Options for Measuring Value(ppt 14页)
绩效管理幻灯片演示(英文)
High-performance companies define Performance Management in its broadest sense: it is critical to executing and implementing strategy
Performance Management is now widely recognized as delivering more returns and delivering more competitive advantages than other HR investments
A process for ensuring that decisive and constructive dialogue occurs
A process of managing self and others so that people do achieve
A process for ensuring that people are doing the right things in the most effective ways, to the best of their
Highly Successful Companies are defined as having—
5-year sales growth = 17.5% per year 5-year profit growth = 10.8% per year Annual equity growth = 16.7% per year 5-year dividend growth = 13.4% per year
A process that ensures that people execute the strategy of the organization
麦圭根《管理经济学》英文版PPT-McGuigan-14e-Chapter11
6
Figure 11.1 How the Adoption of a Technology Leads to Increasing Returns
© 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
4Leabharlann Ch 11 – Sources of Market Power for a Monopolist
(1 of 1)
• Monopolist or near-monopoly dominant firms enjoy several sources of market power
• A firm may possess a patent or copyright that prevents others from producing the same product
5
Ch 11 – Sources of Market Power for a Monopolist
Increasing Returns from Network Effects (1 of 2)
六西格玛管理培训教材(英文版)(ppt 53页)
Define Defect Opportunities
• Any step in the process where a Defect could occur in a CTQ
Look for Defects in Products or Services
• Count Defects or failures to meet CTQ requirements in all process steps
Measuring & Eliminating Defects is the “Core” of Six Sigma
6 Overview
Measurement System
Some Sigma “Benchmarks”
SIGMA LEVEL
DEFECTS per MILLION
OPPORTUNITY
LSL
USL
“Upper Specification Limit”
Less Variation Means Fewer Defects & Higher Process Yields
Average Company in 3 to 4Range
6 Overview
Measurement System
A Graphic/Quantitative Perspective on Variation
Number of People Arriving at CRD
7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15
Sigma Level
2 3 4 5 6
Defects per Million of Opportunity
财务报表分析与证券估值_英文PPT (2)
The Big Picture for This Chapter
• The financial statements are the lens on the business. They draw a picture in two ways:
1. The way that the component parts of the statements fit together sketches out the picture
How Parts of the Financial Statements Fit Together
The Balance Sheet Assets Liabilities = Shareholders' Equity The Income Statement Net Revenue Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Margin Operating Expenses = Operating Income before Taxes (EBIT) Net Interest Expense = Income Before Taxes Income Taxes = Income After Tax and before Extraordinary Items + Extraordinary Items = Net Income Preferred Dividends = Net Income Available to Common Cash Flow Statement (and the Articulation of the Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement) Cash Flow from Operations + Cash Flow from Investing + Cash Flow from Financing = Change in Cash Statement of Shareholders' Equity (and the Articulation of the Balance Sheet and Income Statement)
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
二氧化钛光催化
光催化技术是有希望的技术 ， 自从日本科学家Fujishima等 于1972年首次发现在近紫外光（380nm） 的作用下 ，金红
石型TiO2单晶电极能使水在常温下分解为H2和O2 以来 ，从 光能量转换的角度出发 ，光催化 分解水制取氢气领域出现 了大量的研究。
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什么是光催化
光催化剂（ 一般为半导体材料）再光（可见光或者紫外光） 的照射下 ，通过把光 能转化为化学能 ，从而具有氧化还原能力 ，使化合物（有机物或无机物）被降解 的过程称为催化。
粉
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环境问题
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环境问题
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现在问题来了！
新能源技术哪家强？？
氢能源
氢是一种热值很高的清洁能源 ，其完全燃烧的产物—水不会给环境 带来任何污染而且放热量是相同质量汽油的2.7倍 。因而开发低能 耗高效的氢气生产方法 ， 已成为国内外众多科学家关注的问题。
光催化
■ 而光致空穴迁移到表面后的猎物时哪些能够提供电子的物 质 ，从而将这些物质氧化。
■ 在过程中产生的羟基自由基和超氧离子自由基等 ，这些自 由基的氧化能力特别强 ，强化对污染物的氧化还原能力。
■ 光照时光子被半导体吸收 ，这是一个贮能过程 。半导体多 相光催化研究的主要内容是利用半导体材料的光敏性将太阳 能或其他形式的光能 ，通过光催化反应转化为化学能（如光 解水制氢） 。
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which suggests that the presence of the alumina over layer does not introduce defect sites that affect the major charge recombination dynamics in TiO2 lattice.
