Peristaltic flow with convective mass condition and thermal radiation

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流体力学英语词汇翻译(2)

流体力学英语词汇翻译(2)流体力学英语词汇翻译(2)流体力学英语词汇翻译(2)动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管stanton tube文丘里管venturi tubeu形管u-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser doppler anemometer, laser doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律fick law巴塞特力basset force埃克特数eckert number格拉斯霍夫数grashof number努塞特数nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationkdu方程kdv equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditioncfl条件courant- friedrichs- lewy condition ,cfl condition 狄里克雷边界条件dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, flic method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method 通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, mac method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, pic method 质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, adi scheme反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式crank-nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式dufort-frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式lax-wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式murman-cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme tvd scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics 简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量rivlin-ericksen tensor声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations共旋导数co-rotational derivative, jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component 爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test 三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand 泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应magnus effect韦伯数weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow 冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow 浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-newtonian fluid mechanics 非牛顿流体non-newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation流体力学英语词汇翻译(2) 相关内容:。

翻译丽丽

含有水反胶束的粘度和动态光散射方法由系统气溶胶OT+ H 2 O+有机溶剂形成的反胶束的尺寸和聚集数由粘度和动态光散射两种检测方法测定。

对于粘度的方法，可以从可变密度的粒子导出的集合数的值的过程进行说明，测量使用的原材料是由环己烷、甲苯和氯苯制成。

动态光散射法，是基于光子相关光谱，在光谱中，指数相关函数的平移扩散系数和胶束半径的值都可以得出。

液滴尺寸主要取决于表面活性剂与水的浓度比，但本质上是独立的溶剂和浓度在一个固定的表面活性剂与水的浓度比率。

在本文中，一个（超速离心沉降）采用的是所讨论的两种方法之间获得中和，取长补短。

气溶胶OT或AOT（图1）能够增溶的非常大量的水在有机溶剂中的阴离子表面活性剂。

例如，正庚烷、AOT的在0.1 mol dm-3的溶液可以溶解到10％的水。

我们已确定的大小和由三组分体系（图1）形成的反胶束（或水包油微乳液的液滴）的聚合数，这就是由粘度和动态光散射方法的应用。

这种系统是相当大吸引力，其中，从我们的角度来看，包括新型合成的接口和异构目前的水液滴的水核和反胶团催化机制的性质的研究。

水在反胶束的性质是由核磁共振调查光谱学测量得出的。

这些研究表明，当只有少量的水存在时，溶解的水的高度固定。

在超过系统中的水含量1％，大体积的水属性能没有观察到。

对于反胶束介质反应的动力学的详细研究，确定液滴作为附加的AOT和水的浓度的函数的尺寸和聚集数是十分必要的。

粘度测量，目前被快速而容易执行，并且此系统在测量过程中轻微扰动的优势。

动态光散射法是一种有前途的技术，用于测量的尺寸参数，而且它已经显示出，通过分析光子相关光谱法（PCS）的散射光强度的波动可得到可能的研究悬浮物在水溶液大分子和微胶粒的平移扩散运动。

因此，有关反胶束的相关议案可以使用这种技术来测量。

如果斯托克斯- 爱因斯坦方程被假定为有效的反胶束，平均胶束半径然后可以来自于所测量的扩散系数。

实验粘度测量是由乌氏粘度计的方法制作，使用该装置所获得的运动粘度，它是由溶液分散的液滴所占据的体积分数的测量。

水力学专用词汇

Fundamental Glossary in HydraulicsHydrostatics 水静力学Hydrodynamics 水动力学Physical properties of water 水的物理性质Density 密度specific gravity 比重Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性absolute viscosity 动力粘性Elastic modulus 弹性模量surface tension 表面张力Temperature 温度isotropic (y) 各向同性Anisotropic (y) 各向异性uniform (ity) 均匀(性)Heterogeneous (ity) 不均匀(性)Main force 主要作用力Gravity 重力inertia force 惯性力pressure 压力(强) drag 阻力Mass force 质量力surface force 表面力Constitutive relationship 本构关系Stress 应力strain 应变deformation 变形displacement 位移normal 法向tangent 切向shear 剪力acceleration 加速度Angular deformation 角变形Local acceleration 当地加速度convective acceleration 迁移加速度compressibility 压缩性continuity连续性Scalar 纯量vector 矢量tensor 张量magnitude 模(大小) direction 方向Divergence 散度curl 旋度gradient 梯度Source 源sink 汇Frequency 频率amplitude 振幅phase 相位resonance共振Mass conservation 质量守恒momentum conservation 动量守恒energy conservation 能量守恒Initial condition 初始条件boundary condition边界条件Ordinal differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程Convection, advection 对流diffusion 扩散dispersion 弥散decay 衰减degradation降解Flow pattern流态flow type 流型Laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流Supercritical flow 急流subcritical flow 缓流critical flow临界流Rapidly varied flow急变流gradually varied flow渐变流Uniform flow 均匀流non-uniform flow 非均匀流Mainstream flow 主流wake flow 尾流Steady flow 恒定流unsteady flow 非恒定流One-dimensional flow 一维流two-dimensional flow二维流three-dimensional flow 三维流Single-phase flow 单相流double-phase flow 两相流multi-phase flow 多相流Irrotational flow 无旋流potential flow 势流rotational flow 有旋流Open channel flow 明渠流free surface flow 自由表面流(明渠流)Pipe flow 管流pressure flow 有压流Jet 射流plume 卷流(羽流) cross flow 横流Stagnation point驻点separation point分离点Coherent structure相干结构bursting猝发turbulent intensity紊动强度Boundary layer 边界层viscous sub-layer粘性底层displacement thickness排挤厚度mixing length混掺长度Flow field, current field 流场flow net 流网Submerged discharge 淹没出流unsubmerged discharge非淹没出流Renolds number雷诺数Froude number 佛汝德数Prandtl number普朗特数Courant number柯朗数Peclet 彼克雷特数dimensionless number无量纲数Streamline 流线path line迹线V ortex line 涡线vortex ring 涡环vortex street涡街Flux 通量circulation 环量vorticity 涡度Water level , water stage 水位discharge , flow-rate , flow 流量Water depth 水深velocity 流速Roughness 糙率water surface profile 水面线bed slope 底坡Velocity fluctuation 脉动流速pressure fluctuation 脉动压强Instantaneous velocity 瞬时流速mean velocity 平均流速time-averaged velocity时均流速Depth-averaged velocity 水深平均流速velocity gradient 流速梯度pressure gradient压强梯度Cross-section of flow , wet cross section 过水断面Wetted perimeter 湿周hydraulic radius水力半径Hydraulic head 水头Elevation head 位置水头piezometric head测压管水头velocity head 流速水头Head loss水头损失frictional loss 沿程损失local head loss局部损失Entrance head loss 进口水头损失exit head loss 出口水头损失bend head loss弯头水头损失Abrupt expansion head loss 突扩损失contraction head loss收缩损失Transition head loss渐变段损失Hydraulic jump 水跃hydraulic drop跌水conjugate depth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰broad-crested weir 宽顶堰practical weir实用堰Orifice 孔口nozzle管嘴Dam 坝sluice 水闸spillway溢洪道Tunnel 隧洞penstock 压力水管culvert涵洞Aqueduct 渡槽siphon pipe虹吸管Energy dissipation device 消能工Stilling basin 消力池roller bucket 消力戽Baffle pier 消力墩plunge pool 跌水池Energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底流消能Energy dissipation by surface regime面流消能Ski-jump energy dissipation 挑流消能Nappe 水舌vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation 空化cavitation damage 空蚀Aeration 掺气Water wave 水波water hammer水锤Hydraulic and river dynamics 水力学及河流动力学Sediment 泥沙bed load 床沙suspension load 悬沙wash load 冲泻质Incipient velocity起动流速settling velocity沉速Fluvial process河床演变deposition淤积scour冲刷erosion侵蚀Grounder water 地下水seepage渗透permeability 渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti] theory 相似理论Hydraulic modeling水力模拟Physical modeling 物理模拟Undistorted model正态模型distorted model变态模型Similitude 相似准则similarity 相似性full scale 足尺reduced scale缩尺Fluid measurement 流动量测flow visualization 流动可视化Transducer，sensor 传感器probe探头scale 比尺flume 水槽Numerical modeling数值模拟Finite element 有限元finite difference有限差finite volume 有限体积boundary element边界元Characteristics 特征线Scheme 方法(格式) algorithm 算法turbulence model 紊流模型Large-eddy simulation 大涡模拟Grid 网格node结点time step时间步长nodal spacing 结点间距Coefficient系数parameter参数Explicit 显式implicit隐式stability 稳定性convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity 敏感性accuracy 精度Error误差calibration 率定verification 验证application 应用prediction 预测reproduction复演Estuary hydraulics 河口动力学Coastal hydraulics 海岸动力学Open channel hydraulics明渠水力学Wave hydrodynamics 水波动力学Groundwater Hydraulics地下水水力学regular wave 规则波irregular wave 不规则波Tide潮汐spring tide大潮neap tide小潮diurnal tide全日潮semi-diurnal tide半日潮Computational Hydraulics计算水力学Environmental Hydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics 生态水力学Hydro-informatics 水利信息学Dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧chemical oxygen demand(COD) 化学需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量dilution 稀释度Pollutant 污染物constituent 组分eutrophication 富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水flood routing调洪演算flood peak flow洪峰流量Runoff径流precipitation降水evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration 腾发, 蒸散发。

