1.2 Beowulf

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【英美文学课件】-贝奥武夫-Beowulf共27页

An epic is a quest story on a grand scale.
Beowulf
Literary Focus: The Epic Hero
Beowulf is one of ancient England’s heroes.
Other times and other cultures have had other heroes.
Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot.
Grendel gongan,
godes yrre bær;
mynte se manscaða
manna cynnes
Beowulf
The Poetry of Beowulf
Find examples of alliteration in Burton Raffel’s translation of lines 1-5:
Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot.
Punctuation reproduces pause effect of the caesura.
Beowulf
The Poetry of Beowulf

高性能计算集群(HPC_CLUSTER)

高性能计算集群(HPC CLUSTER)1.1什么是高性能计算集群?简单的说，高性能计算(High-Performance Computing)是计算机科学的一个分支，它致力于开发超级计算机，研究并行算法和开发相关软件。

高性能集群主要用于处理复杂的计算问题，应用在需要大规模科学计算的环境中，如天气预报、石油勘探与油藏模拟、分子模拟、基因测序等。

高性能集群上运行的应用程序一般使用并行算法，把一个大的普通问题根据一定的规则分为许多小的子问题，在集群内的不同节点上进行计算，而这些小问题的处理结果，经过处理可合并为原问题的最终结果。

由于这些小问题的计算一般是可以并行完成的，从而可以缩短问题的处理时间。

高性能集群在计算过程中，各节点是协同工作的，它们分别处理大问题的一部分，并在处理中根据需要进行数据交换，各节点的处理结果都是最终结果的一部分。

高性能集群的处理能力与集群的规模成正比，是集群内各节点处理能力之和，但这种集群一般没有高可用性。

1.2 高性能计算分类·高性能计算的分类方法很多。

这里从并行任务间的关系角度来对高性能计算分类。

1.2.1 高吞吐计算(High-throughput Computing)有一类高性能计算，可以把它分成若干可以并行的子任务，而且各个子任务彼此间没有什么关联。

因为这种类型应用的一个共同特征是在海量数据上搜索某些特定模式，所以把这类计算称为高吞吐计算。

所谓的Internet计算都属于这一类。

按照Flynn的分类，高吞吐计算属于SIMD（Single Instruction/Multiple Data,单指令流-多数据流）的范畴。

1.2.2 分布计算(Distributed Computing)另一类计算刚好和高吞吐计算相反，它们虽然可以给分成若干并行的子任务，但是子任务间联系很紧密，需要大量的数据交换。

按照Flynn的分类，分布式的高性能计算属于MIMD（Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data，多指令流-多数据流）的范畴。

1.Part 1-Beowulf

Part 1 Introduction to the Course Early & Medieval English Literature
Major Symbols
3. The Banquet The banquet at Heorot after the defeat of Grendel: symbol of the restoration of order and harmony to the Danish people, the rebirth of the community.
Part 1 Introduction to the Course Early & Medieval English Literature
Major Symbols
1. Heorot Hall 1) Symbol of the achievements of Hrothgar 2) Symbol of the level of civilization of the
Part 1 Introduction to the Course Early & Medieval English Literature
Understatement (低调陈述)
• Understatement 低调: Minimize the importance.
• ↔ Hyperbole 夸张: Maximize the importance.
e.g.
1) It took a few dollars to build the indoor swimming pool. 2) I have studied it and I know a thing or two.
Part 1 Introduction to the Course Early & Medieval English Literature

