基于钻石模型下我国汽车产业国际竞争力分析

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中国汽车产业国际竞争力的钻石模型

International Trade国际商贸 2012年7月217中国汽车产业国际竞争力的“钻石模型”分析广州大学华软软件学院刘伟良苏志鹏摘要：汽车产业不仅是一个国家综合性工业的直接反映，而且也是一个国家综合性工业发展水平的试金石。

加入WTO之后，中国汽车产业处于一个快速发展期。

本文利用美国迈克尔・波特教授的国际竞争力分析“钻石模型”理论，研究和分析了影响我国汽车产业国际竞争力水平的各种因素，并在此基础上提出提升我国汽车产业国际竞争力的策略和方法。

关键词：中国汽车国际竞争力钻石模型中图分类号：F752 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-5800(2012)07(a)-217-02加入WTO之后，中国汽车市场急速发展和变化，汽车需求量不断增大，国内汽车市场的持续爆炸性增长为中国的汽车产业带来千载难逢的历史机遇。

发展好我国的汽车产业，不仅能够加强我国在相关领域的科学技术飞跃，还能够创造巨大的经济价值。

本文利用美国迈克尔・波特教授的国际竞争力分析“钻石模型”，研究当前中国汽车产业的国际竞争力状况，指出问题与不足，并提出合理化建议。

1 中国汽车产业的发展状况汽车产业总产值占中国工业总产值的比重日益增加。

汽车工业已经成为我国经济的支柱产业。

汽车产业作为中国工业中具有较高技术含量和发展势头的产业，正在成为新时期经济增长点和支柱产业的产业部门。

1.1 中国汽车市场销售状况入世后的中国，由于外国资本和民营资本大规模进入，汽车产业取得了高速发展。

2008年，我国汽车销量达到938万辆，整体市场规模较改革开放前提高了71倍。

自2001年加入世界贸易组织以来，我国汽车市场的规模增长率高达21％。

到2009年，我国汽车产量紧随美日两国位居世界第三，而2009年我国汽车销量超越美国跃居世界第一。

1.2 中国汽车产业进出口贸易的发展状况加入世界贸易组织以来，中国的汽车进出口贸易得到了长足发展，特别是出口贸易，展现出加速上冲的趋势。

基于钻石模型的我国船舶产业竞争力分析

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（苏科技大学经济管理学院，江２２０）江镇１０３（ｉｇｕＵｉｒｉｆｃｎｅａｄＴｃｎｌｙＺｅｊｎ１０３ＣｉａＪｎｓｎｖｓｙｏｉｃｎｅｈｏｇ，ｈｎａｇ２２０，ｈｎ）ａｅｔＳｅｏｉ
摘要：国的船舶产业作为推动我国经济增长的一个重要支撑点，我其发展的程度影响着其他相关产业的发展．影响着也
我国整体经济在国际上的竞争力。然而我国的船舶产业在最近这几年虽然得到了较快发展．与世界上先进的发达国家相比却但存在差距，中运用钻石模型分析目前我国船舶产业竞争力的影响因素，文最后根据分析结果提出相应的结论建议
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关键词：钻石模型：舶产业：争力船竞
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中圈分类号：４７４４Ｆ６・Ｆ０・７；０２９

中国汽车产业国际竞争力分析及提升对策

—
２０年近３年问，０７０人均ＧＤＰ保持了近９％的年均增长速度。据
次体系。此，提出分析企业国际竞争力的价值链分析法，为他即国家统计局公布的数字，２０年我国人均Ｇ０７ＤＰ达到２８２０美元，将企业创造价值整个过程分成若干不同的阶段或环节；通过对预测２１年，均ＧＤ００人Ｐ将达２４美元，ＤＰ达３００美元，８５Ｇ将９０亿
却大都偏好能耗高的豪华型高档轿车。其三，目前，中国对汽车
消费者权益保护还不够，国外流行的缺陷汽车产品召回制度还未在中国实行， “ 剔型 ” 顾客还有待培养。挑３企业战略、结构和竞争．
企业战略中的核心问题是企业目标。企业目标受到所有权结
企业战略、结构和竞争等四个主要因素来实现的；而机会对一国
的法人治理结构，以保证公司激励和约束机制的有效运行。而现
特定产业国际竞争力的影响又具有不确定性。因此，为分析脉络阶段我国处于经济转轨期，多汽车及其相关企业还未真正建立大清晰起见，在这里我们只分析 “ 钻石模型 ”中除政府和机会以外起完善的公司法人治理结构，这导致了中国汽车企业管理水平的的四个主要因素对中国汽车产业国际竞争力的影响。２生产要素．

中国汽车产业国际竞争力实证分析

，
２中国汽车产业国际竞争力评价
本文定量指标评价数值采用的是２００５—２００９年５年的平均值，某些特殊指标由于统计上的对原因，用的是可获得指标的２０采０７—２００９年３年
平均值（表２，按评价标准进行评分。定性见）并
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然资源与基础设施等；需求条件是指一国市场对产
业提供的产品的需求程度。波特认为，场需求程市度和需求质量是提高一国产业竞争力的前提；关相和支持产业是指围绕整个产业链条不同环节的细影响一国产业国际竞争力的因素很多，外有
上海汽车２Biblioteka １．２０１１・表２中国汽车产业国际竞争力定量指标数据
竞争力指标评价结果分值较高的指标是，产业环境竞争力指标中的“ ＤＧＰ年均增速 ” 到８达％以上，值在８分档；汽车产业政策对企业的影分 “ 响程度 ” 大，很分值在８分档；产业市场竞争力指标中的“ 内汽车产量 ” １０万辆以上，国达０５分值在８分档。产业发展竞争力指标中的“ 资产利润率 ” 达到５以上，％分值在８分档；全员劳动生产率增 “ 加值 ” 达到１９万人／，年分值在７分档；产业产品竞争力指标中的 “ 品性价比” 高，值在７产较分