芬士多（Festo Multi）型号为2GEx h IIC T4 Gb X的气体传输系统说明书

Translation of the original instructions 1Identification EXTab. 1 2Further applicable documentsTechnical data for the product can have different values in other documents. For operation in an explosive atmosphere, the technical data in this document alwayshave priority.All available documents for the product è /pk.3FunctionWhen the compressed air supply ports are pressurized reciprocally, the internal slide in the pipe moves back and forth. The movement is transferred to the external slide by a rigid connection.4Safety 4.1Safety instructions–The device can be used under the stated operating conditions in zone 1 ofexplosive gas atmospheres.–All work must be carried out outside of potentially explosive areas.–Extraction of the operating medium outside the potentially explosive area.–The device is not intended for use with other fluids.4.2Intended useThe pneumatic linear drive is intended for the transportation of loads.4.3Identification X: special conditions –Danger of electrostatic discharge.–Ambient temperature: –10°C £ T a £ +60°C 5CommissioningThe discharge of electrostatically charged parts can lead to ignitable sparks. •Prevent electrostatic charging by taking appropriate installation and cleaningmeasures.•Include the device in the system’s potential equalisation.•The slide is electrically insulated from the actuator. Include the slide separately in the system potential equalisation.Installation and commissioning may only be performed in accordance with the operating instructions and by qualified personnel.Strong chargegenerating processes can charge nonconductive layers and coatings on metal surfaces.Escaping exhaust air can swirl up dust and create an explosive dust atmosphere.Related type of ignition protection: c (constructional safety)Particulate matter in the compressed air can cause electrostatic charges.–Observe the product labelling.–Seal unused openings with blanking plugs or slot covers.When using PPV endposition cushioning or shock absorbers:–Adjust the cushioning so that the piston rod safely reaches the end positionsand that it does not strike hard against them or rebound.–Only load the shock absorber in the axial direction. Avoid the generation oftransverse loads.6Maintenance and care–Check the operational reliability of the device regularly. Interval: 2 million movement cycles or after 6 months at the latest.–Clean the device with a damp cloth.–Lubricate the guide at the lubrication nipples in intervals. Interval: 400 km –Roller bearing cartridges of guide systems of the DGPL...KF und DGPL...HDafter a distance of 4500 km.Repairs of this type must only be carried out by trained and authorised specialists.–Please contact your Festo technical consultant.7Fault clearanceTab. 2 8Technical dataOperating conditionsMax. operating pressure [bar]8Ambient temperature [°C]–10 … +60Operating medium Compressed air to ISO 85731:2010 [7:4:4]Mounting position AnyDesignDoubleacting, with magnetic coupling, without piston rodTab. 38102472DGPL-...-EX3-...Linear drive8102472201811c [8102474]Festo SE & Co. KG Ruiter Straße 82 73734 Esslingen Germany+49 711 347。

FLUENT常见问题

FLUENT常见问题湍流与黏性有什么关系？湍流和粘性都是客观存在的流动性质。

湍流的形成需要⼀定的条件，粘性是⼀切流动都具有的。

流体流动⽅程本⾝就是具⾮线性的。

NS⽅程中的粘性项就是⾮线性项，当然⽆粘的欧拉⽅程也是⾮线性的。

粘性是分⼦⽆规则运动引起的，湍流相对于层流的特性是由涡体混掺运动引起的。

湍流粘性是基于湍流体的parcel湍流混掺是类⽐于层流体中的分⼦⽆规则运动，只是分⼦⽆规则运动遥远弱些吧了。

不过，这只是类⽐于，要注意他们可是具有不同的属性。

粘性是耗散的根源，实际流体总是有耗散的。

⽽粘性是制约湍流的。

LANDAU说，粘性的存在制约了湍流的⾃由度。

湍流粘性系数和层流的是不⼀样的,层流的粘性系数基本可认为是常数,可湍流中层流底层中粘性系数很⼩,远⼩于层流时的粘性系数;⽽在过渡区,与之相当,在⼀个数量级;在充分发展的湍流区,⼜远⼤于层流时的粘性系数.这是鮑⾟内斯克1987年提出的。

1 FLUENT的初始化⾯板中有⼀项是设置从哪个地⽅开始计算(compute from),选择从不同的边界开始计算有很⼤的区别吗?该怎样根据具体问题选择从哪⾥计算呢?⽐如有两个速度⼊⼝A和B,还有压⼒出⼝等等，是选速度⼊⼝还是压⼒出⼝?如果选速度⼊⼝,有两个,该选哪个呀?有没有什么原则标准之类的东西？⼀般是选取ALL ZONE，即所有区域的平均处理，通常也可选择有代表性的进⼝(如多个进⼝时)进⾏初始化。

对于⼀般流动问题，初始值的设定并不重要，因为计算容易收敛。

但当⼏何条件复杂，⽽且流动速度⾼变化快(如⾳速流动)，初始条件要仔细选择。

如果不收敛，还应试验不同的初始条件，甚⾄逐次改变边界条件最后达到所要求的条件。

2 要判断⾃⼰模拟的结果是否是正确的，似乎解的收敛性要⽐那些初始条件和边界条件更重要，可以这样理解吗？也就是说，对于⼀个具体的问题，初始条件和边界条件的设定并不是唯⼀的，为了使解收敛，需要不断调整初始条件和边界条件直到解收敛为⽌，是吗？如果解收敛了，是不是就可以基本确定模拟的结果是正确的呢？对于⼀个具体的问题，边界条件的设定当然是唯⼀的，只不过初始化时可以选择不同的初始条件（指定常流），为了使解的收敛⽐较好，我⼀般是逐渐的调节边界条件到额定值（"额定值"是指你题⽬中要求的⼊⼝或出⼝条件，例如计算⼀个管内流动，要求⼊⼝压⼒和温度为10MPa和3000K，那么我开始叠代时选择⼊⼝压⼒和温度为1MPa和500K（假设，这看你⾃⼰问题了），等流场计算的初具规模、收敛的较好了，再逐渐调⾼压⼒和温度，经过好⼏次调节后最终到达额定值10MPa和3000K，这样⽐⼀开始就设为10MPa 和3000K收敛的要好些）这样每次叠代可以⽐较容易收敛，每次调节后不⽤再初始化即⾃动调⽤上次的解为这次的初始解，然后继续叠代。

半导体物理填空题——武汉理工

1．纯净半导体Si 中掺V 族元素的杂质，当杂质电离时释放电子。

这种杂质称施主杂质；相应的半导体称 N 型半导体。

2．当半导体中载流子浓度的分布不均匀时，载流子将做扩散运动；在半导体存在外加电压情况下，载流子将做漂移运动。

其运动速度正比于电场，比例系数称为迁移率。

3．n o p o =n i 2标志着半导体处于平衡状态，当半导体掺入的杂质含量改变时，乘积n o p o 改变否？不变；当温度变化时，n o p o 改变否？改变。

4．非平衡载流子通过复合效应而消失，非平衡载流子的平均生存时间叫做寿命τ，寿命τ与复合中心在禁带中的位置密切相关。

5．迁移率是反映载流子在电场作用下运动难易程度的物理量，扩散系数是反映有浓度梯度时载流子运动难易程度的物理量，联系两者的关系式是q T k D n n0=μ，称为关爱因斯坦关系式。

6．半导体中的载流子主要受到两种散射，它们分别是电离杂质散射和晶格振动散射前者在电离施主或电离受主形成的库伦势场下起主要作用，后者在温度高下起主要作用。

7．半导体中浅能级杂质的主要作用是影响半导体中载流子浓度和导电类型；深能级杂质所起的主要作用对载流子进行复合作用。

8．对n 型半导体，如果以E F 和E C 的相对位置作为衡量简并化与非简并化的标准，那末，T k E E F C 02>-为非简并条件；T k E E F C 020<-<为弱简并条件；0≤-F C E E 为简并条件。

9.以长声学波为主要散射机构时，电子迁移率与温度的-3/2次方成正比。

10.半导体中载流子的扩散系数决定于其中的载流子的浓度梯度。

11.电子在晶体中的共有化运动指的是电子不在完全局限在某一个原子上，而是可以从晶胞中某一点自由移动到其它晶胞内的对应点，因而电子可以在整个晶体中运动。

12．当P-N 结施加反向偏压增大到某一数值时，反向电流密度突然开始迅速增大的现象称为 PN 结击穿，其种类为：雪崩击穿、和齐纳击穿（或隧道击穿）。

地球物理与石油资源学院课程

地球物理与石油资源学院课程教学大纲学院（部）教学委员会主任签字：学院（部）教学院长（主任）签字：学院（部）盖章：二〇一七年六月十日地球物理与石油资源学院课程教学大纲目录地球物理学专业概论1C语言程序设计2复变函数、积分变换、矢量分析与场论8计算方法12信号分析与处理14弹性波动力学17数学物理方程19普通地质学22地球物理学原理（双语）27地球物理场论30岩石物理学36地震勘探原理37重力、磁法勘探39电法勘探41电路与模拟电子技术43FORTRAN程序设计50面向对象程序设计57构造地质学60测量学67沉积岩与沉积相72石油地质学76计算地球物理(双语)78测井资料地质解释81地震勘探仪器83矿床学87地震资料数字处理90地球物理反演方法94Matlab程序设计96地球物理测井100工程地球物理学102C语言程序课程设计105普通地质实习107地球物理野外实习109计算地球物理课程设计111地震解释课程设计112地震资料处理课程设计114浅层地球物理实习116重磁资料处理课程设计118电法资料处理课程设计119毕业设计121勘查技术与工程专业概论123数字电子技术125数学物理方程127构造地质学130石油地质学135电磁场论137地震勘探原理142地球物理测井146地震资料数字处理148重力、磁法、电法物探152沉积岩与沉积相154人机联作地震解释160工程地质161岩石物理学162地震勘探仪器164地震波动理论167油气田勘探170油藏工程概论173地震地层学与层序地层学174油藏地球物理176遥感地质原理与应用178地球物理勘探进展180综合地质实习181地震解释课程设计184测井解释课程设计185地震生产实习187地震资料处理课程设计189油藏地球物理课程设计191毕业设计192电路与模拟电子技术195电路与模拟电子技术实验198沉积岩与沉积相202电磁场论208电法测井211声波测井214核测井原理216生产测井218测井仪器221测井资料综合解释与数据处理225地震勘探原理227弹性力学229信号分析与处理230核物理基础233油藏物理与油藏工程235构造地质学238技术经济学243FORTRAN程序设计245试井分析253测井地质与油藏描述254测井技术进展256复杂储层测井评价258综合录井与气测260层序地层学261钻井与采油工程263测井生产实习（含仪器）266生产测井课程设计270测井综合解释课程设计271毕业设计272普通地质与构造地质274复变函数与积分变换279沉积岩与沉积相282弹性力学289地震勘探原理291地球物理测井原理294地震资料数字处理299测井资料综合解释与数据处理302石油地质学304岩石物理学307微机原理及应用308测井仪器310重力、磁法、电法物探312生产测井314地震地层学与层序地层学317综合录井与气测319毕业设计320测井综合解释课程设计322地震资料野外采集实习323地震资料处理课程设计325地震解释课程设计327高级地球物理专题329测井生产实习331地震解释课程设计334综合录井与气测实习336测井仪器原理及应用实习338测井综合解释课程设计341测井应用软件343文献检索与利用345工程实践与科技创新347天然地震学348地球物理学专业概论课程名称：地球物理学专业概论（Geophysics Professional Guide）课程代码：121040学分：1分总学时：16学时，其中，理论学时：16学时适用专业：地球物理学先修课程：无执笔人：陈清礼审订人：唐新功一、课程的地位、目的和任务本课程是地球物理学专业的入门引导课程课。