关于beowulf的一些问题

Structure.......In structure, Beowulf is divided chronologically into two main sections: one that focuses on Beowulf as a young man and one that focuses on him as an old man. In terms of action, it is divided into three main sections: one that introduces the characters and describes Beowulf's conquest of Grendel, one that describes Beowulf's defeat of Grendel's mother, and one that describes Beowulf's defeat of the dragon with the help of Wiglaf.1. How is Beowulf structured? How does this structure relate to the theme or themes of the work as a whole?Answer for Study Question 1 >>Beowulf is loosely divided into three parts, each of which centers around Beowulf’s fight with a particular monster: first Grendel, then Grendel’s mother, then the dragon. One can argue that this structure relates to the theme of the epic in that each monster presents a specific moral challenge against which the Anglo-Saxon heroic code can be measured and tested. Beowulf’s fight with Grendel evokes the importance of reputati on as a means of expanding one’s existence beyond death. Grendel’s great and terrifying nature ensures that Beowulf will long be celebrated for his heroic conquering of this foe. His subsequent encounter with Grendel’s mother evokes the importance of venge ance. Just as Beowulf exacts revenge upon Grendel for killing Hrothgar’s men, so too must Grendel’s mother seek to purge her grief by slaying her son’s murderer. Beowulf’s final encounter with the dragon evokes a heroic approach to wyrd, or fate. Though he recognizes that his time has come and that he will thus not survive his clash with the dragon, he bravely embraces his duty to protect his people, sacrificing his life to save them.Alternatively, one might make a division of the text into two parts, examining youth and old age as the two distinctive phases of Beowulf’s life. Along these lines, the gap of fifty years between the first two conflicts and the last marks the dividing line. One of the main thematic points highlighted by such a division is the difference in responsibilities of the warrior and of the king. As a young warrior, Beowulf is free to travel afar to protect others, but as an old king, he must commit himself to guard his own people. Additionally, whereas Beowulf focuses on the heroic life early on, seeking to make a name for himself, he must focus on fate and the maintenance of his reputation late in life.2. Beowulf is set in a male-dominated world full of violence and danger. What role does patriarchal history play in this world? Why does it matter to the warriors who their ancestors were?Answer for Study Question 2 >>The obsession with patriarchal history manifests itself throughout Beowulf, which opens by tracing Hrothgar’s male ancestry and constantly refers to characters as the so ns of their fathers. An awareness of family lineage is one way in which the heroic code integrates itself into the warriors’ most basic sense of identity. By placing such an emphasis on who their fathers were and how their fathers acted, the men of Beowulf bind themselves to a cycle of necessity governed by the heroic code. For example, because Beowulf’s father owed a debt of loyalty to Hrothgar, Beowulf himselfowes a debt of loyalty to Hrothgar. In this way, patriarchal history works to concretize and strengthen the warrior code in a world full of uncertainty and fear.One might contrast this socially accepted version of patriarchal history with the various alternative models that the poem presents. Grendel, for example, descends from Cain, the biblical icon of familial disloyalty, and the avenging of his death is undertaken by a female relative rather than a male one. Examples of family discontinuity abound as well. For instance, Shield Sheafson is an orphan, and the Last Survivor represents the end of an entire race. Beowulf is similar to both of these characters—his father died while Beowulf was still young, and Beowulf himself dies without an heir. The anxiety about succession focuses attention on the ties between generations. Both Hrothgar and Hygelac depend on the loyalty of others if their sons are to inherit their respective kingships. All of these concerns help emphasize the importance of family heritage as a cultural value.3. What role does religion play in Beowulf?Answer for Study Question 3 >>The Beowulf story has its roots in a pagan Saxon past, but by the time the epic was written down, almost all Anglo-Saxons had converted to Christianity. As a result, the Beowulf poet is at pains to resolve his Christian beliefs with the often quite un-Christian behavior of his characters. This tension leads to frequent asides about God, hell, and heaven—and to many allusions to the Old Testament throughout the work. In the end, however, the conflict proves simply irresolvable. Beowulf doesn’t lead a partic ularly good life by Christian standards, but the poet cannot help but revere him. Though some of Beowulf’s values—such as his dedication to his people and his willingness to dole out treasure—conceivably overlap with Christian values, he ultimately lives for the preservation of earthly glory after death, not for entrance into heaven. Though his death in the encounter with the dragon clearly proves his mortality (and perhaps moral fallibility), the poem itself stands as a testament to the raw greatness of his life, ensuring his ascension into the secular heaven of warrior legend.1. What is the theme of Beowulf?1、Beowulf, which centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, is mainly about his three major adventures. It reflects a life of fights and feasting（盛宴）, of ceremony, of brilliant gold and sudden darkness. Here is a world of sacred obligations, feud（世仇，宿怨）and vengeance（报仇，复仇）with heroic figures who are proud of their birth and their physical strength.But beyond this, the forces of fate seem to control man’s destiny（命运，宿命）with mysterious omnipotence（万能，全能）, while evil itself is both primordial（原始的，最初的，根本的）and powerful. However, thematically （主题地）the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage（从事，进行）heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling（混合）of nature myths and heroic legends. For those interested in symbols, the simplest interpretation of the myths in the poem is to regard Beowulf’s successive fights against the three monsters as the overcoming of the hostile forces of nature byman’s indomitable（不屈不挠的）will and perseverance（毅力）.For example, the battle between Beowulf and Dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn（谷物）and ruddy（红色的，健康的）fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winner’s breath.2. What is the heroic ideal of Beowulf?2、Beowulf is essentially an aristocratic（贵族似的）poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship（王权，王位）in North Europe. The social patterns ascribed in he poem are feudal （封建的）, highly violent. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic verdures（朝气，活力）for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strove to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to happy life of his people.The king should protect his people and show gentleness（宽仁）and generosity（慷慨）to his warriors. And in return ,his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying （崇仰）his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.3. What is the structure of Beowulf?3、According to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts：Part I：the fight against GrendelPart II：the fight against Grendel’s motherPart III：the fight against the DragonBeowulf is an oral poem and for centuries the bards古塞尔特族的游唱诗人）sing it to the people.As it is quite long, the bard could only sing a part of the story each night. Usually he would sing one adventure on the fist night about the battle with Grendel. Then on the second night, he would continue and sing about Beowulf’s fight against Grendel’s mother. However, there might be some new listeners.So before he came to the second adventure, he would give a short summary about what he sang the night before. And on the third night, he would give a longer summary about what happened on the first two nights. There is also a prelude（序曲，前言）to invent（虚构）an allusion（引述，典故）to the real story and to serve as a contrast or comparison to the main story. The poem begins with the funeral of a king and rounds up with that of another.4. Can you give a description of style in Beowulf?4、“Beowulf” towers above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s hero written in true epic style, and not so much because the other extant（现存的）writings of the period are mediocre（低劣的，无价值的) or fragmentary（碎片的，不完全的）.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess（英勇）but he is forever eager to help others in distress（危险）and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people. Setting aside the supernatural超自然的，神奇的）elements pervading（遍布）the poem as an inevitable limitation of the tribal-feudal age, “Beowulf” deserves to be rank among the great heroic poems of Europe.In artistic from the epic tells the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations（精密）in legendary details, and the verse（诗，韵文）rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur（庄严，雄伟）, particularly in the descriptions of the hero’s nobility（崇高）of character and in the narrations of his courageous battling with malevolent（心怀不轨的）foes（敌人）.5. Can you say something about artistic features of old English poetry?5、Anglo-Saxon or Old English, in which “Beowulf” was written, represents the earliest stage in the history of the English language and is very different from modern English. It appears almost like another language altogether and cannot be understood today by English-speaking peoples unless one consults notes and glossary（专用词辞典）in detail or reads its translation in modern English.It was closely related to Old Low German and therefore it is highly-inflected（变字形，以字尾变化改变）like other Germanic languages. “Beowulf” was written in alliterative（头韵法的）verse, employing the device of alliteration instead of the use of rhymes（押韵诗）or blank verse that was common to the English poems beginning from the Middle English period.In the practice of alliteration, words beginning with the same consonants（辅音）alliterate with each other within each line, or a word beginning with a vowel（元音）alliterates with anotherword beginning with the same or another vowel. Each line of verse may contain an indefinite（不确定的）number of words or syllables（音节）but generally has four stresses, with pause between the second and the third stresses, thus breaking the line into two parts.Alliteration invariably（经常）falls upon the stressed syllables, but not all four of the stresses in a line need to alliterate, usually two or three of them alliterate, with at least one from each half-line. The first three lines of the original poem are given here as specimen.•Hwaet! We Gar-Dena (in gear-dagum•peod-cyninga prym gefranon,•hupa aeb lingas ellen fremedon.•(Lo! We Spear-Danes in days long past•Of warrior kings’ glory have heard,•How the princes wrought deeds of prowess.)One peculiar characteristic of style in “Beowulf” is the frequent use of compound-words to serve as indirect(间接的)metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque（逼真的，生动的）. These are known as “kennings（隐喻语）”, such as: “swan-road”, ”whale-path” or “seal（海豹）-bath” used to refer to the sea; “wave-traveler” to indicate a ship ; “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “spear（矛，梭镖）-fighter” as substitute for the word “soldier”; “sword-clashing（撞击）” or “edge（刀刃）-clash” to describe battings or fights; “ring-mail”, “limbs（肢，手足）-ark” or “breast-net” as equivalent to amour（恋爱，性爱）.What is Beowulf?Beowulf is an English epic. The author of this story in not known. In it, the main character Beowulf, battles and slays the villains. He is later killed.Who was Beowulf?Beowulf was a hero of the Geats, and he had battles with three different antagonists. The poem was played out in Denmark and Sweden, and Beowulf is killed in the end.This article is about the epic poem. For the character, see Beowulf (hero). For other uses, see Beowulf (disambiguation).Beowulf in Old English is the conventional title[note 1]of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.It survives in a single manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet[note 2] is dated between the 8th[1][2] and the early 11th century.