中国轿车产业国际竞争力评价

图１波特钻石模型
目再面丽
维普资讯
钻石模型中的生产要素在轿车行业中主要是人力资源、资本资源与基础设施。人力资源有质和量两个方面，由于 “ ” 很难质度量，我们仅选了行业劳动力工
维普资讯
竞争力评价
自２０年底我国加入ＷＴ０１Ｏ以来，曾经令国人担忧的幼稚产业—— 汽车工业并没有像人们想象的那样受到巨大的冲击，反而呈现出了前所未有的繁荣：我国已经成为世界第三大汽车消费国和第四大汽车生产国。但是，当看到在大街润的能力。３数据来源及其时期选择．评价指标的数据主要来源于２０年的《国汽车工业年鉴》０４中、
本文以波特的钻石模型中影响产业竞争力的六大要素为指标设立依据，结合轿车产业的国际情况和特点，构建了轿车产业竞争力的评
价指标体系。通过层次分析法确定指标的权重，用功效系数法确定单项指标分数，最后用综合指数对中国轿车产业的竞争力进行评价。
资这个量的指标来表示。汽车业
足率来表示。需求条件包括国内
需求规模（文选取了国内需求本规模和产业地位两个指标）、独立买者的数量（私人购车比例反用

中国轿车行业国际竞争力研究

一
术迅速转化为生产力。另一方面我们要大力引进和培养既懂技术又懂管理的综合型经营管理人才，培养知识结构能横跨汽车制造技术领域、电子技术和计算机领域的复合型技术人才，这可以增强我国轿车企业的管理“ 软实力。４政府发挥其作用的重点应在政策引导、共服务和市场．公
径探析
１．加快构建地区产业集群的轿车技术创新体系，研发自主技术及产品为适应新时期轿车工业技术发展趋势和轿车工业竞争态势，要充分利用各地的高校及研究所，建立健全企业技术创新体系和产、、联合协作机制。完善轿车技术创新体系，技术学研把引进、消化吸收和集成创新统一起来，并加以深化，以逐步培育和提高自主开发能力，创建自主轿车品牌，提高其参与国内外市场竞争的核心竞争力。２．加快配套产业主要是零部件产业的发展以完善汽车产业供应链加快我国零部件企业的专业化发展。我国国内的零部件企业要找准自己的位置，清自己的实力，认充分发挥自有优势，朝
、
基于“ 钻石模型” 的我国轿车行业国际竞争力
的定性分析
１“ 石模型 ” 论简介．钻理
“ 钻石模型” 哈佛大学商学院教授迈克尔・波特在其是１９９０年出版的《国家竞争优势》书中正式提出的。波特认为，一在一国环境中，对一个产业竞争力影响最大、最直接的因素是：生产要素、求条件、关产业与支持性产业以及企业战略、需相企业结构和同业竞争，除此之外还存在这机会与政府两大要素，这六大要素一起构成决定一个国家的某一个产业是否具有国际竞争优势的“ 钻石模型” 。钻石体系中的每个关键要素都是相互依赖的，任何一项的效果都是建立在其他条件的配合上面。钻石体系是动态的，因此产业也需要持续进化以回应环境中的改变。只有打造一个完

基于钻石模型的汽车产业集群竞争力分析——以湖南省为例

汽车产业具有影响力的一极，就必须提升湖南省汽车产业集群的竞争力。本文运用波特的 “ 钻石模型 ” ，对湖南省汽车产业集群进行了竞争力分析，并提出了相应的对策建议。［关键词］汽车产业；钻石模型；产业集群竞争力［中图分类号］Ｕ２１５［文献标识码］Ａ［文章编号］１００５ — ６４３２（２０１３）４４— ００２２— ０４
２０１３．１１
李欣洋，等：基于钻石模型的汽车产业集群竞争力分析
市场。
城市经济
１９９９年，福田公司长沙汽车厂进驻湖南长沙经济开
发区。随后，永州长丰集团将一部分制造基地搬到长沙，进行越野车的生产。三一重工集团也进军长沙经开区开始高速公路大客车的生产。一时间，长沙经济技术开发区，形成了以福田汽车、长丰汽车、三一重工三大整车制造商为龙头，众多零部件制造商相配套的汽车产业集群。自２００１年 “ 十五 ” 规划以后，长丰猎豹一跃成为中国越野车第一品牌；湘火炬分别与重庆重型汽车集团、东风汽车公司，共同投资成立了２家合资企业：重庆红岩汽车有限责任公司、东风越野车有限公司；浙江众泰控股集团投资江南奥拓，组建了湖南江南汽车制造有限公司，继续保存并壮大了生产湖南中低档轿车的能力。２００９年，广汽收购长丰汽车２９％的股份，重组后的广汽长丰从单一生产ＳＵＶ的制造商向提供全系列乘用车制造商转型。２０１０年，随着广汽菲亚特项目落户，使得湖南中档轿车的生产力量迈上一个新的台阶，投产后生产的中档轿车形成了年产量约２５万台的水平，销售年收入超过３００亿元的规模。２０１１年，湖南省累计实现汽车零部件生产总产值约３６５亿元，同比增长３１％。全省拥有１６０多家产品涵盖电子电器、发动机等七大类，达到一定规模的汽车零部件制造商。在汽车空调、车载电气设备、商用车车身、火花塞等领域，形成了强大的技术和市场优势。

