solving the last mile issue
LAST MILE
Last Mile - Inaccessible Roads 城市配送- 道路限制
Some roads to stores are Inaccessible due to excessive urbani sation (城市化）and town restriction 由于近年城市化进程的 快速发展，一些道路机 动车辆无法通行
LAST MILE
Group Member: Siki Jasper Athena Janey Nicole
• ―我们的目标是，把1111购物狂欢节高不可 攀的波峰，拆分成若干个小波峰，在较短 的时间内发出去，平稳过渡，让消费者买 的尽兴，包裹收的开心”。 ——龚涛 天猫物流事业部总监
Definition of Last Mile
10
Last Mile - Inaccessible Roads 城市配送- 道路限制
Devise creative “last feet” Solutions 具有创造性和多样化的解决方案 For example in Shanghai 以上海为例： Within Inner Ring Road – 7am-8pm, only trucks with ―路 – 必须由通行证方可通行 Within Outer Ring Road – only Shanghai registered trucks can travel 外环以内道路 – 只有上海牌照的车辆可以通行 Some Roads in downtown even urban areas – quite a few roads restrict trucks over 2 tons 市内甚至郊县某些道路– 2吨以内车辆方可通行 Major Roads (Nanjing Road, Huaihai Road) – No trucks allowed, trucks can only re-route through small roads 一些主干道，机动车辆禁行– 车辆必须绕行其他小的道路方可到达或接近目 的地。
卓顶精文2019届上海英语高三二模翻译汇编.docx
长宁卷72.只有多练，你才能提高驾驶技术。
(Only)73.在旅游旺季机票订得越早越便宜。
(book)74.无论白天在学校发生了什么事情，晚上要尽量把负担卸下。
(NomatteY)75.随着互联网的发展，海量信息唾手可得，或许你觉得在也没有必要去图书馆了。
(needn.)72.OnlythYoughfYequentpYacticecanyouimpYoveyouYdYivingskills73.TheeaYlieYyoubookaplaneticketinatouYistseason,theloweYitspYicewill be.74.NomatteYwhathappensatschoolduYingtheday,aseaYlyintheeveningasyouca n,putallyouYbuYdendown.或者...,buYdensshouldbeputdownasmanyaspossibleintheevening.75.Withthedevelopment/gYowthoftheInteYnet,anenoYmousamountofinfoYmati onisathand./atouYfingeYtips/availablesothatyoumaythinktheYeisnoneedto gotothelibYaYy.杨浦卷1.新颁布的禁烟令得到了广大市民的支持。
（ban）2.出乎我的意料，年轻人对中国古诗词显示出了极大的热情。
（passion）3.共享单车不仅解决了最后一里路的问题，而且还有助于改善空气质量。
（Notonly）4.一考定终身的日子已经一去不复返了，但不可否认的是考试越多，学生压力越大。
（denying）72.Thenewly-issuedbanonsmokinghasbeensuppoYtedbymostcitizens73.BeyondmyeGpectation,youngpeopleshowedtYemendouspassionfoYancientCh inesepoetYy.74.NotonlydoshaYedbicyclessolvethelast-milepYoblembutalsotheyhelpimpYoveaiYquality75.GoneaYethedayswhenoneeGaminationcoulddeteYminestudents'fate,butthe YeisnodenyingthatthemoYeeGaminationstheyhave,themoYestYessfultheywill feel.青浦卷72.演讲前，花点时间看一下提纲，你会更自信。
共享单车英语六级作文
共享单车英语六级作文The Sharing Bike Craze。
In recent years, sharing bikes have become increasingly popular in many cities around the world, and have quickly become an important part of urban transportation. This trend has been driven by the convenience and environmental benefits of using shared bikes, as well as the rise of technology and the sharing economy.First and foremost, the convenience of shared bikes cannot be overstated. With the rise of mobile payment and GPS technology, users can easily locate and unlock a bike using their smartphones, making it incredibly easy to access and use a bike for short trips around the city. This has greatly improved the last-mile transportation problemin urban areas, providing a convenient and affordable option for people to travel short distances without relying on cars or public transportation.Furthermore, the environmental benefits of shared bikes are significant. By promoting cycling as a sustainable mode of transportation, shared bikes help reduce carbon emissions and alleviate traffic congestion in cities. This not only improves air quality and reduces noise pollution, but also contributes to a healthier and more sustainable urban environment.In addition, the rise of technology and the sharing economy has played a crucial role in the popularity of shared bikes. Companies such as Mobike and Ofo have leveraged mobile apps and big data to optimize bike distribution and user experience, making it easier for people to find and use shared bikes. Moreover, the sharing economy has created a culture of sharing and collaboration, encouraging people to embrace the idea of using shared resources for the greater good.Despite the many benefits of shared bikes, there are also challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. One major issue is the problem of bike theft and vandalism, which has led to the misuse and damage of shared bikes insome cities. In addition, the excessive number of shared bikes in certain areas has caused clutter and obstructionon sidewalks and public spaces, leading to complaints from local residents and authorities.To address these challenges, it is important for shared bike companies to work closely with local governments and communities to establish regulations and guidelines forbike sharing. This includes implementing measures toprevent theft and vandalism, as well as managing the distribution and parking of shared bikes to ensure thatthey do not create a nuisance in public spaces. Furthermore, public education and awareness campaigns can help promote responsible and considerate use of shared bikes among the general public.In conclusion, the rise of shared bikes has brought about significant changes in urban transportation and has the potential to create a more sustainable and livableurban environment. By leveraging technology and the sharing economy, shared bikes offer a convenient, affordable, and eco-friendly mode of transportation for city dwellers.However, it is important for stakeholders to address the challenges and concerns associated with bike sharing in order to ensure its long-term success and positive impact on urban mobility.。
上海市曹杨第二中学2020-2021学年高二上英语10月阶段测试 英语试题(答案不全)
上海市曹杨二中2020学年度第一学期高二年级10月份阶段性测试英语试卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.21. It was found that although the girl could perceive things with her fingers, this ability ceased ________ her hands were wet.A. the moment whenB. the momentC. in that momentD. before22. They had only been married for no more than three months ________ they began to quarrel with each other.A. sinceB. untilC. afterD. before23. I think our boat can pass the treacherous water _______ cautiously handled.A. untilB. ifC. lestD. with24. Anyone can borrow books from this library ________ he keeps them clean and returns them in time.A. even ifB. unlessC. so thatD. as long as25. ________, I have never read any article as good as this one.A. As I have read muchB. Now that I have read so muchC. Much as I have readD. As I have read so much26. You ________ things about. Look, what a mess in your room!A. were always throwingB. are always throwingC. always throwD. always threw27. I'm calling about the apartment you ________ the other day. Could you tell me more about?A. had advertisedB. advertisedC. has advertisedD. advertise28. Tom ________ close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.A. was toB. was likely toC. was due toD. was about to29. You know, I ________ for a job for 3 months, and this is my first formal interview.A. lookedB. have lookedC. have been lookingD. had looked30. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ________ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.A. expectedB. was expectingC. was expectedD. would be expectedSection BDirections: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.31. The result of the contest is not important, because what matters is my ________ and experience.32. They are highly demanding jobs, which ________ great efforts and patience.33. He has ________ me a thorough investigation into the affair.34. She obtained fame at the ________ of her happiness and health.35. The better ________ you have of words, the better chance you have of saying exactly what you mean.36. At first I was angry, but later I was moved by his ________.37. You should be ________ of your parents since you are now 18 years old.38. Like everything else in the world, language will keep the ________ with time.39. Today, the ________ to the problem is so common that it is difficult to understand that there was a problem at all.40. The government will almost certainly try to boost the economy with a ________ budget in August.III. Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Residents of urban areas make use of public transportation on their way to school or the office. But when their final __41__ isn't near a bus stop or subway station, those folks have a problem. Transportation experts often __42__ to this as the "last mile" problem-finding a way to close the gap between public transportation stops and one's destination.With the last mile problem in mind, the makers of the URB-E __43__ a compact electric vehicle that weights around 13 kilograms. Unlike bikes, which often don't fit on crowded buses or trains, the URB-E collapses into a form __44__ to carry-on luggage. And since the URB-E can be carried __45__ anywhere, it's not as vulnerable to thieves as bikes are.Depending on usage, the URB-E can travel for 32 kilometers on a single __46__, reaching a top speed of 24 kilometers per hour. Although there are other vehicles attempting to __47__ the last mile issue, the URB-E__48__ for its ease of use, portability and affordable price. For the price of a nice laptop, you could have an URB-E TO drive to the office.The URB-E is made from aircraft-grade aluminum and comes in two basic models: the URB-E Commuter and URB-E GP. The main __49__ between the two is that the Commuter model has two rear wheels while the GP has only one. That means the Commuter offers greater stability, as __50__ to the GP's ability to make sharper turns like a bicycle.Both models come with accessories __51__ LED front and rear lights and a shock-absorbing seat. They also __52__ a smart-phone holder and USB charging port right on the steering column. In fact, smart-phones play a big role in the URB-E app to do things like monitor battery charge or control the lights. __53__ accessories include a cup holder and a folding luggage shelf.At this year's international Consumer Electronic Show (CES) in Las Vegas, tech website The Verge awarded the URB-E with its "Best Personal Transportation" award. Singing the URB-E __54__, Verge editor Ben Popper said, "The URB-E felt like the kind of vehicle an enlighened citizen of 2030 would own." So why wait that long, when the URB-E is __55__ for order now?41. A. purpose B. destination C. transportation D. vehicle42. A. refer B. accustom C. attach D. stick43. A. discovered B. introduced C. designed D. manufactured44. A. convenient B. efficient C. objective D. similar45. A. constantly B. eventually C. mainly D. practically46. A. charge B. tourism C. competition D. distance47. A. cover B. develop C. address D. conquer48. A. breaks away B. stands out C. invests in D. perseveres in49. A. difference B. characteristic C. shortcoming D. advantage50. A. familiar B. strange C. important D. opposed51. A. as a result of B. such as C. in all D. in addition to52. A. install B. explore C. feature D. equip53. A. Optional B. Critical C. Essential D. Unique54. A. influences B. contributions C. praises D. achievements55. A. accessible B. flexible C. fascinating D. availableSection BDirections: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AOn 8th November 1974 Lord Lucan, a British aristocrat disappeared. The day before, his children's nanny had been murdered and his wife had been attacked too. To this day the British public are still interested in the murder case because Lucan has never been found. Now, over 30 years later, the police have reopened the case, hoping that new DNA techniques will help solve this murder mystery.People suspected that "Lucky", as he was called by friends, wanted to kill his wife he no longer lived with. They say that Lucan entered his old house and, in the dark, killed the nanny by mistake. His wife heard noises, came downstairs and was also attacked, but managed to escape. Seven months later after the murder, a jury concluded that Lucan had killed the nanny.What happened next is unclear, but there are several theories which fall into one of three categories: he may have killed himself, he could have escaped or he might have been killed. It appears that the night after the murder, Lucky borrowed a car and drove it to the English coast. In 2000, John Aspinall, a close friend of Lucan's said in an interview that he thought Lucan had committed suicide by sinking his boat in the English Channel.Another version of events says that Lucky left the blood-soaked car on the coast and took a Ferry to France. He was met there by someone who drove him to safety in another country. However, after a time, his rescuers became worried that they would become involved in the murder too and so Lucan was killed.A further fascinating theory was made in the book Dead Lucky by Duncan Maclaughlin, a former detective.He believes that Lucan travelled to Goa, India, where he assumed the identity of a Mr Barry Haplin. Lucan then lived in Goa till his death in 1996. In the end the claim turned out to be a case of mistaken identity. The man who died in 1996 was really Haplin, an ex-school teacher. So what is the truth about "Luchy"? DNA testing has solved many murder cases, but who knows if it can close the book on this one.56. The official conclusion of the case involving the nanny is that ________.A. Lucan murdered her.B. Lucan's wife killed her.C. She committed suicide.D. She died for Lucan's wife.57. What can be learned from paragraph 3 and 4?A. Lucan might have fled to America.B. Lucan might have been murdered by someone.C. Lucan might have got drowned in France.D. Lucan might have lived until 2000.58. Which of the following statements about Dead Lucky is TRUE?A. What it revealed brought light to the old case.B. It was written by a close friend of Lucan's.C. What it claimed turned out to be false.D. It mistook Lucan for Mr Barry Haplin.59. The best title of the passage might beA. Mr Barry Haplin - new identity.B. John Aspinall - the case closer.C. Dead lucky - a fascinating theory.D. "Lucky' Lord Lucan - alive or dead?BDynamic English lesson 3 - IdiomsDESCRIPTIONDynamic English Lessons 3 (€0.79) helps you learn some of the most common idioms with interactive games and practical examples. Use the dials to select the right words to complete the idiom illustrated by the picture. The idioms are grouped into six categories: Animals, Body Parts, Objects, Action & Sport, Food & Drink, and Miscellaneous.LEVELIntermediate and aboveFEATURES●Fun graphics and audio to help you learn and remember idioms●Quiz yourself on how to use idioms●Idiom Dictionary● A sealed section with adult uses for idioms●Audio recordings to hear pronunciation and examples usesCOMMENTS FROM ONE USERA well-designed app, and great value for less than one euro. The illustrations are fun, and I particularly liked the fact that audio recordings are provided for the examples. One criticism I do have is that having found the idiom, you have to consult the dictionary to find out what it means. It would have made more educational sense to have the definition available while you're trying to find the idiom. And there are a few bugs and spelling mistakes which need to be fixed. All in all though, I'm giving this one the thumbs up.ALSO SEE●Brush Up On Your English With Dynamic English Lessons -- idioms (App Advice)NOTEDynamic English Lessons has two other apps: Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs. Both are available in the App Store for €0.79.60. Where does this passage probably come from?A. An Internet website for application software.B. An English exercise book with word quizzes for English learners.C. A leaflet promoting an English course on learning idioms.D. A TV program providing dynamic English lessons.61. