Ch 2 - Intercultural Communication Theories
《跨文化交际》名词解释
1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affectthe behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库
1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。
《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲
《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲课程编号：ENGL2046课程类别：专业选修课程授课对象：英语专业、俄英双语、法英双语学生开课学期：英语第6学期、双语第8学期学分：2 学分主讲教师：指定教材：《跨文化交流入门》，浙江大学出版社，许力生主编，2004年。
《文化与交际》，暨南大学出版社，胡穗鄂编。
教学目的：目前我国经济快速增长，文化交流、旅游业蓬勃发展。
江、浙、沪地区外国独资、合资企业数量增多，与国际人员的经济文化交往日益增多。
跨文化交际现象已经成为苏州本地文化的一个重要方面。
但是，在众多的跨文化交际中，一些人员出现文化误解，或者表现出不自信，降低了交际的效益，直接的后果往往导致经济效益的降低。
苏州大学作为本地的人才高地，有责任、有条件在教学中培养学生的跨文化交际能力。
我们的毕业生主要从事文化、教育、经济活动，我们的课程也应适应这社会需要，帮助学生通过知识的获取、情感的开放和技能的培养形成以自我文化又和他国文化保持一定距离的跨文化意识，也就是说一种能以局外者的眼光看待自己文化的能力；局内者的眼光理解自己和他人的文化意识；培养学生在交际中对他国文化和本土文化怀有好奇、开放和宽容的态度。
从而在国际交往中提高交际的效益，提升个人的自信心。
本课程采用课堂教学、学期作业和网络平台相结合的教学形式。
课堂教学采用多种教学法综合进行教学。
课堂语言为英语。
采用理论与实践活动相结合的方式，与学生互动探讨理论。
参插角色扮演、小组讨论、全班讨论的活动方式，进行情景模拟实验、引导学生发表观点。
另外有录音、录像供学生观摩讨论。
学期作业的形式是一篇千字以上的论文，内容是运用学到的某些跨文化交际的理论概念对现实生活案例、本土文化和外国文化进行阐释、分析、比较和反思。
学生必须自己选题、规划。
文章材料包括文字、图片、音频和视频，教师的工作是建议、修改、监督和评估，创造机会，帮助学生完成学期论文。
该课程有两个网站：一个是在外国语学院服务器上的课程资源网站，网站上有该课程的教学大纲、进度表、备课教案，另设有通知板、网上跨文化交际咖啡俱乐部、学习工具等帮助学生完成科目的服务性网站。
2005-2006学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题...
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2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（B 卷） 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（
订 线 题 号 I 40 分 II 15 分 III 15 分 IV 20 分 V 10 分 （院系： 院系： 专业： 专业： 卷 面 分 100 随 堂 测 试 20 分 课 堂 表 现 10 分 年级： 年级： 评 卷 人 ）
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Part I. Choose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct letters in the blanks on your answer sheet. （2×20=40） ） c. Communication competence j. Symbols
1. Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃ (109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness? 2 An international student in a U.S. grocery may be asked, “paper or plastic?” The student knows what paper is and what plastic is, but don’t understand the question.
跨文化交际复习考试题及答案
T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。
F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯，他是个律师，律师道格拉斯。
F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的。
T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为
T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校，上校，上校，可以用作头衔
F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。
T_2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击，这是很难得的进攻
系统解剖学(全英文)_浙江大学2中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
系统解剖学（全英文）_浙江大学2中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1. What is the title of this course?答案:Intercultural Communication in English2. Which one below is NOT an essential element of communication?答案:No share of information3. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tend to _____.答案:do one thing at a time4. Which term means that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) justbecause the person is a member of a specific group?答案:stereotype5. Intercultural communication barriers include many different forms. Whichof the following does not belong to intercultural communication barriers?答案:melting pot6. How do we translate the term "Intercultural Communication"?答案:跨文化交际跨文化交际学跨文化沟通跨文化沟通学7. Major communication elements include: ___.答案:contextchannelparticipants8. Which of the following are the characteristics of culture?答案:Culture is holistic.Culture is learned.Culture is dynamic.Culture is shared.9. Which feelings may a person experience when suffering from culture shock?答案:A feeling of loss regarding friends and family, social status, and possessionsA feeling of confusion in beliefs, values, and role expectationsA feeling of being rejectedA feeling of anxiety, disgust, or surprise in the face of cultural differences10.What are some common metaphors used to describe culture?答案:icebergsoftware of mindonionsrules of game11.Intercultural Communication refers to communication between or amongpeople of different linguistic, social, cultural and national backgrounds.答案:正确12.When we talk about Intercultural Communication, we mean you are doingcomparative studies.答案:错误13.Culture is pervasive.答案:正确14.Culture does not change. It is important, so it remains unchanged.答案:错误15."We" culture is characterized by competition. personal success,independence.答案:错误16.If we select language without being aware of the cultural implications, wemay at best not communicate well and at worst send the wrong message.答案:正确17.Intercultural competence depends on knowledge, motivation, and actions, allof which occur in specific contexts with messages that are both appropriate and effective.答案:正确18.To Westerners, the dragon is often a symbol of evil, a fierce monster,different from the Chinese culture.答案:正确19.The Chinese and English both have words denoting the basic colors, but themeanings associated with these color words are quite different.答案:正确20.In India, time is experienced used in a linear way--- compare to a roadextending from the past to the future.答案:错误21.To a certain extent, fast food is a product of the life view of future-orientation.答案:正确22.Stereotypes are highly simplified, general and exaggerated type ofrepresentation, and they are often negative.答案:正确23.Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by person in aculture.答案:正确24. If a person has adjusted well to a new environment, the one would performcompletely the roles that each social context requires and thus avoid thefrustrations resulting from inappropriate behaviour.答案:错误25.The saying "language is the mirror of culture" means that language reflectsculture.答案: 正确。
大学英语跨文化交际总结
Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on thecharacteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a fewpeople or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成) of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编码।/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to matchthe appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedbackof the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping(definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty,assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problemsEthnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of differentlanguages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to aspecial or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication （repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction.Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation(mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation(value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation(value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time andthat lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably boundup with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3)Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d, omg onentat10n; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how gender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specificculture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is notdevoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structuresin which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context: business, education and health care.In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. These differences are apt to cause troubles for intercultural communication. In add 山on to management, many concrete business practices such as appointment seeking, greeting, gift giving and negotiation are also posing problems for the business interaction. People need to understand and practice the rules in intercultural business context to be competent communicators.The educational context is another significant area where intercultural communication frequently occurs. All participants in the educational context—teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff—bring their cultures' beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them. All of these can influence behaviors on how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom.。