我国新能源汽车产业发展的国际比较——基于“钻石模型”的分析

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我国新能源汽车产业发展的国际比较
基于 “ 石模型 ” 的分析钻
艾民韩怀玉
（陕西师范大学，西安７０６）１０２
［摘要］在油价高涨和环境问题日趋严峻的背景下，能源汽车逐步取代传统汽车将成为不可逆新
占主导地位。
我国新能源汽车起步于２世纪初。 “ 五 ” ｌ十
非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源（或使用常规的
和 “ 十一五”规划期间，国家先后制定了多项新能源汽车发展规划。２０年，我国启动 “６”计０１８３
车用燃料、采用新型车载动力装置），综合车辆的
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国石油需求量将达４５．亿吨６１．亿吨，国内石油产量预计为１８．亿吨，口量为２７进．亿吨一．亿４３吨，石油对外依存度将维持在６％～００７％。石油
对外过度依赖不仅对我国能源安全构成严重威胁，

汽车产业的国际竞争力分析

汽车产业的国际竞争力分析在当今全球化的经济格局中，汽车产业作为制造业的重要支柱，其国际竞争力备受关注。

汽车产业不仅对于一个国家的经济增长有着显著的拉动作用，还在技术创新、就业创造以及产业关联等方面具有重要意义。

汽车产业的国际竞争力受到多种因素的综合影响。

首先，技术创新能力是关键。

这包括汽车的设计、研发、生产工艺以及新能源和智能化技术的应用等方面。

那些在技术创新方面领先的企业和国家，往往能够推出更具竞争力的产品，满足消费者不断变化的需求。

例如，日本和德国在汽车发动机技术上的长期投入和创新，使其在燃油汽车领域占据重要地位；而美国和中国在新能源汽车和自动驾驶技术上的积极探索，也为其在未来汽车市场竞争中赢得了先机。

品牌影响力也是汽车产业国际竞争力的重要组成部分。

知名品牌往往代表着品质、可靠性和独特的价值主张。

像丰田、大众、宝马等品牌，经过多年的市场耕耘和品牌建设，已经在全球消费者心中树立了良好的形象，从而能够吸引更多的客户，并在价格上获得一定的溢价空间。

相比之下，一些新兴品牌或地区品牌在拓展国际市场时，往往需要付出更多的努力来提升品牌知名度和美誉度。

生产成本的控制能力对于汽车产业的竞争力同样不可忽视。

这涉及到原材料采购、生产流程优化、劳动力成本以及规模经济等多个方面。

例如，韩国的现代汽车通过高效的供应链管理和大规模生产，有效地降低了成本，从而能够在价格敏感型市场中获得竞争优势。

而一些欧美汽车制造商由于劳动力成本较高，在成本控制方面面临较大压力，需要通过技术创新和高端化战略来弥补成本劣势。

市场需求和消费偏好的变化也在深刻影响着汽车产业的国际竞争格局。

随着环保意识的增强和能源政策的调整，新能源汽车的市场需求迅速增长。

那些能够及时调整产品线，加大新能源汽车研发和生产投入的企业和国家，将更有可能在未来的市场竞争中占据有利地位。

此外，不同地区的消费者对于汽车的偏好也存在差异，例如欧洲消费者更注重车辆的操控性和环保性能，美国消费者则对大型车辆和舒适性有较高要求，而亚洲消费者往往更关注车辆的性价比和配置丰富度。

我国汽车制造业国际竞争力分析

摘要随着我国进入后WTO时代，汽车进口配额取消，汽车及其零部件关税大幅降低，大型跨国汽车集团纷纷进入我国市场，国内汽车厂商必须面对前所未有的竞争压力。

因此，有必要对我国汽车产业的国际竞争力现状作出总体判断，找出差距和原因。

针对这种情况，本文概述了国际竞争力指标体系，并运用国际竞争力指标体系对我国的汽车产业国际竞争力进行了测算，由测算结果发现了影响我国汽车产业国际竞争力的问题，并参考日本汽车工业发展的模式，对我国应如何提高汽车产业国际竞争力提出了建议。

【关键词】汽车制造业国际竞争力AbstractSince we have joined the WTO for 5 years, the quota on import cars has been lifted, and the duties on import cars is getting lighter. Large multilateral market group will no doubt access to the market of our country, hence internal automobile companies have to face unheard-of pressure. It is necessary to an overall judgement of the International competitive strength of our country to find out the disparity and the reasons. To gain the gains, this text has summarized the system of automotive industry competitiveness Ranking. Automotive industry competitiveness ranking of our country has been calculated with that, and with the result the text has found out the facts which have pernicious influence to our International competitive strength of the automotive industry. Consulting the experience of Japan, the text gave some advices in the end.【Key Words】Auto mobiles; Manufacturing; International competitive strength目录1 概述 (4)1.1国际竞争力的内涵 (4)1.2汽车行业国际竞争力评价指标体系 (4)2 我国汽车制造业国际竞争力实证分析 (5)2.1我国汽车制造业国际竞争力的测算 (5)2.2我国汽车制造业国际竞争力指数以及由此发现的问题 (8)3 日本汽车制造业发展经验借鉴 (9)3.1产业政策指导下的竞合发展模式 (10)3.2丰田汽车集团的精益经营模式 (11)3.3层级供应链和电子采购模式 (11)4 提升我国汽车制造业国际竞争力的对策和建议 (12)4.1从宏观层面上为汽车产业的发展营造良好的运营环境 (12)4.2从中观层面上为汽车产业的发展营造良好的产业环境 (13)4.3从微观层面上增强汽车企业的经营效率 (14)参考文献 (15)致谢 (16)我国汽车制造业国际竞争力分析1 概述1.1国际竞争力的内涵目前世界各研究机构对于国际竞争力概念的理解侧重点有所不同，世界经济论坛（WEF）认为，国际竞争力是一国能够实现以人均GNP增长率表示的经济持续增长能力，它在强调提高经济增长率的同时，也强调要持续增进人民生活水平。