[3] In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The poem fell into obscurity for decades, and its existence did not become widely known again until it was printed in 1815 in an edition prepared by the Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin.[4]In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats in Scandinavia, comes to the help of Hroðgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall(Heorot) has been under attack by a being known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland in Sweden and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants bury him in a tumulus in Geatland.StoryThe main protagonist, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel's mother with a sword, which giants once used, that Beowulf found in Grendel's mother's lair.Later in his life, Beowulf is himself king of the Geats, and finds his realm terrorised by a dragon whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound. He attacks the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants, but they do not succeed. Beowulf decides to follow the dragon into its lair, at Earnanæs, but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf dares join him. Beowulf finally slays the dragon, but is mortally wounded. He is buried in a tumulus or burial mound, by the sea.Beowulf is considered an epic poem in that the main character is a hero who travels great distances to prove his strength at impossible odds against supernatural demons and beasts. The poem also begins in medias res ("into the middle of affairs") or simply, "in the middle", which is a characteristic of the epics of antiquity. Although the poem begins with Beowulf's arrival, Grendel's attacks have been an ongoing event. Anelaborate history of characters and their lineages are spoken of, as well as their interactions with each other, debts owed and repaid, and deeds of valour.Structured by battlesJane Chance (Professor of English, Rice University) in her 1980 article "The Structural Unity of Beowulf: The Problem of Grendel's Mother" argued that there are two standard interpretations of the poem: one view which suggests a two-part structure (i.e., the poem is divided between Beowulf's battles with Grendel and with the dragon) and the other, a three-part structure (this interpretation argues that Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother is structurally separate from his battle with Grendel).[5] Chance stated that, "this view of the structure as two-part has generally prevailed since its inception in J.R.R. Tolkien's Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics in Proceedings of the British Academy 22 (1936)."[5] In contrast, she argued that the three-part structure has become "increasingly popular."[5]First battle: GrendelBeowulf begins with the story of King Hroðgar, who built the great hall Heorot for his people. In it he, his wife Wealhþeow, and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating, until Grendel, a troll-like monster who is pained by the singing, attacks the hall and kills and devours many of Hroðgar's warriors while they sleep. But Grendel does not touch the throne of Hroðgar, for it is described as protected by a powerful god. Hroðgar and his people, helpless against Grendel's attacks, abandon Heorot.Beowulf, a young warrior from Geatland, hears of Hroðgar's troubles and with his king's permission leaves his homeland to help Hroðgar.Beowulf and his men spend the night in Heorot. Beowulf bears no weapon as Grendel is immune to human weapons, and because this would be an "unfair advantage" over the unarmed beast. After they fall asleep, Grendel enters the hall and attacks, devouring one of Beowulf's men. Beowulf has been feigning sleep and leaps up to clench Grendel's hand. The two battle until it seems as though the hall might collapse. Beowulf's retainers draw their swords and rush to his aid, but their blades can not pierce Grendel's skin.Finally, Beowulf tears Grendel's arm from his body at the shoulder and Grendel runs to his home in the marshes to die.Second battle: Grendel's motherThe next night, after celebrating Grendel's death, Hroðgar and his men sleep in Heorot. Grendel's mother, angered by the death of her son, appears and attacks the hall. She kills Hroðgar's most trusted warrior, Æschere, in revenge for Grendel's death.Hroðgar, Beowulf, and their men track Grendel's mother to her lair under a lake. Beowulf prepares himself for battle; he is presented with a sword, Hrunting, by Unferth, a warrior who had doubted him and wishes to make amends. After stipulating a number of conditions to Hroðgar in case of his death (including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf's estate), Beowulf dives into the lake. He is swiftly detected and attacked by Grendel's mother. However, she is unable to harm Beowulf through his armour and drags him to the bottom of the lake. In a cavern containing Grendel's body and the remains of men that the two have killed, Grendel's mother and Beowulf engage in fierce combat.At first, Grendel's mother appears to prevail. Beowulf, finding that Hrunting cannot harm his foe, discards it in fury. Beowulf is again saved from his opponent's attack by his armour and Beowulf beheads her with a sword of the giants from Grendel's mother's armoury. (This sword is a very special sword. Once Beowulf returns to the surface the sword melts like ice and only the hilt is left. Beowulf then presents the hilt of the blade to Hroðgar.) [6]Travelling further into the lair, Beowulf discovers Grendel's corpse and severs its head. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour" (l. 1600, "nōn", about 3pm).[7]He returns to Heorot, where Hroðgar give s Beowulf many gifts, including the sword Nægling, his family's heirloom.Third battle: The dragonBeowulf returns home and eventually becomes king of his own people. One day, fifty years after Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother, a slave steals a golden cup from the lair of an unnamed dragon at Earnaness. When the dragon sees that the cup has been stolen, it leaves its cave in a rage,burning everything in sight. Beowulf and his warriors come to fight the dragon, but Beowulf tells his men that he will fight the dragon alone and that they should wait on the barrow. Beowulf descends to do battle with the dragon but finds himself outmatched. His men, upon seeing this display and fearing for their lives, creep back into the woods. One of his men, however, Wiglaf, who finds great distress in seeing Beowulf's plight, comes to Beowulf's aid. The two slay the dragon, but Beowulf is mortally wounded.Beowulf is buried in Geatland on a cliff overlooking the sea, where sailors are able to see his tumulus. The dragon's treasure is buried with him, in accordance with Beowulf's wishes, rather than distributed to his people, and there is a curse associated with the hoard to insure that Beowulf's wish is kept.Structured by funeralsIt is widely accepted that there are three funerals in Beowulf.[8] The funerals are also paired with the three battles described above.[8] The three funerals share similarities regarding the offerings for the dead and the change in theme through the description of each funeral. Gale Owen-Crocker (Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Manchester) in The Four Funerals in Beowulf(2000) argues that a passage in the poem, commonly known as “The Lay of the Last Survivor” (lines 2247–66), is an additional funeral.[8]The funerals are themselves involved in the ritual of hoarding: the deposition of sacrificial objects with both religious and socio-economic functions.[9][edit] First Funeral: Scyld Scefing (lines 1–52)The first funeral in the poem is of Scyld Scefing (translated in some versions as "Shield Shiefson") the king of the Danes.[10]The first section of the poem, (the first fitt), helps the poet illustrate the settings of the poem by introducing Hrothgar’s lineage. The funeral leads to the introduction of the hero, Beowulf and his confrontation with the first monster, Grendel. This passage begins b y describing Scyld’s glory as a “scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches.”[10]Scyld’s glory and importance is shown by the prestigious death he obtains through his service as the king of the Danes.[8] His importance is proven once more by the grand funeral given to him by his people: his funeral at sea with many weapons and treasures shows he was a great soldier and an even greaterleader to his people.[8] The poet introduces the concepts of a heroic society through Scyld. The possessions buried with the king are elaborately described to emphasise the importance of such items.[8] The importance of these earthly possessions are then used to establish this dead king’s greatness in respect to the treasure.[8]Scyld’s funeral helps the poet to elaborate on the glory of battle in a heroic society and how earthly possessions help define a person‘s importance. This funeral also helps the poet to develop the plot to lead into the confrontation between the protagonist, Beowulf, and the main antagonist, Grendel.[edit] Second Funeral: Hildeburg’s kin (lines 1107–24)The second funeral in the poem is that of Hildeburg’s kin and is the second fitt of this poem.[10] The funeral is sung about in Heorot as part of a lay during the feasting to mark Beowulf's victory over Grendel. The death of Hildeburg’s brother Hnæf, son(s) and, later, her husband Finn the Frisian king are sung about as the result of fighting in Frisia between the visiting Danish chieftain Hnæf and his retainers (including one Hengest) and Finn's followers. The funeral mirrors the use of funeral offerings for the dead with extravagant possessions in Scyld's funeral.[10] Hildeburg’s relatives are buried with their armour and gold to signify their importance.[8]However, the relatives’ funeral differs from the first as it was a cremation ceremony. Furthermore, the poet focuses on the strong emotions of those who died while in battle.[10]The gory details of “heads melt[ing], gashes [springing] open...and the blood [springing] out from the body’s wounds”[10] describes war as a horrifying event instead of one of glory.[8] Although the poet maintains the theme of possessions as important even in death, the glory of battle is challenged by the vicious nature of war. The second funeral displays different concepts from the first and a change of direction in the plot that leads to Beowulf's fight against Grendel's Mother.[edit] Controversial Funeral: Lay of the Last Survivor (lines 2247–66)"The Lay of the Last Survivor" is arguably an addition to the other three funerals in Beowulf because of the striking similarities that define the importance of the other burials.[8] The parallels that identify this passage with the other three funerals are the similar burial customs, changes in setting and plot, and changes of theme. The lament appears to be a funeral because of the Last Su rvivor’s description of burialofferings that are also found in the funerals of Scyld Scefing, Hildeburg’s kin, and Beowulf.[8] The Last Survivor describes the many treasures left for the dead such as the weapons, armour and golden cups[10] that have strong parallels to Scyld’s “well furbished shi p...,bladed weapons and coats of mail,”[10]Hildeburg’s Kin’s “blood-plastered coats of mail [and] boar-shaped helmets”[10] and Beowulf's treasure from the dragon.[10]An additional argument towards viewing this passage as a funeral lies in the statement, “tumbling hawk [and] swift horse”[10]mentioned in the poem. This is an animal offering which was a burial custom during the era in which the poem takes place.[8] Moreover this passage, like the other funerals, signifies changes in setting and plot.[8]One can also argue that it is the 3rd part to the poem since it describes the settings during the time lapse for the final battle between Beowulf and the Dragon. The poet also describes death in battle as horrifying, a concept continued from the second part of the poem, through the Last Survivor’s eyes.。

