垃圾债券、高风险债券Asset Redeployment资产重新配置Just In Time及时生产Asset Swap资产互换Labor Intensive劳工密集Asset Turnover资产周转率Laissez Faire自由不干预理论Asset Valuation资产估值Large-Cap高市值股票Asset-Backed Security资产抵押证券Last In First Out(LIFO)后进先出Asset-Liability Management资产负债管理Last Twelve Months过去12个月Assets Under Management管理资产额LBO负债收购Assignment转让Leakage涉漏消息At the Money到价Lease租赁ATP套汇交易理论Leaseback租回已出售财产Auction Market拍卖市场Letter of Comfort告慰函、安慰函Audit审计Letter of Credit信用证Auditor's Report审计师报告Letter of Indemnity赔偿保证书Authorized Stock授权股份Letter of Intent意向书Auto Sales汽车销售额Leveraged Buyout(LBO)负债收购Automated Bond System(ABS)自动债券系统Leveraged Lease融资租赁Automated Confirmation Transaction Service (ACT)自动确认交易系统LeveragedRecapitalization融资资本充实Average Annual Growth Rate平均年度增长率Liability负债Average Annual Return平均年度回报率LIBOR伦敦银行同业拆放利率Average Life平均时期Life Expectancy预计寿命Average Price平均价格Life Insurance人寿保险Average Price Call平均价格买入期权权LIFO后进先出Average Price Put平均价格出售期权Limited LiabilityCompany (LLC)有限责任公司Average Up提高平均价格Limited Partnership有限合伙Back Door Listing后门上市/借壳上市Line of Credit信贷额度、信贷限额Back Office后线Liquid Market高流通性市场Back Pricing往后定价Liquidated Damages预定的违约金Backlog订单积压Liquidation清算、清理Backstop最后担保Liquidity流通性、变现能力Back-to-Back Loan背对背贷款Liquidity PreferenceTheory流动性偏好理论Bad Debt不良贷款Liquidity Risk流通风险Balance Of Payments (BOP)国际收支差额Listed Security上市证券Balance Of Trade (BOT)国际贸易差额LLC有限责任公司Balance Sheet资产负债表Loan贷款Balanced Fund平衡基金Loan Loss Provision贷款损失准备金Balanced InvestmentStrategy平衡投资策略Loan Sharking高利贷Balloon Maturity气球型期限Loan Syndication贷款银团Balloon Option气球型期权Loan to Value Ratio贷款与价值比率Bancassurance银行出售保险Lock-up Agreement锁定协议Bank for International Settlements (BIS)国际结算银行London InterbankOffer Rate (LIBOR)伦敦银行同业拆放利率Bank Guarantee银行担保Long Bond长期债券Bank Insurance银行保险Long Term Assets长期资产Bank Investment Contract(BIC)银行投资合约Long Term Debt长期债务Bank Rate银行利率Long TermDebt/Capitalization长期债务/总资本比率Bank run银行挤兑Long Term Liabilities长期负债Bankruptcy破产Lot交易单位、批Bankruptcy Risk破产风险LTM过去12个月Barrel's per Day每日产量（桶）Lump SumDistribution一次总付分配Barter以物易物M1货币供应量1 Base Period基本时期M2货币供应量2 Basing平稳期M3货币供应量3 Basis Point (BP)基点Macroeconomics宏观经济Bear Market熊市Majority Shareholder多数股东Bear Raid空头猛跌，大量抛空以使价格下跌Management Buyin(MBI)保留管理层的收购项目Bearer Form凭票即付形式，无记名形式Management Buyout(MBO)管理层收购项目Beginning Inventory期初库存Management Fee管理费用Behavioral Economics行为经济学Manager Universe(Benchmark)管理人基准比较Behavioral Finance行为金融学Margin Account保证金、按金Benchmark基准Marginal Tax Rate边际税率Benchmark Bond基准债券Marginal Utility边际效用Beneficial Owner受益者Mark to Market (MTM)以市值计价Beneficiary受益方Markdown减价、调低标价Benefit Cost Ratio - (BCR)效益成本比率Market市场Bequest遗赠，遗产Market Arbitrage市场套利Best Ask最低叫价Market Cannibilization互相争夺市场Best Bid最高出价Market Capitalization总市值Best Efforts尽力推销Market Exposure股市投资比率Best Execution最佳执行Market Order市价订单Best Practice最佳做法/最佳惯例Market Outperform表现超越大市Best Price Rule最佳价格规则Market Risk市场风险Beta (Coefficient)贝塔系数Market Risk Premium市场风险溢价Bid买方出价Market Segmentation市场细分Bid Price买方出价Market Sentiment市场情绪Bid-Ask Spread买卖差价Market Value市场价值Black Knight黑武士Market Value Added(MVA)市场增值Black Monday黑色星期一Marketable Securities有价证券Black Thursday黑色星期四Maturity期限Block Trade大宗交易Maturity Date到期日期Blue Chip蓝筹Mean平均值Board Lot单位数量，整份股Mechanical Investing机械化投资Board Of Directors董事会Medium Term中期Bond债券Medium Term Note(MTN)中期票据Bond Anticipation Note预期债券票据Mega Cap超高市值股票Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY)债券等值收益Member of Household家庭成员Bond Fund债券基金Merchant Bank商人银行Bond Option债券期权Merger合并Bond Rating债券评级Merger Arbitrage合并套利Bond Swap债券互换Mezzanine Financing夹层融资Book Building需求建档Michigan ConsumerSentiment Index 密歇根消费者信心指数Book Runner账簿管理人Micro Cap Stock微型市值股票Book Value账面价值Microeconomics微观经济Book Value Per Common每普通股账面价值Mid Cap Stock中等市值股票Break Even Point (BEP)收支平衡点Minority Interest少数权益Bridge financing过渡融资Mirror Fund镜子基金Bridge loan过渡贷款Monetary Policy货币政策Broad-Base Index广泛基础指数Monetize套现、货币化Broad-Based WeightedAverage广泛基础加权平均Money金钱、货币Bubble市场泡沫Money Flow货币流量Budget预算案Money Flow Index(MFI)货币流量指数BUGS Index无对冲黄金股票指数Money Laundering洗黑钱Bulge Bracket表现最佳承销商Money Market货币市场Bull乐观投资者Money Market货币市场账户Bull Market牛市Money Market Fund货币市场基金Bull Spread看涨的多空套做Money Supply货币供应Bull Vertical Spread看涨的纵向多空套做Money Zero Maturity(MZM)零期限货币Bulldog Bond猛犬债券Monopoly垄断、专利Bullet Bond期末一次性偿还债券Monopsony买方垄断Bullet Loan期末一次性偿还贷款Mortgage房地产抵押Bullet Repayment一次性偿还Mortgage BackedSecurities 以房地产抵押作担保的证券Bullet Trade子弹式交易Mortgage Banker房地产抵押银行家Burn Rate资金消耗率MTN中期票据Business to Business (B2B)商业对商业（B2B)MultinationalCorporation跨国企业Buy买入Multiple倍数Buy And Hold买入并持有Multiple Compression倍数压缩Buy Back回购Multiplier Effect乘数效应Buyer's Market买方市场Municipal Bond市政债券Buy-In补偿买进Municipal Bond Fund市政债券基金Buying Hedge买入对冲Municipal Convertible市政可转换证券Buying