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A. Beginners of English may find "Dynamic English Lessons 3" too difficult for them.B. "Dynamic English Lessons 3" has interesting pictures and audio for English learners.C. The faults of "Dynamic English Lessons 3" outweigh its virtues according to one user.D. "Dynamic English Lessons 3" gives grown-ups exclusive access to some usage of idioms.62. According to the comment from the user, "Dynamic English Lessons 3" needs to work on the following aspects except its _________.A. pictures and audioB. idiom dictionaryC. program mistakes in the applicationD. spelling of words(C)"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming（肯定）the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, with Duke University President Richard Brod-head and retired Exelon CEO John Rowe as co-chairmen. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, film-making, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. The report supports full literacy: stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government: and encourages the use of new digital technologist.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning bear on the greatchallenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite two and a half years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing'progressive," or left-liberal propaganda（宣传）.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas -- such as free markets,self-reliance and a distrust of central planning - as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that congress asked it to illuminate.63. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _________.A. retain people's interest in liberal educationB. define the government's role in educationC. keep a leading position in liberal educationD. safeguard individuals rights to education64. Which one of the following does the AAAS report suggest?A. An exclusive study of American historyB. A greater emphasis on theoretical subjectsC. The application of emerging technologiesD. Funding for the study of foreign languages65. The author implies that professors today are _________.A. routinely supportive of free marketsB. cautious about intellectual investigationC. conservative about public policyD. prejudiced against classical liberal ideas66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Ways to Grasp "The Heart of the Matter"B. "The Heart of the Matter": Illiberal EducationC. The AAAS's Contribution to Liberal EducationD. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A Dream Come TrueThe young professor was working in his workshop in a narrow street in Boston, not far from Scollay Square. It was a very hot afternoon in June, but the man did not notice. He was totally absorbed in his strange machine which he had been working on for about three years. Suddenly he heard an almost inaudible sound, the first sound ever transmitted through a wire. The machine was the very first telephone and the young man was Alexander Graham Bell.At the age of 16 Alexander started to help teach young deaf mutes, children who could not hear or speak. He used his father's system of 'visible speech', a form of sign language, and achieved amazing results. __67__ Mr Alexander Ellis, a professor of philology, and Sit Charles Wheatstone, an expert in telegraphy, started him thinking about sending sounds through a machine.Unfortunately, it was around this time that the fatal disease called the white plague, spread through Britain and both Alexander's brothers died. __68__ Alexander was teaching to a tribe of Mohawk Indians in a small Canadian town called Brant-ford, when the Boston Board of Education asked him to come and work in the USA at a new school for deaf mutes.Alexander was happy to move to Boston and continue the work he had stated in Britain. __69__Then, two years later, he agreed to give private lessons to a young boy whose family allowed him to use their basement as a workshop. This gave Alexander the opportunity to resume, his experiments with sound transmitters.He used to spend all his free time, and most of his money, on his inventions. __70__. She was a young girl who had lost her tearing and the ability to speak because of a childhood illness. Her name was Mabel Hubbard, and four years later they got married.In order to survive financially Bell had to work on the musical telegraph, but he also continued working on his mechanical voice transmitter. He became so successful that he soon opened his own school called "The School of V ocal Physiology". Almost a year later, in March 1876 the first words were heard coming through the phone.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Becoming an attractive employeeThe 2008 financial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast-forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it's of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it is especially important for those new to the workforce. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employees.For young people, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in this field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise（专业技能）in technology, marketing, and networking. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attractive quality is experience. It is important that an applicant's resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning, along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committees see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.Finally, an attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude toward a potential job. Young job seekers are known to be overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around. In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: "What would be expected of me as an employees?"V. Translation学习交流内部使用，请勿外传Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 教授对这项研究的评论令所有人吃惊。
2015上海市高三英语一模--宝山区
Section A( A )One day Gene and Hannah Bortnick heard piano music (25) ______ (come) from their living room. They thought their 3-year-old son Ethan (26) ______ (listen) to a CD. Then they walked into the room. To their amazement, they found him playing music on his toy piano!Having discovered his remarkable talent, Ethan’s parents changed their minds and agreed to his previous begging for piano lessons. They turned to a family member who taught piano, and she began working with Ethan. It wasn’t long, however, (27) ______ the teacher knew that he was no ordinary student. Ethan was a piano prodigy (神童) and needed someone who understood his special talents and abilities. The family found Dr. Irena Kofman, (28) ______ immediately recognized his talent and intelligence.With Dr. Kofman’s help, Ethan learned about piano technique and different types of music. Before long, he was being asked to perform for many events. Later he was receiving invitations from the likes of Jay Leno and Oprah. Ethan was 6 and in kindergarten (29) ______ he first appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. At that time, he already had over 200 songs (30) ______ (memorize) and was developing a CD.Today, at the age of 13, it seems there is (31) ______ Ethan cannot do. He plays piano, sings, composes songs and acts. He has entertained audiences around the world with music (32) ______ (range) from Beethoven to Bieber.In 2010, Ethan became (33) ______ (young) musician to create and host his own TV concert special.Then in 2013, the performer starred in and wrote music for the movie Anything is Possible.( B )Tasui is a teenager who lives in Africa. When he was young, he had polio (小儿麻痹症). Although he wants to go to school, he must work.Tasui is only one of millions of children who can’t go to school. Many (34) ______ work to support their families. Therefore, more than 100 million children will never receive an education. Can anything be done? Global Campaign for Education (GCE) thinks so. It was formed to solve this problem. The government aims to give every person, especially those in poverty, (35) ______ opportunity to get an education.Established in 1999, GCE is made up of 120 organizations with members in almost 100 countries. Education is a basic human right, and GCE campaigns to realize this right. It works with governments (36) ______ (improve) education in each country.Today, nearly 1 (37) ______ 6 people around the world cannot read or write. Not being able to read impacts a person’s job opportunities and increases poverty. GCE seeks to provide (38) ______ (teach) materials in primary students’ mother tongues.Around the world, many girls face neglect and are often denied an education. GCE aims to give women the same opportunities as men.Every spring, GCE leads the Global Action Week. During this week, GCE highlights people who (39) ______ (deny) educational opportunities. This year the Global Action Week focuses on providing an education to disabled people.GCE believes (40) ______ quality education can change lives.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Google Inc. is searching for a better way for millions of diabetics (糖尿病患者) to manage their disease by developing a contact lens that (41) ______ glucose (葡萄糖) levels in tears.The “smart” contact lens uses a tiny wireless chip and sma ll glucose sensor that is (42) ______ into two layers of soft contact lens material.Google is in (43) ______ with the Food and Drug Administration, the company said. But the contact lenses could be years from (44) ______ the public. The prototype (原型) can bring about a reading once per second, which could be very (45) ______ for diabetics who must pay close attention to their blood sugar and adjust their dose of insulin (胰岛素). Google is also (46) ______ whether the lenses could be an “early warning” for diabetics by equipping them with tiny LED lights that light up when insulin levels get too high or low.“You’ve (47) ______ heard that diabetes is a huge and growing problem — affecting one out of every nineteen people on the planet. But you may not be (48) ______ with the daily struggle that many people with diabetes face as they try to keep their blood sugar levels under control. Uncontrolled blood sugar puts people at risk for a range of dangerous (49) ______ , some short-term and others longer-term, including damage to the eyes, kidneys and heart,” Google said in a blog post. “It’s still early days for this technology, but we’ve completed multiple clinical research (50) ______, which are helping to improve our prototype. We hope this could someday lead to a new way for people with diabetes to manage their disease.”III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Residents of urban areas often make use of public transportation on their way to school or the office. But when their final __51__ isn’t near a bus stop or subway station, those folks have a problem. Transportation experts often __52__ to this as the “last mile” problem — finding a way to close the gap between public transp ortation stops and one’s destination.With the last mile problem in mind, the makers of the URB-E __53__ a compact electric vehicle that weighs around 13 kilograms. Unlike bikes, which often don’t fit on crowded buses or trains, the URB-E collapses into a form __54__ to carry-on luggage. And since the URB-E can be carried __55__ anywhere, it’s not as vulnerable(易受攻击的) to thieves as bikes are.Depending on usage, the URB-E can travel for 32 kilometers on a single __56__, reaching a top speed of 24 kilometers per hour. Although there are other vehicles attempting to __57__ the last mile issue, the URB-E __58__ for its ease of use, portability and affordable price. For the price of a nice laptop, you could have an URB-E to drive to the office.The URB-E is made from aircraft-grade aluminum and comes in two basic models: the URB-E Commuter and the URB-E GP. The main __59__ between the two is that the Commuter model has two rear wheels while the GP has only one. That means the Commuter offers greater stability, as __60__ to the GP’s ability to make sharper turns like a bicycle.Both models come with accessories(配件) __61__ LED front and rear lights and a shock-absorbing seat. They also __62__ a smartphone holder and USB charging port right on the steering column. In fact, smartphones play a big role in the URB-E app to do things like monitor battery charge or control the lights. __63__ accessories include a cup holder and a folding luggage shelf.At this year’s international Consumer Electronic Show (CES) in Las Vegas, tech website The Verge awarded the URB-E with its “Best Personal Transportation” award. Singing the URB-E’s __64__, Verge editor Ben Popper said, “The URB-E felt like the kind of vehicle an enlightened citizen of 2030 would own.” So why wait that lo ng, when the URB-E is __65__ for order now?51.A. purpose B. destination C. transportation D. vehicle52.A. refer B. accustom C. attach D. stick53.A. discovered B. introduced C. designed D. manufactured54.A. convenient B. efficient C. objective D. similar55.A. constantly B. eventually C. mainly D. practically56.A. charge B. tourism C. competition D. distance57.A. cover B. develop C. address D. conquer58.A. breaks away B. stands out C. invests in D. perseveres in59.A. difference B. characteristic C. shortcoming D. advantage60.A. familiar B. strange C. important D. opposed61.A.as a result of B. such as C. in all D. in addition to62.A. install B. explore C. feature D. equip63.A. Optional B. Critical C. Essential D. Unique64.A. influences B. contributions C. praises D. achievements65.A. accessible B. flexible C. fascinating D. availableSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Rugby looks like a mixture of soccer and American football. In Rugby, players carry the ball, kick the ball and tackle (拦截抢球) one another. Men, women and children play it in more than 120 countries.Legend says rugby was invented in 1823 at a school in the town of Rugby, England. One of the school’s students, a young man named William Webb Ellis, was playing in a soccer match. But he got bored with just kicking the ball, so he picked it up and ran with it. Before long, this new way of playing soccer became popular at the school. When the school’s students finished their studies, they moved to other parts of Britain, taking the new game, which they called rugby, with them. Before long, they and others established rugby clubs throughout Britain and in British colonies around the world.By the 1870s, there were many rugby clubs in Britain and elsewhere, but they weren’t all play ing rugby the same way. To solve this problem, representatives from twenty-two teams met and agreed on official rugby regulations. They also founded an association of rugby teams, called the Rugby Football Union (RFU).Today,Rugby Union World Cup tournaments are held every four years. The first one occurred in 1987 with Australia and New Zealand hosting. The next World Cup will happen in 2015 and will be hosted by England. Thousands of fans will travel to attend the matches and cheer on their favorite teams. Believe it or not, not one team who’s won the Rugby World Cup has managed to win the next World Cup! But players and fans don’t mind. They just enjoy the game.66.What is this article mainly about?A. An institution for disabled youngsters.B. An activity which provides recreation.C. A yearly competition with huge prizes.D. A community with an interesting history.67.What did William Webb Ellis do differently?A. He kicked the ball repeatedly.B. He beat balls after matches.C. He held the ball in his hands.D. He threw the ball really well.68.What did the clubs finally confirm in the 1870s?A. A united legal defenseB. Plans for new stadiumsC. Standard rules of playD. Backing for other sports69.What does this article tell us about the Rugby Union World Cup?A. How frequently it takes placeB. How mechanical it’s becomeC. How officials plan to change itD. How well journalists cover it(B)The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to get everything and