Beowulf集群的研究与搭建

毕业论文论文题目（中文）Beowulf集群的研究与搭建论文题目（外文）Research and construction of Beowulf clusterBeowulf集群的研究与搭建摘要随着信息产业的不断发展，单台计算机的性能和稳定性越来越好，但是有些任务单台计算机还是难以完成，为此，一些人想到了用普通的PC机通过某种方式结合起来，形成一个高性能的系统，这种系统就叫做集群。

集群系统使用方便，对软件、硬件设备的要求比较低，而且还价格低廉，适合于用来代替昂贵的超级计算机。

而Beowulf集群系统是基于广泛应用于通用网络环境下由一些微机组成的计算机群系统，它可以运行于多种操作系统（如Linux、Windows等）。

作为一个高性能的计算系统，它具有很多优点，例如：廉价，易管理，性价比高等。

在本文中，主要研究了Beowulf集群的框架与组成、在Linux操作系统下Beowulf集群系统的手工搭建方法，利用实验室现有的硬件设备和软件技术支持，设计并实现了一种基于Linux和MPI的集群系统。

首先，本文详细研究了Beowulf集群的起源、分类与体系结构，从硬件支持、网络设计、环境配置等方面入手，研究并设计搭建Beowulf集群。

从并行计算作为切入点，在了解了基于MPI和Linux集群系统的基本原理和思想，介绍了实现并行计算和集群中间件的几种关键技术。

其次，利用简便的硬件资源，合理的运用Linux系统的软件技术，通过配置硬件环境、分配网络地址、合理设置节点等，纯手工搭建Beowulf集群。

最后，提出了可以采用基于静态分配和动态分配这两种分配策略去设计并行测试程序来检测集群的性能。

可以用加速比来衡量集群系统的优劣。

关键词：MPI；Beowulf；并行计算；集群系统；LinuxResearch and construction of Beowulf clusterAbstractWith the development of information industry, a single computer performance and better stability, but some of the tasks a single computer is difficult to complete, therefore, some people thought combined with ordinary PC in some way, the formation of a high performance system, this system is called cluster. The cluster system is easy to use and has low requirements on software and hardware, and it is also cheap, which is suitable for replacing expensive super computers.The Beowulf cluster system is based on the widely used in the general network environment by a number of computer composed of computer group system, it can run in a variety of operating systems (such as Linux, Windows, etc.). As a high performance computing system, it has many advantages, such as cheap, easy to manage, cost-effective. In this paper, the main research frame and components, in the Linux operating system of Beowulf cluster system manual method of building Beowulf cluster, using existing laboratory hardware and software technology support, the design and implementation of a cluster system based on MPI and Linux.First of all, this paper studies the origin, classification and architecture of Beowulf cluster in detail, from the aspects of hardware support, network design, environment configuration and so on, the research and design of Beowulf cluster. From the point of view of parallel computing, this paper introduces the basic principles and ideas of MPI and Linux cluster system, and introduces several key technologies of parallel computing and cluster middleware.Secondly, by using simple hardware resources, reasonable use of the Linux system software technology, through the configuration of the hardware environment, the allocation of network address, the rational setting of nodes, etc., manually set up Beowulf clusters.Finally, it is proposed that two kinds of allocation strategies based on static allocation and dynamic allocation can be used to design the parallel test program to test the performance of the cluster. Can be used to measure the acceleration ratio of the advantages and disadvantages of the cluster system.Key words: MPI; Beowulf; Parallel Computing; Cluster System; Linux目录中文摘要 (I)英文摘要 (II)引言 (6)第一章 Beowulf集群简介 (7)1.1 什么是Beowulf集群 (7)1.2 Beowulf集群的分类 (8)1.2.1第一类Beowulf集群 (8)1.2.2第二类Beowulf集群 (8)第二章 Beowulf集群体系结构 (9)2.1 Beowulf集群硬件与网络 (11)2.2 Beowulf集群软件 (12)2.3 Beowulf集群应用 (12)第三章手工搭建Beowulf集群 (14)3.1 硬件环境配置 (14)3.2 网络设计与节点分配 (14)3.3 搭建服务器与安装MPI (15)第四章性能测试 (18)参考文献 (18)致谢 (19)论文(设计)成绩 (20)引言随着信息产业的快速发展，计算机的性能在不断地提高，并行计算在工程处理、大数据计算、科学研究等很多领域产生了巨大的影响。

Linux高性能计算集群 Beowulf集群

Linux高性能计算集群 -- Beowulf集群/page/hardware_linux.html1 集群1.1 什么是集群简单的说，集群（cluster）就是一组计算机，它们作为一个整体向用户提供一组网络资源。

这些单个的计算机系统就是集群的节点（node）。

一个理想的集群是，用户从来不会意识到集群系统底层的节点，在他/她们看来，集群是一个系统，而非多个计算机系统。

并且集群系统的管理员可以随意增加和删改集群系统的节点。

1.2 为什么需要集群集群并不是一个全新的概念，其实早在七十年代计算机厂商和研究机构就开始了对集群系统的研究和开发。

由于主要用于科学工程计算，所以这些系统并不为大家所熟知。

直到Linux集群的出现，集群的概念才得以广为传播。

对集群的研究起源于集群系统的良好的性能可扩展性(scalability)。

提高CPU主频和总线带宽是最初提供计算机性能的主要手段。

但是这一手段对系统性能的提供是有限的。

接着人们通过增加CPU个数和内存容量来提高性能，于是出现了向量机，对称多处理机(SMP)等。

但是当CPU的个数超过某一阈值，象SMP这些多处理机系统的可扩展性就变的极差。

主要瓶颈在于CPU访问内存的带宽并不能随着CPU个数的增加而有效增长。

与SMP相反，集群系统的性能随着CPU个数的增加几乎是线性变化的。

图1显示了这中情况。

图1. 几种计算机系统的可扩展性集群系统的优点并不仅在于此。

下面列举了集群系统的主要优点：1.高可扩展性：如上所述。

2.高可用性：集群中的一个节点失效，它的任务可以传递给其他节点。

可以有效防止单点失效。

3.高性能：负载平衡集群允许系统同时接入更多的用户。

4.高性价比：可以采用廉价的符合工业标准的硬件构造高性能的系统。

1.2.1 集群系统的分类虽然根据集群系统的不同特征可以有多种分类方法，但是一般我们把集群系统分为两类：∙高可用(High Availability)集群,简称HA集群。

beowulf

BeowulfTo be honest,I have no concept about Norse mythology at all.so when I watched this film ,the only thing I can do is enjoy it .In this film ,we can see Beowulf is a hero ,he is also an ordinary person. On the one hand ,he is so lecherous that he stared at the old king’s wife when they meet for the first time;And he gave up the competition when he met the beautiful sea monster;He betrayed the oath when he found the sexy creature who covered with gold sands.He even let a young girl whose age almost can be his daughter become his lover. On the other hand ,he likes bragging.When the old king’s minister questioned him ,he lied to everyone that he killed 9 sea monsters in the competition. Also, I think he is timid sometimes.From the scene that the old king told him that the monster has mom,Beowulf cried in thrilling voice:How many monsters should I kill?Though he has so many shortcomings,he is a kindness father and a brave man. After the fight ,he tried to stroke his son’s head when his son changed into human .As his son disappeared slowly, his eyes are full of love and pain. He is a brave man .The world needs a person to fight against monster,and Beowulf is that person. Especially when he is a dying man ,he decided to fight with the monster for his people.Beowulf ,I admire him for his valor as a fighter, I have mercy on his destiny as a king.He, though not perfect ,stands for the bright side ;themonster and the sea ,though powerful, stands for the black side.As a result ,the bright side beat the black side,but in the inner most substance of winning there are monsters.。

Beowulf

HROTHGAR’S GREAT MEAD-HALL Part 3
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
And earth He embellished in all her regions With limbs and leaves; life He bestowed too On all the kindreds that live under heaven. So blessed with abundance, brimming with joyance, The warriors abided, till a certain one gan to Dog them with deeds of direfullest malice, A foe in the hall-building: this horrible stranger2 Was Grendel entitled, the march-stepper famous Who3 dwelt in the moor-fens, the marsh and the fastness; The wan-mooded being abode for a season In the land of the giants, when the Lord and Creator Had banned him and branded. For that bitter murder, The killing of Abel, all-ruling Father The kindred of Cain crushed with His vengeance; In the feud He rejoiced not, but far away drove him From kindred and kind, that crime to atone for, Meter of Justice. Thence ill-favored creatures, Elves and giants, monsters of ocean, Came into being, and the giants that longtime Grappled with God; He gave them requital.