Power购买力Mutual Fund共同基金Buyout收购Mutual Fund LiquidityRatio共同基金流动率Buy-Side买方NASD国家证券经纪商协会Calendar Year日历年Nasdaq纳斯达克市场、国家证券经纪商协会自动报价系统Call买入期权Nasdaq NationalMarket Securities纳斯达克全国市场Call Date买回日期Nasdaq-NM纳斯达克全国市场Call Loan短期同业拆借，通知贷款NaturalUnemployment自然失业Call Loan Rate短期同业拆借利率，通知贷款利率NAV资产净值Call Option买入期权NAV per Share每股资产净值Call Premium买回溢价NAVPS每股资产净值Call Warrant买入认股权证Negative Carry负盈利Callable Bond可买回债券Negative Covenant负面契约Callable Preferred Stock可买回优先股Negative Goodwill负商誉CAMELS Rating System CAMELS评级制度Negative Income Tax负所得税Capital资本/资本金Negative PledgeClause负抵押条款Capital Account资本帐户Negotiable可磋商修改的Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)资本充足率NegotiatedUnderwriting经磋商协议的承销费用Capital Appreciation资本升值Net Asset Value资产净值Capital Asset资本资产Net Asset Value perShare每股资产净值Capital Asset Pricing Model(CAPM)资本资产计价模型Net Debt净债务Capital Base资本金基础Net Domestic Product国内生产净值Capital Budgeting资本预算Net Exports净出口值Capital Employed运用资本Net Income (NI)净收入Capital Expenditure资本开支Net Interest Margin净息差Capital Gain资本收益Net InvestmentIncome净投资收入Capital Goods资本财货Net Liquid Assets流通资产净值Capital Guarantee Fund资本保证基金Net Loss净亏损、净损失Capital Intensive资本密集Net Operating Income(NOI)营运净收入Capital Lease资本化租赁Net Operating ProfitAfter Tax (NOPAT)税后净营运利润Capital Loss资本损失Net Operating ProfitLess Adjusted Taxes(NOPLAT)税务调整净营运利润Capital Markets资本市场Net Present Value(NPV)净现值Capital Note资本票据Net Proceeds净收益Capitalism资本主义Net Receivables应收账款净额Capitalization总资本，总市值Net Sales净销售额Capitalize资本化Net Tangible Assets有形资产净值Capped Option有上限期权Net Worth净值Captive Fund专属基金New Economy新经济Carrying Cost Of Inventory库存置存成本New York StockExchange纽约股票交易所Carrying Value账面现行价值NI净收入Carveout分拆上市Nikkei日经指数Cash现金NOI营运净收入Cash And Cash Equivalents现金及现金等价物Nominal Interest Rate名义利率Cash Balance Pension Plan现金余额养老金计划Nominal Value名义价值Cash Budget现金预算Nominal Yield名义收益率Cash Commodity现货Non-Callable不可买回Cash Conversion Cycle资金周转周期Non-Operating Asset非营运资产Cash Dividend现金股息Non-Operating CashFlows非营运现金流Cash EPS现金每股盈利Non-Performing Asset不良资产Cash Flow现金流Non-Performing Loan不良贷款Cash Flow After Taxes税后现金流Non-ProfitOrganization非牟利机构Cash Flow Per Share每股现金流Non-Recourse Debt无追索权债务Cash Flow Return on Investment (CFROI)投资的现金流回报Non-RecourseFinance无追索权融资Cash Investment现金投资Nonrecurring Charge非经常开支Cash Market现货市场Note票据Cash on Cash Return现金的现金回报率NPL不良贷款Cash Price现金价格NPV净现值Cash Return on GrossInvestment - (CROGI)总投资现金回报率NYSE纽约股票交易所Catastrophe Bond灾难债券NYSE CompositeIndex 纽约股票交易所综合指数CD存款证Obligor债务人CEDEL CEDEL Odd Lot零星股、散股Central Bank中央银行OECD经济合作及发展组织CEO首席行政官Off Balance SheetFinancing资产负债表以外融资Certificate证书Offering Circular发行说明书Certificate Of Deposit (CD)存款证Offering发行备忘录Certified Public Accountant注册公共会计师Offshore境外CFA注册财务分析师Oligopoly寡头垄断CFO首席财务官Oligopsony卖方寡头垄断Charge Off出账、销账Online Banking网上银行Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)注册财务分析师OPEC石油输出国组织、欧佩克Cherry Picking选出最有利的（投资等）Open End Credit开放性信贷Chief Executive Officer首席行政官Open-End Fund开放性基金Chief Financial Officer首席财务官Operating Cash Flow(OCF)营运现金流Chief Operating Officer首席营运官Operating Expenses营运开支Chinese Wall长城Operating Income营运收入Churning挤油交易、反复买卖Operating Lease营运租赁Class Action同级诉讼Operating Leverage营运贡杆Classical Economics古典经济学Operating Margin营运利润率Classified Shares分级股票Operating Ratio营运比率Clawback追回利益、市场回落Opportunity Cost机会成本Clean Balance Sheet低负债资产负债表Option期权Clean Price纯价格Organic Growth内部增长Clearing结算Organization ofPetroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC)石油输出国组织、欧佩克Clearing Fee结算费用OTC场外交易证券Clearing House结算行Other Current Assets其他流动资产Close Position平仓Other CurrentLiabilities其他流动负债Closed-End Investment定额投资Other Long Term其他长期负债Closing收盘、交易结束Out of PocketExpenses实付开支Closing Bell收盘铃Out of the Money未到价COGS已售商品成本Outperform表现超越大市Collateral抵押品Outside Director外部董事Collective Fund集体基金Outsourcing外包Commercial商业Overallotment超额配股权Commercial Bank商业银行Overcapitalization资金过剩Commercial Mortgage Backed Security (CMBS)商业抵押作担保的证券Overcollateralization增加抵押通知Commercial Paper商业票据Overdraft透支Commission佣金Overhang积压待发股票、悬货Commission House佣金行Overhead间接成本Commodity商品Overnight Index Swap隔夜指数掉期Commodity Futures TradingCommission (CFTC)商品期货交易委员会Overnight Rate隔夜利率Competitive Bid竞标Oversold超卖Compound Annual GrowthRate (CAGR)复合年均增长率Oversubscribed超额认购Concession销售报酬Over-The-Counter(OTC)场外交易证券Concession Agreement特许协议P/E Ratio市盈率Conglomerate综合企业Paid in Capital实收资本Consumer Confidence Index(CCI)消费者信心指数Paid-Up Capital已缴资本Consumer Credit消费信贷Panic Buying恐慌性买入Consumer Price Index (CPI)消费物价指数Panic Selling恐慌性出售Contingency偶然事故Par等值Conversion转换Par Value票面值Conversion Premium转换溢价Pari Passu同等权利Conversion Price转换价格Paris Club巴黎俱乐部Convertible Bond可转换债券Parity平价Convertible Debenture可转换公司信用债券Parity Bond等值债券Convertible Preferred Stock可转换优先股Passive Investing?