钻石模型分析案例

钻石模型分析案例钻石模型是由哈佛大学教授迈克尔·波特提出的一种战略分析工具，可以帮助企业了解其竞争优势所在，找到自己在市场中的定位，并制定相应的战略。

本文将以某知名汽车品牌为例，通过钻石模型分析其竞争优势和市场定位。

1. 因素条件。

首先，该汽车品牌在因素条件方面拥有先进的生产技术和高素质的人才团队。

其先进的生产技术保证了汽车的质量和性能，而高素质的人才团队则为产品的研发和创新提供了有力支持。

此外，该品牌还拥有稳定的供应链和先进的生产设备，为产品的生产提供了有力保障。

2. 需求条件。

在需求条件方面，该汽车品牌针对不同的消费者群体推出了多款车型，满足了不同消费者的需求。

同时，其品牌形象和口碑在市场中较为优秀，消费者对其产品有较高的认知度和信赖度。

这些都为品牌在市场中占据一席之地提供了有力支持。

3. 相关支持性行业。

该汽车品牌在相关支持性行业方面拥有完善的售后服务体系和广泛的经销网络。

消费者购买该品牌汽车后可以享受到全方位的售后服务，而广泛的经销网络也为产品的销售提供了便利条件。

此外，该品牌还与多家汽车金融机构合作，为消费者提供融资支持，进一步提高了产品的市场竞争力。

4. 带来的新兴和国际化竞争。

在新兴和国际化竞争方面，该汽车品牌在国际市场上也取得了一定的成绩。

其产品不仅在国内市场上备受青睐，还在国际市场上拥有一定的市场份额。

这为品牌的国际化发展提供了有力支持，也增强了其在市场中的竞争力。

通过钻石模型的分析，我们可以清晰地看到该汽车品牌在各个方面都拥有一定的竞争优势，这些优势为其在市场中的发展提供了有力支持。

同时，钻石模型的分析也为该品牌制定未来的战略发展提供了重要参考，帮助其更好地把握市场机遇，应对市场挑战。

因此，钻石模型的分析对于企业的战略规划和发展具有重要的指导意义。

我国新能源汽车产业发展的国际比较基于“钻石模型”的分析

二、生产要素
生产要素是新能源汽车产业竞争力的基础，包括人才、技术、资本等。我国在新能源汽车领域已经积累了一定的技术实力，拥有一批优秀的科研人员和技术骨干。同时，政府对新能源汽车产业的支持力度也很大，提供了丰富的资本和政策优惠。然而，与发达国家相比，我国在核心技术和创新能力方面还存在一定差距。因此，需要进一步加大研发投入，提升自主创新能力。
综上所述，我国新能源汽车产业在生产要素、需求条件、相关产业和支持性产业、企业战略结构及竞争对手、机会和政府行为等方面都取得了一定的进展。然而，与发达国家相比，我国新能源汽车产业还存在一定的差距。未来，需要继续加大技术研发和创新力度，提高产品质量和服务水平；扩大市场规模，刺激消费者购买新能源汽车；加强充电设施建设，提高充电便利性；
我国新能源汽车产业发展的国际比较基于“钻石模型”的分
析
01 一、引言
目录
02
二、我国新能源汽车产业的发展现状
03 三、基于“钻石模型” 的国际比较分析
04 四、结论与建议
05 参考内容
、引言
随着全球能源结构的转变，新能源汽车产业已经成为各国经济发展的重要支柱。中国作为世界最大的新能源汽车市场，其产业发展备受全球。本次演示旨在通过“钻石模型”对我国新能源汽车产业进行国际比较分析，探讨我国新能源汽车产业的优势与不足，为未来产业发展提供参考。
1、生产要素：我国在新能源汽车产业的生产要素方面具有较大优势。我国拥有丰富的稀土资源和完善的制造业体系，为新能源汽车的生产提供了保障。此外，我国劳动力资源丰富，劳动力成本相对较低，有利于降低生产成本。
2、需求条件：我国市场需求巨大，为新能源汽车产业提供了广阔的发展空间。随着消费者对环保和节能的认识不断提高，以及政府对新能源汽车的政策支持，市场需求将持续增长。