Intercultural Communication-跨文化沟通
Intercultural Communication: High- and Low-Context CulturesAnthropologist Edward Hall founded the field of intercultural communication in 1959 with his book The Silent Language. The book was originally intended for the general public, but it sparked academic research in intercultural communication and fueled interest in subjects like nonverbal communication, according to Keio Communication Review.Hall defines intercultural communication as a form of communication that shares information across different cultures and social groups. One framework for approaching intercultural communication is with high-context and low-context cultures, which refer to the value cultures place on indirect and direct communication.High-Context CulturesA high-context culture relies on implicit communication and nonverbal cues. In high-context communication, a message cannot be understood without a great deal of background information. Asian, African, Arab, central European and Latin American cultures are generally considered to be high-context cultures.High-context cultures often di splay the following tendencies, according to C.B. Halverson’s book Cultural Context Inventory.Association: Relationships build slowly and depend on trust. Productivity depends on relationships and the group process. An individual’s identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work). Social structure and authority are centralized.Interaction: Nonverbal elements such as voice tone, gestures, facial expression and eye movement are significant. Verbal messages are indirect, and communication is seen as an art form or way of engaging someone. Disagreement is personalized, and a person is sensitive to conflict expressed in someone else’s nonverbal communication.Territoriality: Space is communal. People stand close to each other and share the same space. Temporality: Everything has its own time, and time is not easily scheduled. Change is slow, and time is a process that belongs to others and nature.Learning: Multiple sources of information are used. Thinking proceeds from general to specific. Learning occurs by observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing. Groups are preferred, and accuracy is valued.Low-Context CulturesA low-context culture relies on explicit communication. In low-context communication, more of the information in a message is spelled out and defined. Cultures with western European roots, such as the United States and Australia, are generally considered to be low-context cultures. Low-context cultures often display the following tendencies, according to Halverson.Association: Relationships begin and end quickly. Productivity depends on procedures and paying attention to the goal. The identity of individuals is rooted in themselves and their accomplishments. Social structure is decentralized.Interaction:Nonverbal elements are not significant. Verbal messages are explicit, and communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas and opinions. Disagreement is depersonalized; the focus is on rational (not personal) solutions. An individual can be explicit abou t another person’s bothersome behavior.Territoriality: Space is compartmentalized. Privacy is important, so people stand farther apart. Temporality: Events and tasks are scheduled and to be done at particular times. Change is fast, and time is a commodity to be spent or saved. One’s time is one’s own.Learning:One source of information is used. Thinking proceeds from specific to general. Learning occurs by following the explicit directions and explanations of others. Individual orientation is preferred, and speed is valued.High and low context cultures usually correspond with polychronic and monochronic cultures respectively. The table below shows some general preferences of people from high context and low context cultures.Communication Dynamics in High- and Low-Context CulturesCultural differences shape every aspect of global communication, says Forbes contributor Carol Kinsey Goman. This helps explain why people in Japan (a high-context culture) prefer face-to-face communication over electronic technology favored by other industrialized countries like the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Germany (low-context cultures).High-context cultures also prefer personal bonds and informal agreements over meticulously worded legal documents. They “are looking for meaning and understanding in what is not said —in body language, in silences and pauses, and in relationships and empathy,” Goman says. Meanwhile, low-context cultures “place emphasis on sending and receiving accurate messages directly, and by being precise with spoken or written words,” she explains. U.S. business leaders often fall into a communication trap by disregarding the importance of building and maintaining personal relationships when interacting with people from high-context cultures.People should also watch for differences within high- and low-context cultures. This classification is an oversimplification, according to A.C. Krizan and others in the book Business Communication. “For example, although American culture is classified as l ow context, communication among family members tends to be high context,” they write. “Family relationships and members’ high level of shared experiences require fewer words because of mutual understandings.”On the other hand, communication between two businesspersons from a low-context culture tends to be more specific and direct. Attention focuses more on what is said than relationships. In China or Japan, words receive less attention than relationships, mutual understandings and nonverbal body language.Clearly, it’s important for a multinational organization to know the difference between high and low context cultures. A full understanding of these differences will effectively improve both outward, client-focused communication as well as inter-business relationships.Will a company in Japan appreciate your attempts to get right to the point? Will a German company become bored if you talk around a subject, instead of directly addressing it? Know your audience and their cultural standing, and your message will never get lost.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程期末翻译题Unit2.4.5.6中英对照