被动投资Convertible SubordinatedNote可转换次级票据Patent专利权Convertibles可转换证券Payback Period投资回收期Conveyance地产让与证书Paydown部分还款COO首席营运官Paydown Factor部分还款系数Corporate Bond企业债券Paying Agent付款代理人Corporate Cannibalism企业自我竞争Payment Date付款日期Corporate Finance企业融资Payment in Kind实物支付Corporate Governance企业治理Payment in Kind Bond(PIK)实物支付债券Corporate Tax公司税Payout Ratio派息比率Corporation公司、企业PCE个人消费开支Cost Basis成本基础PEG Ratio市盈率与增长比率Cost of Capital资本成本PEG Ratio市盈率与增长比率Cost of Equity股本成本Pegged exchange联系汇率Cost of Funds资金成本PEGY Ratio市盈率与增长及股息比率Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)已售商品成本PEGY Ratio市盈率与增长及股息比率Cost Synergy成本协同效益Perfect Competition完全竞争Counterparty Risk交易对手风险Performance Shares表现股票Country Risk国家风险Perpetual Bond永久债券Coupon息票Perpetuity永久年金Coupon Bond有息票债券Personal Finance个人理财Covenant契约Personal Income个人收入Coverage Initiated纳入研究范围Petty Cash零用现金、小额出纳金CPA注册公共会计师Phantom Stock影子股票CPI消费物价指数Portfolio投资组合Credit信贷、信用、贷项Portfolio Income投资组合收入Credit Card信用卡Portfolio Insurance投资组合保险Credit Cliff信用悬崖Portfolio Management投资组合管理Credit Crunch紧缩信贷Portfolio Manager投资组合经理Credit Default Swap信贷违约掉期Position投资持有量Credit Derivative信贷衍生工具Positive Volume Index正交易量指数(PVI)Credit Enhancement加强信贷措施Post-Money Valuation交易后估值Credit Rating信用评级Power of Attorney授权书Credit Risk信贷风险Power Ratio能量比率Credit Spread信贷息差PP&E地产、厂房及设备Credit Union信用合作社Precious Metal贵重金属Creditor债权人Preemptive Right优先权Critical Mass关键规模Preferred Stock优先股Cross交叉交易Pre-Market Trading开市前交易Cross Default连带违约Premium溢价Cross Hedge交叉对冲Premium Bond溢价债券Cross Holding交叉持股Pre-Money Valuation交易前估值Crossover Fund交叉基金Prepackaged预先包装的破产BankruptcyCrown Corporation国家企业Prepayment预付Crown Jewels顶尖业务Prepayment Risk预付风险Crystallization结晶交易Present Value现值Cum Dividend附股息Press Release新闻稿Cumulative Dividend累积股息Price Discovery价格发现需求的价格弹性Cumulative Voting累计投票Price Elasticity ofDemandCurb交易控制Price Risk价格风险Curb Trading场外交易Price Target价格目标Currency货币Price-Earnings Ratio市盈率相对市盈率比率Currency Forward货币远期Price-EarningsRelativeCurrency Futures货币期货Price-To-Book Ratio股价与账面价值比率股价与现金流比率Currency Option货币期权Price-To-Cash-FlowRatioCurrency Overlay货币管理外包Price-To-Sales Ratio股价与销售额比率Currency Swap货币掉期Pricing Power定价能力Current Account经常帐户Primary Market初级市场Current Assets流动资产Prime Rate最优惠利率Current Liabilities流动负债Principal本金、[企业]主要负责人、[交易]当事人Current Maturity现时年期Private Banking私人银行Current Price现时价格Private Company私人公司Current Ratio流动比率Private Equity私人股本Current Yield现时收益率Private Placement私募Cushion Bond保收债券Privatization民营化CUSIP Number美国证券库斯普号码Pro Bono以公共福利为目的Custodial Account保管帐户Pro Forma备考、模拟Custodian保管人Pro Forma Earnings备考盈利Cyclical Industry周期性行业Pro Rata按比例生产价格指数Cyclical Stock周期性股票Producer Price Index(PPI)Cyclical Unemployment周期性失业Productivity生产力Data Mining数据探索Profit利润应付账款天数Profit Center利润中心Days Payable Outstanding(DPO)Days Sales Outstanding应收账款天数Profit Margin利润率(DSO)Debenture公司债券Profit Sharing Plan利润分成计划Debit借项、借方Profit Taking获利抛售Debt债务Profit Warning利润预警Debt Equity Ratio债务股本比Progressive Tax累进税Debt Equity Swap债换股交易Project Finance项目融资Debt Financing债务融资Promissory Note本票Debt Overhang债务积压Property财产Debt Ratio负债比率Property Tax财产税Debt Restructuring债务重组Proportional Tax比例税Debt Security债务证券Proprietary Trading自由资金交易Debt Service还本付息Prospectus公开说明书Debt Service Coverage Ratio债务偿付比率Protectionism保护主义有条件买回条款Debtor债务人Provisional CallFeatureDeclaration Date股息宣告日Proxy代理委托书Deep Discount Bond高折扣债券Public公开资产Default违约，未能履行合约Public Company上市公司公开发行价值Default Risk违约风险Public Offering Price(POP)Purchase Acquisition购股接管Defeasance宣告（合约）无效、废止契约Defensive Buy防御性投资Purchasing Power购买力Defensive Investment防御性投资策略Pure Play单一业务StrategyDeferred Account递延帐户Put出售权Deferred Annuity递延年金Put Bond可卖回债券Deferred Income Tax递延所得税Put Warrant出售认股权证Deferred Interest Bond递延利息债券Put-Call Parity买入-出售价差Deferred Revenue递延收入Put-Call Ratio买入-出售比率Defined Benefit Pension Plan养老金固定收益计划PV现值合资格机构投资者Defined Contribution Plan养老金固定缴款计划Qualified InstitutionalBuyer (QIB)Deflation通货萎缩Qualitative Analysis定性分析Deleverage减债Quality of Earnings盈利质量Delinquent Delisting拖欠债务摘牌,停止上市Delivery Delivery Date Delivery Instrument Delivery Month Delivery Price Delivery Versus Payment Demand Demand Deposit Demand Note Demerger Demutualization Denomination Dependency Ratio Dependent Deposit Depository Receipt Depository Trust and Depository Trust Company (DTC) Depreciated Cost Depreciation Depression Deregulation Derivative Devaluation Development Stage Diluted Earnings Per Share Dilution Dilutive Acquisition Discharge in Bankruptcy Discount Discount Bond Discount Broker Discount Note交割,交货交割日期交割文件交割月份交割价格付款交割需求活期存款即期票据分拆公司化,非共同化票面金额瞻养比率受扶养人士存款,按金存托凭证存托及结算机构存托公司折余成本,已折旧成本折旧,贬值经济萧条放宽管制衍生工具贬值发展阶段摊薄后每股盈利摊薄,减损减损盈利的收购项目已解除债务的破产人折扣,贴现贴现债券,折扣债券Quantitative