微束分析聚焦离子束透射电镜样品制备-最新国标

微束分析聚焦离子束透射电镜样品制备1 范围本文件规定了聚焦离子束法制备透射电镜样品的分析方法原理、分析环境要求、仪器、分析样品、分析步骤、结果报告和安全注意事项。

本文件适用于金属、非金属、矿物和生物样品等固态材料的透射电镜样品制备。

当固态样品尺寸小于100纳米时，可直接进行透射电镜观测无需制样。

2 规范性引用文件本文件没有规范性引用文件。

3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1聚焦离子束系统 focused ion beam system FIB采用聚焦的离子束对样品表面进行轰击，并由计算机控制离子束的扫描或加工轨迹、步距、驻留时间和循环次数，以实现对材料的成像、刻蚀、诱导沉积和注入的分析加工系统。

3.2电子束诱导沉积 electron beam induced deposition采用聚焦状态的电子束轰击样品表面，诱导沉积物前驱气体在样品表面分解沉积形成固态结构。

3.3离子束诱导沉积 ion beam induced deposition采用聚焦状态的离子束轰击样品表面，诱导沉积物前驱气体在样品表面分解沉积形成固态结构。

3.4离子束刻蚀 ion beam milling采用高能离子束轰击样品表面，将样品的原子溅射出表面，形成固态结构。

3.5粗切 coarse milling采用高能大束流（通常为0.5nA-150nA）离子束轰击样品表面，将样品的原子溅射出表面，形成固态结构。

3.6细切 thin milling采用高能小束流（通常为0.2nA-10nA）离子束轰击样品表面，将样品的原子溅射出表面，形成表面平整光滑的固态结构。

3.7分级减薄 granded milling采用离子束轰击样品表面，将样品的原子溅射出表面形成固态结构时，采用逐级递减的电压或电流对固体结构顺次加工。

3.8非晶损伤 amorphous damage在高能离子束的作用下，样品表面发生非晶化的现象。

3.9低能清洗 low-energy modiﬁcation使用低能的离子束对样品表面进行加工，减小非晶损伤的技术。

如何设计高效催化剂

Surface Science Reports63(2008)487–513Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSurface Science Reports journal homepage:/locate/surfrepHigh-throughput heterogeneous catalysisDavid Farrusseng∗UniversitéLyon1,CNRS,UMR5256,IRCELYON,Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l’environnement de Lyon,2avenue Albert Einstein,F-69626Villeurbanne,Francea r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Accepted16September2008 editor:W.H.Weinberg Keywords:CatalysisCombinatorial chemistryHigh-throughputKinetic modelingQSAR a b s t r a c tThis comprehensive review of the literature(over250references)deals with high-throughput experimentation in heterogeneous catalysis.Approaches to library design for catalyst discovery and optimization are described and discussed.Special focus is placed on advanced methods for knowledge discovery such as high-throughput kinetic modeling and QSAR.An inventory of successful case studies in catalysis is reported.Finally,recent developments in relevant electronic data and knowledge management are described.©2008Published by Elsevier B.V.Contents1.Introduction (488)2.Overview (488)3.Approaches to HT library design (489)3.1.The split&pool method (489)3.2.The hierarchical approach (490)3.3.Design of experiments(DoE)methodology(See also Figs.4and5) (492)3.4.Evolutionary algorithms (493)3.5.Evolutionary optimization using data mining tools (495)3.6.Summary (496)4.HT kinetic modeling (496)4.1.Reasons for conducting HT kinetic modeling (496)4.2.Technologies for HT kinetic modeling (497)4.3.Methodologies of HT kinetic modeling (497)4.4.Spatially-and time-resolved methods (499)5.The QSAR approach to catalysis (500)5.1.Generalities (500)5.2.Homogeneous catalysis and the QSAR approach (500)5.2.1.The QSAR concept (500)5.2.2.In silico generation of a virtual catalyst library (501)5.2.3.Choice and calculation of descriptors (501)5.2.4.QSAR modeling (501)5.3.Heterogeneous catalysis and the QSAR approach (502)5.4.HT physicochemical characterization for property quantification (502)5.5.Catalyst profiling using HT kinetic modeling of model reactions (503)5.6.Virtual screening through computational chemistry (504)Abbreviations:AniML,Analytical Information Markup Language;ANN,Artificial Neural Networks;ANOVA,Analysis Of Variance;DFT,Density Functional Theory;DoE, Design of Experiments;ee,enantioselectivity;FPA,Focalplane;FTIR,Fourier Transform Infrared;GA,Genetic Algorithm;GDC,Guided Data Capture;HT,High-throughput; HTE,High-throughput Experimentation;IT,Information Technology;KFE,Kinetic Fitting Engine;LRIS,Laboratory Research Informatic System;PCA,Principal Component Analysis;QM,Quantum Mechanics;QSAR,Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship;QSPR,Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship;SCR,Selective Catalytic Reduction;SMEs,Small and Medium Enterprises;TPD,Temperature-programmed Desorption;TOF,Turnover Frequency;TON,Turnover Number;WGS,Water-gas Shift; WHSV,Weight Hourly Space Velocity;XML,Extensible Markup Language;XRD,X-ray Diffraction;XRF,X-ray Fluorescence.∗Tel.:+33472445365;fax:+33472445399.E-mail address:david.farrusseng@ircelyon.univ-lyon1.fr.0167-5729/$–see front matter©2008Published by Elsevier B.V.doi:10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.09.001488 D.Farrusseng/Surface Science Reports63(2008)487–5136.Discovery of catalytic materials by HT (504)6.1.Electrocatalysts for fuel cells (504)6.2.Selective hydrocarbon oxidation (504)6.3.Hydrogen production and purification (505)6.4.Automotive and refinery applications (505)6.5.Other applications (505)6.6.HT experimentation for zeolite synthesis and discoveries (505)7.Electronic infrastructure (506)7.1.Why automate data treatment? (506)7.2.Electronic open architecture for tool integration (506)7.2.1.HTE AG electronic platform (506)7.2.2.The NIST vision (506)7.2.3.Academic laboratories (507)7.2.4.Workflow-based electronic infrastructure for streamline data processing and knowledge management (507)7.2.5.Data normalization and e-standards in chemistry (509)8.Conclusions (509)Acknowledgements (510)References (510)1.IntroductionOver80%of commercial chemical processes involve the use of catalysis,with products as varied as chemicals,oil products, fertilizers,plastics,drugs and pharmaceuticals being made through catalytic steps.Catalysis is probably the most important means of producing modern chemicals;Europe’s chemical industry,for example,accounts for e1.5trillion,or14%,of this continent’s e10.5 trillion GDP(Gross Domestic Product).The likelihood of innovation in this field decreases,however, as catalytic chemical processes become increasingly mature. When new active solids are developed empirically,by trial-and-error processes employed on a few selected samples,the whole procedure is highly speculative and leads to a very slow rate of discovery for the industry in question.This research strategy based on exhaustive studies and complete understanding is also very time-consuming.Therefore,new research strategies have to be developed in order to produce breakthroughs and revitalize the field of chemical research.The high-throughput(HT)approach is a pragmatic alternative. It relies on the fast and systematic screening of libraries of diverse samples.This methodology is not new,since its origins can be found at different periods of the last century.One of the most striking examples is the discovery of the first ammonia synthesis catalyst by Mittasch et al.at BASF in1909followed by a‘‘systematic investigation of the periodic table’’with about 20,000experiments[1].This approach also appealed to K.Ziegler, who in the1950s applied it to the discovery of polymerization catalysts.The pragmatic approach of that time aimed at exploring and covering the periodic table;no references to HT screening or sample libraries could yet be made.We can trace the modern HT approach back to the pioneering work of Hanak in the1970s. He prepared and applied what we now call composition-spread or gradient libraries for research and development purposes at the RCA company laboratories.His work led to the successful entry of several new products onto the market[2].His vision of the experimental approach brought materials screening into the modern age:‘‘...the present approach to the search for new materials suffers from a chronic ailment,that of handling one sample at a time in the processes of synthesis,analysis and testing of properties.It is an expensive and time-consuming approach,which prevents highly-trained personnel from taking full advantage of its talents and keeps the tempo of discovery of new materials at a low level’’[3].The combinatorial principles employed in drug development were first applied to materials research in the early1990s by physi-cists and materials scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of UC Berkeley.In fact,combinatorial materials sci-ence was recognized as a bona fide discipline only a few years later,following this team’s famous search for superconductors us-ing a materials library[4–7].By1997,the recently-formed Symyx Technologies had documented the state of the art of combinato-rial chemistry by publishing a library of over25,000distinct com-pounds[8].From2000onward,HT technology has been developed for and applied to an ever-increasing variety of materials,including electronic and magnetic materials,polymer-based materials,opti-cal materials,biomaterials,paints,drug formulations,detergents, cosmetics and glues,with the number of related publications and patents exploding accordingly.Today,HT experimentation has matured and is almost regarded as commonplace,its use in the development of new materials sometimes being omitted from a publication’s title or abstract,or even from the publication rge chemical companies (such as BASF,BP,Bayer,Degussa,DOW,DuPont,Exxon,GE, and UOP LLC)now generally have their own HT tools or labs. Meanwhile,smaller companies specialized in HT experimentation (such as Avantium,Bosch Lab Systems,hte AG,Symyx Technologies and Torial)have been founded,often enjoying spectacular growth in the space of the last ten years.Specialized companies such as these have succeeded thanks to their development of cutting-edge technologies,including hardware and software as well as their tight integration,that provide an impressive degree of throughput and productivity(number of samples screened per day and further decision making).In such a context of technological sophistication and high productivity,most academic groups have found themselves unable to compete in the race that is materials screening.Instead,public research centers can play a major role in HT by conducting fundamental research on domains as varied as synthetic methods,analytical tools,parallel in situ characterization,data mining and decision making processes and, finally–the focus of this review–screening strategies and methods.This review deals mainly with HT experimentation for hetero-geneous catalysis and also briefly discusses homogeneous cataly-sis.For other disciplines of materials science,the reader can refer to various reviews[9–19],books[20,21]and special issues[22–30]. An excellent summary of the state of the art for materials science has recently been published elsewhere[31].2.OverviewSince HT screening is a methodological approach,this review is divided into sections describing particular HT screening strategies and their associated strengths,issues,solutions,and case studies.What are the general issues affecting HT experimentation?D.Farrusseng/Surface Science Reports63(2008)487–513489Thanks to the modern screening techniques used in HT methods,dozens or even hundreds of experiments involving many variables can be performed at once.The inevitable combinatorial explosion that results leads to two urgent,fundamental questions relating to experimental design:which experiments are the most relevant to carry out,and what is the most efficient screening strategy?Data analysis is the next issue to come up after the experimental design is chosen.It is hardly possible for humans to fully evaluate results and statistical trends emanating from data sets involving more than four variables and20experiments.The issue of decision making takes on particular importance in such a scenario.In order to understand a catalytic process,one must be aware of the most relevant variables and combinations of variables affecting it.Catalysis,and chemistry in general, are matters of synergy and typically involve highly non-linear behaviors[32],as in metal–ligand or metal–support interactions for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis,respectively.Once the exploratory data analysis reveals whether it is possible to highlight positive interactions,and whether one can identify and quantify trends between variables and catalytic performances,a decision must be made—what is the most relevant experimental set to perform next?Computational methods employing mathematics,statistics and artificial intelligence are required for scientists to deal adequately with these three key issues influencing HT experimentation: experimental design,data analysis,and decision making.For over15years,these issues have been addressed in the field of drug discovery,leading to the emergence of a brand new domain of science with its own specialized journals.Section5deals with the application of such screening strategies and their related tools to HT catalyst design,as well as recent developments in the application of quantitative structure–activity relationship(QSAR) to homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis,with an emphasis on the differences between organic and inorganic compounds in terms of descriptors.Kinetic modeling,on the other hand,reflects the scientist’s insight into the chemical kinetics and,therefore,provides useful information about catalyst behavior.It relates feedstock and operating conditions to reaction rates and corresponding effluent composition,thereby quantifying catalytic performances.Recent kinetic models also contain so-called catalyst descriptors,which specifically account for catalyst properties such as the number of sites and the reactant chemisorption enthalpy.Section4addresses the concepts,recent advances and limitations of kinetic modeling in HT experimentation.An appropriate electronic infrastructure for HT screening is absolutely necessary in order to prevent bottlenecks.Manual entry and cutting-and-pasting of data are to be minimized in order to limit the impact of erroneous entries and slowed-down experiments.Section7addresses these issues,with examples describing and illustrating current technology.Publications,handbooks and other documents available over the Internet,whether free of charge or at a fee,have rendered accessible a great deal of data that could possibly generate knowledge and assist in the decision-making process.That said,the direct capture of data is usually prevented due to the heterogeneity of data,as well as to a lack of standards regarding not just data format but also document format(*.pdf or*.html).The emergence of new technologies,concerted worldwide organizations for electronic standards and new business models appears to be changing this situation.This review does not deal only with catalyst design but also with the optimization of the process conditions due to the strong interplay between catalyst,reactor design and experimental testing conditions.Sections 3.1–3.3address the issues of HT strategies and library design,while Section4explores the benefits of using kinetic and transient approaches for catalyst design.3.Approaches to HT library designThe objectives of a targeted study,such as the discovery of entirely new compounds by exploring large search spaces or the fine optimization of a known catalyst[33,34],have a strong impact on the selection of an appropriate screening strategy and the associated information technology tools.Equipment constraints,synthesis feasibility and screening performances are also important factors to panies or HT departments have developed tailor-made solutions and entire workflows.The issues of HT infrastructure and tool integration as described in[35] will not be discussed here.This section describes