UNIT 2文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind. ”但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run.文化就像电脑使用的 DOS 或者Unix 或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application.用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to descr ibe culture:文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed.一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a so ciety.文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。
跨文化交际 Intercultural Communication智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年
跨文化交际 Intercultural Communication智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下内蒙古民族大学内蒙古民族大学绪论单元测试1.Foreigners are interested to learn about Chinese Culture and Chinese People.At the same time, there are misunderstandings of Chinese culture.A:错 B:对答案:对2.Overseas experiences can expand one's vision and enrich one'sunderstanding of Intercultural Communication.A:对 B:错答案:对3.Before communicating with others, you need to understand your own culturewell.A:错 B:对答案:对4.Culture learning is not so important as language learning.A:错 B:对答案:错5.Knowing all the words and having perfect grammar of a language is enoughto deal with Intercultural Communication.A:错 B:对答案:错6.Everything abroad is the same as “at home”.A:错 B:对答案:错7.In this course, we are going to learn aboutA:Intercultural communication barriers B:Verbal and non-verbalcommunication C:Thearatical foundations of Intercultural Communication D:Acquring Intercultural Communication Competence答案:Intercultural communication barriers;Verbal and non-verbalcommunication;Thearatical foundations of InterculturalCommunication;Acquring Intercultural Communication Competence8.In the study of intercultural communication, we are going to achieve thegoals ofA:understanding the basic termsB:developing communicative competence C:fostering critical thinking ofdifferent cultures D:avoiding potential problems in interculturalcommunication答案:understanding the basic terms;developing communicative competence;fostering critical thinking ofdifferent cultures;avoiding potential problems in interculturalcommunication9.The course you are taking isA:Phycology B:Communication C:Intercultural Communication D:EnglishLiterature答案:Intercultural Communication10.When being asked by other people about your culture, you will be moreaware of your identity.A:对 B:错答案:对第一章测试1.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A:international communication B:interpersonal communication C:interracial communication D:interethnic communication答案:international communication2.In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A:interracial communication B:international communication C:interethnic communication D:interpersonal communication答案:interethnic communication3._____ is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.A:Enculturation B:Deculturation C:Acculturation D:Assimilation答案:Enculturation4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people,regardless of their culture, share common____.A:experiences B:stories C:languages D:arts答案:experiences5.In the popular cultural iceberg metaphor, you can only see about 10-15%above the surface, most part of the iceberg is under the water, which is a bit of a mystery. Which of the following do you think are above the water?A:clothing B:food C:architecture D:music答案:clothing;food;architecture ;music6.Six reasons of why study intercultural communication were mentioned，please try pick the ones mentioned in the following.A:technology B:imperative C:self-awarenessD:demographic changes答案:technology;imperative;self-awareness;demographic changes7.Culture can be categorized as either material or nonmaterial culture.A:对 B:错答案:对8.Culture is that complex whole whichincludes knowledge,belief,arts,morals,law,custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.A:对 B:错答案:对9.It is reasonable that we use what's below our surface to try to understandwhat's above somebody else’s.A:错 B:对答案:错10."Dig the well before you are thirsty" is a Chinese proverb meaning "吃水不忘挖井人”。
08级考试资料《跨文化交际》
1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.5. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6. proverbProverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual CultureIndividuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.10. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14.Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.1. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improv ement of the communicator’s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals’ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown thr ough specific behaviors.2. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.3. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown peopleWhile in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some children address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.4. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least threereasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication canbe open to many interpretations.5. Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, andresponsibility for one’s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.6. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.7. Explain the definition of “collectivist culture”a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.8. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.9. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological developmentThe development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.(2). Widespread population Migrations(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.10. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:11. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situationsThere are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when an executive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.。
Cross-culcural Communication
Cross-cultural communication refers to the different cultural backgrounds of communication between individuals, that is, people from different cultural backgrounds of the interaction between what happened. In recent years, it is caused most people's attention. In China, the language teachers show great interest, reflecting the changes of the times and demands, has attracted people from the perspective of cross-cultural education of foreign language teaching in-depth thinking.所谓跨文化交际，即不同文化背景的人走到一起分享思想、感情和信息时所发生的一切。
跨文化交际的英语名是Intercultural Communication，早期也称为Cross-cultural Communication。
跨文化交际学最先在美国兴起。
美国是个移民国家，文化碰撞时有发生。
来自世界各地的移民都强调并维护自己的文化，因此形成了美国的多元文化格局。
于是跨文化交际引起了美国学者和各界人士的广泛关注。
日本也不甘落后，于1972 年在东京率先召开了第一届跨文化交际学国际研讨会，出席人数超过两千。
1974年，跨文化教育训练与研究学会(SIETAR，Society for Intercultural Education，Training and Research) 在美国正式宣布成立。
大学英语跨文化交际chapter5 Intercultural Communication
Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication
1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Eg. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in people’s life, so there are more than 40 words for “camel”. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢” and “铁饭 碗”.
Navajo do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks.
