1 Introduction
[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction
![[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c54459bff7ec4afe05a1df71.png)
展。
• a Panorama of Publishing 出版业概况 • book industry 图书出版业 • book community 书业团体
Questions on part 1
• 1 [+ obj] : to prepare and produce (a book, magazine, etc.) for sale ▪ It's a small company that only publishes about four books a year. ▪ The university press publishes academic titles. ▪ The newspaper is published daily. 2 : to have something you wrote included in a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. [no obj] ▪ There is a lot of pressure for professors to publish regularly. [+ obj] ▪ He has not published anything for a long time. 3 [+ obj] : to include (an article, letter, photograph, etc.) in a magazine or newspaper ▪ The magazine published two of my stories.
3. intriguing
Chapter1 Introduction 第一章 绪 论
机械原理
§1.2 MECHANISMS AND MACHINES 机构与机器 机械（Machinery；Machine)：机器与机构的总称
机器组成： 原动机部分 执行部分 传动部分 操纵控制部分 机器是由机构组成的。在一般情况下，一部机器可 以包含若干个机构。
中国矿业大学(北京)
中国矿业大学(北京)
机械原理
机电与信息工程学院 机械电子工程系
机械原理
Mechanisms and Machine Theory
中国矿业大学(北京)
机械原理
机电与信息工程学院 机械电子工程系
主讲教师 郑晓雯
教 授 专 业 博士生导师 机械设计及理论 机械电子工程
机电与信息工程学院 机械电子工程系
中国矿业大学(北京)
是运动的单元，它 可由若干个零件组 成，但各零件之间 不允许有相对运 动，是刚性结构。
中国矿业大学(北京)
机械原理
Chapter1 Introduction
§1.1 ABOUT THIS COURSE §1.2 MECHANISMS AND MACHINES §1.3 CONTENT OF THIS COURSE §1.4 DESIGN PROCESS AND THIS BOOK §1.5 COURSE INFORMATION and REQUIREMENTS
Examples of the Machines and Mechanisms? Some Mechanisms widely used in our life and engineering. Mechanisms: pencil sharper, mechanical clock, folding chair, adjustable desk lamp, automatic umbrella, etc. Machines: food blender(食物搅拌器), bulldozer(推土机), automobile transmission system, mechanical manipulator and robots, elevator, engine, etc. Can you give some
Chapter 1 Introduction
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
to be and describing how things are
Prescriptive: the early study of language aims to lay down
rules for correct and standard behavior in using languages, such as grammars, to set models for language users to follow. Descriptive: the study of language aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, be it correct or not; modern linguistic study is supposed to be scientific and objective, they believe that whatever occurs in language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the formation of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
1Introduction
主要内容 (Outline)• 绪论小规模集成电路三（SSI）• 逻辑函数基础 门电路个• 组合逻辑电路模 块中规模集成电路 （MSI）• 集成触发器 • 时序逻辑电路大规模集成电路 • 半导体存储器（LSI）• 数模、模数转换电路绪论 (Introduction)一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号 数字量和模拟量 数字电路和模拟电路二、数字信号相关概念 二进制数 Binary Digits 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal Digital and Analog Quantities电子 电路 中的 信号模拟信号: 连续analogue signal value数字信号: 离散digital signal valuetime time模拟信号T( C) 30采样信号T( C)sampled3025离散化 2520202 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.数字化－表示 为由0、1组成 的二进制码Analog Electronic SystemDigital and Analog Electronic System★ 工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是模拟电路。
研究模拟电路时，注重电路输入、输出信号 间的大小、相位关系。
包括交直流放大器、 滤波器、信号发生器等。
★ 模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作在放大状态。
★ 工作在数字信号下的电子电路是数字电路。
研究数字电路时，注重电路输出、输入间的逻 辑关系。
主要的分析工具是逻辑代数，电路的 功能用真值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。
★ 在数字电路中，三极管工作在开关状态， 即工作在饱和状态或截止状态。
Topic 1 Introduction
Trygve Haavelmo (Norway)
1980 Nobel Laureates in Economics
Lawrence R. Klein (University of Pennsylvania), “For the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”
Topic 1: Introduction to Econometrics
What is econometrics? Why study econometrics? Types of econometrics Nobel Prize and Econometrics Methodology of econometrics
2. Specification of the Mathematical Model 1) Specification of variables e.g. consumption (income) inflation (money supply of the previous period, GDP growth rate) income (qualification, IQ, EQ, gender, etc.) weight (height, gender, race, age, etc.) * It should be based on economic theory and analysis of economic phenomena * Data availability * The relationship among variables: independence
unit 1 introduction
~ lecture 1~
翻译的定义
翻译是在接受语中寻找和原语信息尽可能接近、 翻译是在接受语中寻找和原语信息尽可能接近、自然的对等话 首先是意义上的对等，其次才是风格上的对等。 语，首先是意义上的对等，其次才是风格上的对等。 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （Eugene Nida，1969） ， ） Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. (Peter Newmark) cf.(pp.4-5)
汉英翻译对译者素养的要求
深厚的语言功底、广博的文化知识、 深厚的语言功底、广博的文化知识、高度的责 任感）（ ）（Mercedes） 任感）（ ） 深厚的语言功底(汉语功底 汉语功底)， ①深厚的语言功底 汉语功底 ，英语语感及英 语表达能力 英语的语感包括：语法意识（ 英语的语感包括：语法意识（sense of grammar）、惯用法意识（sense of ）、惯用法意识 ）、惯用法意识（ idiomaticness）和连贯意识 sense of ）和连贯意识( coherence)。(杨晓荣，2002:16-19) 。 杨晓荣， 杨晓荣 英语表达能力是指用自然、地道、 英语表达能力是指用自然、地道、合乎语法规 范的英语进行表达的能力，换言之， 范的英语进行表达的能力，换言之，即用英语 进行写译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到 另外一种语言中的跨语言、 另外一种语言中的跨语言、跨文化的交际 活动。翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。 活动。翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。 翻译活动涉及的诸多因素： 翻译活动涉及的诸多因素： translator, author, source text, source-text readers, target text/ translated text/ target version, target-text readers.