everyone talking. A ttaching sensors to “things”, such as cows, cars and refrigerator, and then assigning them unique IP addresses allow them to “talk” to the Internet. Of course, the IoT will involve much more than a handful of sensors. Networking company Cisco estimates that 50 billion Internet-connected devices and objects will be sending over data by 2020.70.How do researchers get everything and everyone talking?A. By establishing the IoT and launching a handful of sensors.B. By connecting sensors with them and appointing them unique IP addresses.C. By communicating with them all the time through the IoT.D. By sending people to track them day and night and collect useful data.71.According to the article, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A. IoT can help people do preventive maintenance and save money.B. IoT can help people monitor energy usage and observe price changes timely.C. IoT can help people adjust their habits and use electrical appliances more smartly.D. IoT can help people investigate things and update a lot of important data.72. What else do critics worry about the IoT besides its probably ending up being a fashion?A. People will lose interest in it as quickly as the thrill over last year’s smartphone.B. Refrigerators and washing machines will be replaced by other devices in a few years.C. Whether related companies will provide long-term software updates or not.D. The software provided by companies will be outdated easily and quickly.73.According to the passage, when owners of the Tesla Model S electric received a recall notice, they ______.A. just waited in the car while the maintenance is being done through wireless updateB. were required to go to the nearest 4s store to make some adjustments or repairsC. could definitely depend on the IoT to send them the charger plug to be fixedD. had to confirm the update with the help of the equipment provided by the company( C )The $19 billion that Facebook Inc. is paying for a smartphone application made jaws drop, even in Silicon Valley.But analysts say the purchase of WhatsApp could pay off for Facebook as it takes on Google Inc. and other technology giants in the race to be the next big thing in mobile.The battle for mobileTechnology giants are fighting for their future as consumers switch their loyalties from personal computers to mobile devices. By 2015, 5 billion people are expected to be carrying around the tiny computers in their pockets.As a result, quick startups that have outpaced their grown-up rivals in building popular mobile services have become takeover targets.Just last year Facebook offered $3 billion for Los Angeles-based messaging company Snapchat, but was turned down. WhatsApp, a tiny California company, was a far bigger prize.With 450 million users, WhatsApp is the market leader in mobile messaging. Chief Executive Jan Koum says his company’s goal from the start was “to be on every single smartphone in the world.”Facebook is betting WhatsApp can help it go beyond competitors in messaging, the new communication medium of choice.Survival at stake (在紧急关头)The stakes could not be higher for Facebook. More people are communicating on their mobile devices rather than sending information to hundreds of friends on social networks. Its very survival depends on its ability to obtain the new ways people are connecting and sharing.By that logic, the price Facebook is paying for WhatsApp isn’t so bubbly(多泡的), said David Wessels, a finance professor at the University of Pennsylvania.“As a stand-alone company, WhatsApp is clearly not worth $19 billion, period,” Wessels said. “But by no means would I consider this unreasonable. Would you give away 10 percent of your company to extend the life of your company?”A wise investment?At first, Facebook investors did experience what analyst Arvind Bhatia called “sticker shock” after learning that Facebook planned to pay $19 billion for WhatsApp, a company that had declared it had no plans to make money any time soon.But investors quickly neglected concerns. Shares of Facebook briefly hit a record high the day after the sale was announced.Facebook is certainly not alone in placing sky-scraping evaluations on unproven startups, analysts say.Blogging service Tumblr sold to Yahoo Inc. for more than $1 billion. Dozens more startups are valued at $1 billion or more.Facebook is quick to point out that WhatsApp reached 450 million users faster than any company in history.74. The phrase “take on” in the second paragraph most probably means ______.A. show offB. compete withC. cooperate withD. object to75. Why do the technology giants start the battle for mobile according to the passage?A. Because they all want to become number one in the field of technology.B. Because all of them wish every customer to use tiny computers.C. Because consumers prefer mobile devices to computers.D. Because mobile devices are the latest technology at present.76. According to the passage, what does the author imply?A. Facebook’s decision is correct and reasonable.B. Facebook’s decision is incorrect and unreasonable.C. Facebook’s decision is acceptable but unreasonable.D. Facebook’s decision is bright but adventurous.77. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Revolutionary about Mobile DevicesB. Facebook Inc. and WhatsAppC. How Technology Giants GrowD. What’s Up with WhatsAppSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.For senior adviser Kathryn Cramer, author of Lead Positive: What Highly Effective Leaders See, Say, and Do, the best way to inspire followers is to focus on the positive. Cramer developed a methodology called Asset-Based Thinking (ABT) based on this message of positive thinking, and describes in her book how leaders:●see the positive in the past, present and future;●say the positive with communications with substance, enthusiasm and soul;●do the positive by responding with intention (not reacting), using their qualities and driving positive change over thelong term.The see-say-do framework is at the heart of Cramer’s Asset-Based Thinking methodology, which offers a comprehensive framework for leaders to respond to a wide variety of challenges and situations. In Lead Positive, Cramer describes a range of ABT techniques and guidelines for applying the framework.The “force field analysis”, for example, is a technique used to learn from a past si tuation that successfully worked, and is built around four questions:●“What forces were working for us?” With this question, you should identify five positive, promoting forces, Cramerwrites.●“What forces were working against us?” This question should lea d to one or two negative forces.●“What did we do to use the promoting forces and eliminate or sidestep the negative forces?”●“What behavior do we want to repeat and knowledge do we want to carry forward? Which situational assets do wewant to recreate, and which situational traps must we avoid?”These questions will give the leader and his or her team a clear memory of how they used positive “situational forces” and overcame negative ones to achieve success. Cramer’s force field analysis is both informa tional and inspiring.One of the recurring (一再出现) approaches in Cramer’s ABT methodology is the Self-Other-Situation framework, in which leaders take into account themselves, others and the situation in question. For example, to help leaders “see” the positive in the present, Cramer writes that they need to consider what makes them feel strong and capable, how they develop meaningful connections with other people, and what gives them a sense of progress or achievement .(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the highlight of Cramer’s ABT technique?79. The “force field analysis” can help leaders _________________________________________.80. How does the author like Cramer’s force field analysis?81. In Self-Others-Situation framework, leaders should __________________________________.第II卷（共47分）2014学年第一学期高三英语测试参考答案及听力文字材料听力录音文字Section A Short Conversations1. W: Hurry up, please, or I’ll miss the plane.M: Sorry, madam, but we are in the rush hour.Q: Where is the woman?2. W: What jobs have you done in the past five years?M: Many kinds of jobs. I was once an official and later an engineer. Up till now I have been ajournalist for three years.Q: What’s the man’s present job?3. W: Does the play start at 6:15?M: It starts at 6:30 and ends at 8:00.Q: How long does the play last?4. W: Why didn’t you stop when the light had changed red?M: I’m terribly sorry that I was absent-minded. Do I have to pay a fine?Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?5. W: Can you drive me to the Anderson’s party Friday night?M: It depends on if I get my car back from the shop.Q: What can we learn from the conversation?6. W: Did you hear? They are moving Kathy to the New York office.M: They are? That’s news to me.Q: What does the man mean?7. W: I really like this green dress. The fit is perfect, but I’m not sure about the color.M: Try another one. It’s the same style, but blue suits you better.Q: What does the man mean?8. W: You are taking a course with Professor Johnson. What’s your impression so far?M: Many students could hardly stay awake in his class without first drinking a cup of coffee.Q: What does the man imply?9. W: Would you mind taking a picture of me in front of the fountain?M: Not at all. But I’m not sure how this camera works.Q: What will probably happen next?10. W: I’m afraid this is the only room in the hotel we have free at this time, sir.M: I guess I’ll take what I can get. Next time I’ll be sure to call in advance and make areservation.Q: What can be inferred about the man?Section B PassagesToday I’d like to mention an interesting television program that will be shown on January 1st. It’s about the brain. It’s a public television show produced in New York City. The program will investigate how the brain functions and malfunctions. Some interesting topics that will be discussed are dreaming, memory and depression. Computers will be used to make the explanation easy to follow. The show is not for children but don’t worry. It’s not intended for scientists, either. I think t he program will be very helpful with the work we are doing in class on the brain. I hope you’ll watch it. Remember it’s on January 1st.Questions:11.Who is the speaker?12.What will be broadcast on television on January 1st?13.What will be the main purpose of the show?The most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available services. The second purpose is to sell the product. To the manufactures the second purpose might be more important. They try to persuade customers to buy the product by creating a desire for it.In general, many purchases are rational, or carefully thought out. People usually consider the economy and convenience when they are buying a product. At other times, the reason behind a purchase may not be clear to a consumer. Consumers may be influenced by an advertisement on TV showing a sports hero using the product. They may want to copy the hero by using the product and so choose it.Of course, need remains the most important reason for buying something. Food is a real need, but what about the sugar-coated breakfast food advertised on TV? It’s neither necessary nor nutritious. What causes the shopper to buy this product? Most likely it is an emotional motive.Knowing the reasons behind decisions to buy things makes you a wiser shopper. A person should try to become a more intelligent and rational consumer, one who spends what is worth spending.Questions:14.To the manufactures, what’s the main purpose of advertising?15.What do most consumers do before buying a product?16.If you know the reason behind decisions to buy things, what will you do?Section C Longer Conversations( A )M: Are you studying here?W: Yes, I’m studying in the East Asia Languages Department.M: What are you majoring in?W: I’m majoring in Japanese.M: Is it difficult to learn?W: Yes, the language is hard to learn, but it’s interesting.M: Do you know anything about the country?W: Yes, I’m reading a lot of books about Japan. I like its culture. It’s quite different from ours. M: Yes, it is. It’s important to learn the culture of a nation if you want to learn its language well. W: You are right.M: Do you want to do business or to teach in that country?W: I’m working in a company that does a lot of business with Japan.M: Oh, I see. Good luck, then.( B )M: Next. Your passport, please.W: Okay. Here you are.M: Uh, what is the purpose of your visit?W: I’m here to attend a business confe rence for the first part of my trip, and then I plan on touring the capital for a few days.M: And where will you be staying?W: I’ll be staying at a hotel downtown for the entire week.M: And uh, what do you have in your luggage?W: Well, just, just my personal belongings um, ... Clothes, a few books, a camera and a computer. M: Okay. Well, please open your bag.W: Sure.M: Okay ... Everything is fine. Uh, by the way, is this your first visit to the country?W: Well, yes.M: I’m sure you will like ou r country. Enjoy your trip.W: Thanks.。
“BR”模式下轨道交通站点自行车停车空间优化——以南京地铁一号线站点为例
收稿日期：２０１８－０９－１３ 基金项目：本研究为江苏省大学生创新创业训练计划项目成果（项目编号：２０１８１０２９１０５９Ｚ）。
Ｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇｓｐａｃｅｆｏｒｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｕｎｄｅｒ＂Ｂ＋Ｒ＂ｍｏｄｅ ———ＴａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＮａｎｊｉｎｇＭｅｔｒｏＬｉｎｅ１ａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅ
ＷＡＮＧＪｉｎｇ－ｄｉ，ＬＩＤｏｎｇ－ｍｅｉ
（Ａｕｔｈｏｒ’ｓａｄｄｒｅｓｓＮａｎｊｉｎｇＴｅｃｈＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＮａｎＪｉｎｇ，Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ２１１８００，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＡｓＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈａｓｆｕｒｔｈｅｒａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄ，ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｒａｆｆｉｃｃｏｎｇｅｓｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｉｎ ｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ．Ｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｗａｙｓｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｕｒｂａｎｔｒａｆｆｉｃｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ，ｂｕｔｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔｈａｓｔｈｅｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｏｆｌｏｎｇ ｓｉｔｅｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅａｎｄｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｄｏｏｒ－ｔｏ－ｄｏｏｒｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ．Ｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｓａｒｅｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅａｎｄｏｃｃｕｐｙａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔ－ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｔｒａｖｅｌ ｏｆｕｒｂａｎｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅ＂Ｂ＋Ｒ＂ｍｏｄｅｃａｎｇｉｖｅｆｕｌｌｐｌａｙｔｏｔｈｅａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｏｆｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔａｎｄｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｓ，ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｓｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｈｅ ＂ｌａｓｔｍｉｌｅ＂ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ．Ｅｎｓｕｒｉｎｇｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇｓｐａｃｅｉｓｔｈｅｋｅｙｔｏｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇａｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｂｉｃｙｃｌｅａｎｄｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔ．ＴａｋｅＮａｎｊｉｎｇＭｅｔｒｏＬｉｎｅ１ａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｔｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｔｈｅｍａｉｎｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓａｎｄｄｅ ｍａｎｄｓｏｆｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇａｔｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｒａｆｆｉｃｖｏｌｕｍｅ，ｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇａｎｄｔｕｒｎｏｖｅｒｒａｔｅ．Ｔｈｅｎｐｒｏ ｐｏｓｅｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅａｎｄｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｏｆｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇｓｐａｃｅｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｔｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔｓｔａ ｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｉｓｔｏｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｔｈｅｓａｆｅ，ｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｔ，ｃｏｍｆｏｒｔａｂｌｅａｎｄｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇｓｐａｃｅｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｎｏｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅ ｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｐａｒｋｉｎｇａｒｅａａｔＬｏｎｇｍｉａｎＡｖｅｎｕｅＳｔａｔｉｏｎ． Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｔｒａｆｆｉｃ；Ｒａｉｌｔｒａｎｓｉｔ；＂Ｂ＋Ｒ＂ｍｏｄｅ；Ｐａｒｋｉｎｇｓｉｔｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ；ｐａｒｋｉｎｇｆａｃｉｌｉ轨 道 交 通 的 迅 速 发 展， 轨道交通线路末端的城市外围地区新建了大量居 住区。由于城市外围地区公共交通较为落后，“Ｂ＋ Ｒ”模式（自行车 ＋轨道交通）在轨道交通接驳交通 中占有很大的比例，潮汐式的交通模式导致大量自 行车停放在轨道交通站点周边，轨道站点交通配套 自行车停车位供给不足的问题日趋严重，已引起各 级政府和社会各界的广泛关注。