1.9目标设定策略
10
Vehicle NVH Awareness
1.9 Target Setting Strategy
11
Vehicle NVH Awareness
Expansion of Target Setting Loop 目标设定链的扩展
1.9 Target Setting Strategy
1.9 Target Setting Strategy
13
Vehicle NVH Awareness
Typical Force/Sensitivity Targets 典型的力/灵敏度目标
● Sі 灵敏度 -Typically .01Pa/N for body acoustic sensitivity -机体声音灵敏度的典型值是0.1帕每牛 ● Fі力 -Typically 10N rms for powertrain issues -传动系传递的力的典型值是10牛 ●Update/improve targets with competitive benchmark studies ●用竞争的基准研究来刷新/提高目标 ●Targets at this level are SDS’s (System Design Specifications) ●在此水平上的目标是系统设计的具体要求
1.9 Target Setting Strategy
8
Vehicle NVH Awareness
Objective Customer Level Targets 目标顾客的目标水平
●Estimate spectrum by scaling/physical principles ●按缩放比例/物理学原理来估计频谱 ●Targets at this level are VDS’(Vehicle Design Specifications) 在此水平上的目标就是汽车设计的具体要求
海米尔MICROSET工具预设器说明书
MICROSET Tool PresettersC A P A BHAIMER – Your system provider around the machine tool HAIMER evolved to become a complete system providerHaimer USA Chicago, IllinoisPresetting TechnologyWhether presetting, shrinking, inspecting and correcting balance, or measuring – we offer the perfect solution for all tool sizes andwork environments.Improve the quality and precision of your workpieces with our know-how and wide range of products.Precision and productivity in productionC A P A B IL IT IE SUNO series – entry level tool presetters include high-tech options as standardT O O L P R E S E T T E R S–Y O U R B E N E F I T SSave time and money, improve workpiece qualityThe efficient tool presetting equipment from HAIMER Microset optimizes your machining processes from the ground up. Improve your tool life, achieve better surface finishes and boost overall process reliability in your production.–M inimize the idle time of your machines–Reduce scrap and tooling costs–Increase process reliability in your production–Improve your tool life–G enerate consistent quality in your products1: Camera system for setting the center of rotation 2: Tactile measurement of the center of rotation3: Release-by-touch function, easy to operate without buttons4: Useful system cabinet with 3 drawers, 1 door and internal oil tray. Also includes 3 maintenance doors (on all sides) 5: Keypad and μm-precise adjustments 6: 150° swiveling adapter storage7 + 8: Measuring based on the snap gauge principle for diameters up to 100 mmIn addition to its precision, speed, and reliability, the UNO series also includes numerous features in hard-ware. The new design and improved ergonomics set the standard, by using high-quality components from SMC, Bosch, Heidenhain, and IDS.UNO series – entry level tool presetters include high-tech options as standardU N O S E R I E S – E Q U I P M E N T A N D F U N C T I O N A L I T Y24356718UNO autofocus & automatic drive – efficient and precise U N O S E R I E S–N E W A U T O F O C U S A N D A U T O M A T I C D R I V E F E A T U R E SThe autofocus and automatic drive models of the UNO series provide unique advantages fortool measurement at the highest level. Choose the presetter that meets your needs.Optimize process reliability in your production with fully automatic measurement capabilities. The open device platform allows for the integration of both new and existing production processes.Maximum stability and precisionThe FEM-optimized, thermally stable cast iron construction of the VIO linear series ensures accurate measuring results and equipment longevity. Additionally, highly dynamic, wear-free linear drives ensure accurate long-term quality. The parallel drive and guidance system ensures optimal distribution of forces and guarantees ±2 µm measurement repeatability.Highlights–High rigidity ensures low distortion even at the maximum permissible load– F EM-optimized and thermally stable cast iron construction – M aximum tool weight 352 lbs (160 kg)–Fast, silent and highly accurate cutting edge approach via unique linear driveVIO linear – maximum ease of use and functionalityV I O S E R I E S – E Q U I P M E N T A N D F U N C T I O N A L I T Y1: Second camera for presetting the center of rotation (optional) 2 + 3: Fully automatic axis drive via modern linear technologyLeader in innovation:–––––––123Post-processor / Ethernet / USBPost-processed data is transferred to the relevant data exchange drive either via USB, network or RS232 interface.