unit1_introduction
The aim/ purpose of this report is to… This present report sets out to… My purpose in writing/ My purpose of writing this report is to… In writing this report, I aim to… It has been found out that… The findings show that… I found out that…
an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location
Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an oversea importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad. 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中 的一种便利的办法， 特别适用于分不同的时间出口的 一批类似的货物，如， 被保险方根据独家代理协议书 向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表设立 分支机构时使用。
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION1.1. WHY USE ELECTRONS?Why should we use an electron microscope? Historically, TEMs were developed because of the limited image resolution in light microscopes, which is imposed by the wavelength of visible light. Only after electron microscopes were developed was it realized that there are many other equally sound reasons for using electrons, most of which are utilized to some extent in a modern TEM. By way of introduction to the topic let's look at how the TEM developed and the pros and cons of using such an instrument.1.1.A. An Extremely Brief HistoryLouis de Broglie (1925) first theorized that the electron had wave-like characteristics, with a wavelength substantially less than visible light. Then Davisson and Germer (1927) and Thompson and Reid (1927) independently carried out their classic electron diffraction experiments which demonstrated the wave nature of electrons. It didn't take long for the idea of an electron microscope to be proposed, and the term was first used in the paper of Knoll and Ruska (1932). In this paper they developed the idea of electron lenses into a practical reality, and demonstrated electron images taken on the instrument shown in Figure 1.1. This was a most crucial step, for which Ruska received the Nobel Prize, somewhat late, in 1986. Within a year of Knoll and Ruska's publication, the resolution limit of the light microscope was surpassed. Ruska, surprisingly, revealed that he hadn't heard of de Broglie's ideas about electron waves and thought that the wavelength limit didn't apply to electrons. TEMs were developed by commercial companies only four years later. The Metropolitan-Vickers EM 1 was the first commercial TEM. It was built in the UK in 1936, but apparently it didn't work very well and regular production was really started by Siemens and Halske in Germany in 1939. TEMs became widely available from several other sources (Hitachi, JEOL, Philips and RCA, inter alia) after the conclusion of World War II.For materials scientists a most important development took place in the late 1940s when Heidenreich (1949) first thinned metal foils to electron transparency. This work was followed up by Bollman in Switzerland and Hirsch and co-workers in Cambridge. Because so much of the early TEM work examined metal specimens, the word "foil" has come to be synonymous with "specimen." In addition, the Cambridge group also developed the theory of electron diffraction contrast with which we can now identify, often in a quantitative manner, all known line and planar crystal defects in TEM images. This theoretical work is summarized in a formidable but essential text often referred to as the "Bible" of TEM (Hirsch et al. 1977). For the materials scientist,practical applications of the TEM for the solution of materials problems were pioneered in the United States by Thomas and first clearly expounded in his text (Thomas 1962). Other materials-oriented texts followed, e.g., Edington (1976) and Thomas and Goringe (1979).Today, TEMs constitute arguably the most efficient and versatile tools for the characterization of materials. If you want to read a history of the TEM, the book by Marton (1968) is a compact, personal monograph and that edited by Hawkes (1985) contains a series of individual reminiscences. Fujita (1986) emphasizes the contribution of Japan to the development of the instrument. The field is now at the point where many of the pioneers have put their memoirs down on paper, or Festschrifts have been organized in their honor (e.g., Cosslett 1979, Ruska 1980, and Hashimoto 1986) which detail their contributions over the decades, and compile some useful overview papers of the field. If you enjoy reading about the history of science, we strongly recommend the review of Fifty Years of Electron Diffraction, edited by Goodman (1981), and Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction, edited by Ewald (1962). (The spelling of X-ray is discussed in the CBE Manual, 1994.)Figure 1.1. The electron microscope built by Ruska and Knoll in Berlin in the early 1930s.1.1.B. Microscopy and the Concept of ResolutionWhen asked what a "microscope" is, most people would answer that it is an instrument for magnifying things too small to see with the naked eye, and most likely they would be referring to the visible-light microscope. Because of the general familiarity with the concept of the light microscope, we will draw analogies between electron and visible-light microscopes wherever it's instructive.The smallest distance between two points that we can resolve with our eyes is about 0.1-0.2 mm, depending on how good our eyes are, and assuming that there's sufficient illumination to see by. This distance is the resolution or resolving power of our eyes. So any instrument that can show us pictures (or "images" as we'll refer to them) revealing detail finer than 0.1 mm could be described as a microscope, and its highest useful magnification is governed by its resolution. A major attraction to the early developers of the TEM was that, since electrons are smaller than atoms, it would be possible, at least theoretically, to build a microscope that could "see" detail well below the atomic level. The idea of being able to "see" with electrons may be confusing to you. Our eyes are not sensitive to electrons. If a beam of high-energy electrons was aimed into your eye, you would most likely be blinded as the electrons killed the retinal cells, but you wouldn't see anything! So an integral part of any electron microscope is a viewing screen of some form, which translates electron intensity to light intensity, and which we observe or record photographically. We'll discuss these screens and other ways of recording electron images in later chapter.The resolution of a TEM means different things for different functions of the instrument, and we'll discuss them in the appropriate chapters. It's easiest to think of the image resolution in TEM in terms of the classical Rayleigh criterion for light microscopy, which states that the smallest distance that can be resolved, , is given approximately by δβµλ=δsin 61.0 [1.1]In equation 1.1, is the wavelength of the radiation, is the refractive index of the viewing medium, and is the semiangle of collection of the magnifying lens. For the sake of simplicity we can approximate sin (which is sometimes called the numerical aperture) to unity and so the resolution is equal to about half the wavelength of light. For green light in the middle of the visible spectrum, is about 550 nm (5500Å), and so the resolution of a good light microscope is about 300 nm. In TEMs we can approximate the resolution in equation 1.1 to 0.61/ which, as we'll see later, is very small.λµβµβλλβNow although 300 nm is a small dimension to us it corresponds to about 1000 atom diameters, and therefore many of the features that control the properties of materials are on a scale well below the resolution of the light microscope. So there's a real need to image detail down to the atomic level if we want to understand the properties of materials, and that's a major reason why TEMs are so useful.We'll try to use nanometers throughout this book, but you'll find that many microscopists still insist on using Angstroms rather than the SI units. However, the Angstrom is close to the atomic diameter and so is a more convenient unit because it saves us using convoluted phrases like “three tenths of a nanometer.”This limit of light microscopy was well understood at the turn of this century and prompted Ernst Abbe, one of the giants in the field, to complain that "it is poor comfort to hope that human ingenuity will find ways and means of overcoming this limit." (He was right to be so depressed because he died in 1905, some 20 years before de Broglie's ingenuity solved the problem.) Now de Broglie's famous equation shows that the wavelength of electrons is related to their energy, E, and if we ignore relativistic effects we can show approximately (and exactly in Section 1.4 below) that2/122.1~Eλ [1.2]In this equation E is in electron volts (eV) and in nm. Remember that we should be precise in our use of the units V and eV: the former represents the accelerating voltage of the microscope while the latter refers to the energy of the electrons in the microscope. So for a 100-keV electron, we find that ~ 4 pm (0.004 nm), which is much smaller than the diameter of an atom.