农村乡镇物流末端配送现状分析和建议
农村乡镇物流末端配送现状分析和建议作者：杨捷来源：《中小企业管理与科技·上旬刊》2021年第12期【摘要】基于电子商务产业的发展，并随着乡村振兴战略的全面实施，大力发展物流产业成为推动经济高质量发展的重要举措。
然而农村物流末端配送体系是制约目前农村电商经济发展的重要瓶颈，解决电商物流“最后一公里”问题成为优化物流服务体系的重要手段。
论文以农村乡镇物流末端配送服务的现状作为切入点，剖析制约农村乡镇物流末端配送的主要因素，最后提出促进农村乡镇物流末端配送服务体系发展的具体对策和建议，以期助力乡村振兴战略的实施。
【Abstract】Based on the development of e-commerce industry and with the full implementation of rural revitalization strategy， vigorously developing logistics industry has become an important measure to promote the high quality economic development. However， the logistics terminal distribution system in rural areas is an important bottleneck restricting the current rural e-commerce economic development. Solving the "last mile" problem of e-commerce logistics has become an important method to optimize the logistics service system. Taking the current situation of township logistics terminal distribution service in rural areas as the starting point， this paper analyzes the main factors restricting township logistics terminal distribution in rural areas， and finally puts forward specific countermeasures and suggestions to promote the development of township logistics terminal distribution service system in rural areas， so as to help the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.【關键词】农村;物流末端配送;“最后一公里”;电子商务【Keywords】rural areas; logistics terminal distribution; "last mile"; e-commerce【中图分类号】F259.22;F323 【文献标志码】A 【文章编号】1673-1069（2021）12-0115-031 引言乡村振兴战略的实施催生了农村电子商务经济的快速发展。
物流仓储体系建设方案
物流仓储体系建设方案Chapter 1: n Plan for Storage SystemI。
n of County-level Storage and Logistics n SystemCurrently。
logistics in counties。
towns。
and villages mainly rely on postal services。
but the n and time intervals are not XXX。
it is necessary to plan and layout the storage and logistics system nally。
XXX。
provide third-party n services。
and ce n costs。
Support the development of third-party and joint n。
rely on their own storage and logistics n resources。
provide online XXX。
integrate and optimize the entire logistics service system。
and actively serve the development of rural merce。
forming a XXX of a nal merce XXX.Fully leveraging the advantages of logistics。
capital flow。
n flow n and universal service。
with multiple n points。
integrating the express packages of express companies that do not have XXX。
and using XXX them free of charge to rural merce service ns。
“最后一公里”
K eywords t o U nderstand C hina“最后一公里”“最后一公里”原指完成长途跋涉的最后一段里程，被引申为完成一件事情最后的关键性步骤。
长期以来，扶贫开发工作就受困于“最后一公里”的问题。
习近平在多个场合指出，要实施贫困村提升工程，培育壮大集体经济，完善基础设施，打通脱贫攻坚政策落实“最后一公里”。
即把脱贫攻坚重点放在改善生产生活条件上，着重加强农田、水利、交通通信等基础设施建设和技术培训、教育医疗等公共服务建设，特别是要解决好入村入户等“最后一公里”问题。
支持贫困地区农民在本地或外出务工、创业，这是短期内增收最直接见效的办法。
劳务输出地政府和输入地政府，对贫困人口外出务工要多想办法、多做实事。
为加强脱贫攻坚一线工作力量，中央要求，每个贫困村都要派驻村工作队，每个贫困户都要有帮扶责任人。
截至2019年4月，全国累计选派300多万县级以上机关、国有企事业单位干部参加驻村帮扶，在岗的第一书记20.6万人、驻村干部70万人。
他们积极帮助群众出主意干实事，推动扶贫政策措施落地落实，打通了精准扶贫“最后一公里”。
THE “LAST-MILE” PROBLEMThe “last-mile” problem refers to the last part of a journey. It is a metaphor to describe the last hurdle to clear before completing a task. China’s poverty alleviation effort has been dogged by “last-mile” problems.Xi Jinping has more than once talked about removing the last hurdle in implementing poverty elimination policies. By this he means improvement projects in poor villages, developing a collective economy, and improving local infrastructure. To be more specific, the focus is on improving rural living and production conditions, improving farmlands, irrigation, transportation and communications facilities, and providing technical training, education, medical services and other public services, particularly granting access to local villages and households.Helping the rural population find jobs locally or elsewhere is a most effective way to increase their incomes within a short period of time. The governments of localities that are net importers or exporters of labor must take practical measures to facilitate employment for migrant workers.To reinforce the frontline work of poverty elimination, the central authorities require that every poor village must have one resident working team and every poor household have one person assigned to help them. By April 2019, some 3 million officials had been assigned to poverty alleviation missions. Of these, 206,000 were serving as on-post first Party secretaries, and 700,000 were resident working team members. These people have offered advice to the villagers and done solid work in the execution of poverty alleviation policies, thus solving the “last-mile” problem.。
快递服务面临哪些挑战英文作文
快递服务面临哪些挑战英文作文English: With the increasing demand for online shopping, the courier service industry is facing several challenges. One major challenge is the growing volume of packages to be delivered, leading to potential delays and overwhelmed delivery systems. Another challenge is the need to ensure efficient and cost-effective delivery routes to meet customer expectations for speedy deliveries. Additionally, the issueof last-mile delivery remains a significant obstacle, as delivering packages to specific locations in urban areas can be complex and time-consuming. Moreover, the pressure to maintain competitive pricing while investing in technology and infrastructure upgrades adds to the challenges faced by courier services. Lastly, concernsover environmental sustainability and the carbon footprint of delivery services have become increasingly important, pushing courier companies to adopt eco-friendly practices and alternatives such as electric vehicles.中文翻译: 随着在线购物需求的增加，快递服务行业面临着几个挑战。
最后一公里送货英语作文
最后一公里送货英语作文The Last Mile Delivery。
In recent years, the last mile delivery has become a crucial aspect of the logistics industry. It refers to the final leg of the delivery process, where goods are transported from a distribution center or a transportation hub to the end consumer's doorstep. The last mile delivery plays a significant role in ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty, as it is the final touchpoint between the retailer and the consumer. In this article, we will explore the challenges and innovations in the last mile delivery, its impact on the environment, and potential future developments.One of the primary challenges faced in last mile delivery is the increasing volume of online shopping. As e-commerce continues to grow, more and more people are opting for the convenience of shopping from their homes. This surge in online orders has put immense pressure onlogistics companies to deliver goods quickly and efficiently. The demand for faster deliveries has led to the rise of same-day and next-day delivery services, which further intensify the challenges faced by logistics providers.Another challenge in last mile delivery is the issue of traffic congestion. As delivery vehicles navigate through urban areas, they often encounter heavy traffic, leading to delays and inefficiencies. This not only affects the delivery time but also increases fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Additionally, finding suitable parking spaces for delivery vehicles can be a significant challenge in densely populated cities. These factors contribute to higher costs and can impact the overall profitability of last mile delivery operations.To address these challenges, various innovations and technologies have emerged in the last mile delivery sector. One such innovation is the use of drones for delivery. Drones offer the potential to bypass traffic congestion and deliver goods directly to the consumer's location.Companies like Amazon have already started testing drone delivery services in select areas, and if successful, this technology could revolutionize the last mile delivery process.Another innovation is the use of autonomous vehicles. Self-driving delivery vans and robots are being developed to handle last mile deliveries efficiently. These vehicles can navigate through traffic and reach the destination without the need for a human driver. While this technology is still in its early stages, it holds great promise for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of last mile delivery.In addition to technological advancements, logistics companies are also exploring alternative delivery methods. One such method is crowdshipping, where individuals can sign up to deliver packages while they are on their regular commute. This approach utilizes the spare capacity of private vehicles and reduces the number of delivery vehicles on the road. Crowdshipping not only helps in reducing traffic congestion but also provides anopportunity for individuals to earn extra income.Furthermore, some companies are experimenting with the concept of micro-fulfillment centers. These smaller distribution centers are strategically located closer to urban areas, allowing for faster and more efficient last mile delivery. By decentralizing the fulfillment process, companies can reduce the distance traveled by delivery vehicles and improve the overall speed of delivery.While innovations in last mile delivery have the potential to improve efficiency and customer satisfaction, they also raise concerns about their environmental impact. The increased use of delivery vehicles, especially in urban areas, contributes to air pollution and carbon emissions. To address this issue, companies are exploring eco-friendly alternatives such as electric vehicles and bicycles forlast mile delivery. Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing the carbon footprint associated with delivery operations. Additionally, bicycles are anefficient and sustainable mode of transportation for short-distance deliveries in urban areas.Looking ahead, the future of last mile delivery is likely to witness further advancements in technology and delivery methods. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms can help optimize delivery routes, reduce fuel consumption, and enhance customer experience. Additionally, advancements in robotics and automation may lead to the development of more sophisticated delivery robots that can handle complex tasks and navigate through challenging terrains.In conclusion, the last mile delivery is a critical component of the logistics industry, ensuring that goods reach the end consumer in a timely and efficient manner. However, it also poses several challenges, includingtraffic congestion, increased demand for faster deliveries, and environmental concerns. To overcome these challenges, companies are adopting innovative technologies such as drones and autonomous vehicles, as well as exploring alternative delivery methods like crowdshipping. The future of last mile delivery holds great potential for furtheradvancements, and it is essential for the industry to strike a balance between efficiency and sustainability.。
sharing bike英语作文
sharing bike英语作文The Advantages and Disadvantages of Sharing Bikes。
In recent years, sharing bikes have become increasingly popular in many cities around the world. This new mode of transportation has brought both benefits and challenges to urban dwellers. In this essay, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sharing bikes.First and foremost, sharing bikes provide a convenient and affordable way for people to travel short distances. With the rise of urbanization and the increasing traffic congestion, sharing bikes offer a solution to the last-mile problem. People can easily find a bike nearby and ride to their destination without having to worry about parking or public transportation schedules. This not only saves time but also reduces the carbon footprint, making it an environmentally friendly option.Furthermore, sharing bikes promote a healthierlifestyle. Riding a bike is a great form of exercise, andby making it more accessible, people are more likely to choose this mode of transportation over driving or taking public transportation. This can lead to a decrease in sedentary lifestyles and an increase in physical activity, which is crucial for maintaining good health.In addition, sharing bikes contribute to the reductionof air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. By encouraging people to ride bikes instead of driving cars, cities can improve air quality and mitigate the effects of climate change. This aligns with the global effort tocreate more sustainable and eco-friendly urban environments.However, sharing bikes also come with their own set of challenges. One of the main disadvantages is the issue of bike theft and vandalism. Many sharing bike companies have reported cases of bikes being stolen or damaged, which not only leads to financial losses but also hinders the availability of bikes for other users.Another challenge is the lack of proper infrastructurefor sharing bikes. Many cities are not equipped with enough bike lanes or parking spaces, making it difficult forriders to navigate through traffic and find a safe place to park their bikes. This can deter people from using sharing bikes and limit their effectiveness as a mode of transportation.Moreover, sharing bikes have raised concerns about safety. Accidents involving sharing bikes have been reported, and some people are hesitant to use them due to the perceived risks. It is important for cities to address these safety concerns and implement measures to ensure the well-being of sharing bike users.In conclusion, sharing bikes have both advantages and disadvantages. While they offer a convenient, affordable, and sustainable mode of transportation, they also face challenges such as theft, infrastructure, and safety issues. It is important for cities to address these challenges and work towards creating a more bike-friendly environment.With proper management and support, sharing bikes can playa significant role in shaping the future of urban transportation.。
英语作文 关于快递
英语作文关于快递The Development of Express Delivery in China。