One of the problems in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations. Eg. For Americans “tomorrow” means midnight to midnight,
英语跨文化交际参考题
英语跨⽂化交际参考题考⽣姓名：____________ 学号：___________ 专业班级：注意：1. 试卷、答题纸上按要求写上姓名、学号和专业班级。
2.所有题⽬答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷上⼀律⽆效。
3.考试结束，试卷全部回收，不准带出考场。
Part I. Multiple ChoiceDirections:There is one blank in each sentence. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the blank, and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Who is the father of intercultural communication study?A. Edward T. HallB. Marshall McLuhanC. Gudykunst, W.B.D. Chomsky2.Which is not the major purpose of learning ICC?A.Develop understanding of culture to appreciate opportunities and challenges.B. Learn as many languages as possible.C. Expand communication skills and ability to be appropriate to various settings.D. Forge an intercultural vision to deal with culture shock.3. Any change in the subsystem of culture will affect the whole system indicates .A. Culture is holistic.B. Culture is shared.C. Culture is created.D. None of them4. In orientation work is considered a separate activity from play.A. doingB. becomingC. beingD. all of them5. Which of the following examples can not elicit difference in social relation orientation?A. In America, professors are called by their first names, instead of the last names inChina.B. In some European countries, the family into which a person is born determine his social position, while, in America, rags-to-riches stories are popular.C. Extended families are popular in China，while nuclear families are popular in America.D. American believes the universe can be controlled, while, Chinese believe in theunity of man and nature.6. Phrases like “make time”, “save time” and “gain time” indicate people’s time orientation.A. past-oriented B present- oriented C. future-oriented D. none of them7. Time is viewed endless and ongoing in .A. European AmericansB. Indians and African AmericansC. European Americans and Latin AmericansD. All of above8. Which proverb can not indicate individualism?A. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.B. God help those who help themselves.C. Out of mouth comes evil.D. Every man is the architect of his own fortune.9. Among all the physical environment elements, which belong(s) to natural environment?A. geography and climateB. city architecture and city environmentC. city design and house designD. room design and decoration10. Hegel said, “When man feels he is limitless at the sea, he will have great courage to surpass the limit.” This quotation indicates .A. unity of man and natureB. social relation orientationC. world viewD. future-oriented time orientation11. Which of the following choices can not show concept of personal space?A. People is supposed to ask for permission to sit down on a half-occupied bench in a park.B. It is impolite to shoulder your way when you are waiting in the train station.C. Such questions li ke “Have you had your meal?” are very common in China whenpeople meet in the street.D. In public spaces, “temporary territory” is highly valued.12. are of special significance among ten components of communication?A. Source and receiverB. Noise and channelC. Encoding and decodingD. Context and feedback13. Having dinner in a romantic restaurant and in an isolated island will influence participants’ speaking style shows communication is different inA. physical contextB. social context C interpersonal context D all of above14. Which of the following choices is not a feature of western thinking pattern?A. analysisB. factual reasoning C logic D. holistic15. Which of the following sentence does not indicate eastern pattern of thinking?A There are both advantages and disadvantages in country life.B. Every coin has two sides.C. People value the wisdom of being foolish in daily life.D. People make sense of the daily life by objectivity and specificity.16. Which kind of communication apprehension is considered enduring and hard to be overcame?A. trait like B context-based C. audience-based D. situation-based17. Irish people lost their language (Celtic) is an example ofA. combinationB. migrationC. assimilationD. acculturation18. Which of the following statements is (are) positive implication(s) of culture shock?A. mood of mania and excitementB. emotional richness and enhanced toleranceC. personal retrogressD. psychosomatic problems19. In which period does the sojourner (旅居者) may appreciate the new culture of host country?A. adjustment periodB. reentry periodC. frustration periodD. honeymoon period20. In order to achieve intercultural communication competence, one should not .A. pay more attention to the contextB. expand knowledge of distinctive culture orientationC. understand how people think and behave in host cultureD. abandon and criticize the original culture and get yourself assimilated in hostculturePart II. Blank FillingDirections: In this part, there is a blank in each sentence. You are required to select one word or one phrase that best fits into the blank from a list of words in the following table. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. __________ is the process by which a message is converted into an idea by the receiver.2. __________ is a cultural orientation where meanings are gleaned from the physical, social, and psychological contexts.3. __________ is an arbitrarily selected and learned stimulus representing something else.4. __________ is a cultural orientation where the individual is unique and that emphasizes individual goals over group goals.5. ___________ is a systematic set of sounds, combined with a set of rules, for the purpose of communicating.6. ___________ is the effects associated with the tension and anxiety of entering a new culture, combined with the sensations of loss, confusion, and powerlessness resulting from the forfeiture of cultural norms and social rituals.7. ____________ is the degree to which a communication message has many possible meanings to its receivers.8. ___________ is the total combination of one’s group roles. A part of individual’s self-concept that is derived from the person’s membership in groups.9. ____________ is the recognition that several different cultures can exist in the same environment and benefit each other.10. ___________ is an individual who visits another culture for a period of time but who retains his/her original culture. Part III. Matching WordsDirections:Choose the words from the right side that best explain the meanings of the words on the left side. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. mediation A) an emotional response to objects, ideas, and people2. context B) a message that is sent back by the receiver to the source3. source C) the degree to which a person is open to others’ point of view4. perception D) anything that interferes with the communication process5. feedback E) the encoding and decoding process during communication6. dynamic F) process of finding peaceful solutions to a conflict7. pluralism G) people who originate a communication by encoding an idea8. attitude H) the mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation9. transactional I)something that is considered active and forceful10. noise J) cultural circumstances within which communication occursPart IV. Short Answer QuestionsDirections:In this part, you are supposed to answer the following question with the knowledge of intercultural communication. Write down your answers on your Answer Sheet.Topic: Discuss briefly the characteristics of monochronic and polychronic time orientation. Part V. Case Analysis Directions:In this part you are supposed to analyze the following case from the perspective of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.CaseTom, an exchange student from England, is talking with Mary, his girlfriend from Australia in Tom’s dorm room about their holidays. At this time, Yahan, an exchange student from India, enters in the room unannounced.Tom: (to Mary) So, I think we should spend a week in China, 4 days in Japan. It is fantastic to know the East.(Yahan enters.)Yahan: Hello Tom. Who is this with you?Tom: Oh, hi Yahan. This is Mary. Mary, this is Yahan; he lives just down the hall. Mary:Hi Yahan.Yahan:Is this your girlfriend, Tom?Tom:Ah…yeah, she is.Yahan: Are you two going to marry? Want children?Tom:Ah, well….Mary:Uh…we really haven’t discussed that yet.Yahan: Oh, I see. Is your family not wealthy enough for her, Tom? What is your father’s occupation?Tom:What?Part VI．Essay QuestionsDirections: In this part, there are 2 essay topics. You are supposed to choose one from themto write an essay with at least 150 words.1. Use examples to explain the main characteristics of individualism and collectivism.2. Describe the differences of verbal communication styles between Chinese people and American people, and then analyze the reasons of the differences.。