(Not available for UNO Smart)Bidirectional interfaceAll presetting units can send and receive tool data to nearlyall software (tool management, databases, CAD / CAM) via abidirectional interface – regardless of whether it is a standard or a customized solution.(Not available for UNO Smart)Post processor and bidirectional interface*HAIMER Microset tool presetting devices are compatible with machine tools from all manufacturers.(Not available for UNO Smart)* The measured data is quickly transferred direct to the machine tool. Control systems from Siemens, Heidenhain, FANUC, MAPPS and many others can be connected via USB data storage, Ethernet LAN or RS232.–Customer-specific data storage–Measurement processes with integrated data retrieval and storage–Integration of all popular RFID systems–The read / write head can be positioned automatically and manually for all popular tool holder systemsData exchange and transfer to the machine toolD A T AE X C H A N G E A N D D A T A T R A N SF E RManual positioning of the read / write headAutomatic positioning of the read / write head RFID – data carrier systemUNO smartSmart entry into tool presettingT O O L P R E S E T T E R S–M A N U A LThe UNO smart is our entry-level machine featuring a small footprint, user-friendly operation and high precision. It is particularly well suited for measurements right on the shop floor and has all this at an unbeatableprice-performance ratio.Picture shows UNO Smart withSmart Pro package (optional)UNO premiumThe bestseller with high-quality components that complement your machine toolT O O L P R E S E T T E R S–M A N U A LUNO Premium – The right solution for nearly every user – the highest standard of manual tool presetting. Highly precise measuring results and direct data transfer.release-by-touch, premium system cabinet with adapter trayPicture shows UNO Premium with premium Pro package (optional)UNO autofocus Ideal for multi-edge toolsUNO autofocus – The right presetter for demanding measurements.Take advantage of semi automatic spindle operation with multiple tool measurements on one plane.T O O L P R E S E T T E R S – S E M I A U T O M A T I C–ISS-U universal ultra-high precision spindle with mechanical pull system and automatic adapter identification–Turning package: Second camera incl. indexing, 4 × 90 ° and 3 × 120 ° motor driven –Bidirectional interface –USB / LAN data output –Manual RFID system –Post-processorOptionsAutomatic focus on the cutting edgeUNO automatic driveFully automatic measuring for unrivalled convenienceWith fully automated measurement capabilities, the UNO automatic drive is the high-end model of the UNO series. The UNO automatic drive is fully independent of the operator and can be used with minimal user expertise. This guarantees maximum quality and time savings, even with complex tools on multiple planes.T O OL P R E S E T T E R S – F U L L Y A U T O M A T I C–ISS-U universal ultra-high precision spindle with automatic adapter identification–Turning package: Second camera incl. indexing, 4 × 90 ° and 3 × 120 ° motor driven –Bidirectional interface –Manual RFID system–Individual release of X/Y-axis –Post-processorFully automatic tool presetting and measurement - independent of the operatorOptionsVIO basicSuitable for large and heavy toolsT O O L P R E S E T T E R S–S E M I A U T O M A T I CThe VIO basic, with optional semi automatic (autofocus) or manual operation, is one of the most modern presetting devices in its class, with many features and an extensive set of standard equipment.VIO linearFast measuring, even for highly complex toolsT O O L P R E S E T T E R S–F U L L Y A U T O M A T I CVIO linear – The complete solution: for fully automatic high-end tool presetting with customizable options. The modular concept makes it possible to preset tools up to 39.37'' in length and diameter.VIO linear toolshrink Shrinking and presetting combinedS H R IN K IN G/P R E S E T T IN GThe combination of shrinking and presetting technology with precise length adjustment on the µm scale makes the VIO linear top of its class, which includes the toolshrink variant. The VIO linear toolshrink is the ideal choice, especially