Analysis 定量分析 Quarter (Q1, Q2, Q3, 季度(第一季度,第 Q4) 二季度,第三季度, 第四季度) Quick Assets 速动资产 Quick Ratio 速动比率 Quiet Filing 安静申请 Quiet Period 静止期 Quorum 法定人数 Quota 配额,限额 R/E 保留盈余 Rally 价格回升 Range 价格波幅 Rate of Change 变动率 (ROC) Rating 评级 Rating Agency 评级机构 Rationalization 优化改组 Real Asset 实际资产 Real Estate 房地产 Real Estate Agent 房地产代理 Real Estate 房地产投资信托 Real Interest Rate 实际利率 Real Rate of Return Realized Loss Realized Profit Recapitalization Receivable Turnover Ratio Recession Record Date Red Chip Red Herring Redemption Reference Rate Refinance Reflation 实际回报率实现损失实现利润资本结构调整应收账款周转率经济衰退记录日红筹公司红头招股书,公开说明书初稿赎回参考比率再融资通货复涨,通货在膨胀债券换新地区股票交易所注册投资顾问注册权累退税折扣经纪人 Refunding 贴现票据,折扣票据 Regional Stock Exchange Discount Rate 贴现率,折让率 Registered Investment Advisor (RIA) Discount Window 贴现窗 Registration Right Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) 贴现现金流 Regressive Tax Discretionary Account委托帐户,全权管理 Regulated Investment 受监管投资公司帐户 Company (RIC)Discretionary Income Discretionary Order Diseconomies of Scale Disinflation Disintermediation Disinvestment Disposable Income Disposition Distressed Sale Distressed Securities Distribution Distribution in Kind Divergence Diversification Diversified Common Stock Fund Divestiture Dividend Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Dividend Payout Ratio可自由支配收入全权委托指令规模不经济反通货膨胀非中介化投资缩减可支配收入财产转让廉价急售证券减值派发,分配派发实物偏离多元化多元化普通股资金分拆,出售资产股息股息贴现模型股息支付率Regulation A Regulation D Regulation FD (Reg FD) Regulation G Regulation M Regulation Q Regulation T Regulation U Reinsurance Reinvestment Reinvestment Rate Reinvestment Risk REIT Relative Strength Reorganization Repatriation Repayment Replacement Cost条例A 条例D 条例FD 条例G 条例M 条例Q 条例T 条例U 再保险再投资再投资率再投资风险房地产投资信托相对实力企业重组资金汇回本国偿还债务重置成本要求回报率要求储备金研究及开发有限制股票业务重组零售银行零售投资者保留盈余回报率资本回报率资产回报率已动用资本回报率资本收益回报率股本回报率投资回报率投资资金回报率净资产回报率收入回报率Required Rate Of Return Dividend Policy 股息政策 Required Reserves Dividend Reinvestment Plan 股息再投资计划 Research and Development (R&D) Dividend Yield 股息收益率 Restricted Stock DJIA 道琼斯工业平均指数 Restructuring DJTA 道琼斯交通平均指数 Retail Banking DJUA 道琼斯公用事业平均 Retail Investor 指数 Double Dip Recession 双谷经济衰退 Retained Earnings Double Dipping 双重收费 Return Double Taxing 双重征税 Return of Capital Dow Jones Industrial 道琼斯工业平均指数 Return On Assets Average (DJIA) (ROA) Dow Jones Transportation 道琼斯交通平均指数 Return On Capital Average (DJTA) Employed (ROCE) Dow Jones Utility Average 道琼斯公用事业平均 Return On Capital (DJUA) 指数 Gains Dow Theory 道氏理论 Return On Equity (ROE) Down Round 估值较低的一次融资 Return On Investment (ROI) Down-and-In Option 股价下跌生效的期权 Return On Investment Capital (ROIC) Down-and-Out Option 股价下跌失效的期权 Return On Net Assets (RONA) Downgrade 下调评级 Return On Revenue (ROR)Downside Downside Risk Downsize Downstream Downtick Downtick Volume Drag Along Rights Dragon Bond Du Pont Analysis Du Pont Identity Dual Listing Due Diligence Dummy Director Dummy Shareholder Dumping Duopoly Durables Duration Dutch Auction Earning Assets Earnings Earnings Estimate Earnings Multiplier Earnings Per Share (EPS) Earnings Surprises Earnings Yield Earnout EBIT EBITD EBITDA EBITDAR负面发展的可能性EBT Ecommerce Econometrics Economic Value Added (EVA) Economics Economies of ScaleReturn On Sales (ROS) 负面风险 Revenue 缩小规模 Reversed takeover 下游 Revolving Credit 低价交易 Right 低价交易量 Right Of First Refusal 带领权 Rights Issue 龙债券 Rights Offering 杜邦分析 Ring Fence 杜邦特性理论 Risk 两地上市 Risk Adjusted Discount Rate 尽职调查 Risk Adjusted Return 挂名董事,名义董事 Risk Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC) 名义股东 Risk Based Capital Requirement [廉价]倾销 Risk Capital 双头垄断 Risk Free Rate of Return 耐用品 Risk Tolerance 期限 Risk-Free Asset 荷兰拍卖 ROA 盈利资产 Road Show 盈利 ROC 盈利预测 ROCE 盈利倍数 ROE 每股盈利 ROI 盈利不符预测 ROIC 盈利收益 Royalty 基于财务表现额外对 Rule 144A 价条款扣除利息及税项前盈 Rule of 18 利扣除利息,税项及折 Rule of 72 旧前盈利扣除利息,税项,折 Russell 2000 Index 旧及摊销前盈利扣除利息,税项,折 S&P 旧,摊销及重组成本前盈利税前盈利 S&P (Standard And Poor's) 电子商贸 S&P 500 计量经济学 S&P500 经济增值 Safe Harbor 经济学规模经济 Sales Per Share Sales Tax销售回报率总收入反向收购循环信贷购股权优先权购股权发行购股权发行围栏策略风险风险调整贴现率风险调整回报率风险调整资本回报率风险资本要求风险资本无风险回报率风险容忍度无风险资产资产回报率路演变动率已动用资本回报率股本回报率投资回报率投资资金回报率使用权税,专利权税 144A 条例 18定律 72定律 Russell 2000指数标准普尔标准普尔标准普尔500 标准普尔500 避风港每股销售额销售税Economies of Scope Economy Effective Duration Effective Tax Rate Effective Yield Efficiency Ratio Elasticity Embedded Option Embedded Value Emerging Market Fund Employee Contribution Plan Ending Inventory Endowment Enterprise Multiple范畴经济经济体系有效期限有效税率有效收益率效益比例弹性隐含期权隐含价值新兴市场基金员工供款计划期末库存捐赠企业倍数Sales to Cash Flow Ratio Salvage Value Samurai Bond Scarcity SEC Secondary Market Secondary Offering Secondary Stock Sector Sector Fund Sector Rotation Secured Debt Secured Note Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) Securities