写人际交往的英语作文题目
写人际交往的英语作文题目Building Bridges: The Art of Effective Interpersonal Communication.Interpersonal communication, a multifaceted tapestry of verbal, nonverbal, and contextual cues, serves as the cornerstone of human interaction. Effective interpersonal communication transcends mere words; it encompasses the ability to convey messages with clarity, empathy, and a genuine desire for connection.This intricate dance of communication involves a symphony of verbal and nonverbal cues. Words, the primary vehicle for conveying information, can be wielded with precision to express thoughts, feelings, and intentions. However, nonverbal cues often speak louder than words, conveying subtle messages that can enhance or undermine verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body language, and eye contact all contribute to the non-verbal repertoire, adding depth and nuance to our interactions.Beyond the interplay of verbal and nonverbal cues, the context in which communication occurs plays a pivotal role. The physical setting, cultural norms, and social roles all influence the way messages are interpreted and received. For instance, a conversation held in a formal boardroom may demand a different level of formality than one held over a casual coffee break.Effective interpersonal communication requires a conscious effort to understand both ourselves and others. Self-awareness, the ability to recognize and understand our own emotions, thoughts, and motivations, is crucial for fostering meaningful connections. It allows us to communicate with authenticity and transparency, laying the groundwork for trust and understanding.Empathy, the capacity to step into another person's shoes and see the world from their perspective, is equally essential. By practicing empathy, we can bridge the gap between our own experiences and those of others, creating a foundation for compassionate and effective communication.Understanding the emotional undercurrents of a conversation enables us to respond with sensitivity and support.Active listening, the art of giving undivided attention to the speaker, is a cornerstone of effective interpersonal communication. This involves not only hearing the words but also observing nonverbal cues and striving to comprehend the true meaning behind the message. By listening intently, we demonstrate respect, validate the speaker's feelings, and create a safe space for open and honest dialogue.However, effective interpersonal communication does not stop at understanding; it also entails the ability to express ourselves clearly and confidently. Assertiveness, the capacity to express thoughts and feelings in a respectful and direct manner, is a valuable asset in interpersonal interactions. By being assertive, we advocate for our own needs while acknowledging the perspectives of others, fostering healthy and balanced relationships.Yet, assertiveness should not be confused with aggression or rudeness. Effective communication strikes adelicate balance between assertiveness and empathy, ensuring that messages are conveyed with clarity and respect. The ability to negotiate and compromise, when appropriate, is also crucial for navigating the complexities of interpersonal relationships.Intercultural communication, the art of interacting effectively with people from diverse cultural backgrounds, presents unique challenges and opportunities. Understanding cultural differences in communication styles, values, and norms is essential for bridging cultural divides and building meaningful connections. By embracing diversity and seeking to understand the perspectives of others, we can foster inclusive and harmonious relationships across cultures.In the digital age, technology has both enhanced and complicated interpersonal communication. While social media and instant messaging provide convenient platforms for staying connected, they also present potential pitfalls. It is important to be mindful of the tone and intent of our digital communications, as written messages can be easilymisinterpreted without the benefit of nonverbal cues.Effective interpersonal communication is not a static skill; it is a journey of continual growth and refinement. By embracing self-awareness, empathy, active listening, assertiveness, and intercultural understanding, we can forge deeper connections, build stronger relationships, and navigate the complexities of human interaction with grace and purpose.。
智慧树知到《东方遇见西方跨文化交际之旅》章节测试答案
智慧树知到《东方遇见西方跨文化交际之旅》章节测试答案1、【单选题】 (20分)How many types of culture mentioned in this chapter?BA、5B、2C、4D、32、【单选题】 (20分)Which kind of expression does not be included in immaterial aspects of culture?DA、scienceB、literatureC、principles of social organizationD、art3、【单选题】 (20分)Technology belongs to __A______?A、material cultureB、immaterial cultureC、scienceD、None of them4、【单选题】 (20分)Eye contact shows competence in western cultures whereas, while Asian cultures find too much eye contact disrespectful. This fact illustrates one of five elements involved in communication process-----_____A___.A、ContextB、MessageC、ParticipantsD、Feedback5、【单选题】 (20分)A fragrant scent or a warm hug may contribute as much to meaning as what is seen or heard. This fact illustrates one of five elements involved in communication process-----____C____.A、MessageB、ParticipantsC、ChannelsD、Feedback第二章1、【单选题】 (20分)What does paralanguage study?DA、SpaceB、GesturesC、TimeD、Vocal elements2、【单选题】 (20分)Deception is typically thought of as the intentional act of (B) information for certain communicative purposes CA、exaggeratingB、concealingC、alteringD、omitting3、【单选题】 (20分)How long should a person maintain eye contact with his or her audience while talking?CA、20%-30% of the timeB、30%-40% of the timeC、60%-70% of the timeD、50%-60% of the time4、【单选题】 (20分)If some people clench teeth or fists to show endurance or anger without saying anything, for what is the nonverbal cue used?AA、SubstitutingB、ComplementingC、RegulatingD、Contradicting5、【单选题】 (20分)In which of the following cases is it okay to be five minutes late without having to offer much of an apology or explanation? AA、Family reunionB、Job interviewC、First dateD、Work第三章1、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following statements concerning handshaking is not right?AA、In the United States, people usually give a soft handshakeB、In Egypt handshake is softer, not as strong.C、In Canada, people usually give a short but rather firm handshake.D、In Mexico, handshakes usually last a little longer.2、【单选题】 (20分)Which one of the following is not one of the three fundamental elements to build up intercultural communication competence proposed by Byram? CA、KnowledgeB、SkillC、StrategyD、Awareness3、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following is not included in the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity BA、AcceptanceB、MaximizationC、DenialD、Defense4、【单选题】 (20分)When will the reverse culture shock take place?BA、When are first landed in the foreign countryB、When you return to your home culture after growing accustomed to the new oneC、Three months after you arrived at the foreign