λλFigure 1.2. A twin boundary in spinel stepping from one {111} plane to another parallel plane. The white dots are columns of atoms. The change in atomic orientation across the twin boundary can be readily seen, even if we do not know what causes the white dots or why, indeed, they are white.We'll see later that we are nowhere near building TEMs that approach this wavelength limit of resolution, because we can't make perfect electron lenses (see Section 2). But progress was rapid after Ruska's early work on lenses and, since the mid-1970s, many commercial TEMs have been capable of resolving individual columns of atoms in crystals, creating the field of "high-resolution transmission electron microscopy," or HRTEM. A typical HRTEM image is shown in Figure 1.2. The advantages of shorter wavelengths led in the 1960s to the development of high voltage electron microscopes (HVEMs), with accelerating potentials between 1 MV and 3 MV . In fact, most of these instruments were used to introduce controlled amounts of radiation damage into specimens in an attempt to simulate nuclear reactor environments, but changes in the emphasis of energy research mean there is not much call for such instruments today. While we can still improve the resolution byincremental amounts, the drive for much better resolution is now no longer paramount and the TEM is developing in other ways. In fact, only one HVEM (1 MV) for HRTEM imaging was constructed in the 1980s and three 1.25-MV machines in the 1990s. Intermediate voltage electron microscopes (IVEMs) were introduced in the 1980s. These TEMs operate at 300 or 400 kV, but still offer very high resolution, close to that achieved at 1 MV.1.1.C. Interaction of Electrons with MatterElectrons are one type of "ionizing radiation," which is the general term given to radiation that is capable of removing one of the tightly bound inner-shell electrons from the attractive field of the nucleus.One of the advantages to using ionizing radiation is that it produces a wide range of secondary signals from the specimen, and some of these are summarized in Figure 1.3. Many of these signals are used in "analytical electron microscopy,'' or AEM, giving us chemical information and a lot of other detail about our samples. AEM uses X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) and electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS). For example, Figure 1.4A is an X-ray spectrum from a very small region of a TEM specimen showing characteristic peaks which identify the elements present. We can transform such spectra into quantitative data describing elemental changes associated with inhomogeneous microstructures as also shown in Figures 1.4B and C. In contrast, microscopes using nonionizing radiation such as visible light usually only generate light (but not much heat, which is good). AEMs generally offer improved performance at intermediate voltages, similar to HRTEMs.Figure 1.3. Signals generated when a high-energy beam of electrons interacts with a thin specimen. Most of these signals can be detected in different types of TEM. The directions shown for each signal do not always represent the physical direction of the signal but indicate, in a relative manner, where the signal is strongest or where it is detected.In order to get the best signal out of our specimens we have to put the best signal in, and so the electron source is critical. We are now very accomplished in this respect as you'll see in Section 4, so modern TEMs are very good signal-generating instruments. To localize these signals we need to get our TEM to form a very fine electron beam, typically <10 nm and at best <1 nm in diameter. We accomplish this by combining TEM and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology to create a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The STEM is both the basis for AEMs and a unique scanning imaging microscope in its own right. In fact there are instruments that are only capable of operating in scanning mode and these are sometimes referred to as "dedicated STEMs," or DSTEMs.1.1.D. Depth of FieldThe depth of field of a microscope is a measure of how much of the object we are looking at remains "in focus" at the same time. Like the resolution, this property is governed by the lenses in the microscope. The best electron lens is not a very good one, as we've already mentioned, and has been compared to using the bottom of a Coca-Cola bottle as a lens for light microscopy. To minimize this problem we have to use very small limiting apertures in the lenses, narrowing the beam down to a thin "pencil" of electrons which at most is a few micrometers across. These apertures cut down the intensity of the electron beam, but also act to increase the depth of focus of the images that we produce. Remember that "depth of field" refers to the specimen while "depth of focus" refers to the image.While this large depth of field is chiefly used in the SEM to produce 3D-like images of the surfaces of specimens with large changes in topography, it is also critical in the TEM. It turns out that in the TEM, all of the specimen is usually in focus at the same time, independent of the specimen topography, as long as it's electron transparent! Figure 1.5 shows a TEM image of some dislocations in a crystal. The dislocations appear to start and finish in the specimen, but in fact they are threading their way through the specimen from the top to the bottom, and they remain in sharp focus at all times. Furthermore, we can record the final image at different positions below the final lens of the instrument and it will still be in focus. Compare this with the visible-light microscope where, as you probably know, unless the surface of the specimen is flat to within the wavelength of light, it is not all in focus at the same time. This aspect of TEM gives us both advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the visible-light microscope.A BC Figure 1.4. (A) An X-ray spectrum from asmall biotite crystal showing peaks atenergies that are characteristic of theelements present in the region thatinteracts with the electron beam. Themajor peaks from left to right are for Mg,Al, Si, K, Fe, and the Cu support grid. (B)A TEM image of a precipitate-free zone(PFZ) in an aged Al-16 wt% Ag alloy. (C)The Ag profile across the PFZ in (B),obtained through X-ray spectrometry inthe TEM showing the depletion of Agresponsible for the PFZ formation.Figure 1.5. TEM image of dislocations in GaAs. A band of dislocations threads through the thin specimen from the top to the bottom but remains in focus through the foil thickness.1.1.E. DiffractionThompson and Reid showed that electrons could be diffracted when passing through thin crystals of nickel, and the possibility of combining electron diffraction into TEMs was realized by Kossel and Mollenstedt (1939). Today, electron diffraction is an indispensable part of TEM and is arguably the most useful aspect of TEM for materials scientists. Figure 1.6 shows a TEM diffraction pattern which contains information on the crystal structure, lattice repeat distance, and specimen shape, as well as being a most striking pattern. We'll see that the pattern can always be related to the image of the area of the specimen from which it came, in this case shown in the inset. In addition to the things we just listed, you can conduct a complete crystallographic symmetry analysis of minuscule crystals, including such esoteric aspects as point-group and space-group determination, and at all times the crystallography can be related to the image of your specimen. There is no similar capability on a light microscope because of the relatively large wavelength of visible light.So an electron microscope can produce atomic level images, can generate a variety of signals telling you about your sample chemistry and crystallography, and you can always produce images that are in focus. There are many other good reasons why you should use electron microscopes. We hope they will become evident as you read through this book. At the same time there are many reasons why you should not always seek to solve your problems with the TEM, and it is most important that you realize what the instrument cannot do, as well as knowing its capabilities.Figure 1.6. TEM diffraction pattern from a thin foil of A1-Li-Cu containing various precipitate phases, shown in the inset image. The central spot (X) contains electrons that come directly through the foil and the other spots and lines are diffracted electrons which are scattered from different crystal planes.。
unit_1_Introduction_and_greeting
I will choose two groups to present!