the various screening strategies developed in industry and academia,in order from the simplest to the most complex strategies and algorithms, and to some extent from the most massive to the most qualitative screening.3.1.The split&pool methodIn the context of a primary screening aiming to identify hits in a very large search space,the split&pool approach, derived from pharmaceutical methodology,is especially well-suited.It is generally employed in ambitious catalyst discovery programs or when little is known about the target reaction and the class of materials to be studied.Even with a limited number of variables,several hundred samples can easily be obtained thanks to the combinatorial explosion.High analytical speed and overall throughput usually take precedence over the quality or density of information obtained.The split&pool approach enables the generation of every possible combination in a search space.While the generation methodology is quite simple,the major issue,due to its complexity, is the recognition of a molecule in a mixture.For this purpose, many different techniques have been developed to tag molecules, but such techniques cannot be directly applied to inorganic solids. Detailed below are two different tagging strategies,developed by UOP LLC and hte AG,that do allow tagging in the context of inorganic solids.In both strategies,one finds a massive parallel arrangement of micro-reaction chambers containing individual beads,each bead representing one catalyst as a member of a library of solid catalysts.This provides the advantages of easy catalyst handling(unlike the case of powders),very small quantities of metal precursors(typically100µg per catalyst)and a synthesis protocol that can be scaled up.At UOP,catalysts are tagged by using spatially addressable arrays such as microtiter plates(i.e.,96-well plates)[36].Each well contains a single catalyst bead which is indexed by four coordinates,namely the well-plate identity,row and column numbers and split and synthesis step.The combinatorial synthesis consists of a multi-step metal salt impregnation with intermediate drying.Once the metal salt solution is adsorbed onto the beads and dried,rows of beads from a given plate are transferred using a row-sorter to a set of receiving well plates.The sorting algorithm can be set in such a way that the sequence of row-and column-shuffling steps monitors the compositional redundancy of the resulting split–pool library.This process makes it possible for classic,inexpensive laboratory equipment to perform the synthesis of compositionally diverse libraries.The hte AG company has developed fast parallel post-analysis, an alternative to2D addressable layout tagging[37–40].The‘‘split’’step of the split&pool synthesis consists of dividing a few thousand beads into a number of equal portions placed on porcelain dishes. The beads,which are roughly1mm in diameter and are typical catalytic supports,such as alumina or titania,are impregnated with different metallic salt solutions varying by concentration or by metal nature,and then calcined.The beads are then recombined490 D.Farrusseng /Surface Science Reports 63(2008)487–513Fig.1.Split and pool synthesis (a),micro-bead reactor (b)after [39].Table 1Binary composition at the first screening.For each binary system,8different compositions are synthesized using a linear gradientapproach.(‘‘pooled’’)together and are well-mixed via shaking.Typically,the whole process is repeated several times.For example,for five different metal precursors at four different concentrations,the beads are split five times into four different containers (Fig.1).The total number of possible combinations from a mathematical perspective is 45=1024.That said,because the synthesis protocol cannot guarantee that each bead will follow a different path (making the preparation of some identical catalysts possible),it is recommended to start with a greater number of beads,with a ratio of 1.2–1.5with respect to the total theoretical number of combinations.At hte AG,up to 625beads can be tested individually by fast sequential testing methods in a specially-designed array of micro-reactors.The ‘‘hits’’identified are then post-analyzed by micro-X-ray fluorescence (or micro-XRF).In only a few minutes,commercial equipment can quantify the composition of an array of 100samples.The knowledge of the presence or absence of elements and of the range of concentration makes it possible to trace the synthesis path history for the beads.3.2.The hierarchical approachSome erroneous measurements inevitably occur during the primary screening due to the extreme miniaturization and the great number of experiments.Inactive catalysts can appear as ‘‘hits’’(false positives)and active catalysts that should be selected are missed (false negatives).In primary screening,false negatives (which would be missed forever)are far more problematic than are false positives (which would be discarded anyway following the secondary screening).With this fact in mind,Symyx has developed screening strategies to reduce the likelihood of false negatives.Over a two-week period in Symyx laboratories,a hierarchical gradient approach was used with MoVNb patented catalysts for ethane partial oxidation to acetic acid [41].This process led to the discovery of new dopants and to the successful rediscovery of existing catalysts.The primary screening is targeted to identify the best ternary combinations of redox metals from V,Mo,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Ag,Re,Sn,Sb,Ti and Bi.At the outset,30redox binary systems were investigated,with eight distinct samples synthesizedfor each binary system using a gradient approach consisting of a linear evolution of the composition (Table 1).Of the 30redox binaries (8-point gradients),MoV is by far the most active redox binary,while other active binaries are CrV,MnV,MnCr,CeV,CoCr,CoV,VTi and MoTi.Next,an additional element X was investigated within the MoV system,with X =Mg ,Cr ,Li ,Nb ,Mn ,Co ,Cu ,Fe ,Ni ,Zn ,Zr ,Sb ,Ag ,In or Ce,plus three proprietary dopants.For each ternary,12–15distinct compositions were screened.It was found that Nb,Ni,Sb,and Ce,as well as the three proprietary dopants,result in higher acetic acid productivity.Finally,among the 18ternary MoVX systems,eight of the most promising were tested again with 28different compositions per ternary system.In agreement with the literature,the MoVNb system was identified as very active,while several other metal dopants also produced hits.In summary,as the screening proceeds,the number of com-ponents in the catalytic system increases,formulation complexity increases and higher degrees of interactions are sought in a step-wise manner.The gradient library design approach also permits the efficient management of false negatives and false positives.The testing of similar compositions greatly reduces the risk of missing a hit,while allowing for the easy identification of false positives which afterward are not subjected to further screening.Symyx has demonstrated the value of this screening strategy for various types of catalysis,allowing the determination of the best formulations already reported in the literature and the discovery of new sys-tems [42].For example,the efficiency of Ni–Co–Nb and Ni–Ta–Nb oxide catalysts has successfully been proven for the ethane ox-idative dehydrogenation process at low temperatures [43],while supported-CoCr mixed oxide catalyst systems are proposed for VOC removal [44].Academic laboratories have also applied the gradient strategy.In a primary screening for the partial oxidation of isobutane [45–48],nine elements (V,Fe,Mo,Cr,Ta,Nb,Mn,Sb and Bi)were selected for an initial library design due to the promising partial oxidation properties reported in the literature for the associated oxides.As an alternative to a hierarchical approach,a single library was composed of the nine single oxides (AO x ),D.Farrusseng/Surface Science Reports63(2008)487–513491Fig.2.Emissivity-corrected IR-thermographic images of catalyst library during methanation of CO2at200◦C from[59].of double mixed oxides(A a B b O x)and of ternary mixed oxides (A a B b C c O x).The double mixed oxides consisted of all possible pairs with molar composition(0:1),(0.25:0.75),(0.5:0.5),(0.75:0.25) and(1:0)starting from the nine elements.The ternary mixed oxides consisted of combinations of three elements,always with a(0.33:0.33:0.33)molar composition.Most of the best dehydrogenation catalysts turned out to be Mn and Cr mixed oxides.In accordance with these results,four focused ternary systems–MoVSbO x,MoVFeO x,MoVBiO x and VBiSbO x–were studied in more detail using a dense grinding of the search space. The three elements were allowed to vary between0and100mol% in steps of10mol%,which led to the preparation of66samples per ternary.Other ternaries were investigated elsewhere[49].According to the authors,such composition-spread libraries should allow the identification of any existing local maxima. The best-performing mixed oxides among MoVSbO x,MoVFeO x, MoVBiO x and VBiSbO x were scaled up and tested in a secondary screening.The result was that the optimized composition, Mo10V10Sb80O x,surpassed the best reference catalyst in the literature.Several screening devices have been developed for the mapping of composition-spread libraries.Infrared(IR)thermography is an appropriate choice for the identification of active components in primary screening because,in principle,thousands of samples can be analyzed at the same time[11,50–61].This system records the temperature change arising from the exothermicity or endothermicity of the reaction(Fig.2).In principle,theselectivity Fig.3.Cross-section of the assembled reactor(left)and magnification of reaction chambers(right)from[70].Fig.4.Experimental planning for catalyst design(left).Headers correspond to the element names on the right;M,O,D and S stand for noble Metal,metal Oxides,Dopants and Supports,respectively.Main effects of catalyst compositions on the CO conversion(right),in the absence of H2(a)and in the presence of H2(b).492 D.Farrusseng /Surface Science Reports 63(2008)487–513Fig.5.Blocking structure of 19×19metal binary library (left).Results of 19×19metal binary study (right);synergy was calculated as the difference between the observed TON for the combination minus the sum of the TONs for the individual metals [77].can be measured using an IR focal plane detector [62–65].Other alternatives were developed to overcome selectivity measurement issues such as the use of mass spectrometry (MS)equipped with capillary sampling as shown in [66–70,44,49,71–73].Devices combining IR thermography for rapid hit identification and MS analysis have also been developed [40,74].See also Fig.3.3.3.Design of experiments (DoE)methodology (See also Figs.4and 5)DoE methodology,which involves the simultaneous modifi-cation of variables (usually called factors)and the avoidance of redundant experiments,is widely used in the domain of process engineering.Even though their algorithms are based on simple linear regression,DoE tools can be applied to different objectives that are of particular value in HT experimentation.By means of homogeneous sampling,DoE can be used to efficiently explore a large search space defined by many discrete variables,while guar-anteeing maximal efficiency in terms of the information gleaned from experiments.DoE methodology,when used for screening purposes,quantifies the effect of each individual variable on the targeted properties and identifies the variables relevant to further rounds of screening.On the other hand,when one seeks informa-tion regarding catalytic mechanisms or metal or metal–support synergisms,special DoE design also allows the quantification of in-teractions between variables.Finally,when all relevant variables have been identified,DoE planning is very efficient for the fine op-timization of both catalyst synthesis and process conditions.In this case,the most robust surface responses are generated as empirical models while minimizing the number of experiments.Recent pub-lications illustrate the versatility and power of DoE applied to HT catalyst experimentation.At TU Delft,three sequential DoEs were carried out to find a new one-pot route for the catalytic hydrogenation of acylated cyanohydrins to N -acyl β-amino alcohols [75].Both catalyst formulations and process conditions were varied within the first screening,as shown in Table 2.A selection of 24reactions out of the 320total possible combinations was performed through the use of a D-optimal algorithm.This design is appropriate in view of discarding irrelevant variables for further rounds of optimization.New insights derived from the first design allowed a second one to be carried out using the parameters indicated in Table 3.Variables showing very little impact were discarded.On the other hand,since the nature of the support appeared to bear major importance,a new support,silica,was introduced in the search space.The now considerably reduced parameter space rendered feasible a full-factorial design (i.e.,36combinations),providing accurate information on the main effects of the parameters and especially on the interactions between the parameters.In suchTable 2Definition of the parameter search space for the first screening round.Table 3Definition of the parameter search space for the second screening round.designs,about half the possible number of reactions are typically performed.Finally,a third design was performed in conventional reactors,taking into account other variables such as pressure and temperature.A strategy of sequential hierarchical designs is believed to be better than a single large one,because the information obtained from one design is used to improve the next.If one large DoE design had been chosen,many unnecessary reactions would have been performed.Preliminary designs (typically fewer than 25%of the possible reactions)are sufficient to allow differentiation between significant and insignificant parameters,and are therefore well-suited to reduce the search space in the early stages of the research effort.The search for selective CO oxidation catalysts for H 2purifica-tion applications has also been a context for using a very similar hi-erarchical strategy using a D-optimal design algorithm for primary screening [76].An a priori selection of elements and of combinato-rial rules for mixing them and generating multi-component cata-lysts was performed according to literature data and pre-existing knowledge.Four groups of elements were considered:noble met-als (Pt,Pd,Ru,Rh and Au),oxides (transition metal oxides of Cr,Co,Mn,La,Sm and Mo),dopants (alkali or earth alkali Li,Cs and Ca)and supports (Al 2O 3,CeO 2,ZrO 2,ZnO and C).One of the a priori rules established was that all catalysts were to be composed of one sup-port and two noble metals and,optionally,of one transition metal and one dopant.The weight percentages of noble metal,as well as transition metal and dopant (when present),were fixed at 0.5%,20%and 1%,respectively.The choice to employ two distinct noble metals per catalyst was based on the assumption that alloys may。