Lending Securitization Security Security Analyst Seed Capital Segregated Fund Sell Seller's Market Selling Hedge Selling Short Sell-Off Sell-Out Semi-annual Semi-Variable Cost Senior Security Sensitivity Analysis Sentiment Indicator Settlement Date Settlement Price Shadow Pricing Shadow Rating Share Share Capital Share Repurchase Shareholder Shareholder Value Added (SVA) Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) Shareholders Equity Shares Outstanding Shark Repellent销售额与现金流比率残值武士债券稀有美国证券交易监督委员会 (美国证监会) 二级市场二级发行次级股票行业类股行业基金转移投资行业有抵押债务有抵押票据美国证券交易监督委员会 (美国证监会) 证券借贷证券化证券证券分析员种子资金独立基金卖出卖方市场卖出对冲卖空抛售售出清理半年半可变因素高级证券敏感度分析投资情绪指标结算日期结算价格影子定价影子评级股票股本金回购股份股东股东增值股东价值转移股东权益已发行股票抗鲨措施Enterprise Value EPS Equilibrium Equity Equity Accounting Equity Carve-out Equity Financing Equity Fund Equity Multiplier Equity Risk Premium Equity Unit Investment Trust Equity-Linked Note Escrow Escrow Agreement Eurobank Eurobond Euroclear Eurodollar European Option EV EV/EBITDA EVA Even Lot Exceptional Item Excess Return Exchange Exchange Distribution Exchange Privilege Exchange Rate Exchange Traded Fund企业价值每股盈利均衡股票,股本权益会计法股票分拆上市股票融资股票资金股票倍数股票风险溢价股票单位信托股票关联票据第三方保管契约第三方保管协议欧洲银行欧洲债券欧洲债券结算系统欧洲美元欧洲式期权企业价值企业价值/EBITDA (企业倍数) 经济增值整批[证券] 特殊项目额外回报交易所交易所分销转移特权外汇率交易所指数基金Exchangeable Debt Exchangeable Security Exclusion Ratio Ex-Dividend Exercise Exit Strategy Expected Return Expense Expense Ratio Expiration Date Export Ex-Rights Extendable Bond Extension Risk Extraordinary Item Extrinsic Value Ex-Warrant Face Value Facility Fair Value Fairness Opinion Fed Fed Model Federal Funds Federal Funds Rate Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) Federal Reserve Bank可交换债务可交换证券除外责任比率除息,不带息行使,执行退出投资策略预期回报率开支开支比率到期日出口除权,不带新股认股权可延长债券延长风险非经常项目外在价值除证,不带认股权证面值Shark Watcher Shelf Offering Shelf Registration Short Selling Silent Partner Sinking Fund Small-Cap Soft Call Protection Soft Commodity Soft Currency Soft Landing Soft Loan鲨变监察者暂搁发行暂搁注册卖空隐名合伙人偿债基金低市值公司非强制买回保障软商品软货币软着陆软贷款软通货,纸币独资经营偿付能力,资力偿付比率国家主权风险特殊功能公司专营经纪人特殊风险投机分拆保荐人现货商品现货市场现货即期价格即期交易价差,息差特殊功能公司Soft Money Sole Proprietorship Solvency Solvency Ratio Sovereign Risk Special Purpose Vehicle 信贷额度,资金设施 Specialist 公平价值 Specific Risk 公平意见 Speculation 联储局 Spinoff 联邦储备模型 Sponsor 联邦基金 Spot Commodity 联邦基金利率 Spot Market 公开市场委员会联邦储备银行 Spot Price Spot Trade Spread SPVFederal Reserve Board 联邦储备委员会 (FRB) Federal Reserve System (the 联邦储备体系 Fed) Fiduciary Final Dividend Final Prospectus Finance Financial Accounting Financial Accounting Standards Board - (FASB) Financial Asset Financial Engineering Financial Intermediary Financial Performance Financial Planner Financial Supermarket 受托人最终股息公开说明书定稿财务财务会计财务会计标准委员会金融资产金融资产重整金融中介机构财务表现财务规划金融超级市场Squeeze Stakeholder Stamp Duty Standard Deviation Stock Dividend Stock Option Stock Quote Stock Record Stock Split Strategic Alliance Stress Testing Strike Price紧缩权益方印花税标准差股票股息股票期权股票报价股票纪录分股战略联盟压力测试行使价格Firm commitment Fiscal Agent Fiscal Policy Fiscal Year Fixed Annuity Fixed Asset Fixed Cost Fixed Income Security Fixed Interest Rate (mortgage) Fixed-Charge Coverage Ratio Flight to Quality Flipper Float Floater Floating Rate Note (FRN) Floor Floor Trader Flotation Flotation Cost Follow-on Offering坚定承诺财务代理财政政策财务年度固定年金固定资产固定成本固定收入证券固定利率(抵押) 固定费用偿付比率安全投资转移迅速换手投资者公开流通股票Structural Unemployment Structured Finance Structured Note Subordinated Debt Subsequent Offering Subsidiary Supply Supply Chain Supply Chain Management Supply-Side Theory结构性失业结构性融资结构性票据从属债务后续发行子公司,附属公司供应供应链供应链管理供应方理论附加费寿司债券可持续增长率掉期掉期利率掉期息差承销团银团贷款协同效应合成有抵押债务FOMC Forbearance Force Majeure Forced Conversion Forecasting Foreign Bond Foreign Currency Effects Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Forex Fortune 500 Forward Contract Forward Integration Forward Looking Earnings Forward Market Forward Price Forward Rate Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) Forward Swap Free Cash Flow Free Cash Flow for the Firm (FCFF) Free Cash Flow per ShareSurcharge Sushi Bond Sustainable Growth Rate 无记名票据 Swap 浮息票据 Swap Rate 最低额 Swap Spread 出市代表,场内交易 Syndicate 发行,上市 Syndicated Loan 发行成本 Synergy 后续发行 Synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligation 公开市场委员会 Synthetic Lease 暂缓行使(债权人权 Synthetic Put 利) 不可抗力 Systematic Risk 强制转换 Tag Along Rights 预测 Take or Pay 国外债券 Takeover 外币效应 Tangible Asset 外国直接投资 Target Company 外汇财富500 远期合约前向整合预见性盈利远期市场远期价格远期利率远期利率协议远期掉期自由现金流企业自由现金流每股自由现金流 Target Price Tariffs Tax Haven Tax Holiday Tax Shield Taxable Gain Taxable Income Technical Analysis Tender Tender Offer Tenor Term Sheet Terminal Value合成租赁合成出售期权系统性风险跟随权必付合约收购有形资产目标公司目标价格关税避税乐园免税期税盾应课税收益应课税收入技术分析投标,交换媒介股权收购要约期限条款书最终价值。