Dialog 1
• • • • • • Read the dialog together. Find out the elements below: Who: Where: When: What:
• Page 6. Act Out.
forms and ceremonies seriously; freedom from constraint or embarrassment 非正式，不拘礼节
a garrulous informality that is explosive, intense and distinctly American. 他29岁，有着深蓝色的眼镜，絮絮叨叨不拘礼节，是个活 泼、热情、典型的美国人。
Part I: Intensive Reading Task1: Topic: Ways Americans greet, introduce and
say goodbye to people.
Section Learning
Main ideas:
1) In the American society, informality is valued very highly. 2) When you greet people who you already know, you are expected to show a certain amount of informality toward them.
e.g: He is 29 years old, with quiet blue eyes and
Section Learning
Language Points:
英语1(中山大学出版社) Unit 1 -Unit 4 部分参考答案
Unit 1 Introduction Text AKey to the ExercisesReading ComprehensionI. read text A and answer the following questions.1. Fair hair and blue eyes.2. Mouth, nose, expression, and much of her character.3. Because her home is very important to her.4. Making models, decorations and candles.5. Because she finds homework is boring.II．Choose the best answers according to Text A.1-5 DCADDV ocabulary ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the words and phrases given below.1. temper2. make friends3.On the whole4.as well as5.keen6.behaves7.tidy8.argument9.boring 10.violent II．Choose the correct form in the bracket to complete each sentence.1.bored2. bad-tempered3.final4.behavior5.argue6.decorate7.violently8.abroadIII. Use the words or expressions you have learned in the text to replace the following words in italics.1.On the whole2.an argument3.are behaving4.boring5.make friends6. keen on7.tidy8.violentStructure ExercisesI. Now make similar sentences with the words and expressions given below.1. Most people would rather stay home.2. I would rather not talk about it.3. She would rather walk home after work.4. I would rather go to the beach this weekend.II．Now join the following pairs of sentences by using “because”.1. She’s studying because she has a test tomorrow.2. John didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill.3. We did n’t enjoy the day because the weather was so bad.4. I decided to go with them because I had nothing else to do.5. She’s in a bad mood because her father doesn’t allow her to see her boyfriend tonight.Translation Exercise1.The street looks like a garden.2.Her daughter wants to study abroad for a year.3.the store sells newspapers, magazines as well as picture books.4.I would rather spend the weekend in the countryside.5.Our manager is away on holiday this week.Text BKey to the ExercisesReading ComprehensionChoose the best answer according to Text B1.C2.C3.D4.A5.AV ocabulary ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the words and phrases given below.1. Maybe2. pleasure3. would like4. have got to5.yet6. associates7.settled8.represent9.pleased 10.introduce.IV. choose the most suitable answer for each of the following sentences.1-5 ADABC 6-10 DADBCTranslation Exercise1.我觉得他想现在回家。
第一章 Introduction(绪论)
1 Introduction教学目的: List six different property classifications of materials that determine their applicability. Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production and utilization of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationship between these components.教学重点: The four components that are involved in the design, production and utilization of materials教学难点: The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structure and properties of materials.教学方法:Multimedia学时分配1.1Historical Perspective10 min1.2Materials science and engineering 25 min1.3Why Study Materials Science and Engineering 10 min1.4Classification of Materials 35 min1.5 Modern Material‟s Needs 10 min教学过程及主要内容：1. Historical PerspectiveWebster编者“New International Dictionary（1971年）”中关于材料（Materials）的定义为：材料是指用来制造某些有形物体（如：机械、工具、建材、织物等的整体或部分）的基本物质（如金属、木料、塑料、纤维等）迈尔《新百科全书》中材料的含义：材料是从原材料中取得的，为生产半成品、工件、部件和成品的初始物料，如金属、石块、木料、皮革、塑料、纸、天然纤维和化学纤维等等。
高教版中职英语基础模块1全套教案
高教版中职英语基础模块1全套教案教案一：Unit 1 Introduction to English教学目标：1. 了解英语的起源和发展历程。
2. 学习英语的基本发音规则和语音特点。
3. 掌握英语的基本问候语和自我介绍的表达方式。
教学重点：1. 英语的起源和发展历程。
2. 英语的基本发音规则和语音特点。
3. 英语的基本问候语和自我介绍的表达方式。
教学难点：1. 英语的发音规则和语音特点的掌握。
2. 自然流利地运用英语的问候语和自我介绍。
教学准备：1. 多媒体设备。
2. 讲义和练习题。
教学过程：Step 1: Lead-in1. Greet the students and introduce the topic of the lesson.2. Show pictures of different countries and ask students if they know any English-speaking countries.3. Ask students why they think English is important.Step 2: Presentation1. Introduce the origin and development of English.2. Show a timeline of the major events in English history.3. Explain the basic pronunciation rules and phoneticfeatures of English.4. Use audio or video materials to demonstrate the correct pronunciation.Step 3: Practice1. Divide the class into pairs or small groups.2. Give students a list of common greetings and ask them to practice using them in different situations.3. Have students practice introducing themselves to each other using the phrases and sentences learned.Step 4: Consolidation1. Review the key points of the lesson, including theorigin and development of English, pronunciation rules, and greetings.2. Ask students to summarize what they have learned intheir own words.Step 5: Assessment1. Give students a short quiz to test their understanding of the lesson.2. Assign homework, such as writing a short paragraph about the importance of English or practicing greetings and self-introductions.教案二：Unit 2 Numbers and Time教学目标：1. 学习基本的数字和时间表达方式。
1 Introduction
HLP ImplementationVersion0.1International Computer Science Institute1IntroductionHybrid Link-State Path-Vector Protocol,or HLP,is an inter-domain routing protocol designed as a replacement for the current Border Gateway Protocol(BGP).Using a combination of link-state and path vector routing,it provides greater scalability,better fault isolation and better convergence.The core of HLP is the inclusion of the economic and political structure of the Internet into inter-domain routing.That is,BGP currently considers each AS as a node in a general graph without any specific structure(using explicit policies to constrain routing),whereas HLP assumes that the Internet structure is basically hierarchical with the provider autonomous systems(ASs)being the roots of customer ASs.HLP explicitly includes the relationship between2neighboring ASs in its protocol.This will reduce misconfigurations which should hopefully reduce the occurrence of routing abnormalities.However,the tradeoff is some amount of inflexi-bility in the routing algorithm.This is resolved using exceptions that are expected to be rare and therefore acceptable. This report summarizes implementation of HLP on the XORP[1]software router.The implementation reuses much of the code in XORP’s BGP module.2DefinitionsWe say that two ASs are in the same hierarchy if there exists a directed path between them such that the path consists of any number of provider links followed by any number of customer links.This definition of hierarchy implies that there exists at least one route between two ASs in a hierarchy that does not include(provider)(customer)(provider)links. Two ASs are