计算流体力学中英文词汇对照

流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass 动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy 动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation 控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure 流[动] flow流线stream line 流面stream surface流管stream tube 迹线path, path line流场flow field 流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube 涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point 总压[力] total pressure总压头total head 静压头static head总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow 非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow 三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow 浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force表面张力surface tension 毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow 自由流free stream自由流线free stream line 外流external flow进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation 分布distribution传播propagation 色散dispersion弥散dispersion 附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction 镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow 势potential势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential复势complex potential 复速度complex velocity流函数stream function 源source汇sink 速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow 超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow 楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow 非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body 细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body翼型airfoil 翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating 离解dissociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle 普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state 完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone 马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave 正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer 压缩波compression wave反射reflection 折射refraction散射scattering 衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure 超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure 爆炸explosion爆轰detonation 缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave 瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface 波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height 波列wave train波群wave group 波能wave energy表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave 潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton 水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple 消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius 水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head 水头损失head loss水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer 排水drainage排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head 过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow 孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow 有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow 异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow 掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake [flow]回流back flow 反流reverse flow射流jet 自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point 再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization 起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag 压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor 耗散dissipation滞后lag 相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number 纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer 层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition 边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness 能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness 注入injection吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry 粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank 旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser 测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube 压强计manometer微压计micromanometer 多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube 流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer 流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor 压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer时间线time line 脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response 响应频率response frequency底压base pressure 菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force 埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection 自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer 传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer 传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer 辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer 能量传递energy transfer传导conduction 热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration 扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling 蒸发evaporation气化gasification 凝结condensation成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis 相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件entropy condition 远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition 近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression 人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method 伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method 标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method 质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method 准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method 不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method 变分法variational method涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme 交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme 守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme 克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme 单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain 物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence 依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver 守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form 强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation 数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion 数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。

9-聚合物的流变学汇总

设的一级专业委员会流变学研究力引起的变形，有实验与理论模拟两个途径。试验方面采用毛细管流变仪等多种流变
仪，测量在不同剪切应力作用下流体粘度、流速等的变化，得出物质模量、分子量等重要性质
Rheology 流变学
绝大数高分子的成型加工，如挤出，注射，吹塑等，是在粘流态下进行的
聚合物的流动，不是高分子链之间的简单滑移，而是运动单元依次跃迁的结果(蛇形)
高剪切区(第二牛顿区)：高分子链取向达极限状态，取向度不再随切变速率增加而变化，表观粘度又成为常数
9.3 Factors Influencing Viscosity of Polymer
影响高分子的粘度的因素
影
分子结构(平均分子量、分子量分布、长链支化度等)
响
实验条件(生产工艺条件): 温度、压力、剪切速度或剪切应力因 Nhomakorabea素
物料结构及成分(配方成分，如添料、软化剂等)
Temperature 温度
温度升高，分子热运动加剧，分子间距增大，自由体积增多，使链段易于活动，内摩擦减少，粘度下降
温度升高时，粘度下降剪切变稀临界剪切速率升高
Temperature 温度
ln ln A E
RT
Arrhenius方程适用范围：T >Tf
109 太妃糖 stiff
1012
glassy
1021
rigid
Flow Mechanism 流动机理
小分子液体的流动：分子向“孔穴”相继跃迁
small molecule
hole
高分子熔体的流动：链段(储备长度)向“孔穴”相继跃迁
Reptation 蛇行
Flow curve
a
K n