countryD、Immediately after you return to your home culture5、【单选题】 (20分)In which of the following countries, it is appropriate to use the ok sign as indication of strong approval or goodness?AA、U.S.B、TurkeyC、BrazilD、Russia第四章1、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism? CA、Collectivist cultures are described as “I” cultures.B、Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and express unique opinions.C、Uniformity and conformity are stressed in collectivist cultures.D、Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.2、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following statements is NOT true?A、Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.B、Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide, but the gap can be divided.C、Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.D、The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.3、【单选题】 (20分)deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. BA、Power distanceB、Uncertainty avoidanceC、Cultural valuesD、Cultural dimension4、【单选题】 (20分)In the culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group. CA、collectivismB、masculinityC、individualistD、femininity5、【单选题】 (20分)Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already by people are C .A、indirect contextB、low contextC、high contextD、direct context第五章1、【单选题】 (20分)In the initial stages of a negotiation, what would German business managers usually do? BA、Getting to know the individuals of the “opposing party” by socializing.B、Ask numerous questions concerning technical details.C、Get right down to the business.D、Have a good drink.2、【单选题】 (20分)Which one is not one of the needs mentioned by Schultz? DA、inclusionB、controlC、affectionD、respect3、【单选题】 (20分)Find out the families of one of following countries which are collectivist families. CA、AmericaB、BritainC、KoreaD、France4、【单选题】 (20分)In some countries, students feel comfortable in structured learning situations and are rewarded for accuracy in problem solving. Which dimension is this situation related to? DA、masculinity and femininityB、individualism and collectivismC、power distanceD、uncertainty avoidance5、【判断题】 (20分)Respect is a perception of the confidence we place in other people’s promises. AA、错B、对第六章1、【单选题】 (20分)The fact that people set their mind that all African Americans like to eat chicken is an example of____C____?A、discriminationB、prejudiceC、stereotypeD、racism2、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following is not a gender stereotype?AA、Blonde equals to beauty.B、Women can’t do as good of a job as a man.C、Women aren't as smart as a man.D、Guys are messy and unclean.3、【单选题】 (20分)The statement that women in Finland are paid lesser than their male counterparts in every field for doing the same job, is an example of ________ prejudice.AA、genderB、nationalC、ageD、racial4、【单选题】 (20分)When an elder-care facility refuses to install Internet technology because of the belief that older people don't have the energy or ability to learn web navigation, they are acting upon ____C____ prejudice.A、racialB、nationalC、ageD、gender5、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following statements is not an example statement of colorism? AA、An employer might run a thorough background check on an applicant of color, while accepting a job applicant from a prospective white employee with no additional documentation.B、For years in the black community, lighter skin was viewed as superior to darker skinC、Anyone with skin color that was lighter than a brown paper lunch bag was welcomed into elite organizations in the black community.D、In Asia, sales of skin whitening products remain sky high.第七章1、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following styles of clothing may not express the Indian cultural identity?BA、DhotiB、KimonoC、KurtaD、Sari2、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following can indicate people’s cultural identity?BA、ClothingB、All of themC、LanguageD、Food3、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following statement concerned with cultural identity is wrong? BA、Cultural identity is bureaucratically or self-ascribed membership in a specific culture.B、Cultural identity is the feeling of not belonging to a certain group.C、Awareness of cultural identity is essential to effective cross-cultural communication.D、Understanding and celebrating cultural identity can boost pride and self-esteem.4、【单选题】 (20分)In Jean S. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development, cultural Identity is often developed through a three-stage process, which are ___A_____.A、all of themB、unexamined cultural identityC、cultural identity achievementD、cultural identity search5、【单选题】 (20分)Which of the following examples of thoughts does not belong to unexamined cultural identity stage? AA、“There are a lot of non-Japanese people around me, and it gets pretty confusing to try and decide who I am.”B、“My parents tell me about where they lived, but what do I care? I've never lived there.”C、“I don’t have a culture. I’m just an American”.D、“Why do I have to learn who was the first black woman to do this or that? I’m just not too interested.”第八章1、【单选题】 (20分)In the tree-tiered concept of globalization, which one is the base and core? DA、financial globalizationB、political globalizationC、cultural globalizationD、economic globalization2、【单选题】 (20分)Silk Road is an evidence of ____D____.A、Environment protectionB、The spread of knowledgeC、Immigration in ancient timeD、International trade3、【单选题】 (20分)The influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as “___C_____”.A、hard powerB、multi-polarizationC、soft powerD、hedonism4、【单选题】 (20分)According to the content we’ve learnt, KungFu Panda is a typical example of “_____C___”A、homogenizationB、none of aboveC、hybridizationD、cultural imperialism5、【单选题】 (20分)Which one is not one of the ideas of “Global Citizenship”? BA、One’s identity goes beyond geography or political borders;B、All the people in the world should love each other;C、The human community on the earth is interdependent and wholeD、Humankind is essentially one;。
interculturalcommunication
interculturalcommunicationIntercultural Communication1.What is intercultural communication?Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what mediums they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted. As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development ofintercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.Why is it important to language learners in the world?Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. The increasingly international business world must cope with cultural differences in order to succeed and prosper. To that end intercultural communication gains enormous importance as individuals from all over the world start to work in the same office. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect. Understanding the backgrounds is essential if you are to be successful in both your social and professional lives.2.What are the elements of human communication?The first element for human communication is participants - the sender. Another element for human communication is the message. The message is sent to a …receiver? –one of the elements of communication. Channel is the way by which the message is sent. It can be verbal or nonverbal. Noise is also an element of human communication. The last one is the feedback.What roles do the verbal and non-verbal languages play in the communication?Verbal communication is using your voice to communicate with otherssuch as a phone call or just talking to someone. Nonverbal communication is communicating with others but not by using your voice such as passing notes or sending a text message.3.How do high-context and low-context cultures influenceintercultural communication?In high-context cultures (Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean as well as Chinese), people are very homogenous with regard to experiences, information networks,and the like.High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time. In low-context cultures (German, Swiss as well as American), the population is less homogenous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts. This lack of a large pool of common experiences means that “each time they interact with others they need detailed background information.”The verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. This characteristic manifests itself in a host of ways. Because of these differences, high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they do not need. Another problem is that people in high-contexts perceive low-context people, who rely primarily on verbal messages for information, as less credible.Difference in this communication dimension can even alter hoeconflict is perceived and responded to.4.