neighbors if there exists a link between them.The relationship between neighboring ASs(peer,customer, or provider)determine the overall structure of the network,which can be as simple as shown in Figure1a,or consist of overlapping hierarchies as shown in Figure1b.In thefigure,each node represents an AS;the neighboring AS at a higher tier is the provider,similarly an AS at a lower tier is the customer.Thus,AS A is the provider of AS B,which in turn is A’s customer.Neighboring ASs at the same tier are also called peering ASs.Note that the use of tiers in Figure1and inprotocol.subsequentfigures only allows for graphical representation of relationships,it is not present in the actual HLPHLP divides the network into hierarchies consisting of providers and their customer ASs,and peering ASs in different hierarchies allow routing between hierarchies.As will be explained in the next section,this division of the network intoseparate components increases scalability,as well as reduces the convergence time for route updates.3Routing Information DisseminationTwo types of routing packets are used to disseminate routing information:link-state advertisements(LSAs)and fragmented path-vector(FPV)1.As is the case in OSPF,LSAs areflooded throughout a hierarchy,and allow construction of the entire hierarchy topology.FPVs are used to route between ASs;they contain the numbers of peering ASs between hierarchies. LSAs that have not previously been received are forwarded in the following manner:1.if they are from customers,we forward to all neighbors,except the customers from which they arrive.2.if they are from providers,we forward only to neighboring customers,not providers.The objective of the above rules is to restrict LSAs to the hierarchies from which they originate.Failure to do so will imply that multi-homing ASs belonging to different hierarchies can cause LSAs to be disseminated throughout the entire Internet. The rules above implements this restriction,illustrated in Figure2.By definition,AS C belongs to both hierarchies1and 2,and rule1allows LSAs from AS B to be forwarded to C.At C,rule2prevents LSAs from A from being forwarded to AS D.On the other hand,LSAs involving C will be disseminated in both hierarchies,which is correct since C is a member both.ofFPVs are used to forward routes from one hierarchy to another.They are similar to path-vector packets used in BGP,except that they do not include the AS path within hierarchies.Rules that govern forwarding of FPVs are given as follows:1.FPVs from providers are disseminated only to customers,not to peers or other providers.2.FPVs from peers are forwarded to neighboring peers and customers,but not providers.4Routing AlgorithmThe mechanism to choose a route to a particular destination AS is similar to that currently used in BGP.This eases the implementation of exceptions which will be covered in the next section,as well as the creation of FPVs for routes to customers within the hierarchy Basically,we store routes for destination ASs reachable from each neighboring AS,then decide the winning route for a particular destination.The handling of routes contained within FPVs is straightforward and similar to that of BGP,but routing information gained from LSAs needs to be converted to the same form as that in FPVs. The conversion is elaborated on in the next section.4.1From LSAs to RoutesWe denote the least cost of reaching AS A from B by cost(B,A),a route from A to B with cost C by route[(A,B),C], and we perform the conversion in the following manner,assuming that the operations are taking place in AS X:1.for each neighbor N2.if neighbor is a customer3.for each downstream customer AS Apute cost(N,A)5.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]6.associate route[(X,A),C]with N7.else if neighbor is a provider8.for each of the non-customer ASs in the hierarchypute cost(N,A)10.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]11.associate route[(X,A),C]with NThe computation is broken into two parts,steps2to5,and6to9of the algorithm above.This is required because forwarding of routes from a provider to a peer should take place only if the destination AS is a customer2.To distinguish between the origin of the routes,we tag them with the following:PROVIDERLSA:Route for non-customer destination AS within the same hierarchy,determined using link-state information.PEERLSA:Route for customer destination AS obtained using link-state information.An example is given in Figure3,where we focus on AS C.Table1shows the routes,costs and tags associated with each neighbor.Neighbor Cost(C,A)PROVIDERA3LSA(C,E)PROVIDERA15LSA(C,D)PROVIDERD26LSA(C,A)PROVIDERF5LSATable1:Table containing routes,costs and tags for example converting LSAs to routes4.2From FPV to RoutesCreation of routes from FPVs are much simpler,and is similar to that in BGP:1.if FPV is from a provider P2.extract route and metric,tag with PROVIDER_FPV,and associate them with P3.if FPV is from a peer Q4.extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with Q5.if FPV is from customer,treat FPV as coming from peer,extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with QNote that step5only occurs due to an exception in the customer AS.Figure3:Example illustrating LSA to route conversion4.3Route SelectionThe winning route to a particular destination is selected according to the following order of preferences:1.customer route(ie.tagged with CUSTOMERNeighbor TypePROVIDER CustomerFPVCUSTOMER PeerTable2:Route types that can be forwarded to corresponding neighboring AS types5ExceptionsHLP supports three different types of exceptions.The primary use of exceptions is to support operations that are currently used in BGP but not covered by the default HLP rules.The format in which exceptions are specified and stored is given by wherefromlink specifies the neighboring link to which winning routes will be propagated,andAS number refers to the destination AS that this particular exception is for.In HLP,a from link is given by the tuple:5.1Exception1Figure4:(a)Example illustrating effect of exception1on rest of hierarchy.D announces that it does not have a customer route to C.B uses graph in(b)to compute shortest paths to all ASs in the same hierarchy except C(i.e.A,D and F).B uses the graph in(c)to compute the shortest path to C.Thefirst exception,illustrated in Figure4,allows an AS(say D)to choose an alternate route to a customer(C)via a peer (E).The route choose is dependent on the customer AS,and should not affect routes to other ASs.D indicates its intention via LSAs to other ASs in the same hierarchy that it is not choosing customer routes to C.D also informs E that it no longer has a customer route to C.If,ignoring customer routes,the winning route is from E,then D forwards that FPV to its peers and customers.However,if the winning route is from another peer not specified in the exception,then the corresponding FPV will not be forwarded.Using the same example,exception1is specified bywhere is specified using the tuple5.2Exception2This exception specifies that winning routes from the stated provider is to be forwarded to a particular peer,which