第二章植物的水分生理复习思考题与答案

第⼆章植物的⽔分⽣理复习思考题与答案第⼀章植物的⽔分⽣理复习思考题与答案(⼀)名词解释1、束缚⽔(bound water)与细胞组分紧密结合不能⾃由移动、不易蒸发散失的⽔。

2、⾃由⽔(free water)与细胞组分之间吸附⼒较弱,可以⾃由移动的⽔。

3、化学势(chemical potential)偏摩尔⾃由能被称为化学势，以希腊字母µ表⽰,组分j的化学势(µj)为：µj=( G/ nj)t.p. ni.ni≠nj，在⼀个庞⼤的体系中，在等温等压以及保持其他各组分浓度不变时，加⼊1摩尔j物质所引起体系⾃由能的增量。

4、⽔势（water potential）每偏摩尔体积的⽔的化学势差称为⽔势，⽤ψw表⽰。

Ψw= (µw-µow)/ Vw,m，即⽔势为体系中⽔的化学势与处于等温、等压条件下纯⽔的化学势之差，再除以⽔的偏摩尔体积的商。

⽤两地间的⽔势差可判别它们间⽔流的⽅向和限度，即⽔分总是从⽔势⾼处流向⽔势低处，直到两处⽔势差为O为⽌。

5、溶质势ψs(solute potential，ψs)由于溶质颗粒的存在⽽引起体系⽔势降低的数值。

溶质势表⽰溶液中⽔分潜在的渗透能⼒的⼤⼩,因此，溶质势⼜可称为渗透势(osmotic potential,ψπ)。

溶质势可⽤ψs=RTlnNw/Vw.m公式计算，也可按范特霍夫公式ψπ=-π=-iCRT计算。

6、衬质势(matrix potential，ψm)由于衬质(表⾯能吸附⽔分的物质，如纤维素、蛋⽩质、淀粉等)的存在⽽使体系⽔势降低的数值。

7、压⼒势(pressure potential，ψp)由于压⼒的存在⽽使体系⽔势改变的数值。

若加正压⼒，使体系⽔势增加，加负压⼒，使体系⽔势下降。

8、重⼒势(gravity potential，ψg)由于重⼒的存在⽽使体系⽔势增加的数值。

集流(mass flow或bulk flow) 指液体中成群的原⼦或分⼦(例如组成⽔溶液的各种物质的分⼦)在压⼒梯度(⽔势梯度)作⽤下共同移动的现象。

翻译

粒子集群中垂直管道中自由落体的特性摘要：当粉末形成一个在气固两相流中具有相互作用比较弱的粒子集群，集群的下降速度会超过单个粒子终端速度(Slack,1963;Marzocchella et al., 1991)。

然而，粒子集群的自由落体的非定常特性和实验的几何条件之间的关系是不清楚的。

我们进行简单的实验，将一定质量的粉末放在垂直管道内下落。

当粉末在垂直管内落下时，粉末的分布长度扩展，颗粒体积分数在下部密，并在上部薄。

该粉末集群下缘的下降速度和由于粉末下降所产生的空气流量进行了测定。

我们得到了以下结论。

粒子集群自由落体的相对速度与单个颗粒直径没有关系。

，除非集群具有非常高的孔隙率，否则粒子集群的这些特性是不存在的。

1．简介在工业方面，我们经常可以看到具有一定质量的粉末落在垂直管道中自由落体，例如，粉剂包装机。

粉包装机是一种小包中装有一定质量的粉状物料，如食品，医疗用品或化学工业产品。

当粉状物料供应到一个小袋子，粉末包装机供应槽是一个垂直管道，如图1所示。

在这种情况下，一定质量的粉末落在一个在垂直管道中。

考虑这次实验中的一个问题，如果颗粒的直径很小或粒子密度很小，要实现粉末包装机的自动化控制是困难的，因为粒子分散，粉末的分布长度延长。

在粉末包装机的实际操作，大多数粉状物料是属于Geldart的分类中的A粒子或B粒子。

而如果物理粒子的性质接近的Geldart的分类C组，那么粉末包装机，会由于粉末散射而在生产过程中造成严重的卫生错误。

因此，研究有一定的质量的粉末在垂直管道下落，在决定最合适的设计，开发和使用食品机械工业领域的有非常重要的作用。

考虑重力作用下，同时仍液沉淀的固体颗粒的流动特性，如果颗粒分散均匀且具有均匀的速度，基于考虑孔隙率的斯托克公式（Steinour，1944年，理查森和扎基，1954;理查森和米克尔，1961; Famularo和哈佩尔，1965）来纠正单个粒子的阻力。

和当孔隙率相对比较高时，这方法是有效的，例如ε> 0.6，根据Steinour（1944）的研究。

Supersonic Flow Over a Blunt Body with Chemical Reaction

逆向反应速率系数通过正向反应速率系数和平衡常数求得。单位（Units ）有两种选项，SI代表国际单位制，CGS代表厘米、克、秒单位制。之后在方程输入框中输入反应方程式：N2+M<->2N+M，参数设置区可以设置正/逆反应速率系数。正向反应速率系数参数为： Ap =3.6E+18 n=-1.6
D
Sc
式中： -粘性系数
-密度 Sc -Schmidt 数
对于中性组元：
S c =0.5 对于离子组元： S c =0.25
第二种是有效二元扩散（Effective Binary Diffusion ），选择此类模型时必须求解组分质量分数，它认为各组分的扩散系数是不同的，各组分的扩散系数 Ds 是通过各自的特征分子直径和 Lennard-Jones 势求得。点击化学反应窗口并设置以下参数，选择有限速率的化学反应（Reacting（Finite Rate））并求解组分质量分数，选择双温热力学非平衡模型并选择分子数据库。当化学反应的特征时间以及振动弛豫时间和流动的特征时间可比时，应该选择热化学非平衡状态。此时气体分子的各种热力学内能：平动能、转动能、振动能、电子势能，会产生一个滞后于平衡状态的效应。所谓的热力学非平衡就是能量分布不能再由一个单一的温度来表示，FASTRAN 中所采用的双温非平衡模型为工程上常用的模型，它认为平动能和转动能由一个平动-转动温度来表示，而振动能和电子势能需要由另外一个振动-电子温度来表示。当温度不超过 6000K 时，建议选择 300-6000K 的曲线插值数据库，超过此范围后一些参数将会做近似插值处理。详细解释请参考 FASTRAN 理论手册。
将边界类型设置为出口并且将子类型设置为外推（无粘流，超音速出口）。

以英文命名的物理学现象

以英文命名的物理学现象
以下是一些以英文命名的物理学现象：
1. Doppler Effect（多普勒效应）：描述当波源相对于观察者运动时，观察到的波的频率和波长发生变化的现象。

2. Photoelectric Effect（光电效应）：指的是当光照射到金属表面时，光子的能量足够大时，可以将金属中的电子从原子中解离出来形成电流的现象。

3. Quantum Tunneling（量子隧道效应）：是指在经典物理学下不可能发生的情况下，由于量子力学的特性，粒子可以穿越能量势垒的现象。

4. Superconductivity（超导现象）：指的是在极低温度下，某些特定材料的电阻消失，可以使电流在其中无阻碍地流动的现象。

5. Bose-Einstein Condensation（玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚）：是指在极低温下，玻色子（一种基本粒子）的量子态出现互不冲突的大量粒子处于相同量子态的集体行为。