With the rapid development of e-commerce, express delivery has become an indispensable part of people's daily lives. In China, the express delivery industry has been growing at an astonishing rate, and has become one of the most important components of the logistics industry. Inthis essay, I will discuss the development of express delivery in China, its impact on people's lives, and the challenges it faces.The development of express delivery in China can be traced back to the early 1980s when the first express delivery company was established. However, it was not until the late 1990s that the industry began to take off. The rapid growth of e-commerce platforms such as Alibaba and has greatly boosted the demand for express delivery services. As a result, many new express delivery companies have emerged, and the industry has become increasinglycompetitive.One of the most significant impacts of the development of express delivery in China is the convenience it has brought to people's lives. With the click of a button, people can now order goods from all over the world and have them delivered to their doorstep within a few days. This has greatly improved the efficiency of shopping and has made it much easier for people to access a wide variety of products.Furthermore, the development of express delivery has also created numerous job opportunities. According to statistics, the express delivery industry in China has created millions of jobs, providing employment for a large number of people, especially in rural areas where job opportunities are scarce. This has helped to alleviate poverty and improve the living standards of many people.However, the rapid growth of the express delivery industry has also brought about a number of challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the environmental impact ofthe industry. The increasing number of delivery vehicles on the roads has led to higher levels of air pollution and traffic congestion in many cities. In addition, the excessive packaging used for express delivery parcels has also contributed to the generation of a large amount of waste.Another challenge facing the express delivery industry is the issue of last-mile delivery. With the rapid urbanization of China, the demand for last-mile delivery services has been increasing rapidly. However, the lack of well-developed infrastructure in many rural areas has made it difficult for express delivery companies to provide efficient last-mile delivery services.In order to address these challenges, the Chinese government has implemented a series of measures to promote the sustainable development of the express delivery industry. For example, the government has introduced policies to encourage the use of electric vehicles for delivery and has also promoted the development of green packaging materials. In addition, the government has alsoinvested heavily in the construction of ruralinfrastructure to improve the efficiency of last-mile delivery services.In conclusion, the development of express delivery in China has had a profound impact on people's lives, bringing about greater convenience and creating job opportunities. However, the industry also faces a number of challenges, such as environmental pollution and last-mile delivery issues. It is important for the government and the industry to work together to address these challenges and promote the sustainable development of the express delivery industry.。
英语作文 公共自行车
英语作文公共自行车Public Bicycle。
Public bicycle, also known as bike-sharing or community bicycle, is a convenient and environmentally friendly mode of transportation that is becoming increasingly popular in cities around the world. It provides a cost-effective and sustainable way for people to travel short distances, reducing the reliance on cars and promoting a healthier lifestyle.The concept of public bicycle systems originated in Europe in the 1960s, and has since spread to many countries across the globe. The basic idea is to provide a network of bicycles that are available for shared use by the public. Users can rent a bike from one location and return it to another, making it a flexible and convenient option for short trips.One of the key benefits of public bicycles is theirpositive impact on the environment. By encouraging people to cycle instead of drive, these systems help to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This isparticularly important in urban areas where traffic congestion and vehicle emissions are major contributors to air pollution. In addition, the use of bicycles promotes physical activity and can help to improve public health.Public bicycle systems also offer a number of practical advantages. They provide a solution to the "last mile" problem, where public transportation may not reach all parts of a city. By integrating bicycles into the public transit network, people can easily access their final destination without needing to rely on a car or taxi. This can help to reduce traffic congestion and improve overall mobility in urban areas.Furthermore, public bicycles are a cost-effective mode of transportation for both users and city governments. For users, the cost of renting a bike is typically much lower than other forms of transportation, making it an attractive option for short trips. City governments can benefit fromreduced infrastructure costs, as the need for parking spaces and road maintenance may be reduced with increased bicycle usage.In order to ensure the success of public bicycle systems, it is important for cities to invest in the necessary infrastructure and support services. This includes the installation of bike stations at key locations throughout the city, as well as the implementation of bike lanes and other cycling infrastructure to ensure the safety of riders. In addition, education and promotion campaigns can help to raise awareness and encourage more people to use public bicycles.Despite the many benefits of public bicycles, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. One common concern is the issue of bike theft and vandalism, which can impact the availability and reliability of the system. Cities must implement security measures and maintenance protocols to prevent these problems and ensure the long-term sustainability of public bicycle systems.In conclusion, public bicycles offer a sustainable, cost-effective, and convenient mode of transportation for urban dwellers. By promoting cycling as a viablealternative to driving, these systems can help to reduceair pollution, improve public health, and enhance urban mobility. With the right infrastructure and support, public bicycles have the potential to play a significant role in shaping the future of urban transportation.。
英语作文-快递服务的物流管理与运营
英语作文-快递服务的物流管理与运营Logistics Management and Operations in Express Delivery Services。
Effective logistics management and operations are crucial components in the realm of express delivery services. In today's fast-paced world, where e-commerce is booming and consumer expectations for speedy delivery are higher than ever, logistics plays a pivotal role in determining the success and competitiveness of businesses. This article delves into the intricacies of logistics management in express delivery services, examining key processes, challenges, and strategies employed in ensuring efficient operations.At the heart of any express delivery service lies its logistics framework, which encompasses a series of interconnected activities aimed at ensuring timely and accurate delivery of goods. Central to this framework is the process of order fulfillment, which begins with the placement of an order by the customer and concludes with the delivery of the package to its destination. Within this process, several key stages can be identified, each demanding meticulous attention to detail and streamlined coordination.Firstly, order processing initiates the logistics chain. This involves receiving and verifying customer orders, which are then forwarded to the warehouse for fulfillment. The warehouse, functioning as a crucial node in the logistics network, undertakes tasks such as inventory management, picking, packing, and labeling of goods. The efficiency of these operations directly impacts delivery timelines and customer satisfaction.Once packaged, goods proceed to the transportation phase, where various modes such as trucks, airplanes, or even drones are utilized based on factors like distance, urgency, and cost-efficiency. Effective route planning and optimization are essential here to minimize transit times and operational costs. Advanced technologies like GPS tracking systems enable real-time monitoring of shipments, allowing for proactive management of potential disruptions.Furthermore, the role of information technology cannot be overstated in modern logistics. Integrated systems handle order tracking, inventory management, and data analytics, providing insights that drive strategic decision-making. For instance, predictive analytics help anticipate demand surges, allowing companies to adjust inventory levels and staffing accordingly, thereby enhancing operational agility.Despite the benefits offered by advanced logistics systems, challenges persist. One significant issue is the management of last-mile delivery, which refers to the final leg of the delivery process—often the most complex and costly due to the intricacies of urban environments and varying customer preferences. Companies are increasingly exploring innovative solutions such as crowdshipping and autonomous vehicles to address these challenges and improve delivery efficiency.Moreover, globalization has expanded the scope of logistics operations, necessitating effective supply chain management across international borders. Cross-border logistics involves navigating customs regulations, tariffs, and diverse infrastructural landscapes, requiring robust partnerships with local service providers and adherence to international standards.In conclusion, effective logistics management and operations are indispensable for the success of express delivery services. By optimizing processes from order processing through to last-mile delivery, leveraging technology, and adapting to global complexities, companies can enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and meet the evolving demands of consumers. As the e-commerce sector continues to grow, the importance of logistics in delivering seamless customer experiences will only intensify, making continuous innovation and improvement imperative for businesses in this dynamic industry.。
共享单车到处可见英语作文
共享单车到处可见英语作文Title: The Ubiquitous Presence of Shared Bikes。
In recent years, the sight of shared bikes has become a common occurrence in cities across the globe. This trend has revolutionized urban transportation, offering a convenient and eco-friendly mode of travel. In this essay, we will explore the reasons behind the widespreadpopularity of shared bikes and their impact on urban life.Firstly, shared bikes provide a solution to the last-mile transportation problem. Many commuters face challenges when it comes to traveling between public transportation stations and their final destinations. Shared bikes offer a flexible and efficient option for covering short distances, reducing the reliance on cars and alleviating traffic congestion.Moreover, shared bikes promote environmental sustainability. By encouraging people to choose biking overdriving, they help reduce carbon emissions and mitigate air pollution. This aligns with the global efforts to combat climate change and create cleaner, healthier cities for future generations.Additionally, shared bikes contribute to a healthier lifestyle. Regular cycling has numerous health benefits, including improved cardiovascular fitness, weight management, and stress reduction. By making biking more accessible and convenient, shared bike programs encourage people to incorporate physical activity into their daily routines.Furthermore, shared bikes foster a sense of community and connectivity. They serve as a common resource that brings people together, regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds. In bustling urban centers, where people often feel isolated, shared bikes offer a shared experience and a platform for social interaction.Despite their numerous advantages, shared bikes also pose challenges for city planners and policymakers. Oneissue is the management of bike distribution and parking. Improperly parked bikes can obstruct sidewalks and create safety hazards for pedestrians. To address this concern, cities need to implement effective regulations and enforcement measures.Another challenge is ensuring equitable access to shared bikes. In some cases, bike-sharing programs may inadvertently exclude low-income communities or underserved neighborhoods. To promote social equity, cities must prioritize accessibility and affordability in their bike-sharing initiatives.In conclusion, shared bikes have become a ubiquitous presence in urban landscapes, offering a myriad of benefits for both individuals and society as a whole. By providing a sustainable, healthy, and community-oriented mode of transportation, they are reshaping the way we think about urban mobility. However, to maximize their potential and address the associated challenges, collaborative efforts between government agencies, private companies, and local communities are essential. Only through strategic planningand inclusive policies can we fully harness the transformative power of shared bikes and create more livable cities for everyone.。
Bike-Sharing
Bike-SharingBike-Sharing is a greener method of transportation and provides a user-friendly experience. It offers both online and offline services. Operators are usually strong in online services, but lack of offline business experiences,which causes problems. Sharing bikes is an emerging type of sharing economy. As the government advocates the idea of low-carbon travel, sharing bicycles has attracted more and more attention.Sharing bicycles solves the problem of the last mile for citizens to travel. Bicycle travel can save energy,reduce pollution, and help citizens exercise. For a commuter who has to travel between work and home everyday, sharing bicycle is definitely the best choice for him , as it evades the most ubiquitous issue ⼀traffic congestion. Also, for a white -collar worker who has developed sedentary habit,riding bike every day undoubtedly helps him keep in good shape.In addition to these benefits, the shortcomings of shared bicycles are also obvious . The so-called convenient bicycles have become a hindrance to public transport in this case. Bicycle operation is susceptible to seasonal changes and weather conditions . If the weather is bad, you have to other means of transportation. Leaving around leads to public disorder, and there will be no beauty in the city if the transport vehicles are so disorderly placed.。
中国快递业英语作文
中国快递业英语作文Title: The Development of China's Express Delivery Industry。