is typically not done.In Figure5,the exceptionallows winning routes to AS Z from provider A to be forwarded to D.5.3Exception3The last exception supported is similar to exception2.Here,routes are forwarded from a peer to a provider.Currently, the provider simply accepts incoming FPVs from customers,treating them as though they are from peers.If,for security reasons,providers should reject FPVs from customers,then additional configuration will be required in the provider.Figure5:Simple network illustrating route forwarding from provider to peer5.4Exception Format and MatchingThe type of exception does not explicitly need to be specified.Instead,the neighbor relationship associated with the links given in each exception rule can be used to determine this.The format is thus simplified,and should hopefully reduce the occurrence of misconfigurations.Table3gives the combination of links that indicate the kind of exception specified.From To Exception TypeNULL1PeerPeer3Table3:Combination of link types associated with each exception type6Data StructuresIn this section we describe the data structures used to maintain state in a HLP router.Figure6shows theflow of routing information through the system,as well as the major components of the system.Figure6:Flow of routing information through systemWe describe each component below:Peer:A peer contains the necessary objects needed for receiving and sending routing information from and to neighboring routers.Each peer maintains the state machine for the connection associated with the corresponding neighbor,as well as the various timers needed during connection establishment and for keepalive messages.RibIpcHandler:Handles insertion of prefixes owned by this AS.Routing Information Base Input Table(RibInTable):Stores routes associated with corresponding neighboring router.Routes may be obtained via FPVs sent from neighbor,or from computation of shortest paths using link-state infor-mation.The type of tag assigned to a route is explained in Section4.1.PeerHandler:Handles reception and transmission of FPVs and LSAs.After a packet has been received,it is broken up into individual components(for instance,link changes,route withdrawals,route announcements,etc.)before being passed to HLPCore for processing.Updates passed from the DecisionTable are aggregated as much as possible within a packet(FPV or LSA)before being transmitted.Routing Information Base Output Table(RibOutTable):Stores the outgoing routes sent via FPVs.The contents of this table is a subset of the corresponding RibInTable of the neighboring router.PeerData:Contains information related to the peering link:–neighbor’s AS number and identification number(ID),–IP tuple of the connection,–neighbor’s peer type(customer,provider or peer),–metric,or cost of the link–various timeout values(hold,retry,keepalive)HLPCore:The HLPCore contains the Lib,DecisionTable,ExceptionTable,and the AS-Prefix Map.It maintains the periodic update timer3,and interfaces between the user and the system.The core also connects Peers with the Lib and DecisionTable,so that incoming routing information can be processed and then pushed out of the system if necessary.Link-State Information Base(LIB):The Lib stores link-state information gathered from LSAs received.The network topology constructed is then used to determine the shortest path to each destination AS from every neighbor.DecisionTable:The DecisionTable chooses the winning route amongst the routes stored in the RibInTables for a particular destination prefix.The selection is based on the order of preferences given in Section4.3.Winning routes are stored in a trie,after which they are pushed to the neighboring routers based on the route type as specified in Section4.4.In general the DecisionTable deals with FPVs,whilst the Lib deals with LSAs.ExceptionTable:The ExceptionTable stores the exceptions raised locally,as well as those raised by other ASs within the same hierarchy(exceptions raised are not explicitly propagated to other hierarchies).Currently,only information with regards to exception1are disseminated via LSAs.The ExceptionTable is used when the DecisionTable is determining whether a particular winning route should be sent to a neighbor,and when the Lib is computing the shortest path to destination ASs taking into account exception1s raised.AS-Prefix Map:This object stores the mapping of ASs to the corresponding advertised prefixes.Since the core of HLP manages routes at the prefix level4,and route changes are disseminated at the AS level,the AS-Prefix Map is required to translate between the two.Thus,for instance,incoming route changes(which will not include the prefixes involved,but just the AS path)will be processed in the HLPCore at the prefix level,and merged again just before the updates are pushed out.7Finite State MachineThefinite state machine for each peering connection is the same as that specified in[2].8Protocol FormatThe message header format as specified in [2]remains unchanged,as is the format of the Keepalive packet.In this section we describe the changes to the Open and Update (renamed Fragmented Path-Vector)packets,as well as introduce the LSA packet.8.1Open PacketVersionMy AS numberHold timeHLP identifierPeer type12241Figure 7:Format of Open packet,numbers denote lengths of corresponding fields in octetsSince a HLP network is dependent on the relationship between neighboring ASs,it is important that they agree on that.We thus include an additional field in the Open packet,the peer type field.The relationship type inserted in the field is with respect to the neighbor.For instance,if AS A is a customer of B,it will insert type corresponding to customer in the field of the Open packet it sends to B.Inconsistencies will result in the connection failing.8.2Fragmented Path Vector PacketThe format of the FPV ,shown in Figure 8,is similar to BGP’s Update packet,but with an additional AS Down field.When an AS becomes unreachable for any reason,rather than withdrawing every route to that AS,we propagate just the AS number in this field.Unfeasible routes lengthWithdrawn routesAS down lengthASnumbersTotal path attribute lengthPath attributesNetwork layerreachability informationX X2X 2X 2Figure 8:Format of FPV packet,the numbers denote lengths of corresponding fields in octets.An X means that the field length is variable.The format in which a network prefix is represented is shown in Figure 9.This representation is used for the network layer reachability information (NLRI)and withdrawn routes in Figures 8and 10.Length1PrefixX Figure 9:Representation of a prefix:the Length field uses 1octet,and the size of the Prefix field is variable.8.3Link State Advertisement PacketThe LSA packet is a new packet type,and the fields are shown in Figure 10.We describe the four main fields and their corresponding subfields as follows:1.link changes :This major field contains information regarding links grouped together according to an endpoint AS’number.For instance,all links stated in “link information (1)”have an end AS with number “AS (1)number”.Thus,multiple link changes can be aggregated and transmitted