中国汽车零部件产业的钻石模型分析

ＳｉｎｅａｄＴｃｎｌｇｎａｅｎｓａｃｃｅｃｎｅ科技管理研究ｈｏｏｙＭａｇｍｅｔＲｅｅｒｈ
２ｏ．１ｏ７Ｎｏ１
文章编号：１０７９（０７１ — ０Ｏ— ３００— ６５２０）１０９ｏ
首先不同类型的民营资本加快进入汽车零部件产业片面追求产能的扩张对新知识新技术新品种及自身素质提高的需求不足出现了一批规模小生产集中度低设备简陋技术水平差的小企业主要集中在低附加值的劳动密集型和材料密集型产品生产不具备规模经济优势和持续竞争优势
维普资讯
２００７年第１期１
２１钻石模型的四个关键要素．
在对产业竞争力的影响上，初级生产要素的重要性逐渐没落，高级生产要素的重要性越来越突出，但必须注意的是，高级生产要素仍必须有初级生产要素作为基础；再者，根据生产要素的专业化程度又将它们分为一般性生产要素和专业型生产要素。前者能提供最基本的优势，后者基于其专有性能为产业提供更具决定性和持续力的竞争优势。要不断提升产业竞争优势的质量，需要政府、民间机构、企业甚至个人投资创造生产要素尤其是高级和专业生产要素。（）需求条件。本国市场对该项产业所提供产品或服务２的需求如何。波特非常重视国内市场的重要性。认为企业与国内市场的客户具有密切的联系，能灵活把握市场发展趋势；内需市场借着它对规模经济的影响力而提高了效率；具备可细分的市场需求结构、内行而挑剔的客户、预期性需求三个条件是刺激企业发展、持续投资与创新的动力，产业的竞争优势由此而生。（）相关产业和支持性产业的表现。相关与支持性产业３的存在为国家竞争优势提供了一个优势网络。该网络通过由上而下的扩散流程和相关产业内的 “ 升效应 ” 而形成。首提先，当上游产业具备国际竞争优势时，会使下游产业具备及早反应、快速、有效率、甚至降低成本等优势。本国供应商是产业创新和升级过程中不可缺少的一环，供应商间的激烈竞争，使客户享受到更合理的价格和更高效的服务。再者，竞争力强的产业如果有相互关联的话，也会有提携新产业的效果。因此，有竞争力的本国产业，通常会带动相关产业的竞争力，因为它们之间的产业价值相近，可以合作、分享信息，甚至在知识和设备等方面都能互补。这种关系也形成相关产业在技术、流程、销售、市场或服务上的竞争力。（）企业战略、企业结构和同业竞争。企业在一个国家４的基础、组织和管理形态，以及国内市场竞争对手的表现。波特认为，产业成功的前提是企业必须熟悉掌握国家环境的特色，善用本身的条件，选择合适的管理模式和组织形态，

透过波特钻石模型分析中国汽车产业的竞争力外文翻译(已处理)