豪泰林(Hotelling)模型

商店：以价格为选择变量，同时做出选择(价格竞争模型）
消费者：消费1单位的商品
令p 为商店i的价格，D (p ,p ) 为需求函数， i=1i,2。如果住在x左边i 的1将都2 在商店1购买，住在x右边的将在商店2购买，则：
商店1的需求函数：D =x
1
商店2的需求函数：D =1-x，
2
由（1）、（2）式可得：需求函数：
a=b=0与差异最大化对应，a+b=1与差异最小化对应
豪泰林的选址（空间）模型假设消费者和品牌位于产品和地理空间内。消费者偏好于靠近自己的品牌。因此，企业具有市场势力。并且，该模型表明了只有当产品同质时（位于产品或地理空间的同一位置），伯川德均衡价格才等于边际成本。在一个更为一般化的产品差异化模型中，做出伯川德预期的企业将收取不同的价格，而且所有价格都高于边际成本。简而言之，差异化使得企业拥有市场势力。
在此模型中，产品在物质性能上是相同的，但在空间位置上存在差异，因为不同位置上的消费者要支付不同的运输成本，这时他们关心的是价格和运输成本之和，而不仅是价格。
假设有一个长度为1的线性城市，消费者均匀地分布在 [0，1]区间里，分布密度为1。假定有两个商店，分别位于城市的两端，商店1在 x=0，商店2在x=1，出售物质性能相同的产品，每个商店提供单位产品的成本为c，消费者购买商品的旅行成本与离商店的距离成正比例，单位距离的成本为t。这样，住在x的消费者如果在商店1采购，要花费tx的旅行成本；如果在商店2采购，要花费t(1-x) 。假定消费者具有单位需求，即或者消费1个单位或者消费0个单位。
原因在于，随着旅行成本的上升，不同商店出售的产品之间的替代性下降，每个商店对附近的消费者的垄断能力加强，商店之间的竞争越来越弱，消费者对价格的敏感度下降，从而每个商店的最优价格接近于垄断价格。另一方面，当旅行成本为零时(t=0),不同商店的产品之间具有完全的替代性，没有任何一个商店可以把价格定的高于成本。这是伯川德均衡的结果。