Beowulf PPT

Beowulf
English Before 1066- Old English
• Excerpt from the epic poem Beowulf • HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon! oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearð feasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorðmyndum þah, oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning! Ðæm eafera wæs æfter cenned geong in geardum, þone God sende folce to frofre; fyrenðearfe ongeat,
• The English language before 1066 was quite different than what it is today • Native English speakers cannot read or speak Old English unless they have studied it • The epic poem Beowulf came from this period before 1066
Origins of Beowulf

贝奥武夫详解(课堂PPT)

Beowulf
Feature Menu
Introducing the Epic Literary Focus: The Epic Hero The Poetry of Beowulf: Caesuras,
Alliteration, and Kennings
Beowulf
Beowulf
Introducing the Epic
Punctuation reproduces pause effect of the caesura.
Beowulf
The Poetry of Beowulf
The Anglo-Saxon oral poet also used the poetic device of alliteration.
Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot.
People
Beowulf: nephew of Higlac, king of the Geats.
Hrothgar: king of the Danes.
Wiglaf: a Geat warrior, one of Beowulf’s select band and the only one to help him in his final fight with the dragon.
Beowulf
Introducing the Epic
Monsters
Grendel: man-eating monster who lives at the bottom of a foul mere, or mountain lake.

BEOWULF

But beyond this, the forces of fate seem to control man’s destiny（命运，宿命）with mysterious omnipotence（万能，全能）, while evil itself is both primordial（原始的，最初的，根本的）and powerful. However, thematically （主题地）the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage（从事，进行） heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.
After he finished the mission, he went back home where he ruled as king for fifty years. the last part of the poem tells that one of beowulf's subjects stole some of the treasure which had been guarding for three hundred years by a dragon ,the dragon can breath fire.so our hero sought the dragon in his cave and killed it.
they ried his ash under a tremendous mound and piled the earth and stones so high that the mound thereafter became a beacon for the seafarers who sailed along the coast, thus , even after his death, beowulf continued to serve people. That' it. I hope it can give you some help. That's my pleasure.

BEOWULF英国文学解读

2. What is the heroic ideal of Beowulf?
2、Beowulf is essentially an aristocratic （贵族似的）poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship（王权，王位）in North Europe. The social patterns ascribed in he poem are feudal（封建的）, highly violent. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic verdures （朝气，活力）for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strove to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to happy life of his people.
1. What is the
theme of Beowulf?
1、Beowulf, which centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf,
is mainly about his three major adventures. It reflects a life of fights and feasting（盛宴）, of ceremony, of brilliant gold and sudden darkness. Here is a world of sacred obligations, feud（世仇，宿怨）and vengeance（报仇，复仇） with heroic figures who are proud of their birth and their