透过波特钻石模型分析中国汽车产业的竞争力外文翻译（已处理）透过波特钻石模型分析中国汽车产业的竞争力外文翻译本科毕业论文外文翻译原文外文题目:Analyzing China’s automobile industry competitivenessthrough Proter’s diamond model出处: A Research Project Submitted tothe School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree作者:Di Wu, Bachelor ofManagement, University of Lethbridge, 2004原文:Analyzing China’s automobile industry competitiveness through Proter’s diamond modelAbstractThis paper incorporates Porter’s diamond model to analyzeChina’s automobile industry. Besides looking at the four determinants of competitiveness in the original model, this study specifically examines the impact of government on industry competitiveness.This study retrieves archival data on multi-measurements used in prior studies. The author incorporates one case study of a Chinese autofirm to illustrate the specific impact of government policy and the responses of auto assemblers and component suppliers. Interviews with experts in auto-related industries are conducted to triangulate the findings.Results show that the Chinese auto industry is still in its early stages of development, whereas product quality and economies of scale of domestic automakers are approaching global standards; thus Chinese auto firms aim at becoming major players in the international market. The government plays an active role in assisting the industry development as the nation transitions from a planned economy to a free market.IntroductionGlobal competitiveness has become a topic for mainstream research in both academic and practical fields. Porter’s 1990 diamond model is a well-known theory on competitiveness, which analyzes national orindustry competitiveness through four major dimensions: factor conditions, demand conditions, firm strategy structure and rivalry, and related and supporting industries.However, Porter’s model was developed in the early 1990s using data from advanced nations; as emerging economies play a more important role in world trade, a number of scholars have questioned the applicability of the diamond model in a global context, especially in developingand/or emerging economies Bellak & Weiss 1993; Cartwright, 1993; Dunning, 1980, 1993; Hodgetts, 1993; O’Malley & O’Go rman, 2001; Oz, 2002; Rugman & D’Cruz, 1993; Rugman & Verbeke, 1993a. Recentstudies on emerging nations’ competitiveness have modified the diamond model according to various national and/or industry characteristics Barragan, 2005; Hughes & Hare, 1994; Moo n & Lee, 2004; O’Malley &O’Gorman, 2001; however, no studies have examined the People’s Republic of China, a growing economic power, through Porter’s dimensions. Thus, this study applies Porter’s diamond model to identify sources of competitiveness in Chi na’s auto industry.China’s auto industry, increasingly being headlined in major trade journals, attracts much attention in both strategic and academic fields. There are those that predicted China will compete well in exporting automobiles to the North Am erican market in less than five years “Mixed outlook for auto exports.”, 2005, while others stated that China is not ready for export and the biggest sources of competitiveness, cost-benefits and consumer market, still lie in the domestic market Mackey, 2005. Are Chinese automakers ready to face international competition? Are there sufficient industry policies to support internationalization? What is the reaction of global auto firms, given a huge attractive market and growing domestic competitors? The motivation of the current study is thus to understand the real competitive position of China’s automobile industry?one of its pillar industries?as the nation transitions from acentrally-planned and protected economy to a free market.To date, analyses of Ch ina’s auto industry are mostly based on secondary data from academic and professional sources. In this study,the author incorporates case study facts about Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation-SAIC and its foreign partners, so as to analyze the performance of an indigenous auto firm. Supporting industries, firm strategy and the impact of government are the focal areas of this study. Finally, interview data from scholars, policy makers, and business practitioners are collected for confirmative purpose.Contributions of the current study are threefold: first, theanalysis of China’s auto industry will fill a literature gap in applying the diamond model in one of China’s pillar industries; secondly, this study can offer policy implications by analyzing significant government impacts on auto industry prosperity in a transition economy; and finally, understanding the industry couldbenefit strategic decision making for both international and domestic automakers.Porter’s Diamond Model on CompetitivenessFactor conditions for production are the inputs and infrastructure necessary for competition, which include:Human resources: quality and quantity of skilled labor, cost of personnel, and labor skill variety;Physical resources: “the abundance, quality, ac cessibility, and cost of the nation’s land, water, mineral, or timber deposits, hydroelectric power sources, fishing grounds, and other physical traits.” Porter, 1990, p. 74;Knowledge resources: market, scientific, technical knowledgeresiding in a nati on’s research institutions;Capital resources: capital availability and cost to finance industries. Capital resources can be affected by the rate of savings and national capital market structure;Infrastructure: availability and quality of infrastructure,including communication system, transportation system, payment or funds transfer, health care, and so forth Porter, 1990, p. 74-75.Demand conditions refer to home demand condition Porter furtheredhis analysis to include international demand condition in his later work on industry development. Porter 1990 discussed home demand through three general attributes: the nature of buyer needs, the size and growth rate of home demand, and the transferability of domestic demand into foreign markets. As Porter described in his location competitiveness study, advantage arises from “having sophisticated and demanding local customers or customers with unusually intense need for specialized varieties also in demand elsewhere” 1998, p. 327.Related and supporting industries include parts and servicesuppliers and distributors in the supply chain. As Porter stated, competitive supplier industries can provide “efficient, early, rapid, and preferential access to inputs” 1990, p. 101 which are basic production needs. Moreover, the geographic proximity withinternationally competitive suppliers in the home nation helps build coordination and a communication network, which in turn improvesproduction efficiency. Based on the availability and efficiency of supporting industries, the most significant benefit of home-based suppliers lies in the ability to accelerate innovation and upgrade inthe overall auto industry.Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry discuss the context in which firms are created, managed, and operated, given the domestic demand conditions, factor conditions, andsupporting industry situations. In a developed industry, firms would build on the strengths provided by the sources of competitive advantage and invest in improving the less competitive factors. Moreover, as Porter concluded, fierce domestic competition pressures firms to innovate and improve productivity and consequently increase national competitiveness in the industry. Furthermore, “vigorous local and global competition not only sharpens advantages at home but pressures domestic firms to sell abroad in order to grow.” 1998, p. 119.Government sets up policies, rules, and regulations in industry activities. It is directly responsible for improving the wellbeing of citizens, as well as achieving economic and political stabilitysocial benefits Porter, 1998. Government can influence all the four general determinants either positively or negatively. As Porter 1990 pointed out, government can affect factor conditions by imposing subsidiary policies, capital market regulations, and educational policies. It can also influence domestic demand conditions byestablishing product standards or regulations that direct customer needs.Competition laws, tax policy, and other regulatory statutes can affect both supporting industries and firm structure and strategy.Chance refers to external events that may affect or benefit a nation or industry and that are totally outside the control of firms and government. Examples of chance events include pure invention, breakthroughs in basic technologies, wars, economic crisis, and major shifts in foreign market demand. They create discontinuities that can unfreeze or reshape industry structure and thus play an important role in shifting competitive advantage in many industries. Firms evaluate chance events differently due to various industry natures and stages in their lifecycle. Porter 1990 proposed that firms promote continuous innovation and improvement, and endeavor to seize opportunity resulting from chance events.Research QuestionsIn the 1950s, major industries were under the direct control ofthe government, with centrally planned resource allocation and production. However, limited resources and little experience in economic development constrained the nation’s a bility to meet growing domestic demand. The Chinese government thus faced the dilemma of excessive domestic demand and low production capacity, especially in high-technology industries. Many high-tech products were highly dependent on imports, which created a huge trade deficit within international business Harwit, 1995To meet local demand as well as to improve trade balance, the Chinese government introduced several policy reforms in aneffort to stimulate domestic production and attract inward FDI inexport-oriented industries Breslin, 2004; Han & Kim, 2003.The open-door policy and economic reform introduced in the late‘70s reduced government protection Wang, 1999. Different forms of FDI equity JVs, co-operative JVs, or wholly-owned ventures were allowed in several industries, such as textiles and manufacturing. However, to maintain central control of the overall economy, government retainedhigh protectionism in the pillar industries, which include semiconductor, automobile, and telecommunication sectors Zhu & Nyland, 2005. This economic reform successfully stimulated domestic production and brought in FDI.Now, nearly five years after its WTO accession, China has made significant progression in economic development and policy reform.However, foreign business practitioners still see hidden tradebarriers i.e. government’s remaining protective power that limit their ability to control and further explore efficiency in China Wang, 1999; Zhang, 2003; Zhu & Nyland, 2005.Research Settings?China Automobile and Porter’s DiamondChina’s auto industry is representative of the overall national economic development, because as one of China’s pillar industries it generates attentions from various stakeholders, including domestic and international auto firms, national and local governments, and component and parts suppliers. Thus studying this sector can help boost understanding of other major industries. Understanding the overallindustry competitiveness can assist both business practitioners and policymakers in future strategic decisions.Finally, at the firm level, domestic firms accustomed to government protection must learn to face international competition independently, while MNEs still find i difficult to do business in China due to hidden barriers and government power. By looking at the performance of major automobile manufacturers in China, this study will further assess the reaction of domestic auto firms to government policies and the contributions of MNEs to an emerging nation’s industry competitivenes s.Research MethodologyIn the diamond model, factor and demand conditions are mostlygeneral facts. In contrast, firm performance of both assemblers and suppliers and their reaction to government policy changes contribute the most to the industry prosperity in China, which are more specific and analyzable for the current study. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing related and supporting industries, firm structure and strategy, and the role of government.This study analyzed the general competitiveness of the Chinese automotive industry, following measurements from Porter and other scholars see Appendix A. To address the significance of foreign investment, the author included FDI distribution in major industries, auto joint ventures performances, and multinational and domestic auto firms strategy differences. The author also discussed changes inChina’s auto industry policies in an effort to understand thegovernment’s role in stimulating industry competitiveness. In Porter’s original study, “chance” is used to include all uncontrollable events, such as natural disasters or wars. Since China’s auto industry develops in a stable process with few chance events, the author replaced the “chance” with China’s WTO membership and focused on analyzing policy changes and their impact on automotive industry competitiveness.The time period selected is from the early 1990s until afterChina’s WTO accession as a consecutive timeline. Before WTO accession, China adopted an industrial policy in the auto sector in 1994. The transition and reform after its WTO accession has been ongoing since 2001. Thus, this study tries to compare and analyze China’s autoindustry policy changes and their impact on firm strategy and performanceDiscussion and ConclusionThe rapid expansion of the auto industry in the emerging markets satisfies both governments and the MNEs. On the one hand, national governments expect exports, increased employment and a technological boost to the industry of the host countries. This explains therestrictions and investment incentives they introduce. On the other hand, the global auto assemblers are anxious to position themselves in growing auto markets in developing countries. These would provide overall scale to spread development costs, cheap production costs for selected vehicle and component developments, and new markets for higher-end vehicles produced in the advanced economies Humphrey, 2003.The analysis of SAIC and its global partners demonstrate some important aspects of the current Chinese auto industry. By looking at the policy impact on supplier network and firm strategies, this study stresses the importance of government power in promoting the development of Porter’s competitiveness indicators.There have been three mainstream viewpoints on China’s autoindustry development Jing, 2005. At one end of the discussion, some suggest the idea of completely opening up the Chinese auto market. They state that the global auto market is dominated by several leading companies and China has no competitive advantage in either technology or resource advancement. Thus, the best way for China is to open up its auto market to global players, i.e. allowing wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries or foreign-controlled partnership, which is the method adopted by Brazil, Mexico, and Canada to develop their automobile sectors. However, this strategy was rejected not long after China’s initial development plan because the central government ultimately wants a China-designed and -branded auto vehicle for exports.At the other extreme, people recognize the huge demand market and production capacity in China, and thus support the idea of self-reliance and self-development, which is the technique Japan and Korea applied in their early developmental stages. This way of development seems attractive corresponding to China’s ambition for self-designedautomobile, but is arguably premature after decades of development since the large knowledge gap limits the ability of domestic auto firms to independently design and manufacture quality auto vehicles.And finally, the majority of industry analysts and practitioners support the idea of equity-controlled partnerships with global auto firms, which proved a successful strategy in the late 1990s. China’s strategyis to exchange advanced technology and managerial skills for demand and factor markets. Though problems still exist i.e. slow technology transferand administrative conflict in equity joint ventures, this methodhas given rise to the prosperity in China’s auto industry since the 1990s.Analysis from the current study supports the above strategy?to build industry competitiveness on foreign partners’ knowledge; however, after China’s WTO accession, Chinese auto firms need to realize the threat brought in by a free market thus reduce its dependency on foreign technologiesJing’s 2005 discussion outlined a strategy for China auto industry in the 21st century. He dubbed the ultimate strategy for Chinese auto firms as “self-competitive”, which requires companies to extendproduction for exports, invest in R&D, and improve the supply chain efficiency. The government considers WTO membership an opportunity to revitalize the domestic auto industry while launching leading indigenousauto firms into the global market. As the government gradually reduces its power in the auto sector and as Chinese auto business groups approach global scale, China’s auto firms are expected to compete independently in both domestic and international markets.Limitations and Future ResearchThere are several limitations in this study that can be addressed in future research. First, this project includes a large amount of general information about China’s automobile industry but provides limited analysis of the industry development from a theoretical standpoint. Measurements for industry competitiveness are analyzed in a descriptive manner instead of ana。