In recent years, China's express delivery industry has experienced remarkable growth, becoming one of the most dynamic sectors in the country's economy. This development has not only transformed the logistics landscape domestically but also garnered international attention. In this essay, we will delve into the factors driving this growth, its impact, and the challenges it faces.Firstly, one cannot overlook the sheer scale of China's express delivery market. With the country's vast territory and enormous population, there is an insatiable demand for efficient logistics services. This demand is fueled by the booming e-commerce sector, which has witnessed exponential growth, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. As more consumers turn to online shopping, the need for reliable and timely delivery services has become paramount.Moreover, the Chinese government has played a significant role in fostering the development of the express delivery industry. Policies aimed at promoting e-commerce and improving logistics infrastructure have created a conducive environment for industry players to thrive. For instance, initiatives to upgrade transportation networks, such as the construction of new highways and railways, have enhanced connectivity and reduced delivery times.Furthermore, technological advancements have been instrumental in propelling the growth of China's express delivery industry. Companies have embraced automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence to streamline operations and enhance efficiency. For instance, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being tested for last-mile delivery in remote areas, offering a glimpse into thefuture of logistics.The impact of the express delivery industry extends beyond the economy, influencing various aspects of society.One notable effect is the creation of employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas where job opportunities are limited. Delivery drivers, sorters, and warehouse staff constitute a significant portion of the workforce, contributing to poverty alleviation and rural revitalization efforts.Moreover, the convenience and affordability of express delivery services have transformed consumer behavior, leading to changes in shopping habits and lifestyles. With same-day or next-day delivery becoming the norm, consumers enjoy greater flexibility and convenience, driving further growth in online retail.However, despite its remarkable growth, the express delivery industry in China faces several challenges. One major challenge is the need to balance speed and environmental sustainability. The rapid expansion of the industry has led to concerns about carbon emissions, congestion, and environmental degradation. Addressing these challenges will require innovative solutions, such as the adoption of electric vehicles and the optimization ofdelivery routes.Another challenge is the issue of last-mile delivery, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Traffic congestion, parking restrictions, and security concernspose significant obstacles to efficient delivery operations. Companies are exploring alternative delivery methods, such as bike couriers and parcel lockers, to overcome these challenges.In conclusion, the express delivery industry in China has undergone rapid growth, driven by factors such as e-commerce expansion, government support, and technological innovation. While this growth has brought about numerous benefits, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed. By embracing innovation and sustainability, the industry can continue to thrive and contribute to the country's economic development.。
关于快递英文作文
关于快递英文作文Title: The Convenience and Challenges of ExpressDelivery Services。
In today's fast-paced world, express delivery services have become an integral part of our daily lives. With the rise of e-commerce and online shopping, the demand for fast and efficient delivery has never been higher. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and challenges associated with express delivery services.First and foremost, express delivery services offer unparalleled convenience. Whether you're ordering groceries, clothing, or electronics, you can have your items delivered right to your doorstep within a matter of days, or even hours in some cases. This convenience has revolutionizedthe way we shop, allowing us to avoid crowded stores and long checkout lines.Additionally, express delivery services provide a senseof security and reliability. With advanced tracking technology, customers can monitor the progress of their packages in real-time, ensuring that they arrive safely and on time. This level of transparency helps to build trust between consumers and delivery companies, leading to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth recommendations.Moreover, express delivery services contribute to the global economy by facilitating trade and commerce on a massive scale. Businesses can reach customers halfway around the world with just the click of a button, opening up new markets and opportunities for growth. This interconnectedness has led to increased competition and innovation, driving down prices and improving overall customer satisfaction.However, despite these benefits, express delivery services also face several challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the environmental impact of transportation. With millions of packages being shipped each day, delivery trucks and planes contribute to air pollution and carbon emissions. To address this issue, manydelivery companies are exploring eco-friendly alternatives such as electric vehicles and sustainable packaging materials.Another challenge is the issue of last-mile delivery. While express delivery services excel at transporting packages over long distances, the final leg of the journey– from the distribution center to the customer's doorstep– can be the most difficult. Factors such as traffic congestion, narrow streets, and apartment complexes can make it challenging for delivery drivers to reach their destinations in a timely manner. To overcome this challenge, some companies are experimenting with alternative delivery methods such as drones and autonomous vehicles.In conclusion, express delivery services play a vital role in our modern society, offering unparalleled convenience and reliability. However, they also face challenges such as environmental sustainability and last-mile delivery. By addressing these issues throughinnovation and collaboration, we can ensure that expressdelivery services continue to meet the needs of consumers while minimizing their impact on the environment.。
以共享单车为话题的英语作文十篇
共享单车（Bicycle-sharing）是指一种能让大众租赁自行车使用权的服务，是一种分时租赁模式、一种新型绿色环保共享经济。
其主要依靠载体为自行车，可以很充分利用城市因快速的经济发展而带来的自行车出行萎靡状况，化的利用了公共道路。
以下是由整理的关于以共享单车为话题的英语作文十篇，欢迎阅读关注！【篇一】以共享单车为话题的英语作文Presently, in big cities like Shanghai and Guangzhou, bicycle-sharing system has becomeincreasingly popular. A large number of shared bikes can be found and rented at a low price.Moreover, you can park the bike almost anywhere you like. Urban transportation has thus been made much more convenient and even revolutionized.However, along with its rapid development, bicycle-sharing system also brings some problems, including random parking, vandalism and possession of shared bikes, etc.To solve these problems, there are some measures for the authorities to take. Firstly, the government could implement more strict laws and rules to regulate the operation and management of bicycle-sharing system. Secondly, the public should raise their awareness of using shared bike reasonably. Lastly, urban transportation system should be upgraded and improved to accommodate automobiles, bikes and pedestrians.To conclude, a sensible attitude should be held toward bicycle-sharing program. With effectiveand efficient measures taken, and efforts made by those involved, it can be expected that bicycle-sharing system will play a contributive and constructive role in urban public transportation.【篇二】以共享单车为话题的英语作文Dear Jim,I’m writing to tell you more about the new form of sharing bike--mobike mentioned in your latest letter.It’s very convenient to use if you have a smartphone. What you do is to find a nearest mobike through the APP, scan the QR code on the bike, and enjoy your trip.Compared to other forms of sharing bike, the greatest advantage of mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. It is becoming a new trend as a means of transportation, which relieves the traffic pressure and does good to the environment as well.Hope to ride a mobike with you in China.Yours,Li Hua【篇三】以共享单车为话题的英语作文Bike-sharing has been advocated by the government in recent years. It offers help to the people who is in a hurry to reach the destination soon, the more important is to let more people back to the simple traffic style and reduce private cars, so as to protect our environment. But some people make use of this policy to take advantages of others. News report that some middle age men and women force people to give charge after finishing using bike-sharing, because they look after the bikes. It is known to all that bike-sharing is free, which is the convenience government offers to the public. It is ridiculous to charge. When the news exposed, the public know the truth and the ones who take charge are criticized. Under the government’s supervision, now bike-sharing is more popular.【篇四】以共享单车为话题的英语作文With the development of technology, bicycle sharing comes into people's lives. It becomes more and more popular and much news reported it. At the same time, we should see that there are some problems caused by bicycle sharing.On one side, bicycle sharing makes it very convenient of people traveling. You can find a bicycle anywhere at any time when you want to go out for a cycling, and the price of one trip is very low. It cansave time for people. On the other side, its management is not perfect. Even kids can open the lock and ride the bicycle, there is no doubt that such behavior is very dangerous. What's more, many people deliberately break it, like throw it to the river or destroy the code above it.In my opinion, we should take a developing view about bicycle sharing. It is obviously helpful to human beings as a high-tech product. The government should introduce relevant provisions toregulate this market to avoid its disadvantages.【篇五】以共享单车为话题的英语作文The shared bikes like Mobike and Ofobring great convenience to people. You needn’t lock them by simply using your smart phone. They can take you where the subway and bus don’t go. And they can be left anywhere in public for the next user.However, bad things happen. Some people damage the QR code on the bike, or use their own lock, which causes trouble toother users.In my opinion, it’s difficult to turn these people’s ideas in a short time. Therefore, bike-sharing companies like Mobike and Ofo need to do something. For example, those who damage the bike should pay for their actions. Also, because people use their real name to registeras a user, it’s a good way to connect to one’spersonal credit.In the end, what I want to say is to take good care of public services.【篇六】以共享单车为话题的英语作文Nowadays bike sharing is increasingly popular in some cities as it provides an effective solution to the“last mile”problem to schools or to workplaces.It is not only a greener method of transportation but also provides a user-friendly experience.However，the new form has also led to problems such as arbitrary parking，deliberate destruction and theft.I think the bike-sharing service companies have faced a challenge to improve the offline business management to meet the demand of the users.More importantly，every user has responsibility to obey the rules to make the bike-sharing develop in a more standard way.All in all，I hope the new win-win trend could have a bright future.【篇七】以共享单车为话题的英语作文The chaos of sharing bikes has become a prominent social issue. In order to standardize the cycling behavior of users, the guidelines require that the bicycle companies implement real-name registration and implement the system of punishment for breach of trust, which can be used to control the disorderly conduct and other behaviors. Many netizens agree on the real-name system of bicycles. Longge "netizens said," the use of Shared cycling must real-name system, but also with bank credit reporting system, set up and trustworthy incentive and disciplinary mechanism, to resolutely resist destroyed vehicles, disorderly stop bad behavior such as a room ".For social concern Shared cycling deposit management issues, "guidance" in specific provision, enterprises should strictly distinguish between deposit and prepaid money, its own funds and user requirements strengthen Shared user safety supervision of funds, build system of perfect user deposit refund, actively promote "the rent is detain, is also the retreat", etc. The payment and settlement services involved in the Internet rental bicycle business shall be provided by Banks and non-bank payment agencies. According to data released tencent of finance and economics, as of March 2017, the worship, more than 3 billion yuan deposit scale ofo: more than 2.5 billion yuan, plus other companies charge a deposit, such as joeyz, little blue, intelligence etc, to about 6 billion yuan deposit volumes. Beijing normal university law professor, said Mr Liu, director of the Asia Pacific network legal research center, now a lot of bicycle companies rely on the deposit, deposit and prepaid to survive development, in the future if the capital stock tube strict supervision, the money is in short supply of the enterprise, will face a disadvantage in the competition, are likely to be reshuffle.On cycling of credit management, "guidance", points out that to accelerate the construction of Internet rental bike service sector credit records, establish enterprise and user credit foundation database, to the enterprise and the user does not civilization behavior and violation behavior recorded in the credit. Enhance service quality and user credit evaluation. Enterprises should be encouraged to form a credit information sharing alliance, and establish a mechanism for users to encourage and break the credit. "Guidance" shortly after the release, shenzhen is a Shared cycling new rules: June 1, shenzhen Shared bike illegal enterprise users total for 3 months in a row of the top three companies, will be in shenzhen traffic police questioning;Companies will also enforce strict credit integration rules for users, and users will be banned from sharing bikes. In addition, haikou also stipulates that damaging the Shared bike will be included in the personal credit record.【篇八】以共享单车为话题的英语作文From the guidance, it is easy to see that strengthening credit management has become a major point. Whether it is to share the real-name system of bicycle users, promote the mechanism of dishonesty, establish a database of enterprise and user credit, or encourage the free deposit mode, all of them point to credit management. However, from the development process of several leading companies, it has become an industry trend to adopt real-name system, strengthen the management of intelligent network technology and introduce credit mechanism.In terms of real-name system, the mainstream bicycle platforms, such as ofo bicycles, mobike bicycles and xiao-ming bicycles, have already implemented the real-name system. The bicycle also pioneered the credit score system, which encourages the public to use cars and regulate parking by creating a credit system of rewards and punishments.In addition, the sharing bike introduces sesame credit to realize the security deposit. In march, the company first reached a cooperation agreement with sesame credit, and users only need to bind their own identity information, and the sesame credit exceeds 600 points, and can enjoy the rent-free car rental service. Ofo also announced that users with a credit rating of 650 and above are exempt from the 99 yuan deposit. It is reported that there are nine Shared cycling sesame credit for credit and free access, in accordance with the sesame score breaks deposit in different regions, using sesame points get free and service for tens of millions of people. Other bicycle companies, such as cycled, uber and little blue, are also following up on the "no-deposit" model, with a conditional "no-deposit" based on credit ratings.