请注意，以上内容仅为物理学现象的一部分，如您对其他领域的命名有需要，请提供更具体的问题。

物理专业英语词汇

物理专业英语词汇polarized beam 极化束polarized ion source 极化离子源polarized light 偏振光polarized neutron diffraction technique 极化中子衍射法polarized nucleus 极化核polarized raman scattering 偏振喇曼散射polarized relay 极化继电器polarized target 极化靶polarizer 起偏器偏振器polarizing filter 偏振滤光镜polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polarizing prism 偏振棱镜polarograph 极谱仪polarography 极谱学polaroid 偏光片polaron 极化子pole 极pole of ecliptic 黄极pole piece 极片pole shoe 极片pole strength 磁极强度polestar 北极星polhode 心迹线polishing 抛光poloidal magnetic field 极向磁场polonium 钋polyatomic molecule 多原子分子polycondensation 缩聚酌polycrystal 多晶polycrystalline material 多晶物质polydisperse system 多色散系polygon of forces 力多边形polygonization 多边形化polymer 聚合物polymer complex 聚合络合物polymer crystal 聚合晶体polymer effect 聚合效应polymerization 聚合polymerization of protein 蛋白质聚合polymolecularity 多分子性polymorphism 多形性polyphase 多相polyphase current 多相电流polytrope 多变性polytropic change 多方状态变化polytropic index 多方指标polytropic process 多变过程pomeranchuk effect 坡密朗丘克效应pomeranchuk theorem 坡密兰丘克定理pomeron 坡密子pool type reactor 池式堆population 全域population inversion 粒子数反转pore 小黑子porosity 多孔性porous flow 多孔流position 位置position resolution 位置分辨率position sensitive detector 对位置灵敏的探测器position vector 位置矢量positive 正片positive charge 正电菏positive column 阳极区positive crystal 正晶体positive electricity 正电positive electrode 阳极positive electron 正电子positive element 正元素positive eyepiece 正目镜positive feedback 正反馈positive hole 空子positive ion 阳离子positive lens 正透镜positive magnetostriction 正磁致伸缩positive meniscus 凹凸透镜positive meson 正介子positive rays 阳射线positon 正电子positron 正电子positron annihilation 正电子湮没positron beam 正电子束positron channeling 正电子沟道positron electron annihilation 偶湮没positron electron tandem ring accelerator 正负电子串列存储环型加速器petra positron emission 正电子发射positron factory 正电子工厂positron spectroscopy 正电子谱学positronium 电子偶素post newtonian approximation 后牛顿近似post nova 燃后新星post post newtonian approximation 后后牛顿近似potassium 钾potassium dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸二氢钾potential 势potential barrier 势垒potential difference 势差potential divider 分压器potential energy 势能potential energy curve 势能曲线potential field 势场potential flow 势流potential function 势函数potential instability 对粱稳定性potential motion 势运动potential scattering 势散射potential well 势阱potentiometer 电位计potts model 波特模型pound 磅powder camera 粉末照相机powder diffraction method 粉末法powder pattern 粉末干涉象powder photography 粉末照相术power 功率power amplification 功率放大power demonstration reactor 动力示范堆power density 功率密度power dissipation 耗散功率power factor 功率因数power factor meter 功率因数计power gain 功率增益power of a lens 透镜的焦强power reactor 动力堆power tube 功率管poynting robertson effect 坡印廷罗伯逊效应poynting's vector 坡印廷矢量practical system of units 实用单位制prandtl number 普朗特数praseodymium 镨pre vacuum 初真空pre vacuum pump 预备真空泵preacceleration 预加速preaccelerator 前加速器preamplifier 前置放大器precession 旋进precession camera 旋进照相机precession of orbit 轨道旋进precessional constant 岁差常数precious metal 贵金属precipitation 沉淀precision 精密度precision measurement 精密测量predict earthquake with catfish 用鲶鱼预报地震prediction 预报prediction of solar activity 太阳活动预告predissociation 预离解preferential recombination 优选复合preionization 预电离preliminary vacuum 初真空pressure 压力pressure broadening 压力增宽pressure coefficient 压力系数pressure dispersion 压力弥散pressure drag 压力阻pressure drop 压降pressure gage 压力表pressure head 压头pressure height equation 气压测高公式pressure of light 光压pressure of water vapor 水汽压pressure sensitive diode 压力敏感二极管pressure sensitive transistor 压力敏感晶体管pressure tensor 压强张量pressurized air 压缩空气pressurized water reactor 压水堆primakoff effect 普里马科夫效应primary battery 原电池primary beam 初级束流原射线束primary cell 原电池primary circuit 原电路primary colors 原色primary cosmic radiation 原宇宙辐射primary cosmic rays 原宇宙射线primary electron 原电子primary energy 一次能量primary ionization 一次电离primary rainbow 昼primary recrystallization 一次再结晶primary standard 原标准primary star 智primary target 初始靶primary thermometer 初始温度计primary voltage 初级电压prime meridian 零子午线prime vertical 卯酉圈primeval galaxy 原始星系primitive black hole 原始黑洞primitive lattice 初基点阵primordial solar nebula 太阳系星云principal axes of stress 应力轴principal axis 轴principal axis of inertia 惯性轴principal index for extraordinary ray 非常光线舟射率principal moment of inertia 知动惯量principal plane 纸面principal point 帚principal quantum number 挚子数principal ray 肘线principal refractive indices 舟射率principal series 诌系principal stress 枝力principle 原理principle of constancy of light velocity 光速不变原理principle of corresponding states 对应态原理principle of detailed balancing 细致平衡原理principle of entropy compensation 熵补偿原理principle of equal a priori probabilities 等验前概率原理principle of equipartition 均分原理principle of equivalence 等价原理principle of equivalence of mass and energy 质能当量原理principle of indeterminancy 测不准原理principle of least action 最小酌原理principle of least constraint 最小约束运动原理principle of microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性原理principle of minimum dissipation of energy 最小能量耗散原理principle of relativity 相对性原理principle of reversibility 可逆性原理principle of superposition 叠加原理principle of virtual displacement 虚位移原理principle of virtual work 虚功原理printed board 印刷电路板printed circuit 印刷电路printer 打印机prism 棱镜prism angle 棱镜角prism spectrograph 棱镜摄谱仪prism spectroscope 棱镜分光镜prismatic transit instrument 折轴中星仪probability 概率probability current density 概率淋度probability density 概率密度probability distribution 概率分布probability distribution function 概率分布函数probability function 概率函数probability of collision 碰撞概率probable error 概率误差probe 探头probe charge 试探电荷probe method 探测法problem of three bodies 三体问题process control 过程控制product nucleus 生成核production 产生production of entropy 熵产生profile drag 翼型阻力profile monitor 剖面监测器prognosis 预报program 程序program library 程序库programme 程序programming language 程序设计语言progressive wave 前进波projecting lens 投影透镜projection 投影projection of crystal 晶体投影projection operator 投影算符projector 投影器幻灯promethium 钷prominence 日珥prominence spectroscope 日珥分光镜prompt neutron 瞬发中子propagation 传播propagation constant 传播常数propagation of sound 声传播propagation velocity 传播速度propagator 传播函数proper channeling 本盏道proper field 固有场proper lorentz group 固有洛伦兹群proper motion 自行proper time 原时proper tone 固有音proper value 本盏proportion 比例proportional component 比例分量proportional counter 正比计数管proportional ionization chamber 正比电离室proportionality factor 比例系数protoatmosphere 原大气protocol 协议proton 质子proton accelerator 质子加速器proton antiproton collision 质子反质子碰撞proton decay 质子衰变proton induced x ray analysis 质子激发x 射线分析proton linear accelerator 质子直线加速器proton number 质子数proton spectrometer 质子谱仪proton synchrotron 质子同步加速器protoplanet 原行星protostar 原恒星protosun 原太阳prototype 原型prototype meter 米原器proximity 附近proximity effect 邻近效应proximity switch 接近开关pseudo crossing 伪交叉pseudo crystal 伪晶体pseudo dipole interaction 伪偶极子相互酌pseudo energy gap 伪能隙pseudo equilibrium 伪平衡pseudo image 假象pseudo plastic flow 伪塑性流pseudo scalar 伪标量pseudo scalar coupling 伪标量耦合pseudo scalar meson 伪标介子pseudo tensor 伪张量pseudo vector 伪矢量pseudo vector coupling 伪矢量耦合pseudo wave 伪波pseudopotential 伪势pseudostate 伪态pseudosymmetry 伪对称pseudovariable 准变星pss method pss 法psychoacoustics 心理声学psychobiophysics 心理生物物理学psychorheology 心理龄学psychrometer 干湿表ptolemaic system 托勒玫体系pulsar 脉冲星pulsating current 脉动电流pulsating star 脉动星pulsating universe 振动宇宙pulsating variable。