when using shrink fit holders, duplicate assemblies, or multi-spindle machines.High-quality, precise adapters and spindles are important elements for precise tool presetting.We offer solutions for all requirements, from standard tool holders to customer- specific special tool holders. You benefit from our many years of experience of tool design.Our offer: the Universal clam-ping system clamps tools precisely and reliably, regardless of the toolholder's geometry. This also applies to the Attachment holder (2), which was designed for all common tool holder systems on the market.Adapters and spindles for every taperExamples of AdaptersExamples of spindlesT O O L P R E S E T T I N G – A C C E S S O R I E S1: HSK 63 adapter with integrated clamping 2: VDI 40 adapter with manual clamping3: Capto adapter with integrated manual clamping systemUniversal clamping system1: ISS-U universal ultra-high precision spindle 2: Attachment holder (SK, HSK, Capto, VDI) 3: Complete systemWe offer an extraordinarily wide range of adapters and spindles so that you can quickly and easily get the results you need. We will gladly provide consultation regarding your individual requirements and applications.The ISS-U universal ultra-high precision spindle enables incredibly high-precision direct clamping. The ISS-U spindle utilizes the highest clamping forces with runout accuracy < 0.002 mm, all without need for adapters.123123Microvision software enables fast and easy inspection of complex shapes and features, creating even more time savings potential during setup.Microvision – easy and intuitiveT O O L P R E S E T T I N G – S O F T W A R EHighlights–Intuitive operation ensures quick and precise measurement results–Accurate measurement of complex and helical cutters with the precise focus window–User administration and access privileges–Display currently in 16:9 format–Cross hair fixed / floating with automatic measurement lines and automatic contour evaluation–Identical software design for all Microset models –Windows based–Measuring macros for fast creation of automatic measuring sequences –Template-System, for fast and easy creation of measuring cycles with same tools –Creation of customized master measuring cycles possibleThese savings are achieved due to the machine's ability to quickly and precisely measure and set tools, independent from the operator. Modern image processing ensures that the tools are quickly and accurately measured and in turn guarantees the highest quality in your production processes. Complex tools can be measured within an incredibly short period of time with the latest measuring techniques.T O O L P R E S E T T I N G Technical dataPresetting Technology。
小学三年级上册第一次英语第四单元期中试卷(答案和解释)
小学三年级上册英语第四单元期中试卷(答案和解释)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题2分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which of these is a type of bird?A. TigerB. ElephantC. SparrowD. Dog2.Which of these is a means of transport?A. CarB. TableC. ChairD. Book3.Which word means "快的" in English?A. SlowB. FastC. TallD. Happy4.Which one is a shape?A. CircleB. ChairC. PlateD. Table5.Which of these is used to play sports?A. BallB. SpoonC. KnifeD. Chair6.Which of these animals can fly?A. CatB. BirdC. FishD. Dog7.Which of these is a color?A. GreenB. TableC. SpoonD. Car8.Which one is used to play a game?A. BallB. SpoonC. ChairD. Plate9.Which of these is used to wash clothes?A. Washing machineB. SpoonC. PlateD. Chair10.Which of these is a transportation vehicle?A. ChairB. CarC. TableD. Pillow11.I ______ (love) going to the park on weekends. Last Saturday, I ______ (go) there with my family. We ______ (play) basketball and ______ (have) a great time. My little brother ______ (ride) his bike around the park while I ______ (run) with my friends. After playing, we ______ (sit) on the grass and ______ (eat) some snacks.12.We ______ (have) a great time at the zoo last Saturday. We ______ (see) many animals, such as lions, tigers, and monkeys. The monkeys ______ (play) with each other, and the lions ______ (sleep) under a tree. My little sister ______ (love) the giraffes because they ______ (be) very tall and graceful. We ______ (take) lots of photos.13.At school, we have different subjects. My favorite