【篇九】以共享单车为话题的英语作文About car to Shared cycling through the net, Shared cars, as a kind of new economic forms, sharing economy is integrated into our daily life, and sharing a bike from a typical share economy gradually develop into a credit economy. For users, the value of credit and the cost of untrustworthy will be felt. For some companies, rely on financial management pattern of the deposit or have to go, in the automotive and transportation research center, an analyst at analysys international chen-xi wang's view, Shared cycling industry reshuffle is inevitable trend, there are many factors that can prompt shuffling, "no deposit" is one of them.This system design will share the bicycle into the real-name system management, will promote it to become a credit economy. But at present, there are many obstacles in building the system's credit and economic system.First, there are loopholes in the real-name system. Shared bike registration is mobile Internet operation directly, in the registration process does not need to face"brush" pictures, only need to enter the id number, this is it true that it is difficult to determine the registrant is himself.Second, there are still barriers to data sharing. Although the "mo + worship" open platform with WeChat, China unicom, several Banks, such as baidu map with a large data resource agencies, ofo: also with alipay, drops travel, Scott maps closely, but the current cooperation form is limited to use these basic entrance APP code cycling, each platform master user data is still fragmented, no big data sharing platform, this brought difficulty to set up the system of credit system.Moreover, the security of user information security is also a problem. According to incomplete statistics, at present the country has more than 30 Internet rental bike operating companies, the cumulative drop more than 10 million vehicles, more than 100 million m registered users, services more than 1 billion people. Sharing the number of users' phone calls, identity information, payment accounts and other personal information, so many users' information security? Although the guidelines put forward specific measures to protect the Internet and information security, the implementation of the guidelines still tests the wisdom of supervision.【篇十】以共享单车为话题的英语作文I'd like to briefly introduce the Public Bicycle Service to you. Our city insists to protect the environment, so we began to use the Public Bicycle Service to reduce the traffic stress in 2008. There were 65 thousand bicycles for people to use in daily life. In general, more than 8 million people have to use them every year.Some people think they are very useful and believe they will make our society more beautiful. Others think they are not convenient enough. As far as I can see, riding a bicycle is so interesting. We can take exercise with it. Meanwhile, Our environment gets protected. Let's take it into action!。
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Solving the lastmile issue427International Journal of PhysicalDistribution &LogisticsManagement,Vol.31No.6,2001,pp.427-439.#MCB UniversityPress,0960-0035Solving the last mile issue:reception box or delivery box?Mikko Punakivi,Hannu Yrjo Èla È,and Jan Holmstro ÈmHelsinki University of TechnologyKeywords Internet,Grocery,Home shopping,DeliveryAbstract One of the biggest challenges in B2C e-commerce is the so-called ``last mile'',the home delivery service for the customer.Particularly in electronic grocery shopping it is difficult to combine profitability and high service level.The authors'simulations suggest that the unattended reception of goods reduce home delivery costs considerably,by up to 60percent.Unattended delivery has not been widely used because it requires investments and commitment from the customer.The two main approaches to unattended delivery are the reception box concept and the delivery box concept.The reception box is a refrigerated,customer-specific reception box installed at the customer's garage or home yard.The delivery box is an insulated secured box equipped with a docking mechanism.The reception box concept results in more effective home delivery transportation and the delivery box concept in smaller investment to achieve unattended receipt.This article assesses these two different concepts.The cost savings in transportation are analysed using simulation.The operational cost savings are compared to the respective investments required to calculate the payback period.Both concepts proved to be feasible but which one works better is not only a question of financial justification.The possible additional value to customers and overall suitability to the market must also be considered.IntroductionHome delivery logistics in e-commerce generally,and in the electronic grocery business (e-grocery)in particular,has been one of the key factors leading to large losses for pioneering companies.The situation today is that there is not yet a proven operations model for the home delivery service (Tinnila Èand Ja Èrvela È,2000).Examples of the issues challenging the B2C e-grocers are tight delivery time windows,preservation temperature regulation and the growing number of small orders to be delivered all the way to customers at home (Witt,1999;Brooksher,1999).This is the ``last mile issue''of e-commerce (Dagher,1998;Guglielmo,2000;Jones,2000;Laseter et al.,2000;McKinnon and Forster,2000;Reda,1998).The logistical services created for e-grocery have been started by means of trial and error.In most cases home delivery transportation is an additional service provided using third-party service providers.The home delivery service providers use several different delivery concepts and service levels defined by e-grocers.By service levels we mean,for example,the delivery time window offered for the customer,that is how long the customer has to stay at home waiting for the delivery.Webvan[1],the leading e-grocery company in the USA,started out in June 1999with a home delivery concept based on 30-minute delivery windows and attended reception (Himelstein,1999;Guglielmo,2000;Perman,2000).In December 2000the company's daily operations were still unprofitable and Webvan announced[2]that it would make the transition to 60-minute delivery windows to reduce the cost of operations.The bigger time window will allowIJPDLM 31,6428better vehicle routing optimisation,but customer service will suffer,as customers need to attend and awaiting the deliveries for one hour instead of half an hour.Vehicle routing problems with time windows have been investigated by a number of operations researchers(e.g.Solomon,1987;Desrochers et al.,1992; Bramel and Simchi-Levi,1996).However,this research has mostly been aimed at the development of routing algorithms.In the context of last mile physical distribution,the routing tools have been used for example in research on city logistics(Taniguchi and Van Der Heijden,2000;Kohler,1997).This research has focused on co-operation of various freight forwarders delivering goods to the shops in the inner city.Previous studies of the effect of unattended reception on home delivery efficiency(Kallio et al.,2000;KaÈmaÈraÈinen et al., 2001;Punakivi and Saranen,2001)have compared various home delivery solutions using simulations and mathematical calculation models.Analyses have been made of the standard home delivery concepts with attended reception and of a concept with reception boxes at the customer's home yard (KaÈmaÈraÈinen et al.,2001;Punakivi and Saranen,2001;Saranen and SmaÊros, 2001).The results show that unattended reception is the optimal service concept from the perspective of cost efficiency in home delivery transportation. Unattended reception allows for greater operating efficiency without sacrificing the service level,but requires investments in reception solutions at the consumer end.The interesting issue is to analyse what level of investments these cost savings justify from the e-tailer's,or distribution service provider's, point of view.Streamline,the pioneer in developing unattended reception solutions,had to close its business because it was unable to generate the volumes needed to justify the investments(Peapod,2000;Nasdaq,2000).A substantial part of the investment was for fixed reception boxes in consumers'garages.Thus,even though the customer-specific reception boxes enable value-added services like vendor managed inventory(SmaÊros and HolmstroÈm,2000;SmaÊros et al.,2001; Feare,1999)for customers and considerable cost savings in the e-grocer's home delivery operations,the investments involved with the reception boxes are very high.The problem is that an operating concept based on reception boxes leads to a low growth rate because the installation of the boxes for new customers is costly and slow.In this sense the operating concept with attended reception would be better for a company aiming for fast growth in the e-commerce market.On the other hand,a concept with unattended reception is better when reaching for repetitive purchasing customers and stable demand of goods. Trying to identify the optimal operating concept,one question arises:``How to combine operational effectiveness,high service levels and fast growth in the home delivery business?''One alternative that has not yet been fully explored is a solution based on secured delivery boxes(e.g.Homeport[3]),with the possibility to reach the same operational cost level as in the solution with fixed customer-specific reception boxes.In the delivery box solution an insulated box containing the goods is delivered to the customer and attached securely in aSolving the lastmile issue429locking device bolted on the building wall.The empty boxes are collected on the day following delivery or later.The secured delivery box solution potentially enables a faster growth rate and higher flexibility of the investments because of a smaller investment required per customer.The drawback is the additional cost of collecting the empty boxes.This article investigates existing home delivery service concepts and presents simulation results of the differences in operating cost levels of the attended receipt solutions compared to the unattended receipt solutions.The payback times for investments for unattended receipt are then analysed based on the differences in operating efficiency between attended and unattended reception.The operating efficiency is calculated utilising a simulation model of the different home delivery service solutions and demand derived from grocery shopping POS data from a specific area of metropolitan Helsinki,Finland.The model estimates the costs,working time and vehicles needed to fulfil customer demand using the different home delivery solutions in the selected test area of metropolitan Helsinki.Simulation settings and data usedThe simulation results to be presented in this article have been obtained using RoutePro (as used by CAPS[4]),a routing software from CAPS Logistics.RoutePro algorithms utilise digital maps of the selected area,enabling different road type usage exacting simulation outcomes such as working hours and the number of vehicles needed.In the simulation model,each scenario is constructed in two steps.First,orders are generated,then they are routed using the routing software.In this analysis the routing is limited by the volume of orders,the vehicle characteristics and by the two time windows included in each order file.The delivery time window,specified by ``drop-off start''and ``drop-off end'',depends on the type of reception.If reception or delivery box solutions are used,the delivery time window equals the delivery hours.With concepts requiring attended reception,the delivery hours of each order are divided into time windows defined by the service concept and the actual time of purchase from traditional grocery shopping POS data.The pick-up time window,which describes when the orders have to be loaded into the vehicle at the distribution centre,is determined in the order file by using ``pick-up start''and ``pick-up end''.The delivery is assumed to be available for pick-up at the last possible ordering time for the respective delivery time window.Figure 1presents an example of the relationship between the time windows in the order file.The service concept specifies the latest possible arrival time for each order.The latest possible arrival time is then used as the starting point of the pick-up time window.In the simulation model,the pick-up time ends as the delivery time ends.The data used in the simulations are a sample of traditional grocery shopping POS data from one of the largest grocery retailing companies in Finland.The exact receipt information of the shopping,a representative weekIJPDLM 31,6430from October1999,was collected from five grocery shops of the supermarket chain in question.These data include,for example,quantities,volume(litres), dates,shopping time and prices of shopping baskets bought by anonymous regular customers,thus keeping customer identity confidential.The data selected for simulations was limited in a number of ways.The order size taken into account was limited to``orders''priced over e25(FIM150). This selection was made to have reasonable size of the e-grocery shopping basket for home delivery simulations.The second limitation was the customer's residence,which had to be inside the boundaries of the test region selected.The test area(135km2)selected for the simulations covered partly the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland.The number of inhabitants in the test area is approximately202,000and the number of households is about89,000 (Statistics Finland,1996).Finally,in the simulations the demand modified from traditional grocery shopping data contained the exact POS information from 1,639orders.The orders were placed during one week by1,450anonymous household customers,located in the selected test area.In the simulations the orders were delivered from a single distribution centre to the customer addresses.The distribution centre was located in a suburban area next to an existing store.For the simulations four home delivery solutions1-4were identified(Table I).Solutions1-3are presented and analysed earlier in Punakivi and Saranen(2001)focusing on the cost difference between unattended and attended reception.Here we extend the analysis by investigating a new alternative solution for unattended reception,i.e.delivery box(solutions4a and 4b).Furthermore,in this article the payback times for investments for the alternative solutions enabling unattended receipt are analysed based on the differences in operating efficiency between attended and unattended reception. Conceptually,delivery box solution4a is equivalent to the reception box solution.In delivery box solution4a the pick-up of the delivery box is during the next delivery time.This requires investment in delivery boxes stored with each customer.Delivery box solution4b enables better utilisation rates of a single delivery box but requires a separate drop-off and pick-up trip for each order.In the simulations the daily drop-offs and pick-ups can be scheduled on the same route according to the vehicle capacity.As noted earlier the routing is limited by the delivery time windows,vehicle characteristics and the volume of orders in the simulation model.TheFigure1.Order file time windowsSolving the lastmile issue431Table I.Table description of the modeled solutionsS o l u t i o nO r d e r D e l i v e r y R e c e p t i o n D e l i v e r y t i m e w i n d o w E x a m p l e1b y 10.00S a m e d a yA t t e n d e dT h r e e d e l i v e r y t i m e w i n d o w s :17.00-19.00,18.00-20.00,19.00-21.00M a t o m e r a ,S w e d e n (w w w .m a t o m e r a .s e )R u o k @n e t ,F i n l a n d (w w w .r u o k a .n e t )2b y 24.00N e x t d a yA t t e n d e d O n e -h o u r d e l i v e r y t i m e w i n d o w s b e t w e e n 12.00a n d 21.00W e b V a n ,U S A (w w w .w e b v a n .c o m )T e s c o (2h ),U K (w w w .t e s c o .c o m )Y k k o Ès h a l l i ,F i n l a n d (w w w .y a l l i .f i )E u r o s p a r ,F i n l a n d (w w w .e u r o s p a r .f i )3b y 24.00N e x t d a yU n a t t e n d e d r e c e p t i o n b o xD e l i v e r y b e t w e e n 8.00a n d 18.00S t r e a