基于“钻石模型”的中国汽车产业竞争力分析

中是构成 “ 石模型 ” 基本要素。此外波特还在钻石体系中的数据可以查阅，国对于高端技术人才的需求正逐年增钻的加，来全员劳动生产率的不断提高，是强大的人才缺口带但加入了机会和政府两个因素。仍不容忽视。我们可以看到中国的高等教育体制中，于对（）产要素。１生波特把生产要素分为初级和高级生产要素。初级生产汽车专业型人才的培养定位较高，管他们具有扎实的理尽较但要素是指企业所处国家和地区的地理位置、然资源、候论基础知识，强的技术科研能力和工作岗位适应能力，天气是高校教育所培养出的高端汽车技术人才数量远远跟不上以及非技术人工、资等，过被动继承或简单投资即可获融通高用得；级生产要素包括高级人才、研院所、代通讯设备中国汽车产业不断发展的需求，端技术产业的 “ 工荒 ” 高科现
波特认为这三点在企业治理过程中构成一个三角关
１７９９年改革开放初期，国汽车工业迎来新的发展契中机。当时的中央政府开始重新思考中国汽车工业的发展思路，车工业也因此注入了新的活力。考虑到当时民族汽汽车工业的技术落后，央政府开始鼓励民族汽车厂商和国中外汽车巨头接触。国家开始组团赴德、、美日等汽车工业发达国家考察，开始商谈合资事宜，国汽车由此向世界汽并中车工业敞开了大门。２１世纪，国汽车产业在中国加入ＷＴ后，入了一中Ｏ进