subject is __, because I enjoy solving problems. I also like __, where I can draw and create art. In the afternoon, I have __, and I practice playing the piano.14.Which of these is used to write?A. PenB. PlateC. SpoonD. Chair15.My family ______ (celebrate) my birthday last month. We ______ (have) a big party at home, and many of my friends ______ (come) to join us. We ______ (eat) cake and ______ (play) games all night.16.Which of these is a drink?A. WaterB. ChairC. DogD. Book17.How do you say “你好” in English?A. GoodbyeB. HelloC. PleaseD. Thank you18.Which of the following is the correct way to ask about the time?A. How much is the time?B. What time it is?C. What is the time?D. When is time?19.What is the opposite of "cold"?A. HotB. SmallC. TallD. Heavy20.What do we use to brush our teeth?A. ToothbrushB. KnifeC. SpoonD. Plate21.Yesterday, I went to the __ with my friends. We had a picnic and played __ in the park. After lunch, we walked to the nearby __ to look at the flowers and trees. It was a beautiful day, and we took many __ to remember the fun time we had together.22.What is the opposite of "cold"?A. WarmB. HotC. WetD. Dry23.She is _______ student.A. aB. anC. theD. some24.In English, we use prepositions to show the relationship between different parts of a sentence. For example, "in," "on," and "at" are common prepositions of place. Which of the following sentences uses the correct preposition?A. The cat is in the table.B. The cat is on the table.C. The cat is at the table.D. The cat is under the table.25.Which of these is used to write on a paper?A. PenB. ScissorsC. PlateD. Spoon26.I’m going to the ______ with my family this weekend. We will watch a ______ movie. My little brother is afraid of the dark, but I am not scared. After the movie, we are going to a ______ to have dinner. I hope we can eat some ______ and ______.27.Which one is a number?A. FiveB. SpoonC. DogD. Chair28.What is the opposite of "old"?A. YoungB. SlowC. FastD. Tall29.Which of these is a body part?A. ChairB. HandC. TableD. Spoon30.Which animal says "meow"?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Cow31.Which of these is a mode of transport?A. CarB. ChairC. BookD. Tree32.Which animal is known as the "King of the Jungle"?A. TigerB. ElephantC. LionD. Bear33.What do we use to talk to someone far away?A. TelephoneB. ShoesC. PlateD. Brush34.Which one is a shape?A. CircleB. SpoonC. ChairD. Dog35.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. ColdB. WarmC. CoolD. Dry36.Which one is a body part?A. EarB. SpoonC. TableD. Chair37.Which of these is a famous landmark in Italy?A. Statue of LibertyB. ColosseumC. Big BenD. Pyramids38.Which of these is a holiday?A. ChristmasB. JanuaryC. SundayD. March39.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. Cold B. Warm C. Cool D. Soft40.Which of these is a color?A. DogB. RedC. TableD. Spoon41.What does the word "hello" mean?A. GoodbyeB. Thank youC. PleaseD. Hi42.What color is an apple?A. PurpleB. GreenC. BlueD. Red43.Which of these is used to cut food?A. SpoonB. KnifeC. PlateD. Fork44.I ______ (enjoy) my vacation in the mountains last summer. We ______ (hike) every day and ______ (see) many beautiful views. One day, we ______ (find) a small lake and ______ (swim) in it. It ______ (be) a great experience.45.Which animal can swim?A. BirdB. FishC. DogD. Cat46.Which of these is a vegetable?A. PotatoB. TomatoC. AppleD. Banana47.Which one is used to clean our hands?A. TowelB. SoapC. WaterD. All of the above48.Which one is used to drive?A. CarB. ChairC. PlateD. Spoon49.Which one is used for measuring weight?A. ScaleB. SpoonC. PlateD. Chair50.What do we use to see?A. EyesB. EarsC. MouthD. Hands(答案及解释)。
药品的定价与价值
However, other commentators
believe that the scope of VBP
should be expanded to include •Professors Alan Williams and Alan Maynard industrial and other community
•The current financial crisis facing Europe is creating a risk that cutting medicines costs will be used as an emergency economic regulator in ways that may threaten the viability of not just the research based pharmaceutical industry. Established patterns of medicines supply via pharmaceutical wholesaling and community pharmacy are also at risk
– Set ‘fair average’ cost related prices?