Barron 第一套模考题阅读部分 word文档

1.1 BeowulfHistorical BackgroundThe epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, is the earliest existing Germanic epic and one of four surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous Englishman in Old English, the tale takes place in that part of Scandinavia from which Germanic tribes emigrated to England. Beowulf comes from Geatland, the southeastern part of what is now Sweden. Hrothgar, king of the Danes, lives near what is now Leire, on Zealand, Denmark’s largest island. The Beowulf epic contains three major tales about Beowulf and several minor tales that reflect a rich Germanic oral tradition of myths, legends, and folklore.The Beowulf warriors have a foot in both the Bronze and Iron Ages. Their mead-halls reflect the wealthy living of the Bronze Age Northmen, and their wooden shields, wood-shafted spears, and bronze-hilted swords are those of the Bronze Age warrior. However, they carry iron-tipped spears, and their best swords have iron or iron-edged blades. Beowulf also orders an iron shield for his fight with a dragon. Iron replaced bronze because it produced a blade with a cutting edge that was stronger and sharper. The Northmen learned how to forge iron in about 500 B.C. Although they had been superior to the European Celts in bronze work, it was the Celts who taught them how to make and design iron work. Iron was accessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in the form of“bog-iron” found in the layers of peat in peat bogs.The Beowulf epic also reveals interesting aspects of the lives of the Anglo-Saxons who lived in England at the time of the anonymous Beowulf poet. The Germanic tribes, including the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, invaded England from about A.D. 450 to 600.By the time of the Beowulf poet ,Anglo-Saxon in English was neither primitive nor uncultured.□AAlthough the Beowulfnot know whether Beowulf is the sole surviving epic from a flourishing Anglo-Saxon literary period that produced other great epics or whether it was unique even in its own time. C Many scholars think that the epic was probably written sometime between the late seventh century and the early ninth century. If they are correct, the original manuscript was probably lost during the ninth-century Viking invasions of Anglia, in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and their great libraries. However, other scholars think that the poet’s favorable attitude toward the Danes must place the epic’s composition after the Viking invasions and at the start of the eleventh century, when this Beowulf manuscript was written.The identity of the Beowulfancestors and blended the values of the pagan hero with the Christian values of his own country and time. Because he wrote in the Anglian dialect, he probably was either a monk in a monastery or a poet in an Anglo-Saxon court located north of the Thames River. Appeal and ValueBeowulf interests contemporary readers for many reasons. First, it is an outstanding adventure story. Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon are marvelous characters, and each fight is unique, action-packed, and exciting. Second, Beowulf is a very appealing hero. He is the perfect warrior, combining extraordinary strength, skill, courage, and loyalty. Like Hercules, he devotes his life to making the world a safer place. He chooses to risk death in order to help other people, and he faces his inevitable death with heroism and dignity. Third, the Beowulf poet is interested in the psychological aspects of human behavior. For example, the Danish hero’s welcoming speech illustrates his jealou sy of Beowulf. The behavior of Beowulf’s warriors in the dragon fight reveals their cowardice. Beowulf’s attitudes toward heroism reflect his maturity and experience, while King Hrothgar’s attitudes toward life show the experiences of an aged nobleman.Finally, the Beowulf poet exhibits a mature appreciation of the transitory nature of human life and achievement. In Beowulf, as in the major epics of other cultures, the hero must create a meaningful life in a world that is often dangerous and uncaring. He must accept the inevitability of death. He chooses to reject despair; instead, he takes pride in himself and in his accomplishments, and he values human relationships.1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Beowulf?A.It is the only manuscript from the Anglo-Saxon period.B.The original story was written in a German dialect.C.The author did not sign this name to the poem.D.It is one of several epics from the first century.2.The word which in the passage refers toA.taleB.ScandinaviaC.manuscriptsD.Old English3.Why does the author mention “bog-iron” in paragraph 2?A.To demonstrate the availability of iron in ScandinaviaB.To prove that iron was better than bronze for weaponsC.To argue that the Celts provided the materials to make iron.D.To suggest that 500 B.C. was the date that the Iron Age began.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choiceschange the meaning or leave out important information.A.Society in Anglo-Saxons was both advanced and cultured.B.The society of the Anglo-Saxons was not primitive or cultured.C.The Anglo-Saxons had a society that was primitive, not cultured.D.English during the Anglo-Saxon society was advanced, not cultured.5.The word unique in the passage is closet in meaning toA.oldB.rareC.perfect6.According to paragraph 4, why do many scholars believe that the original manuscript for Beowulf was lost?A.Because it is not like other manuscripts.B.Because many libraries were burned.C.Because the Danes were allies of the Anglo-SaxonsD.Because no copies were found of the monasteries7.In paragraph 4, the author suggests that Beowulf was discovered in theA.first centuryB.ninth centuryC.eleven centuryD.seventeenth century8.Why does the author of this passage use the word “apparently” in paragraph 5?A.He is not certain that the author of Beowulf was a Christian.B.He is mentioning facts that are obvious to the readers.C.He is giving an example from a historical reference.D.He is introducing evidence about the author of Beowulf.9.The author compared the Beowulf character to Hercules becauseA.they are both example of the ideal heroB.their adventures with a dragon are very similarC.the speeches that they make are inspiringD.they lived at about the same time10.The word exhibits in the passage is closet in meaning toA.createsB.demonstratesC.assumesD.terminates11.The word reject in the passage is closet in meaning toA.manageB.evaluateD.confront12.Moreover, they disagree as to whether this Beowulf is a copy of an earlier manuscript.Where could the sentence best be added?13.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREEanswer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Beowulf is the oldest Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has survived to the present day.●●●Answer ChoicesA.The Northmen were adept in crafting tools and weapons made of bronze, but the Celts ere superior in designing and working iniron.B.In the Viking invasions of England, the Danish armies destroyed monasteries, some of which contained extensive libraries.C.King Hrothgar and Beowulf become friends at the end of their lives, after having spent decades opposing each other on thebattlefield.D.The poem chronicles life in Anglo-Saxon society during the Bronze and Iron Ages when Germanic tribes were invading England.E.Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous poet, probably a Christian, about 1000A.D., it was not fould until theseventeenth century.F.Beowulf is still interesting because it has engaging characters, and adventures plot, and an appreciation for human behavior andrelationships.1.2 ThermoregulationMammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36–38°C for most mammals and 39–42°C for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to coolersurroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering. In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) takes place throughout the body, but some mammals also have a tissue called brown fat in the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production. Through shivering and NST, mammals and birds in cold environments can increase their metabolic heat production by as much as 5 to 10 times above the minimal levels that occur in warm conditions.Another major thermoregulatory adaptation that evolved in mammals and birds is insulation (hair, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces the flow of heat and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. Most land mammals and birds react to cold by raising their furbumps are a vestige of hair-raising left over from our furry ancestors. B Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also regulate heatreduced when arms and legs cool to several degrees below the temperature of the body core, where most vital organs are located.Hair loses most of its insulating power when wet. Marine mammals such as whales and seals have a very thick layer of insulation fat called blubber, just under the skin. Marine mammals swim in water colder than their body core temperature, and many species spend at least part of the year in nearly freezing polar seas. The loss of heat to water occurs 50 to 100 times more rapidly than heat loss to air, and the skin temperature of a marine mammal is close to water temperature. Even so, the blubber insulation is so effective that marine mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36–38°C with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of similar size. The flippers or tail of a whale or seal lack insulating blubber, but countercurrent heat exchangers greatly reduce heat loss in these extremities, as they do in the legs of many birds.Through metabolic heat production, insulation, and vascular adjustments, birds and mammals are capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. For example, small birds called chickadees, which weigh only 20 grams, can remain active and hold body temperature nearly constant at 40°C in environmental temperatures as low as –40°C—as long as they have enough food to supply the large amount of energy necessary for heat production.Many mammals and birds live in places where thermoregulation requires cooling off as well as warming. For example, when a marine mammal moves into warm seas, as many whales do when they reproduce, excess metabolic heat is removed by vasodilation of numerous blood vessels in the outer layer of the skin. In hot climates or when vigorous exercise adds large amounts of metabolic heat to the body, many terrestrial mammals and birds may allow body temperature to rise by several degrees, which enhances heat loss by increasing the temperature gradient between the body and a warm environment.Evaporative cooling often plays a key role in dissipating the body heat. If environmental temperature is above body temperature, animals gain heat from the environment as well as from metabolism, and evaporation is the only way to keep body temperature from rising rapidly. Panting is important in birds and many mammals. Some birds have a pouch richly supplied with blood vessels in the floor of the mouth; fluttering the pouch increases evaporation. Pigeons can use evaporative cooling to keep body temperature close to 40°C in air temperatures as high as 60°C, as long as they have sufficient water. Many terrestrial mammals have sweat glands controlled by the nervous system. Other mechanisms that promote evaporative cooling include spreading saliva on body surfaces, an adaptation of some kangaroos and rodents for combating severe heat stress. Some bats use both saliva and urine to enhance evaporative cooling.14.According to paragraph 1, the most fundamental adaption to maintain body temperature isA.the heat generated by the metabolismB. a shivering reflex in the musclesC.migration to a warmer environmentD.higher caloric intakes to match heat loss15.Based on information in paragraph 1, which of the following best explains the term “thermogenesis”?A.Heat loss that must be reversedB.The adaption of brown fat tissue in the neckC.The maintenance of healthy environmental conditionsD.Conditions that affect the metabolism16.Which of the sentence below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choiceschange the meaning or leave out important information.A.An increase in heat production causes muscle activity such as moving or shivering.B.Muscle activity like moving and shivering will increase heat production.C.Moving and shivering are muscle activities that increase with heat.D.When heat increases, the production of muscle activity also increase.17.The word minimal in the passage is closet in meaning toA.most recentB.most activeC.newestD.smallest18.In paragraph 2, the author explains the concept of vasodilation and vasoconstriction byA.describing the evolution in our ancestorsB.giving an example of heat loss in the extremitiesparing the process in humans and animalsD.identifying various types of insulation19.The word regulate in the passage is closet in meaning toA.protectB.createC.reduceD.control20.According to paragraph 3, why do many marine animals require a layer of blubber?A.Because marine animals have lost their hair during evolutionB.Because heat is lost in water as fast as it is in airC.Because dry hair does not insulate marine animalsD.Because they are so large that they require more insulation21.The word those in the passage refers toA.marine animalsB.core temperaturesnd mammalsD.metabolic rates22.Why does the author mention chickadees in paragraph 4?A.To discuss an animal that regulates heat very wellB.To demonstrate why chickadees have to eat so muchC.To mention an exception to the rules of thermoregulationD.To give a reason for heat production in small animals23.In paragraph 6, the author states that evaporative cooling is often accomplished by all of the following methods EXCEPTA.by spreading saliva over the areaB.by urinating on the bodyC.by panting or fluttering a pouchD.by immersing the themselves in water24.The word enhance in the passage is closet in meaning toA.simplifyB.improveC.replaceD.interrupt25.The insulating power of a layer of fur or feathers mainly depends on how much still air the layer traps.Where could the sentence best be added?26.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREEanswer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Thermoregulation is the process by which animals control body temperatures within healthy limits.●●●Answer ChoicesA.Although hair can be a very efficient insulation when it is dry and it can be raised, hair becomes ineffective when it issubmerged in cold water.B.Some animals with few adoptions for thermoregulation migrate to moderate climates to avoid the extreme weather in thepolar regions and the tropics.C.Mammals and birds use insulation to mitigate heat loss, including hair and feathers that can be raised to trap air as well asfat or blubber under the skin.D.Some birds have a special pouch in the mouth, which can be fluttered to increase evaporation and decrease their bodytemperatures by as much as 20℃.E.Endotherms generate heat by increasing muscle activity, by releasing hormones into their blood streams, or by producingheat in brown fat tissues.F.Panting, sweating, and spreading saliva or urine on their bodies are all options for the evaporative cooling of animals in hotenvironmental conditions.1.3 Social Readjustment Scalesscale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required byeach change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 eventsshown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness—and many types ofexperts have criticized this research, citing problems with the methods used and raising questions about the meaning of the findings (Critelli & Ee, 1996; Monroe & McQuaid, 1994; Wethington, 2000).First, the assumption that the SRRS measures change exclusively has been shown to be inaccurate. We now have ample evidence that the desirability of events affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that they require (Turner & Wheaton, 1995). Thus, it seems prudent to view the SRRS as a measure of diverse forms of stress, rather than as a measure of change-related stress (McLean & Link, 1994).Second, the SRRS fails to take into account differences among people in their subjective perception of how stressful an event is. For instance, while divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular person’s divorce might generate much l ess stress and merit a value of only 25.Third, many of the events listed on the SRRS and similar scales are highly ambiguous, leading people to be inconsistent as to which events they report experiencing (Monroe & McQuaid, 1994). For instance, what qualifies as “trouble with the boss”? Should you check that because you’re sick and tired of your supervisor? What constitutes a “change in living conditions”? Does your purc hase of a great new sound system qualify? As you can see, the SRRS includes many “events” that are described inadequately, produci ng considerable ambiguity about the meaning of one’s response. Problems in recalling events over a period of a year also lead to inconsistent responding on stress scales, thus lowering their reliability (Klein & Rubovits, 1987).Fourth, the SRRS does not sample from the domain of stressful events very thoroughly. Do the 43 events listed on the SRRS exhaust all the major stresses that people typically experience? Studies designed to explore that question have found many significant omissions (Dohrenwend et al., 1993; Wheaton, 1994).Fifth, the correlation between SRRS scores and health outcomes may be inflated because subjects’ neuroticism affects both the ir responses to stress scales and their self reports of health problems. Neurotic individuals have a tendency to recall more stress than others and to recall more symptoms of illness than others (Watson, David, & Suls, 1999). These tendencies mean that some of the correlation between high stress and high illness may simply reflect the effects of subjects’ ne uroticism (Critelli & Ee, 1996). The possible contaminating effects of neuroticism obscure the meaning of scores on the SRRS and similar measures of stress.The Life Experiences SurveyIn the light of these problems, a number of researchers have attempted to develop improved versions of the SRRS. For example, the Life Experiences Survey (LES), assembled by Irwin Sarason and colleagues (1978), has become a widely used measure of stress in contemporary research (for examples see Ames et al., 2001; Denisoff & Endler, 2000; Malefo, 2000). The LES revises and builds on the SRRS survey in a variety of ways that correct, at least in part, most of the problems just discussed.Specifically, the LES recognizes that stress involves more than mere change and asks respondents to indicate whether events had a positive or negative impact on them. This strategy permits the computation of positive change, negative change, and total change scores, which helps researchers gain much more insight into which facets of stress are most crucial. The LES also takes into consideration differences among people in their appraisal of stress, by dropping the normative weights and replacing them with personally assigned weightings of the impact of relevant events. Ambiguity in items is decreased by providing more elaborate descriptions of many items to clarify their meaning.The LES deals with the failure of the SRRS to sample the full domain of stressful events in several ways. First, some significant omissions from the SRRS have been added to the LES. Second, the LES allows the respondent to write in personally important events that are not included on the scale. Third, the LES has an extra section just for students. Sarason et al. (1978) suggest that special, tailored sections of this sort be added for specific populations whenever it is useful.27.Based on the information in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, what can be inferred about a person with a score of 30 on the SRRS?A. A person with a higher score will experience less stress than this person will.B.It is likely that this person has not suffered any major problems in the past year.C.The amount of positive change is greater than that of a person with a score of 40.D.This person has a greater probability to be ill than a person with a 20 score.28.The word they in the passage refers toA.changesB.measuresC.eventsD.outcomes29.The word diverse in the passage is closet in meaning toA.necessaryB.steadyC.limitedD.different30.In paragraph 4, the author uses diverse as an example to showA.how most people respond to high stress situations in the livesB.the serious nature of a situation that is listed as a stressful eventC.the subjective importance of a situation listed on the scaleD.the numerical value for a stressful event on the SRRS31.In paragraph 5, how does the author demonstrate that the response events on the SRRS are not consistent?A.By asking questions that could be answered in more than one wayB.By giving examples of responses that are confusingC.By comparing several ways to score the stress scalesD.By suggesting that people do not respond carefully32.According to paragraph 7, why is the SRRS inappropriate for people with neuroses?A.They are ill more often, which affects their scores on the scale.B.Their self-reporting on the scale is affected by their neuroses.C.They tend to suffer more stress than people without neuroses.D.Their response to stress will probably not be recorded on the scale.33.The word assembled in the passage is closet in meaning toA.announcedB.influencedC.arrangedD.distributed34.The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning toA.occasionalB.modernC.relatedD.unusual35.According to paragraph 9, why does LES ask respondents to classify as positive or negative?A.To analyze the long-term consequences of changeB.To determine which aspects of change are personally significantC.To explain why some people handle stress better than othersD.To introduce normative weighting of stress events36.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the SRRS as compared with LES?A.The SRRS includes a space to write in personal events that have not been listed.B.The SRRS featured a section for specific populations such as students.C.The SRRS assigns numbers to calculate the stress associated with events.D.The SRRS has hints to help people recall events that happened over a year ago.37.Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion of SRRS?A.There are many problems associated with it.B.It is superior to the LES.C.It should be studied more carefully.D.The scale is most useful for students.38.This sum is an index of the amount of change-related stress the person has recently experienced.Where could the sentence best be added?39.Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrase on the left with the heading on the right. Select the appropriate answerchoices and drag them to the surveys to which they relate. Two of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 4 points.To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.Limits the events to forty-three major life changesB.Calculates subscores for negative and positive changesC.Must be taken twice in one year for a reliable scoreD.Incorporates a space to write in additional eventsE.Provides for subjective interpretation of the changesF.Is no longer being used by psychologistsG.Includes sections for specialized populationsH.Consists of a scale developed in the 1960sI.Assign a standard numerical value to eventsSRRS●●●LES ●●●●。