中国汽车制造业国际竞争力分析

中国汽车制造业国际竞争力分析【摘要】汽车产业已经越来越成为现阶段中国经济的支柱产业和主要经济增长点，类似于房地产业有着牵一发动全身的拉动作用。

一方面具有较高的科技含量和制造工艺水平，但入世以来随着外资和先进技术的引进，中国汽车产业及国际贸易也面临着巨大的市场竞争压力。

本论文在前人的探索研究基础上，主要对中国汽车产业竞争力建立论述分析框架，并对现状进行针对性的分析以及与国外先进国家进行比较总结。

文章目的在于阐述我国目前该产业现状，参考国际上对汽车产业的评价体系研究，对提高中国汽车产业国际竞争力提出自己的分析举措与建议。

文章主要是从国际竞争力的三个方面产品、企业以及行业三个角度进行实际的分析，进而对中国汽车产业国际竞争力现状水平做出判断，并就提高中国汽车业国际竞争力及贸易水平提出自己的建议。

【关键词】汽车产业比较优势国际竞争力国际贸易Analysis on the International Competitiveness of ChineseAutomobile Manufacturing IndustryAbstract：Automobile industry has increasingly become a pillar industry of China at this stage the economy and major economic growth point, similar to the real estate industry has led to launch a systemic stimulus. On the one hand we have a high technology content and level of manufacturing process, but since the WTO With the introduction of foreign capital and advanced technology, Chinese auto industry and international trade also faces enormous pressure of market competition. In this paper, based on previous exploration and research, the main Chinese automobile industry to build competitiveness analysis framework and targeted analysis of the current situation and compared with the advanced countries. This paper aims to set forth the current status of the industry in China, the reference to international studies on the automotive industry evaluation system, improving the international competitiveness of Chinese automobile industry make their own analysis of initiatives and proposals. Mainly carried out from three aspects of international competitiveness, products, companies and industries such as the angle of the actual analysis, and thus the level of Chinese auto industry internationally competitive status quo to make judgments, and to improve the international competitiveness of Chinaese auto industry and raised the level of trade own suggestions.Key words：Automobile industry comparative advantage international competitiveness international trade产业的竞争力和国民生活水平乃至国家的产业安全紧密相连，如果存在问题不及时解决，国际竞争中就会被动甚至影响国际经济运行安全。

运用钻石模型对我国汽车行业的分析

以中国某个产业为例，利用钻石模型解释为什么其具备竞争优势或不具备竞争优势。

运用钻石模型对我国汽车产业的竞争优势与劣势的分析：下面，根据波特教授的钻石模型，我们将从四大要素、两大变数这六个方面对我国汽车产业进行简要分析。

一、生产要素首先分析我国的人力资源，这里主要指非技术工人。

我国汽车产业在此方面具有显著优势，劳动力成本较低。

统计数据表明，我国制造业人工成本将近1200美元，不足发达国家的3%。

价格较为低廉的初级劳动力无疑有利于我国汽车产业形成竞争优势。

其次分析土地要素。

我国作为一个地大物博的国家，拥有丰富的土地资源，因此土地等生产要素价格较低，与欧美等发达国家相比，具有成本优势。

对于资本投资要素，目前我国汽车类上市公司，大多为大集团的边缘资产，大量汽车资产存在于集团内上市公司外，且上市公司利润占比逐年减少。

但是，目前政府部门正在力挺民间资本进入汽车行业。

我国入世后，青年、长城、力帆、吉利等民资先后介入整车制造，打破了垄断局面。

目前，民间资本正在投资参与国有企业的改革重组。

最后分析我国汽车行业的技术水平。

虽然我国在人力资源、土地要素方面占据成本优势，但这些都属于初级生产要素，随着时代发展，初级生产要素的重要性越来越低。

而在高级生产要素方面，如技术水平上，我国目前仍与欧美日等发达国家存在不小的差距。

虽然我国汽车行业经过几十年的发展，已拥有了部分技术工人、研发人员。

但是与汽车发达国家相比，我国在很多核心技术、高精尖技术领域仍处于落后地位，在高级生产要素投入产出方面都与先进国家存在差距。

很多行业高层次人才流失海外。

汽车工程类专业名牌大学毕业生，首选去向往往是出国和进入外企，而对国有汽车企业鲜有兴趣。

因此在技术水平上我国不具备竞争优势。

二、需求条件从内需规模上看，随着我国改革开放的进行、居民生活水平的提高，我国汽车市场内需仍在扩张。

我国汽车市场销售，从以前的公款购车为主，变成了如今的私人购车为主。

统计数据显示，发达国家的千人销售汽车数量为40辆，一些发展中国家为10左右，而我国仅有3.3辆，因此我国市场还有较大潜力。