– Deliver marginal cost related prices?
– Reward current innovators?
– Protect the poorest, nationally and/or internationally?
PPT文档演模板
•The public has multiple, sometimes conflicting, interests in medicines and healthg affordable access to existing treatments to investing in therapeutic and scientific progress for future generations
COMMUNICATING VALUE
COBRANDING
• TWO BRANDS COMING TOGETHER TO HELP BOTH BRANDS USE THEIR STRENGTHS TO ENTER NEW MAKETS AND GET MORE EXPOSURE. • EXAMPLES: ICE CREAM MANUFACTURER WITH A NON PROFIT – GIRL SCOUT COOKIES • KMART WITH MARTA STEWART LIVING FOR HOUSEWARE GOODS
PACKAGING YOUR PRODUCT
• • • • • LOOKING AT THE LAYERS: MAKING YOUR PRODUCTS MORE DESIRABLE EXAMPLE: MOBILE PHONE + CAMERA FIRST PHONES DID NOT HAVE CAMERAS BUT THE IMAGE DID PROJECT YOU WERE RICH (YOU FELT RICH WITH A CELL PHONE • COST WAS ABOUT $1,000.00 FOR FIRST CELL PHONES!
ADDED VALUE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE
• ADDED VALUE TO YOUR PRODUCTS, GIVES THEM THE SIZZLE OF PROJECTING A FEELING THAT CAN BE OF SECURITY, WITH A WARRANTY THAT THEY WILL FIX OR REPLACE A GOOD, BEING SPECIAL, AS YOU ARE ONE OF A FEW SELECT PEOPLE, WHO CAN AFFORD • WHO ARE “WITH IT”, HAVING THE FIRST ” OF A PRODUCT OFF THE SHELVES OF A NEW PRODUCT
精益生产blh精益生产系统市场竞争及全球化页
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等待 Waiting
Idle Time That Is Produced When Two Dependent Variables Are Not Fully Synchronized 当两个关联要素间 未能完全同步时 所产生的空闲时间
精益生产： 通过消除企业所有环节上的不增值活动，来达到 降低成本、缩短生产周期和改善质量的目的
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精益思想的五个原则
Perfect 完美
没有任何事物 是完美的 不断改进
Value 价值
站在客户 的立场上
精益生产系统
Value Stream 价值流
从接单到发货 过程的一切活动
Demand Pull
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精益思想：从增值比率看改善空间
增值时间（Value added time）
增值比率 = 制造周期（Manufacturing cycle time）
X 100%
增值时间：站在客户立场看制造过程中的增值动作和时间 如：改变形状、改变性能、组装、包装等
物料从进厂到出厂，只有不到 10% 的时间是增值的！
福特首创的装配线是大规模低品种生产方式的代表， 工人被当成工作的机器
Toyota Production System (TPS) • Just-In-Time Production (produce only what is needed) • Pull System • High variety to meet customers wants
不符合精益生产的 一切物料搬运活动
瑞典TA平衡阀授课资料
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China September 2004
奇怪的现象
Too hot in some parts, too cold in others 在某些地方太热, 在某些地方太冷 Start up after a set-back difficult in some rooms 在一些房间里回设之后的启动比较困难
自动流量平衡阀淘汰了同程管的使用，节余资金的同时提升系统的工作表现。
“实用性” 优于同程系统
自动平衡的异程回路
同程回路连接不同投资
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China September 2004
在亚洲通常还在使用同程系统 + 手动平衡
“实用性” 优于同程系统
自动平衡的异程回路
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China September 2004
STAF 手动平衡阀
160，240或者320位的数字式手轮，机械式记忆设置位置。
快速方便的连接测量头
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China September 2004
TA-CBI 仪表
流量，压差以及温度测量快速设置计算机内置平衡法：TA平衡法 可与计算机通讯，配合TA Select II软件编辑平衡数据 数据记录（流量，压差以及温度）最多记录24000个数据
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China September 2004
水力系统平衡的好处？采暖及空调系统中水力平衡的技术是节能及提高供冷或供热品质的关键提高舒适度保证室温达到设计要求，短时间内达到设定温度流量分配合理水力平衡阀可以吸收超量压差，还可以控制及设定系统所需的流量节约能量，降低运行费用在空调系统中温度每降低1°C，会造成能耗升高15%。在供热系统中温度每升高1 °C，会造成能耗升高10%。
绩效管理的好工具英文PPT
projects
• Eliminate oil discharges to Muddy Creek.