历史类英文单词

历史类英文单词Historical English Vocabulary ExplorationIn the realm of learning a language, mastering vocabulary is crucial. Besides basic everyday words, having a good foundation in historical vocabulary is equally important. Historical English words not only enable us to better understand literature and cultural references, but also provide insights into the development of language over time. In this article, we will delve into various historical English words, exploring their origins, meanings, and usage.1. Old English VocabularyOld English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, refers to the English language spoken from the 5th to the 11th centuries. Although it may seem foreign to modern English speakers, Old English is the precursor to the language we use today. Here are some examples of Old English words:1.1 WyrmDerived from Old English "wyrm," meaning "serpent" or "dragon," this word often appears in ancient mythology and folklore. Beowulf, the famous epic poem, is filled with encounters between the hero and monstrous wyrms.1.2 EorþeIn Old English, "eorþe" means "earth" or "land." This term emphasizes the connection between humans and the natural world, reflecting the importance of agriculture and the physical environment in ancient societies.2. Middle English VocabularyFollowing the era of Old English, Middle English emerged from the 11th to the 15th centuries. This period witnessed significant changes in the English language, including the influence of French and Latin. Let's explore some Middle English words:2.1 Chaucer's Cantréberye TalesGeoffrey Chaucer's renowned work, "The Canterbury Tales," provides a rich source of Middle English vocabulary. Words like "sely" (meaning "innocent" or "simple") and "pilgrim" (a religious traveler) are scattered throughout this collection of stories, painting a vivid linguistic picture of medieval England.2.2 AlchemieDuring the Middle English period, alchemy gained popularity. "Alchemie" referred to the practice of transmuting substances and the search for the philosopher's stone. This word showcases the influence of Arabic and Latin on English vocabulary.3. Early Modern English VocabularyAs the Renaissance unfolded in Europe, so did the English language. Early Modern English, ranging from the 15th to the 17th centuries, saw the language evolve further. Here are some examples:3.1 RenaissanceThe term "renaissance" itself is of French origin, meaning "rebirth." It represents the period of intellectual awakening during which art, literature,and science flourished. This word epitomizes the cultural and linguistic changes that occurred during this time.3.2 Shakespearean ExpressionsWilliam Shakespeare, an iconic figure in English literature, introduced numerous words and phrases into the language. Expressions like "fancy-free" (without romantic attachments) and "moonbeam" (a ray of moonlight) originated from his plays, underscoring his immense contribution to Early Modern English vocabulary.4. Modern English VocabularyFinally, we arrive at Modern English, the form of the language we are familiar with today. While the bulk of our vocabulary belongs to this era, there are still interesting historical words worth examining:4.1 Industrial Revolution TermsWith the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, new words entered the English lexicon. Terms like "automobile," "telegraph," and "steam engine" emerged, signifying the technological advancements that transformed society.4.2 Internet Age JargonAs we embrace the digital age, a plethora of new words has appeared. "Selfie," "meme," and "emoji" are examples of vocabulary that reflect our evolving culture and reliance on technology. These words embody the constant evolution and adaptability of the English language.In conclusion, exploring historical English vocabulary not only strengthens our language skills but also provides us with insight into the cultural, social, and technological changes that have shaped our world. From the Old English wyrms to Modern English digital jargon, each word carries a piece of history within its letters. So, let us continue to appreciate and learn from the rich tapestry of historical English words.。