数学英语词汇（I-Z）

iidentical 全等；恒等identity 等（式）identity relation 恒等关系式if and only if/iff 当且仅当；若且仅若if…., then 若….则；如果…..则illustration 例证；说明image 像点；像imaginary circle 虚圆imaginary number 虚数imaginary root 虚根implication 蕴涵式；蕴含式imply 蕴涵；蕴含impossible event 不可能事件improper fraction 假分数inclination 倾角；斜角inclined plane 斜面included angle 夹角included side 夹边inclusive 包含的；可兼的inconsistent 不相的(的)；不一致(的)increase 递增；增加increasing function 递增函数interior angles on the same side of the transversal 同旁内角interior opposite angle 内对角internal bisector 内分角internal division 内分割internal point of division 内分点inter-quartile range 四分位数间距intersect 相交intersection (1)交集；(2)相交；(3)交点interval 区间intuition 直观invariance 不变性invariant (1)不变的；(2)不变量；不变式inverse 反的；逆的inverse circular function 反三角函数inverse cosine function 反余弦函数inverse function 反函数；逆函数inverse problem 逆算问题inverse proportion 反比例；逆比例inverse sine function 反正弦函数inverse tangent function 反正切函数inverse variation 反变(分)；逆变(分) irrational equation 无理方程irrational number 无理数irreducibility 不可约性irregular 不规则isosceles triangle 等腰三角形increasing sequence 递增序列increasing series 递增级数increment 增量independence 独立；自变independent event 独立事件independent variable 自变量；独立变量indeterminate (1)不定的；(2)不定元；未定元indeterminate coefficient 不定系数；未定系数indeterminate form 待定型；不定型index,indices 指数；指index notation 指数记数法inequality 不等式；不等inequality sign 不等号infinite 无限；无穷infinite population 无限总体infinite sequence 无限序列；无穷序列infinite series 无限级数；无穷级数infinitely many 无穷多infinitesimal 无限小；无穷小infinity 无限(大)；无穷(大)initial point 始点；起点initial side 始边initial value 初值；始值input 输入input box 输入inscribed circle 内切圆insertion 插入insertion of brackets 加括号instantaneous 瞬时的integer 整数integral index 整数指数integral solution 整数解integral value 整数值intercept 截距；截段intercept form 截距式intercept theorem 截线定理interchange 互换interest 利息interest rate 利率interest tax 利息税interior angle 内角jjoint variation 联变(分)；连变(分)kknown 己知ll.h.s. 末项law 律；定律law of indices 指数律；指数定律law of trichotomy 三分律leading coefficient 首项系数least common multiple, lowest common multiple (l.c.m) 最小公倍数；最低公倍式least value 最小值lemma 引理length 长(度)letter 文字；字母like surd 同类根式like terms 同类项limit 极限line 线；行line of best-fit 最佳拟合line of greatest slope 最大斜率的直；最大斜率line of intersection 交线line segment 线段linear 线性；一次linear equation 线性方程；一次方程linear equation in two unknowns 二元一次方程；二元线性方程linear inequality 一次不等式；线性不等式linear programming 线性规划literal coefficient 文字系数literal equation 文字方程load 负荷loaded coin 不公正钱币loaded die 不公正骰子locus, loci 轨迹logarithm 对数logarithmic equation 对数方程logarithmic function 对数函数logic 逻辑logical deduction 逻辑推论；逻辑推理logical step 逻辑步骤long division method 长除法loss 赔本；亏蚀loss per cent 赔率；亏蚀百分率lower bound 下界lower limit 下限lower quartile 下四分位数lowest common multiple(l.c.m) 最小公倍数mmagnitude 量；数量；长度；大小major arc 优弧；大弧major axis 长轴major sector 优扇形；大扇形major segment 优弓形；大弓形mantissa 尾数mantissa of logarithm 对数的尾数；对数的定值部many-sided figure 多边形marked price 标价mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical sentence 数句mathematics 数学maximize 极大maximum absolute error 最大绝对误差maximum point 极大点maximum value 极大值mean 平均(值)；平均数；中数mean deviation 中均差；平均偏差measure of dispersion 离差的量度measurement 量度median (1)中位数；(2)中线meet 相交；相遇mensuration 计量；求积法method 方法method of completing square 配方法method of substitution 代换法；换元法metric unit 十进制单位mid-point 中点mid-point formula 中点公式mid-point theorem 中点定理million 百万minimize 极小minimum point 极小点minimum value 极小值minor (1)子行列式；(2)劣；较小的minor arc 劣弧；小弧minor axis 短轴minor sector 劣扇形；小扇形minor segment 劣弓形；小弓形minus 减minute 分mixed number(fraction) 带分数modal class 众数组mode 众数model 模型monomial 单项式multinomial 多项式multiple 倍数multiple root 多重根multiplicand 被乘数multiplication 乘法multiplication law (of probability) (概率)乘法定律multiplicative property 可乘性multiplier 乘数；乘式multiply 乘mutually exclusive events 互斥事件mutually independent 独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines 互相垂直nn factorial n阶乘n th root n次根；n次方根natural number 自然数negative 负negative angle 负角negative index 负指数negative integer 负整数negative number 负数neighborhood 邻域net 净(值)n-gon n边形nonagon 九边形non-collinear 不共线non-linear 非线性non-linear equation 非线性方程non-negative 非负的non-trivial 非平凡的non-zero 非零normal (1)垂直的；正交的；法线的(2)正态的(3)正常的；正规的normal curve 正态分记伲怀1 分记伲徽媲伲徽忧?normal distribution 正态分布，常态分布normal form 法线式notation 记法；记号number 数number line 数线number pair 数偶number pattern 数型number plane 数平面number system 数系numeral 数字；数码numeral system 记数系统numerator 分子numerical 数值的；数字的numerical expression 数字式numerical method 计算方法；数值法ooblique 斜的oblique cone 斜圆锥oblique triangle 斜三角形obtuse angle 钝角obtuse-angled triangle 钝角三角形octagon 八边形octahedron 八面体odd function 奇函数odd number 奇数one-one correspondence 一一对应open interval 开区间open sentence 开句operation 运算opposite angle 对角opposite interior angle 内对角opposite side 对边optimal solution 最优解order (1)序；次序；(2)阶；级ordered pair 序偶origin 原点outcome 结果output 输出overlap 交迭；相交pparabola 拋物线parallel 平行(的)parallel lines 平行(直线)parallelogram 平行四边形parameter 参数；参变量partial fraction 部分分数；分项分式polar coordinate system 极坐标系统polar coordinates 极坐标pole 极polygon 多边形polyhedron 多面体polynomial 多项式polynomial equation 多项式方程positive 正positive index 正指数positive integer 正整数positive number 正数power (1)幂；乘方；(2)功率；(3)检定力precise 精密precision 精确度prime 素prime factor 质因子；质因素prime number 素数；质数primitive (1)本原的；原始的；(2)原函数principal (1)主要的；(2)本金prism 梭柱(体)；角柱(体)prismoid 平截防庾短?probability 概率problem 应用题produce 延长product 乘积；积product rule 积法则profit 盈利profit per cent 盈利百分率profits tax 利得税progression 级数proof 证(题)；证明proper fraction 真分数property 性质property tax 物业税proportion 比例proportional 成比例protractor 量角器pyramid 棱锥(体)；角锥(体) pythagoras’ theorem 勾股定理pythagorean triplet 毕氏三元数组partial sum 部分和partial variation 部分变(分) particular solution 特解pascal’s triangle 帕斯卡斯三角形pattern 模型；规律pegboard 有孔版pentadecagon 十五边形pentagon 五边形per cent 百分率percentage 百分法；百分数percentage decrease 百分减少percentage error 百分误差percentage increase 百分增加percentile 百分位数perfect number 完全数perfecr square 完全平方perimeter 周长；周界period 周期periodic function 周期函数permutation 排列perpendicular 垂线；垂直(于) perpendicular bisector 垂直平分线；中垂线perpendicular line 垂直线pictogram 象形图pie chart 饼图；圆瓣图pinboard 钉板place holder 补位数字place value 位值plan (1)平面图；(2)计划plane 平面plane figure 平面图形plot 绘图plus 加point 点point circle 点圆point of contact 切点point of division 分点point of intersection 交点point-slope form 点斜式polar axis 极轴polar coordinate plane 极坐标平面polar coordinate 极坐标系统qquadrant 象限quadratic equation 二次方程(式) quadratic formula 二次公式quardratic function 二次函数quadratic inequality 二次不等式quadratic polynomial 四边形quantity 数量quartile 四分位数quotient 商；商式rr.h.s 右radian 弧度radian measure 弧度法radical 根式；根号；根数radius, radii 半径random 随机random experiment 随机试验random number 随机数range 值域；区域；范围；极差；分布域rate 率；利率ratio 比 ; 比率rational expression 有理式；有理数式rational function 有理函数rational index 有理数指数rational number 有理数rationalization 有理化raw data 原始数据raw score 原始分（数）real axis 实轴real number 实数real root 实根reason 理由reciprocal 倒数rectangle 长方形；矩形rectangular block 长方体rectangular coordinate plane 直角坐标平面rectangular coordinates 直角坐rectilinear figure 直线图形recurrent 循环的recurring decimal 循环小数reduce 简化reducible 可约的；可化简的reference angle 参考角reflex angle 优角；反角region 区域regular 正；规则regular polygon 正多边形reject 舍去；否定relation 关系；关系式relative error 相对误差remainder 余数；余式；剩余remainder term 余项remainder theorem 余式定理removal of brackets 撤括号；去括号repeated trials 重复试验resolve 分解revolution 旋转；周转rhombus 菱形right angle 直角right circular cone 直立圆锥（体）right circular cylinder 直立圆柱（体）right prism 直立棱柱；直立角柱(体)right pyramid 直立棱锥；直立角锥(体) right-angled triangle 直角二角形root 根rotation 旋转round angle 周角rounded number 舍数rounding(off) 舍入；四舍五入row 行；棋行rule 规则；法(则)ruler 直尺ssalaries tax 俸税sample 抽样；样本sample space 样本空间satisfy 满足；适合scale 比例尺；标度；图尺scalene triangle 不等边三角形；不规则三角形scientific notation 科学记数法solution of triangle 三角形解法solve 解special angle 特殊角；特别角speed 速率sphere 球形；球面square (1)平方；(2)正方形square bracket 方括号square number 正方形数；平方数square root 平方根；二次根standard deviation 标准差；标准偏离secant 割second 秒second quartile 第二四分位数(1)截面；截线；(2)截点section (1)截面；截线；(2)截点section formula 截点公式sector 扇式segment 段；节segment of a circle 弓形selling price 售价semi-circle 半圆semi-vertical angle 半顶角sentence 句；语句sequence 序列series 级数set square 三角尺；三角板shaded portion 有阴影部分shape 形状side 边；侧sign 符号；记号signed number 有符号数significant figure 有效数字similar 相似similar figures 相似图形similar triangles 相似三角形similarity 相似(性)simple equation 简易方程simple interest 单利；单利息simplify 简化simultaneous equations 联立方程simultaneous inequalities 联立不等式simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns 联合二次线性方程式sine 正弦sine formula 正弦公式slant edge 斜棱slant height 斜高slope 斜率；斜度；倾斜；坡度slope-intercept form 斜率截距式；斜截式solid 立体；固体soild with uniform corss-section 有均匀横切面的立体solution 解；解法solution of equation 方程解uuniform 一致(的)；均匀(的)uniform cross-section 均匀横切面uniform speed 匀速率uniformly distributed 均匀分布unique solution 唯一解uniqueness 唯一性unit 单位unit area 单位面积unit circle 单位圆unit volume 单位体积unknown 未知数；未知量unlike 异类项upper bound 上界upper limit 上限upper quartile 上四分位数vvalue 值variable 变项；变量；元；变元；变数variable speed 可变速率variance 方差variation 变数；变分verify 证明；验证vertex, vertices 顶(点)；极点vertical 铅垂；垂直vertical angle 顶角vertical line 纵线；铅垂vertically opposite angles 对顶角volume 体积wweight (1)重量；(2)权weighted average, weighted mean 加权平均数whole number 整数；完整数width 阔度without loss of generality 不失一般性xx-axis x轴x-coordinate x坐标x-intercept x轴截距yy-axis y轴y-coordinate y坐标y-intercept y轴截距zzero 零zero factor 零因子zeros of a function 函数零值。