within the same packet.The format in which information for each link is transmitted is shown in Figure 11.2.unreachable ASs :These fields provide the list of ASs (“Unreachable ASs”)that are declared unreachable from an AS (“AS unreachable from”).This field is used to disseminate an AS’setting of exception 1.lengthLink changesAS unreachable from (1)UnreachableAS length (1)UnreachableASs (1)Unreachable AS lengthReachable AS length AS reachablefrom (1)ReachableAS length (1)ReachableASs (1)AS reachablefrom (n)ReachableAS length (n)ReachableASs (n)Unfeasible routes length Withdrawn routesNLRI total length AS announcingNLRI (1)NLRIlength (1)AS (1)numberLink changeslength (1)Linkinformation (1)NLRI (1)AS announcingNLRI (n)NLRIlength (n)AS unreachablefrom (n)UnreachableAS length (n)UnreachableASs (n)AS (n)numberLink changeslength (n)Linkinformation (n)222 222X2222NLRI (n)2222X2X22X22XXX X22XFigure10:Format of LSA packet.The numbers representfield size in octets,X means thefield size is variable.Neighbor AS number NeighborrelationOperation Reserved Metric1622432Figure11:Link information representation format.The numbers representfield size in bits.3.reachable ASs:Thesefields provide the list of ASs(“Reachable ASs”)that are declared reachable from an AS(“ASreachable from”).Note that the list of ASs must have previously been declared unreachable.Thisfield is used when deleting exception1.4.unfeasible routes:Similar to Update packets,thisfield holds the routes that have been withdrawn by ASs in the samehierarchy.5.NLRI announcements:Thefinalfield gives the prefixes that each AS is announcing.9Boot Up ProcedureThe HLP protocol does not require knowledge of the tier level an AS is at.When connection to a new neighbor is established,the following steps are taken:if neighbor is a peersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAif neighbor is a customersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAsend all link-state informationsend all exception informationif neighbor is a providersend all link-state information for customer ASssend all exception informationAdditional routes that match exceptions,if any,are also sent.10Exception Setting and RemovalHLP allows dynamic setting and deletion of exceptions.Setting of exceptions should cause the network state to become the same as if the exceptions were present on bootup.Similarly,deletion of exceptions should cause the state to be the same as if the exceptions were never present.The following steps are taken when the corresponding exceptions are raised or removed:Exception1:Upon setting of exception1,the AS broadcasts an LSA packet in its hierarchy indicating the lack ofa customer route to the destination AS.It removes route(s)to the destination AS(tagged with CUSTOMERLSA and PROVIDER。
全新版大学英语1_教案
一、课题：《全新版大学英语1》Unit 1 Introduction二、教学目的：1. 帮助学生掌握英语基本句型和常用词汇；2. 培养学生的英语听、说、读、写能力；3. 激发学生学习英语的兴趣，提高学生的英语综合素质。
三、课型：新授课四、课时：2课时五、教学重点：1. 掌握英语基本句型和常用词汇；2. 培养学生的英语听、说、读、写能力；3. 理解文章主旨，提高阅读理解能力。
六、教学难点：1. 英语基本句型的运用；2. 阅读理解中的长难句解析；3. 英语写作技巧的掌握。
七、教学过程：（一）导入新课1. 教师播放一段与英语学习相关的视频，激发学生的学习兴趣；2. 提问：视频中涉及哪些英语学习技巧？如何将这些技巧运用到实际学习中？（二）讲授新课1. 教师讲解英语基本句型，如：What's your name? How old are you? 等；2. 教师带领学生进行句型练习，巩固所学知识；3. 教师讲解常用词汇，如：name、age、school、home 等；4. 教师引导学生进行词汇练习，提高词汇运用能力；5. 教师带领学生阅读课文，讲解文章主旨和段落大意；6. 教师解析阅读理解中的长难句，帮助学生提高阅读理解能力；7. 教师讲解英语写作技巧，如：如何组织文章结构、如何运用过渡词等。
（三）巩固练习1. 教师组织学生进行句型练习，巩固所学知识；2. 教师组织学生进行词汇练习，提高词汇运用能力；3. 教师组织学生进行阅读理解练习，提高阅读理解能力；4. 教师组织学生进行英语写作练习，提高写作技巧。
（四）归纳小结1. 教师总结本节课所学内容，强调重点和难点；2. 教师提醒学生在课后进行复习，巩固所学知识。
（五）作业安排1. 复习本节课所学英语基本句型和常用词汇；2. 阅读课文，完成课后练习；3. 按照所学写作技巧，写一篇英语短文。
八、板书设计：全新版大学英语1 Unit 1 Introduction一、英语基本句型：1. What's your name?2. How old are you?3. Where do you come from?4. What do you do?二、常用词汇：1. name2. age3. school4. home三、阅读理解：1. 理解文章主旨；2. 解析长难句；3. 提高阅读理解能力。
1-4单元《新编语言学教程》课后答案
Chapter 1Introduction1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) linguistics语言学: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language语言: a system of arbitrary vocal 任意的声音symbols used for human communication.用于人类交流的任意声音符号系统(3) arbitrariness任意性: the absence of similarity betweenthe form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality,语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g. the worddog does not look like a dog.(4) duality双重性: the way meaningless elements of languageat one level (sounds and letters) combine to formmeaningful units (words) at another level.在一个层面上（语言和字母）的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形成有意义的单位（词）(5) competence语言能力: knowledge of the grammar of alanguage as a formal abstraction and distinct from thebehavior of actual language use作为一种形式抽象的语言的语法知识，区别于实际语言使用的行为, i.e.performance.(6) performance语言运用: Chomsky’s term for actuallanguage behavior as distinct from the knowledge thatunderlies it, or competence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术语不同于它的知识，或能力。
【精选】跨文化交际word版(1)
Unit 1 introduction一．文化文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交流是流动着的文化----W.B. Pearce, 1994.背景：长期以来，文化被认为是无处不在，无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。
被笼统地当作“生活方式”，社会生活的一切方面，积淀物，价值观念体系，众多规范，乃至艺术，政治，经济，教育，修养，文学，语言，思维的总和。
概括地讲，文化即是人们所思，所言，所为，所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
It is said that there are at least 150 definitions about culture.“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks”(Sapir, 1921) “Culture is man’s medium, there is not one aspect of human life that isnot touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people expressthemselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, howproblems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and fuction.” (E.T. Hall,1959)“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, andbehaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas” (D.Brown, 1978)文化的特性：1). 文化是由人们的内隐和外显行为组成的。
1.introduction
Introduction to Immunology
Liu chun 2016 – 03 – 01
1
一、发展史：
古老： 16世纪 人痘预防天花
① 接触法 ② 痘浆法 ③ 旱苗法 ④ 水苗法
18世纪 牛痘预防天花 ( Jenner )
Edward Jenner discovered that cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox in 1796. Officially smallpox eradicated in 1979.
中 枢
2、未成熟 LC克隆遇Ag 刺激后发生克隆清除; 成 熟 LC克隆遇Ag刺激后则 活化增殖分化，并清除Ag； 3、由于未成熟 LC克隆 在胸腺、骨髓中与自身Ag 相遇而致自身反应性LC克 隆清除；所以成熟LC克隆 主要针对外来Ag。因而免
疫系统能区别自己与非己。
外 周
7
克隆选择学说 ( Burnet )
44
20世纪获得诺贝尔医学生理学奖的免疫学家
年代 1901 1905 1908 1912 1913 1919 1930 1951 1957 1960 1972 1977 1980 学者姓名 Behring Koch Ehrlich Metchnikoff Carrel Richet Bordet Landsteiner Theler Bovet Burnet Medawar Edelman Porter Yalow Dausset Snell Benacerraf Jerne Kohler Milstein Tonegawa Murray Thomas Doherty Zinkernagel 国家 德国 德国 德国 俄国 法国 法国 比利时 奥地利 南非 意大利 澳大利亚 英国 美国 英国 美国 法国 美国 美国 丹麦 德国 阿根廷 日本 美国 美国 澳大利亚 瑞士 获奖成就 发现抗毒素，开创免疫血清疗法 发现结核杆菌，发明诊断结核病的结核菌素 提出抗体生成侧链学说和体液免疫学说 发现细胞吞噬作用，提出细胞免疫学说 器官移植 发现过敏现象 发现补体, 建立补体结合试验 发现人红细胞血型 发明黄热病疫苗 抗组胺药治疗超敏反应 提出抗体生成的克隆选择学说 发现获得性移植免疫耐受性 阐明抗体的化学结构 阐明抗体的化学结构 创立放射免疫测定法 发现人白细胞抗原 发现小鼠H-2系统 发现免疫应答的遗传控制 提出天然抗体选择学说和免疫网络学说 杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体 单克隆抗体技术及Ig基因表达的遗传控制 抗体多样性的遗传基础 第一例肾移植成功 第一例骨髓移植成功 提出MHC限制性，即T细胞的双识别模式 提出MHC限制性，即T细胞的双识别模式
秋外研版高中英语必修一课件：M1 Introduction(共26张PPT)
PE
5P.EWahnidchITof them are not academic
physics IT
(学术的) subjects? 6o.pWenhich are your favorite subjects?