英国文学简介

The brief introduction of British literatureBritish literature, composed of considerably beautiful poetry, interesting novels, meaningful dramas and fine prose, has a profound influence upon the world and demonstrates its distinguishing characteristics to the whole world. Moreover, it is generally considered as the essence of civilization as well as a bright pearl in the treasury of literature. The development of the English literature began from the 5th century to 20th century, with a long and complicated process. In the following passages, I will try to present the seven developing stages of English literature.Ⅰ. The Medieval Ages (to 1500)1.Major Historical Events1.1The Britons— the early inhabitants in the island were Britons, a tribe of Celts. 1.2Roman Conquest— a gradual process, happening in 55BC under Emperor Claudius.1.3English Conquest—In the 5th century, Angles(east), Saxon(southern) and Jutes(southeastern) were called Anglo-Saxon which invaded the GreatBritain.1.4The Danish Invasion— the Danes occupied in 1013, and held it for 30 years.1.5Norman Conquest—Duke William came in 1066—marks the establishment of feudalism.2.Literature Tide2.1 Narrative literature—Epic and romance (king Arthur and round table).2.2 Ballad—a story told in song usually in 4 line stanzas, with the second and forth line rhymed.2.3 Heroic couplet—Poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Beowulf—a hero of the Geats comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel…3.2 Sir Gawain and the Green knight—a late 14th-century Middle English alliterativeromance outlines an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table.3.3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) is Father of English Literature.The Canterbury Tales—is a collection of short poetic stories.The Wife of Bath’s Tale—tells a story from a distant time, when King Arthur ruled the nation.Ⅱ. Renaissance1.Major Historical Events1.1England Civil War (1400-1500)—HenryⅦ (1458-1509) founded Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy.1.2Enclosure Movement—in the 15th century, England passed from a wool producer to a manufacturer of cloth.1.3Renaissance—sprang first in Italy in 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.Literature Tide2.1 The Sonnet—a fourteen line lyrical poem, the Italian sonnet had a rigid rhyme scheme that divided the sonnet more or less into two separate halves.2.2 Epic Poetry—the most prized and respected literature of the Renaissance was epic poetry, usually written in Latin.2.3Drama—dealing with sacred subjects, such as biblical stories.3. Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Francis Bacon—an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method, has been called the creator of empiricism. Advancement of Learning—is considered the first step in the Great Instauration scale, of "partitions of the sciences".New Instrument—is divided in two parts, the first part b eing called “On the Interpretation of Nature and the Empire of Man”, and the second “On the Interpretation of Nature, or the Reign of Man”.3.2William ShakespeareFour Comedies—Midsummer Night of Dream, Venetian merchant, the 12th Night,Happy as You Like It.Four tragedies—Hamlet, Othello, Li King, Mike White.Ⅲ. The 17th Century1.Major Historical Events1.1English revolution and restoration1.2From 1642 to 1649, there was a Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell established a commonwealth.1.3In 1660, restoration made by CharlesⅡ.1.4In 1688, “glories revolution” made by William.2.Literature TideMetaphysical poetry—a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. Their tool of doing this was the metaphysical conceit.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 John Donne (1573--1631)—is the representative of the metaphysical poet.The Good-MorrowThe Sunne Rising3.2 John Milton (1608--1674)—English poet.Paradise LostParadise regainedⅣ. Age of Enlightenment1.Major Historical Events1.1French revolution (1789-1799)—was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.1.2Industrial revolution—starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain’s previously manual labor and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.2.Literature TideSentimentalism—dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, the human heart. It turned to countryside for material, marks the midway in the transition from classism to romanticism.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) —English novelist, pamphleteer and journalist. Robinson Crusoe—help Defoe earn the title of the founder of English novel.The Review—is the first periodicals concerning society and policy.3.2Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) —the master of satire.Gulliver’s Travels—satirizing the corruption of the English governing class, and disclosing the dark side of the society.Ⅴ. Romantic period1.Major Historical Events1.1 French Revolution1.2 Industrial Revolution2.Literature TideIt was characterized by a highlighted interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 William Wordsworth (1770--1850) —together with Coleridge and Robert Southey are called “lake poet”.Lyrical Ballads— is the start of Romanticism.The Prelude—autobiography3.2Jane Austen (1775--1817)—an English prestigious writer.Sense and Sensibility—the first published novel.Pride and Prejudice—using the theme of marriage satirizes the life of English middle class in small towns.Ⅵ. Victorian Age1.Major Historical EventsDuring the rule of Queen Victoria, Britain occupied the leading status, therefore, its science, literature and art flourished.2.Literature TideAge of Novel—the 19th century saw the novel become the leading form of literature in English.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Charles Dickens (1812--1870) — is the greatest English novelist.Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, David Copperfield—has a close relationship with Dickens’ unfortunate childhood.Bleak House—discloses the decay and dark side of judicial system.3.2 Bronte Sister—Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855), Emily Bronte (1818--1848), Anne Bronte (1820--1849).Jane Eyre—Charlotte BronteWuthering Heights—Emily BronteAgnes Grey—Anne BronteⅦ.The Twentieth Century1.Major Historical Events1.1World WarⅠ (1914--1918) —British Empire collapsed.1.2Great Depression of the 1930s1.3World WarⅡ (1939--1945) —the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as very powerful nations.1.4Cold War (1947--1991)2.Literature Tide2.1 Modernism—a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends.2.2 Postmodernism—emphasizes devices, and mostly deconstruction.2.3 Stream of Consciousness—describes the writer’s point of view.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 T. S. Eliot (1888--1965) —is arguably the most important English-language poetof 20th century.The Waste Land—using a lot of myth to describe the lost scene in spirit after war, rendering the hope of rebirth.3.2 D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)—an English writer.Sons and LoversThe Rainbow,Women in Love。

标准英文论文格式

标准英文论文格式，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。

因此，论文，文献格式的统一要求有着不可或缺的意义。

下面小编为大家带来了标准英文论文格式，供大家参考。

篇一：简单版英文论文格式1.题目即标题，它的主要作用是概括整个论文的中心内容。

题目要确切、恰当、鲜明、简短、精炼。

XXXX（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）XX学院 XX级学号XX XXX 指导老师：XXX（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）2.摘要摘要是论文的高度概括，是长篇论文不可缺少的组成部分。

要求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。

要注明3—5个关键词。

【Abstract】XXXX……（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。

）3.关键词是标示文献关键主题内容，但尽量少用不规范的主题词或新造词。

关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。

【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。

beowulf贝尔武甫

a) b)
The literature of Anglo-Saxon period: falls into two divisions. Pagan: in the form of oral sagas Christian: the writings developed under teaching of the monks. Nobody knows for certain when the poem was first composed. Beowulf is set in the pagan world of sixthcentury Scandinavia, but it also contains echoes of Christian tradition. The poem must have been passed down orally over many generations, and modified by each successive bard, until the existing copy was made at an unknown location in Anglo-Saxon England.

“Like most Old English poems, Beowulf has no title in the unique manuscript in which it survives ,which was copied round the year 1000 AD),.” It is a heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 long lines. It survives in a single manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet “The name of the poet who assembled from tradition the materials of his story and put them in their final form is not known to us”. In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The poem fell into obscurity for decades, and its existence did not become widely known again until it was printed in 1815 in an edition prepared by the Icelandic-Danish scholar