m l i m e ,U S A (w w w .s t r e a m l i n e .c o m )S -k a n a v a ,F i n l a n d (w w w .s -k a n a v a .f i /s -b o x )4a b y 24.00N e x t d a yU n a t t e n d e d d e l i v e r y b o xD e l i v e r y t i m e w i n d o w 8.00-18.00,p i c k -u p o f d e l i v e r y b o x o n n e x t d e l i v e r yF o o d F e r r y ,U K (w w w .f o o d f e r r y .c o .u k )4b b y 24.00N e x t d a yU n a t t e n d e d d e l i v e r y b o x D e l i v e r y t i m e w i n d o w 8.00-18.00,p i c k -u p o f b o x e s o n t h e n e x t d a y 8.00-18.00(14h -34h f r o m d e l i v e r y )F o o d F e r r y ,U K (w w w .f o o d f e r r y .c o .u k )IJPDLM 31,6432characteristic has been defined within an ongoing e-grocery pilot(S-kanava[5]), where the customers are provided with refrigerated reception boxes.The limiting values of the vehicle fleet are the following:.maximum60orders/boxes per van;.maximum3,000litres per van;.working time maximum11hours per van;.working time maximum five hours per route;.costs of van and driver:FIM135(e22.5)per hour;.loading time per route:20minutes;and.drop-off time per customer:two minutes.In delivery box solution4a the drop-off and pick-up of the delivery boxes is modelled with the two minutes drop-off parameter.However,for solution4b where the delivery boxes are picked up during the next day without delivering a new order we used an additional parameter for pick-up:pick-up time for returned boxes:two minutes.Cost levels of the home delivery solutionsThe costs of the home delivery transportation in e-commerce are closely linked to the number of vans needed during the same time window.The more the customer can control or select the home delivery time window the higher the costs.The reason for this is simply that with one-hour time windows the delivery vehicle needs to drive back and forth in the service area to meet the promised delivery time windows.This results in longer working hours and a growing number of vans needed,leading to a significant growth in the total costs of the home delivery solution(YrjoÈlaÈ,2000;Punakivi and Saranen,2001). Figure2displays the results of the simulations showing the operational cost levels of the typical home delivery solutions used ing the``standard solution''with one-hour delivery time windows results in the highest costs.ToFigure2.The transportation cost levels of the home delivery solutions(e22.5/hour)Solving the lastmile issue433increase efficiency,service time window limitations to three two-hour delivery slots enables greater route and schedule optimisation,leading to a significant cost reduction.From a service provider's point of view this operating concept is cost efficient,but considerable cost reductions can still be experienced using delivery box or reception box solutions,enabling unattended reception.Even up to 60percent cost reduction is achievable,when a solution offering unattended reception and the ``standard solution''requiring attended reception are compared.Comparing the solutions that enable unattended reception,we have modelled the transportation cost base of delivery box solution 4a as equal to the reception box solution.This is based on the assumption that the drop-off and pick-up of secured movable delivery boxes is equal to the delivery and collection of the delivery totes (Himelstein,1999)to and from a customer-specific reception box.The efficiency is based on the fact that the customer stores the delivery box until the next order and attaches it back to the locking device.The pick-up of the first delivery box is then done during the next delivery time when delivering the second order.In solution 4b we assumed that the average order contains two delivery boxes.According to the simulation,delivery box solution 4b,requiring a separate drop-off and pick-up stop for each order,is as inefficient as the solutions based on attended reception.Although the density of stops increases and the average price per stop decreases,the doubled number of stops eliminates the cost benefit.The comparison of operating concepts 4a and 4b is shown in Figure 3.Analysis of the results indicates that the cost level of delivery box solution 4b,where the delivery box is picked up the next day from the customer,is nearly the same as in the standard solution with one-hour delivery time windows.However,the real operative cost level of the delivery box solution depends on when the service provider picks up the delivery boxes.This is why the cost level is probably somewhere in between the cost levels shown for solutions 4a and 4b.These results indicate that the most interesting focusforFigure 3.The transportation cost in delivery box solutions 4a and 4b (e 22.5/hour)IJPDLM 31,6434further study is comparing the investments needed for unattended reception based on the reception box solution and delivery box solution4a. Comparing the solutions for unattended reception:reception box or delivery boxFor customers it is convenient to have groceries delivered straight to a reception box or secured movable delivery box near the home door.In this case customers are independent of delivery time windows.For the home delivery service providers the unattended reception means elimination of tight time windows and capacity problems resulting from uneven demand during the daily working hours.Both reception box and delivery box solutions shorten the delivery time used at the door and eliminate(Jones,2000)the redelivery cost when the customers are not attending to their given delivery time window. Although both the reception box and delivery box solutions enable the benefit of unattended reception,there are several differences.The customer-specific reception box requires location at the customer's garage or home yard and is equipped with refrigerator-freezer,providing total independence of the delivery time windows(e.g.S-kanava[5],Brivo[6]and IDS[7])(The Times,2000; Croft,2000).The secured delivery boxes,however,are insulated and should ensure frozen/chilled food remain frozen/chilled for12hours,which serves the purpose in most cases(e.g.Homeport[3]).An open question is whether the delivery boxes function in the northern winter.Do the groceries freeze if a delivery box is left outside inÀ15 C(5 F)?The issue of finding the space required for customer-specific reception boxes in,for example,apartment buildings can be avoided using the delivery box solution.Normally there is scarce space around the buildings,especially in the centre of the cities.Reception boxes could be installed in the cellars,but delivery boxes,such as Homeport's[3],could even be left on the sidewalk, securely attached to locking devices bolted in the building wall.The price of a reception box(for example,from Markantalo[8]is comparable to a normal refrigerator-freezer,i.e.e400-900(The Times,2000;Markantalo, 2001).For the secured delivery boxes the price is,according to Homeport[3], approximately e170(£60+£9+£30)for the delivery box,the cable and the locking device.Thus,insulated delivery boxes are lighter,simpler and cheaper than refrigerated reception boxes.The investment needed to enable unattended reception using the delivery box solution can be expected to be significantly lower than using customer-specific reception boxes,where the electronics,the refrigerator and the freezer increase the costs.The interesting issue is, considering the costs and benefits of unattended reception,to assess how high investments the cost savings in transportation justify from an e-grocer's or distribution service provider's point of view.To be operationally cost efficient, the investments in the solution for unattended receipt needs to be recovered by the savings achieved when moving from either of the solutions using attended reception and customer specified delivery time windows.Solving the lastmile issue435The starting point of the analysis is the simulated difference in operating efficiency of the home delivery solutions in the selected test area of metropolitan Helsinki.The situation modelled is a start-up situation for the home delivery service.This means a situation with a low utilisation rate of the boxes,i.e.only one delivery per week to the reception box or delivery box.The comparison was made for the selected metropolitan area (135km 2)at five different customer density levels (47to 1,639orders per day),as shown in Figure 2.Based on the results in the selected test area,Figure 4illustrates how the e-grocer or home delivery service provider recovers the investment in unattended reception solutions when compared to the standard home delivery service with one-hour delivery time windows.An investment level of e 200per customer is recovered with the cost savings (not discounted)enabled by unattended reception in approximately two years.The payback time at an investment level of e 1,000per customer and the installation would be 7-12years.This means that the operational cost savings in the home delivery service will not cover the e 1000investment if the life cycle of the equipment is less than seven years.The payback time increases with the density of customers,that is the growing number of orders per day to the same area.This is due to the fact that along the increasing density the service solution with one-hour delivery time windows is more efficient and the savings created by the unattended reception solutions are paring the investments in unattended reception solutions with the cost level of home delivery service,with solution 1in Table I (three separate two-hour delivery time windows),the payback time of a e 200investment is six years and on e 1,000even 30years,making the investment unprofitable.However,the poor service level of solution 1,attending and awaiting the delivery for two hours,is not what the customers are willing to accept.The question is,how do reception box and delivery box solutions measure up against the requirement of supporting a growing e-grocery business?WhenFigure 4.Payback time for theinvestment in unattended reception solutions when the starting point is the standard home delivery service with one-hour delivery time windowIJPDLM 31,6436analysing the payback time for high cost solutions,corresponding to a customer specific and refrigerated reception box,it is obvious that part of the investment needs to be carried by the customer.The payback time from the efficiency improvement is simply too long from the e-grocery and logistics service provider perspective.To support a growing e-grocery operation, solutions for unattended reception are critical to reach operating efficiency but the cost savings do not justify high levels of investment.Large up-front investments for unattended reception solutions lead to a danger of big losses if the service provider installs high priced equipment and the customer does not start using the service.Since June2000we have analysed an ongoing e-grocery pilot at S-kanava[5]where the customers are provided with refrigerated reception boxes.One of the biggest challenges in the pilot has turned out to be the start-up phase,to get the customer to start using the service.Therefore,we studied in more detail the feasibility of a delivery box solution, potentially offering more flexibility and requiring lower investments from the e-grocery or home delivery service provider perspective.Figure5illustrates the payback time(not discounted)of the delivery boxes compared to both home delivery service solutions with attended reception from Table I.The situation modelled in Figure5is a start-up situation for the home delivery service using delivery box solution4a.The start-up situation is described with a low utilisation rate of the delivery boxes,i.e.only one delivery per ing delivery box solution4a leads to investments in delivery boxes,which stay at the customer location for a week.Additionally,the service provider must invest in an additional set to cover the deliveries for one extra pared to the reception box solution,the total investment in the delivery box solution remains low,meaning a shorter payback time.More importantly,when starting the home delivery service based on the delivery box solution,the switching cost per customer for unattended home delivery is low. This is due to the low cost of installing a new locking device,compared to the high up-front investments and installation cost needed for the reception box solution.If the customer does not start using the service,only thelockingFigure5. Payback time for the investment in delivery box solution compared to the solution with attended receptionSolving the last mile issue 437device has been there for nothing and the boxes can be used to serve other customers.From the e-grocery or home delivery service provider perspective,the delivery box solution seems interesting,making faster acquisition of new customers and higher growth rate possible.However,from the customer perspective the reception box solution is preferable,offering total independence of the delivery time windows and logistics service providers.Additionally,a refrigerated reception box preserves the food supplies more reliably and issues such as hygiene of the box are up to the customer.Conclusions Based upon our simulation results,home delivery solutions enabling secure unattended reception are operationally the most cost efficient for last mile distribution.In the test area,metropolitan Helsinki,up to 60percent cost reductions are achievable when compared to the standard solutions requiring attended reception.Furthermore,we identified and analysed two different home delivery solutions enabling secure unattended reception:customer-specific reception box solution and delivery box solution.The operational cost base of delivery box solution is on the same level as the reception box solution.This,however,requires that the delivery boxes are not picked up until the next delivery time.Investments needed for the delivery box solution are clearly lower when compared to the customer-specific reception box solution,where refrigerator and freezer units increase the manufacturing costs of the box.In addition,the delivery boxes can be flexibly used by different customers.This means that the utilisation rate of delivery boxes can be higher when compared to customer specific reception paring investment levels and operational cost savings attained using the different solutions for unattended reception,investments in delivery boxes appear attractive with an approximate payback time of two years.There are strong reasons to believe that the delivery box solution is a competitive and scaleable solution from the e-grocer's or distribution service provider's perspective.However,even if the payback time for the reception box is longer it can be argued that it offers more value.From the customer's point of view probably the best value offers a two-way refrigerator as an integral part of the home.This is why the customer might choose to invest in the reception box to gain total independence of the delivery time windows and logistics service providers.E-tailers could in this case participate in the investment by providing service at a cheaper rate for the customers,helping to make their operation more efficient.In order to provide guidelines for the development of a profitable and efficient home delivery service concept,further research is essential.Analysis and modelling is needed in,for example,more dense city areas than analysed in this study.Other topics not covered here are the effects of using a multiple distribution centre network and the appropriate service area for a single distribution centre.Furthermore,the practical feasibility of different service concepts and the consumer acceptance should be studied.。