材料专业英语词汇

材料专业英语词汇AAbrasive. 研磨剂。

一种硬质、耐磨材料（一般为陶瓷），用于研磨、碾碎或切割其他材料。

Absorption吸收。

一种光学现象，指光的光子能量由于电子极化或电子激发被某一种物质吸收。

Acceptor level.受主能级。

对于半导体或绝缘体，处于禁带底部的能级有可能接受价带的电子并留下空穴。

此类能级一般由杂质原子引入。

Activatioin energy (Q).激活能。

反应发生所需的能量，例如扩散激活能。

Activation polarization.活化极化。

一系列步骤中，进行最缓慢的步骤控制着电极反应速度的条件下造成的极化称为活化极化。

Addition (or chain reaction) polymerization.加聚作用（链式反应聚合）。

此过程中，两个具有不同功能的独立个体呈链状聚合在一起，形成线性聚合物大分子。

Adhesive.胶粘剂。

可以使两个物体（称为被粘物）的表面连接在一起的物质。

Age hardening. See Precipitation时效强化，见沉淀强化。

Allotropy.同素异形性。

一种物质（一般为基本固体）可能存在两种或者更多的晶体结构的现象。

Alloy.合金。

两种或多种元素组成的金属。

Alloy Steel.合金钢。

含有适当浓度合金元素（除了C 和残余的Mn，Si，S和P）的铁（或铁基）合金。

这些合金元素的加入通常可以改善合金的力学性能和耐蚀性。

Alternating copolymer. 交替共聚物。

两种不同单体沿分子链相间排列的共聚物。

Amorphous.无定形的。

（一种物质）具有非晶体结构。

Anelastic deformation.滞弹性变形。

具有时间依赖性的弹性（非永久性）变形。

Anion.负离子，阴离子。

负电量的，非金属离子。

Anisotropic.各向异性。

不同晶向上具有不同的性质。

Annealing.退火。

一类热处理术语，此类热处理可以改变材料组织和性能。

科学术语

BET公式BET formulaDLVO理论DLVO theoryHLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance methodpVT性质pVT propertyζ电势zeta potential阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro'number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy阿马格定律Amagat law艾林方程Erying equation爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence 爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation安托万常数Antoine constant安托万方程Antoine equation盎萨格电导理论Onsager's theory of conductance半电池half cell半衰期half time period饱和液体saturated liquids饱和蒸气saturated vapor饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure爆炸界限explosion limits比表面功specific surface work比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function比浓粘度reduced viscosity标准电动势standard electromotive force标准电极电势standard electrode potential标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction 标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function 标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function 标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode标准态standard state标准熵standard entropy标准压力standard pressure标准状况standard condition表观活化能apparent activation energy表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight表观迁移数apparent transference number表面surfaces表面过程控制surface process control表面活性剂surfactants表面吸附量surface excess表面张力surface tension表面质量作用定律surface mass action law波义尔定律Boyle law波义尔温度Boyle temperature波义尔点Boyle point玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einstein statistics泊Poise不可逆过程irreversible process不可逆过程热力thermodynamics of irreversible processes不可逆相变化irreversible phase change布朗运动brownian movement查理定律Charle's law产率yield敞开系统open system超电势over potential沉降sedimentation沉降电势sedimentation potential沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium触变thixotropy粗分散系统thick disperse system催化剂catalyst单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption单分子反应unimolecular reaction单链反应straight chain reactions弹式量热计bomb calorimeter道尔顿定律Dalton law道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel's limiting equation等焓过程isenthalpic process等焓线isenthalpic line等几率定理theorem of equal probability等温等容位Helmholtz free energy等温等压位Gibbs free energy等温方程equation at constant temperature低共熔点eutectic point低共熔混合物eutectic mixture低会溶点lower consolute point低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind第三定律熵third-law entropy第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption电池常数cell constant电池电动势electromotive force of cells电池反应cell reaction电导conductance电导率conductivity电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force电动电势zeta potential电动现象electrokinetic phenomena电功electric work电化学electrochemistry电化学极化electrochemical polarization电极电势electrode potential电极反应reactions on the electrode电极种类type of electrodes电解池electrolytic cell电量计coulometer电流效率current efficiency电迁移electro migration电迁移率electromobility电渗electroosmosis电渗析electrodialysis电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制kinetics control独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数faraday constant法拉第定律Faraday's law法扬思-帕尼思规则Fajans- Pancth's rule反电动势back E.M.F.反渗透reverse osmosis反应分子数molecularity反应级数reaction orders反应进度extent of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数constant of reaction rate范德华常数van der Waals constant范德华方程van der Waals equation范德华力van der Waals force范德华气体van der Waals gases范特霍夫方程van't Hoff equation范特霍夫规则van't Hoff rule范特霍夫渗透压公式van't Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应non-elementary reactions非体积功non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律Fick's first law of diffusion沸点boiling point沸点升高elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics分布distribution分布数distribution numbers分解电压decomposition voltage分配定律distribution law分散系统disperse system分散相dispersion phase分体积partial volume分体积定律partial volume law分压partial pressure分压定律partial pressure law分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统closed system附加压力excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption 负极negative pole负吸附negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律Hess law甘汞电极calomel electrode感胶离子序lyotropic series杠杆规则lever rule高分子溶液macromolecular solution高会溶点upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer's law隔离系统isolated system根均方速率root-mean-square speed功work功函work content共轭溶液conjugate solution共沸温度azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统isolated system固溶胶solid sol固态混合物solid solution固相线solid phase line光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应photosensitized reactions光谱熵spectrum entropy广度性质extensive property广延量extensive quantity广延性质extensive property规定熵stipulated entropy过饱和溶液oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor过程process过渡状态理论transition state theory过冷水super-cooled water过冷液体overcooled liquid过热液体overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数Helmholtz function焓enthalpy亨利常数Henry constant亨利定律Henry law恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热heat at constant volume恒外压constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势chemical potential化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学吸附chemisorptions环境environment环境熵变entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture活度activity活化控制activation control活化络合物理论activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation 吉布斯函数Gibbs function吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉氏函数Gibbs function极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线polarization curves极化作用polarization极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity几率因子steric factor计量式stoichiometric equation计量系数stoichiometric coefficient价数规则rule of valence简并度degeneracy键焓bond enthalpy胶冻broth jelly胶核colloidal nucleus胶凝作用demulsification胶束micelle胶体colloid胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid胶体化学collochemistry胶体粒子colloidal particles胶团micelle焦耳Joule焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳定律Joule's law接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process节流膨胀throttling expansion节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte聚沉coagulation聚沉值coagulation value绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory绝对熵absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数adiabatic index卡诺定理Carnot theorem卡诺循环Carnot cycle开尔文公式Kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch's Law of Independent Migration of Ions可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池reversible cell可逆过程reversible process可逆过程方程reversible process equation可逆体积功reversible volume work可逆相变reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation控制步骤control step库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusion controlled拉普拉斯方程Laplace's equation拉乌尔定律Raoult law兰格缪尔-欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式angmuir adsorption isotherm formula雷利公式Rayleigh equation冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure离域子系统non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion离子的电迁移率mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions离子氛ionic atmosphere离子强度ionic strength理想混合物perfect mixture理想气体ideal gas理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases理想气体的微观模型micro-model of ideal gas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gases 理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas理想稀溶液ideal dilute solution理想液态混合物perfect liquid mixture粒子particles粒子的配分函数partition function of particles连串反应consecutive reactions链的传递物chain carrier链反应chain reactions量热熵calorimetric entropy量子统计quantum statistics量子效率quantum yield临界参数critical parameter临界常数critical constant临界点critical point临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration临界摩尔体积critical molar volume临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure临界状态critical state零级反应zero order reaction流动电势streaming potential流动功flow work笼罩效应cage effect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity 露点dew point露点线dew point line麦克斯韦关系式Maxwell relations麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwell distribution of speeds麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistribution of energy毛细管凝结condensation in capillary毛细现象capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数Michaelis constant摩尔电导率molar conductivity摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing摩尔气体常数molar gas constant摩尔热容molar heat capacity摩尔溶解焓mole dissolution enthalpy摩尔稀释焓mole dilution enthalpy内扩散控制internal diffusions control内能internal energy内压力internal pressure能级energy levels能级分布energy level distribution能量均分原理principle of the equipartition of energy能斯特方程Nernst equation能斯特热定理Nernst heat theorem凝固点freezing point凝固点降低lowering of freezing point凝固点曲线freezing point curve凝胶gelatin凝聚态condensed state凝聚相condensed phase浓差超电势concentration over-potential浓差极化concentration polarization浓差电池concentration cells帕斯卡pascal泡点bubble point泡点线bubble point line配分函数partition function配分函数的析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state碰撞截面collision cross section碰撞数the number of collisions偏摩尔量partial mole quantities平衡常数(理想气体反应)equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases平动配分函数partition function of translation平衡分布equilibrium distribution平衡态equilibrium state平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram平均活度mean activity平均活度系统mean activity coefficient平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity平均自由程mean free path平行反应parallel reactions破乳demulsification铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation其它功the other work气化热heat of vaporization气溶胶aerosol气体常数gas constant气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases 气溶胶aerosol气相线vapor line迁移数transport number潜热latent heat强度量intensive quantity强度性质intensive property亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol氢电极hydrogen electrodes区域熔化zone melting热heat热爆炸heat explosion热泵heat pump热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat热函heat content热化学thermochemistry热化学方程thermochemical equation热机heat engine热机效率efficiency of heat engine热力学thermodynamics热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律the third law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics 热力学几率thermodynamic probability热力学能thermodynamic energy热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function 热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature热力学温度thermodynamic temperature热熵thermal entropy热效应heat effect熔点曲线melting point curve熔化热heat of fusion溶胶colloidal sol溶解焓dissolution enthalpy溶液solution溶胀swelling乳化剂emulsifier乳状液emulsion润湿wetting润湿角wetting angle萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation三相点triple point三相平衡线triple-phase line熵entropy熵判据entropy criterion熵增原理principle of entropy increase渗透压osmotic pressure渗析法dialytic process生成反应formation reaction升华热heat of sublimation实际气体real gas舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule松驰力relaxation force松驰时间time of relaxation速度常数reaction rate constant速率方程rate equations速率控制步骤rate determining step塔费尔公式Tafel equation态－态反应state-state reactions唐南平衡Donnan equilibrium淌度mobility特鲁顿规则Trouton rule特性粘度intrinsic viscosity体积功volume work统计权重statistical weight统计热力学statistic thermodynamics统计熵statistic entropy途径path途径函数path function外扩散控制external diffusion control完美晶体perfect crystalline完全气体perfect gas微观状态microstate微态microstate韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery维恩效应Wien effect维里方程virial equation维里系数virial coefficient稳流过程steady flow process稳态近似法stationary state approximation无热溶液athermal solution无限稀溶液solutions in the limit of extreme dilution 物理化学Physical Chemistry物理吸附physisorptions吸附adsorption吸附等量线adsorption isostere吸附等温线adsorption isotherm吸附等压线adsorption isobar吸附剂adsorbent吸附量extent of adsorption吸附热heat of adsorption吸附质adsorbate析出电势evolution or deposition potential析因子性质property that partition function to be expressedas a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state 稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions稀释焓dilution enthalpy系统system系统点system point系统的环境environment of system相phase相变phase change相变焓enthalpy of phase change相变化phase change相变热heat of phase change相点phase point相对挥发度relative volatility相对粘度relative viscosity相律phase rule相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium相图phase diagram相倚子系统system of dependent particles悬浮液suspension循环过程cyclic process压力商pressure quotient压缩因子compressibility factor压缩因子图diagram of compressibility factor亚稳状态metastable state盐桥salt bridge盐析salting out阳极anode杨氏方程Young's equation液体接界电势liquid junction potential液相线liquid phase lines一级反应first order reaction一级相变first order phase change依时计量学反应time dependent stoichiometric reactions 逸度fugacity逸度系数coefficient of fugacity阴极cathode荧光fluorescence永动机perpetual motion machine永久气体Permanent gas有效能available energy原电池primary cell原盐效应salt effect增比粘度specific viscosity憎液溶胶lyophobic sol沾湿adhesional wetting沾湿功the work of adhesional wetting折射率index of refraction真溶液true solution真实电解质real electrolyte真实气体real gas真实迁移数true transference number振动配分函数partition function of vibration振动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration蒸气压下降depression of vapor pressure正常沸点normal point正吸附positive adsorption支链反应branched chain reactions直链反应straight chain reactions指前因子pre-exponential factor质量作用定律mass action law制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration中和热heat of neutralization轴功shaft work转动配分函数partition function of rotation转动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration转化率convert ratio转化温度conversion temperature状态state状态方程state equation状态分布state distribution状态函数state function准静态过程quasi-static process准一级反应pseudo first order reaction自动催化作用auto-catalysis自由度degree of freedom自由度数number of degree of freedom自由焓free enthalpy自由能free energy自由膨胀free expansion组分数component number最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point最佳反应温度optimal reaction temperature 最可几分布most probable distribution最可几速率most propable speed。