Complete the sentences with the help of P1 2 the words in the box.
hope that one day we will be
amply rewarded. 就像一个专心致志进行探索的科 学家那样，我们必须抱有这样的 希望，终有一天，我们的努力会 取得丰硕的成果。
Homework
Read the passage and preview the new words and expressions on Page 2&3.
You may do like this: answers with your 1. I like _______ because _c_l_a_s_s_m_a_t_e_s_..
2. I think __W__h_a_t_’s__y_oiusrimoppoinritoannt because _a_b_o_u_t__t_h_e__s_u.bjects?
4 Maths Chinese
Aftern oon
5 Maths 6 Geography 7 Music
Maths PE
Politics
Art Chinese English English
English Chemistry
PE English
Chinese History
Chinese
IT
Discuss your
•9、要学生做的事，教职员躬亲共做；要学生学的知识，教职员躬亲共学；要学生守的规则，教职员躬亲共守。2021/9/82021/9/8Wednesday, September 08, 2021 •10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。2021/9/82021/9/82021/9/89/8/2021 8:20:58 PM •11、只有让学生不把全部时间都用在学习上，而留下许多自由支配的时间，他才能顺利地学习……（这）是教育过程的逻辑。2021/9/82021/9/82021/9/8Sep-218-Sep-21 •12、要记住，你不仅是教课的教师，也是学生的教育者，生活的导师和道德的引路人。2021/9/82021/9/82021/9/8Wednesday, September 08, 2021
1 Introduction
•
•
矿田构造研究方法的技术结构
矿田构造学的教学内容与方法
矿田构造学的基本概念
• 矿田构造学 • 控矿构造分级 • 研究任务、目的
矿田构造学
• 矿田构造学是介于矿床学和构造地质学之间的
边缘分支学科
–具体研究各种构造形迹和构造作用对矿床、矿体的形 成和分布的控制作用，包括控制矿体形态、产状、结 构、规模及后期改造的各种地质构造因素，因而对普 查、勘探、预测、评价和采矿工作都有实际意义 –还重点研究成矿诸因素中的构造作用与成矿物质聚积 的相互关系，以便更全面深入地认识成矿作用机理， 因而又有着理论意义
陈国达——地洼观点
• 综合分析法
– 吸取地质历史分析与构 造应力(力学)分析方法 的优点 – 把它们结合起来，作为 基础，加以发展 – 以地质发展史的差别为 主要依据，同时考虑应 力场的异同
• 中、新生代大地构造特点明显 区别与之前的地台和地槽阶段 相，命名为地洼阶段 • 第三基本构造单元——地洼区 • 地壳发展规律——动“定”转 化递进说
研究目的、任务
构造地质学 构造机理，尤 其褶皱和断裂 矿田构造学
……？
矿床地质学 物质源、运、聚、 储 时空分布规律
• 基本任务
–研究控制成矿的地质构造条件（控矿构造、矿田 构造与区域构造的关系 ）
–查明控矿构造的成因及发展历史（演化历史对矿
床空间分布的作用） –查明矿化分布规律、并指出找矿的地质构造条件 及标志
引 言
• • 大地构造学研究现状、趋势及启示
构造成矿学研究简史及启示
大地构造学理论研究趋势
• 纵观大地构 造学理论研 究发展历史， 始终存在学 术上的激烈 争论
• 发展方向 ？……
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Capital City Kunming
Natural Stone forest, Tiger Leaping
wonders
Gorge, first bend of Yangtze
River
Enjoy the pictures.
golden money
this province? Give some examples.
4. Which provinces share a border with Yunnan?
1
Can you explain the name
of Yunnan? Beautiful clouds in the south
2
Name at least three neigbour
5
Choose the natural wonder
which is not in Yunnan.
A. Yulongxueshan Mountain B. Stone forest C. Tiger Leaping Gorge D. West Lake
6
Name at least 5 ethnic
8
What musical instrument is being played?
Hulusi
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Guess who she is.
A famous dancer for dancing as a peacock. 1. Who is she? 2. Which minority? Yang Liping Bai.
About 42 million in 2003
Rare animals golden monkey, Asian elephant
Plants
home to half of all China’s
plant species People home to 25 ethnic minorities,
5. apparently adv. clearly seen or _________ understood 6. ______ v. set right; put in order; adjust regulate 7. property n. things owned; ________ possessions 8. ______ adj. of race or the races of ethnic mankind
Introduction
外研版 高二年级(选修7) Module 5
Questions: 1. How many provinces are there in our country? 2. Can you find Yunnan province in the map?
3. Are there many ethnic minorities in
Vocabulary
Work in pairs and do the quiz. 1. ______ adj. associated with the place of native one’s birth 2. ______ v. heir; receive property, a title, inherit etc. 3. _______ adj. of different kinds diverse 4. ____ v. manage; cause to be in run operation
minorities living in Yunnan.
Dai,Yi, Miao,Hui,Zhuang,Tibetans, Mongols,Yao,Bai,Hani,Naxi,Jingpo,
Etc.
hanizu
Miaozu
dongzu yaozu
baizu
buyizu
7
What natural disaster is Yunnan suffering? Drought
Asian elephant
傣族
白族
纳西族
彝族居民
丽江古城
Stone forest
玉龙雪山
Tiger Leaping gorge
Describe what the Dai girl is wearing in the photo. Use these words: belt brightly-colored costume native silver
share Tibet
Name Location
Yunnan most south –western province
Geography Size
Population
Everything from mountains and lakes to rainforests 394,000 square kilometres
provinces of Yunnan?
Sichuan,Guizhou,Guangxi and Tibet.
3
The capital city of Yunnan
Kunming
4
Can you guess which ethnic minority she is?(2) Dai. Describe her in your own words.(2)
Work in pairs. Say what you know about
the province of Yunnan. Use the words
below and the fact file to help you.
border
province
capital
region
ethnic minority