Objectives and Targets-Relationships
Environmental Policy Goals
Requirements
Risk-Based Priorities
Mission, Local Conditions
• Update existing EQA inventory with aspects and impacts information
• Initially may not be comprehensive
• Goal to get EMS implementation underway
• Follow implementation strategy established in Pre-Planning phase
Practices
Aspect Aspect Aspect
Impact
Impact Impact
Resource
Resource
Resource
Practices, Aspects, ImpactsInventory
• Installations have an EQA inventory in place:
Objectives and Targets
Actions, Projects
Plan
Media Programs
Do
Actions and Projects
• Actions - behavioral/administrative initiatives or outside support within the CO’s means
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Customer Satisfaction
Market Share
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution of CVA Levels 17-7
Expected customer
value
Source: Earl Naumann, Creating Customer Value: The Path to Sustainable Competitive Advantage (Cincinnati, OCHo:pTyhroimghsot n©E2x0e0c1utbivyeTPhreesMs, c1G99r5a)w, p-H. 1i0ll3C. ompanies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Customer Value Added
17-6
Provide products and services to customers that are a better value than those they could purchase from competitive companies in similar markets
Business results Profitability, growth, and shareholder value
Source:BradCleoypTy.rGigahlet,©M2a0n0a1gibnyg CThusetoMmceGr rVaawlu-eH(iNlleCwoYmoprka:nTiehse, FInrece. PArellsrs,ig1h9t9s4r)e, spe. r1v9e.d.
How Customers Select Among 17-4 Competitive Suppliers
• Customer buys on value • Value equals quality relative to price • Quality includes all nonprice attributes
Calibration Category CVA Levels # of Businesses by Category
World class
>110
15%
Above parity
103-110
25
Parity
98-102
20
Below parity
<98
40
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The McSGoruarwce-:HPiIlMl CSoDmatpaabnasie.s, Inc. All rights reserved.
considerations) 5. Strategic profit model 6. Shareholder value
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 17
Measuring and Selling the Value of Logistics
Options for Measuring Value 17-2
1. Customer satisfaction 2. Customer value-added (CVA) 3. Total cost analysis 4. Profitability analysis (includes
Components of Customer Value 17-3
Product attributes Service attributes
Transaction cost
Life cycle cost
Risk
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Perceived benefit Perceived sacrifice
Perceived Value of Company’s Offer
CVA =
Perceived Value of Competitive Offers
Calculating CVA
17-8
THE VALUE QUESTION
– Considering the products and services that you purchased. How would you rate them as being worth what you paid for them?
Creating Value17-5That Customers Can See
Understanding customer needs in a well-defined market
Superior quality in areas that matter to
customers
Effective design and quality control
-- Product -- Customer Service • Quality, price, and value are relative
Product
Value
Quality Price
Customer service
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Source:BradleCyoTp.yGraigleh,tM©an2a0g0i1ngbyCTushteomMecrGVraaluwe-(HNiellwCYoomrkp:aTnhieesF, rIenec.PrAeslsl,r1ig9h94ts),rpe.s2er9v. ed.
Advertising and other marketing communications
Market-perceived quality
Low “cost of quality” and overall
cost leadership
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Exceptional customer value