传销用英语怎么说

传销用英语怎么说传销指组织者或者经营者发展人员，通过对被发展人员以其直接或者间接发展的人员数量或者销售业绩为依据计算和给付报酬，是一种违法的行为。

那么你知道传销用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。

传销的英语说法：pyramid sale传销相关英语表达：非法传销 illegal pyramid selling传销业 chain-selling line传销犯罪 pyramid selling crime传销的英语例句：1. If the scheme appears to be a pyramid selling scam, have nothing to do with it.如果这个计划看起来像是一个传销骗局，那就不要参与。

2. We are not a get - rich - quick matrix or pyramid scheme.我们不是一个一夜快速暴富或传销的网站.3. We are not a get - rich - quick, MLM, matrix or pyramid scheme.我们不是一个得到快速致富的, 多层次传销, 矩阵或传销.4. The police planned carefully, and crashed the multi - level marketing hideout.警方精心布置, 一举捣毁了这个传销窝点.5. It includes both multi level and single - level pyramid marketings.它包括多层次传销和单层次传销.6. MLM Network Marketings Why Failure Rate Is so High?传销网络营销-为什么失败率这么高?7. A Multilevel Marketing Organization is not a pyramidscheme.多层次传销销售组织不是一个.8. It is time you started shifting your MLM Success into Success OVERDRIVE.现在正是你开始将你的成功变为成功驶入了传销.9. There are only two types of people you will across in MLM.现在只有两种人你会碰上传销.10. Pyramid selling schemes are prohibited by S . 61.第61条禁止传销.11. Producing and marketing counterfeit and shoddy goods, pyramid schemes and commercial fraud must be severely punished.严厉打击制售假冒伪劣产品、非法传销和商业欺诈行为.12. Be caught in pyramid selling disappearing being able to report a case or not?陷入传销失踪可以报案不?13. Recently, pyramid sale has begun to spread again after being cracked down repeatedly.近来, 以往被多次打击的传销又开始抬头,并有大肆蔓延之势.14. Its legerdemain has extremely rich incendiary sex and the teaching material that cheat a gender namely.传销作为一种非法经营活动,有一套完整的骗术.其骗术就是具有极富煽动性和欺骗性的教材.15. A franchisor falsely borrow the name of Franchising and illegally engage in direct selling activities.特许人不得假借特许经营的名义,非法从事传销活动.。

[英美报刊] 英文新闻标题

▪ Sino-US Venture Expands Biz in China （中美合资企业扩大在中国业务，biz=business)
灵活使用新词
▪ 如snake head（蛇头），telephone harassment（电话骚扰），junk mail（垃圾邮件），elevated highways （高架道路），talk show（访谈节目；谈话类节目）， down payment（首付款），maglev train（磁悬浮列车），cyberlove（网恋），eco-friendly car（环保车）， selling points（卖点），suicide bomber（人体炸弹）， big city ills（都市病），reality show（真人秀）等新词，无一不是通过报刊等媒介传播后为人们所熟知的。
▪ To Buy or Not to Buy Is the Question for Homebuyers 买还是不买是购房人的大心事
▪ A Tale of Two Hearts 双心记 ▪ Farewell to SARS 永别了非典 ▪ 出自莎士比亚的名剧Hamlet中的To be or not to be—that
▪ Trials to Begin for Four Inmates at Guantanamo 古巴关塔纳摩基地的4名囚犯将要受审
▪ Chinese Leader to Visit U.S. 中国领导人将访美 ▪ Peace Talks to Resume 和平谈判将恢复
▪ India Mending Fences with Neighbors ▪ Mainland Factory Output Booming ▪ People Flow Hurting the Wall ▪ Workers Checked After Radiation Leak ▪ 61 Killed in American Plane Crash

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Today I am going to tell you something about pyramid selling. The reason why I choose this one as my today’s topic is that a few days ago, a friend of mine was cheated by his classmate and nearly become a member of this evil organization. So I realize pyramid selling is so close to us, and we really need to know this.
First, I want to tell you the procedure of how this organization recruits members. They will first make a list about their friends, relatives, classmates and everyone they think they can cheat.And then make a personalized plan according to your profession. If you are a peasant, you must want to become rich in a short of time and feel proud and elated around your neighbors. If you are a soldier, you must want to make a big success after the experience in the army. After making the plan, they will call you three times. The first phone call is to inquire about your situation and your mindset and to make sure the excuse of invitation. The time of phone call will be limited into less than 90 seconds in order to create a sense of mystery. The second phone call is to show off his current situation. Letting you know that he is very successful now and can offer you an opportunity to success. And the third one is to urge you to start off.
Nest is brainwashing. These are the methods of brainwashing. First, they will eliminate your misunderstanding towards pyramid selling. They will tell you that pyramid selling is legal. And your friend is not cheating you but offer you a chance to make money.They will give you texts without your notice. And judge what kind of a person you are according to your answer, and then decided to choose what kind of method to deal with you. And because most of the people they recruit are frustrated and unsuccessful, so they will create a warm atmosphere and make you feel at home. At the first time, you must want to leave. So they will give you live examples about people in this organization who have the same experience and maybe even better than you to make you feel balance. And then give you a sense of crisis such as if there is something wrong with your family members suddenly and need an operation. What can you do since you don’t have money.They will tell you pyramid selling can give you lots of money, but don’t tell you how to make these money in order to create a sense of mystery. 从前有个百万富翁他们家前门有两只狮子后门有两只大象they will try to provoke your passion and desire. And they will give you lectures and let people tell their personal experiences about how they become rich in this organization. And all these brainwashing are 24 hour all round.
Three magic weapons story telling guess riddle play games in the ending of every story and riddle, they will draw a conclusion. And these conclusions are always a misleading of your thought. The games they paly are very vulgar. And I think they are trying to erode you morality in this way. 捡金子
System 不是金字塔形而是等腰梯形A级享受18中好处不用干活
How they earn money. They announce that they earn the profits between the factory and consumer. But actually, they earn money through these ways. Because they implement military management, if you violate the rules you will be fined. And the money they earn mainly come from the individual contribution money. And if you get promoted you also need to pay a sum of money.。

pyramid selling

金融词汇的翻译Finance

第三章 渠道结构

布莱克—舒尔斯期权定价

Some up-to-date expressions

企业盈利模型

sellin

曼昆经济学原理-第九章-应用：国际贸易

美国公司法证券法历年经典论文列表

高中英语作文：传销的诱惑The Temptation of Pyramid Selling

Despicable me英汉详解

金融博士书目

河南大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案

金字塔模型策略 python

广告专业英语课后题及答案

广告专业英语课后题及答案

金融词汇英汉词典

豪泰林(Hotelling)模型

数学英语词汇（I-Z）

传销用英语怎么说

[英美报刊] 英文新闻标题

第三章渠道结构