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.Language and culture evolved and developed together. Culture consists of the products or civilizations of human society, including language, which is deeply embedded in culture. Culture, to a great extent, manifests itself in patterns of language. Language, as part of culture, probably the most important and essential aspect of culture, plays a very important role in it. Language reflects or mirrors almost all the contents of culture, and hence in a broad sense serves culture as the symbolic representation, for all the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people's culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in thelanguage of the people. So without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and even shaped by culture. It is well recognized that language is not only a scientific system of linguistic symbols, but also a socio-cultural activity. This view can account for the statement that language is culturally transmitted. Cultural transmission is one of the important characteristics of human language. Finally, language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value and language symbolizes cultural reality. Culture, on the other hand, refers to what has been grown and groomed5.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudices?A stereotype is a fixed notion about person in a certain category, with no distinctions among individuals. In other words, it is an over generalized and over simplified belief we use to categorize a group of people. We form stereotypes in three ways. First, we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they process. Second, we may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people. Third, we may give the same treatment to each member of the group. Stereotypes may vary along four dimensions: direction, intensity, accuracy, and content. Prejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity. Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity: verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre.How can we adapt to a new culture?In fact, adapting to a new culture involves first working through culture shock.1. Do not become over –reactionary. Patience goes a long way; if you control your emotions, you can more easily see yourselves and others.2. Meet new people. Force yourself to go out of your way to meet others. By engaging in these new friendships, you gradually gain personal confidence and ultimately learn a lot more about culture.3. Try new things. Being creative and try new foods, clothes, and so oncan assist you in meeting the stress of the new culture. Trying new things is not easy, but you can try them gradually yet persistently.4. Give yourselves periods of rest and thought. Adapting toa new culture is like being in school for several hours a day – it?s hard, mental work. Like any other serious learning endeavor, you need time to rest properly. Also, you need time to reflect and put your thoughts together.5. Work on our self –concept. Tell yourselves that you are really not so bad, and that most others go through the same experiences that you face during cultural shock.6. Write. Sometimes writing in a diary can release tension and frustration. Also, reflecting at a later time on what you have written can prove insightful to personal growth.7. Observe body language. Part of the frustration of culture shock does not know the culture?s system of body language. By learning the nonverbal rules, we may discover that the behavior of the people of the new culture does not indicate anger or any other dissatisfaction with you personally.8. Learning the verbal language. You should take time to learn as much of the host culture?s language as possible. Not onl y does using the native language compliment people in the host culture, but it obviously aids our survival skills.。
Foundations of Intercultural Communication
《Foundations of Intercultural Communication 》(《跨文化交际学基础》)By Guo-Ming Chen；William J.Starosta 上海外语教育出版社Chapter7 Intercultural Conflict ManagementTraditionally, communication scholars have treated conflicts or opposition as an inherent evil. They worry that conflicts or opposition are irrational confrontations that bring only destructiveness and weaken relationships. Our view, however, is that conflict is a practical necessity of intercultural interaction. Conflict and opposition pervade human life.Ⅰ. The Nature of ConflictConflict permeates relationship development. It refers to a disagreement between or among persons in an interdependent relationship in which they try to meet each other’s social needs while, in many cases, pursuing some instrumental goal. A disagreement can occur when the interdependent parties face incompatible goals, resources, decision making, and behaviors.In addition, conflicts usually engender negative feelings in the warring parties.1.Types of ConflictThe simultaneous presence of two or more “incompatible” factors that conflict may be felt at each of several levels: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intergroup conflict, and interorganizational conflict.Intrapersonal conflict, or intrasubjective conflict, refers to the different and incompatible or contradictory mental states or needs and desires existing in our mind.Interpersonal conflicts occur bet。
完整word版语言学名词解释和问答题答案只供参考
四、名词解释： Parole 话语:it refers to the realizatio n of Ian gue in actual use.it is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the app licati on of the rules.it is con crete, refers to the n aturally occurri ng Ian guage eve nts. it varies from person to person, and from situati on to situatio n. 1) ①②③④ 2) 3) 4) Applied linguistics 应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be app lied to the soluti on of such p ractical p roblems as recovery of sp eech ability. The study ofsuch app licati ons is known as app lied lin guistics. Reference (所指)语义：It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, p hysical world, it deals with the relati onship betwee n the lin guistic eleme nt and the non-li nguistic world of exp erie nee. Illocutionary act 言外行为:the act of expressing the speaker act p reformed in say ingsometh ing. 's int e ntion,it is th Regional dialect 地域方言:it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geogra phical regi on. It has bee n found that regi onal dialect boun daries ofte n coin cide with geogra phical barriers such as mountain s, rivers and swa mps. LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制 :It was described as an imagi nary "black box" exist ing somewhere in the huma n brai n. CA ( Contrastive Analysis )对比分析:starti ng with describ ing comp arable features of the n ative Ian guage and the target Ian guage, CA comp ares the forms and meanings across these two Ian guages to locate the mismatches or differe nces so that people can p redict the p ossible lear ning difficulty lear ners may encoun ter. Neurolinguistics (神经语言学)：it is the study of two related areas ： Ianguage disorders and the relationship between the brain and Ianguage. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what fun ctio n each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain Ianguage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. Predication analysis 述谓结构分析: ① It is propo sed by the British Lin guist GLeech. ② The basic unit is called p redicati on, which is the abstracti on of the meaning of a senten ce. ③ This app lies to all forms of a senten ce. ④ A p redicati on con sists of argume nt(s) and p redicate.10) Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication 跨文化交流 :it is com muni cati on betwee n people whose cultural p erce pti ons and symbols systems are disti net eno ugh to alter the com muni cati on eve nt. 11) Cross-associations 相联想:In English we sometimes may come across words which are similar in meaning. Their sp elli ng and pronun ciati on are also alike. The close associati on of thetwo leads to con fusi on. Such in terfere nee is ofte n referred as cross-associatio n.5) 6)7) 8) 9)12)CPH (Critical Period HypothesiS 临界期假说：a specific and limited time p eriod for Ian guage acquisiti on.① The strong versi on of CPH suggests that childre n must acquire their first Ian guage by p uberty or they will n ever be able to lear n from subseque nt exp osure② The weak versi on holds that Ian guage lear ning will be moredifficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor ' s and Genie ' s cases) 13)Prescriptive( grammer)规定语法:if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and sta ndard " behaviour in using Ian guage to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be p rescri ptive.14)Performance 语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in lin guistic com muni cati on .15)Duality 双重性(double articulation)：Ianguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of soun ds, which are meanin gless. The higher level can be meanin gful.五、问答题：Chapter 11.How do you inter pret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific study of language?Lin guistics studies not any p articular Ian guage,but it studies Ian guages in gen eral.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,c on ducted with reference to some gen eral theory of Ian guage struct ure.ln order to discover the n ature and rules of the un derly ing Ian guage system, what the lin guist has to do first is to collect and observe Ian guage facts,which are found to dis play some similarities ,and gen eralizati ons are made about them,the n he formulates some hypo theses about the Ian guage structure .But the hypo theses thus formed have to be checked rep eatedly aga inst the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between com petence and p erformance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract Ianguage system and the actual use of Ian guage. their purp ose is to sin gle out the Ian guage system for serious study They are similar in two asp ects: the defi niti on and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defi nes Ian gue as the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a sp eech com mun ity, and p arole as the realizati on of Ian gue in actual use. Chomsky defines competenee as the ideal user knowledge' ofsthe rules of his Ianguage, and p erforma nee the actual realizati on of this kno wledge in lin guistic com muni cati on. We can see that Ian gue and comp ete nee both refer to the abstract issue, conven ti ons and kno wledge, and p arole and p erforma nee both are their actual realizati on, the con crete use.On the other hand, in Saussure ' s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue fromp arole as p arole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks linguists should study t he ideal speaker ' s competenceiisolerformanee, which is toohap hazard to be studied.Two lin guists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of Ian guage, Chomsky looks at la nguage from a psychological point of view, comp ete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.Arbitrariness: this meansthat there is no logicalconnection between meanings and sounds. Agood example is the factthat different sounds are used to refer to the same object in differe nt Ian guage.P roductivity: Lan guage is p roductive in that it makes po ssible the con struct ion and interp retati on of new sig nals ofits users.Duality: Ianguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level thereis a structure of soun ds, which are meanin gless. But the sounds of Ianguage can be grouped and regrouped into a largenumber of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement: Lan guage can be use to refer to things which are p rese nt or not p rese nt, realor imagi ned matters in the p ast , prese nt or future, or in far-away p laces. In other words, Ian guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati ons of the sp eaker.5) Cultural transmission: Language is passed on from one generation to next through teachingand lear ning rather tha n by in sti net.Chapter 23.Ex pl ain with exam ples how broad transcri ption and narrow one transcri ption differ?Broad tran scri ptio n — one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription — diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differe nces betwee n soun ds.In broad tran scri pti on, the symbol [I] is used for the sound [I]8.what ' as p hone? how is it different from a p honeme? how are all op hones related to a p honeme?①A p hone is a phon etic unit or segme nt. The sp eech sounds we hear and p roduce duri ng lin guistic com muni cati on are all phon es. Phones do not n ecessarily dist in guish meaning, some do, some don ' t, e.g. [ bl:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spit]. ② A p honeme is a phono logical un it; it is a un it of dist in ctive value; an abstract un it, not ap articular sound, but it is rep rese nted by a certa in phone in certa in phon etic con text, e.g. the phon eme /p/ can be rep rese nted differe ntly in [p It], [tl p] and [sp It].③ All op hone — the phones that can rep rese nt a phon eme in differe nt phon etic en viro nmentsPhone is differe nt from phon eme,The phon eme /I/ can be realized as dark/l-/a nd clear/l/,which are all ophones of the phon eme /I/8. What are the main features of human language that have been sp ecified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) 2) 3)The naming theory 命名论 was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The lin guistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a Ian guage are taken to be labels of the objects they sta nd for; words are just n ames or labels for thin gs. The sema ntic relati onshiphold ing betwee n words and things is the relati onship of naming.The conceptualist view 概念论:This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refersto; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they arelinked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the sema ntic tria ngle suggested by Ogden and Richards:Contextualism 语境论:Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firth who had bee n in flue need by thePolish anthropo logist Mali no wski and the Germa n p hilos op her Wittge nste in.lt holds that meaning should be studied interms of situati on, use, con text-eleme nts closely lin ked with Ian guage behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use inthe Ian guage.Behaviourism 行为主义论 ：Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew on behaviorist psychology in defining“ meaning 'Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a Ianguage from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in thehearer. " This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is lin ked with p sychological in terest.6.In what way is com ponential analysis similar to the analysis of p honemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is con sidered as a collectio n of disti nctive sound features, a phon eme can be broke n dow n in to these dist in ctive sound features and its these sound features that disti nguish differe nt soun ds.Chapter 51. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1) 2) 3) 4)Cha pter 6 5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a p erson is po ssibly p erforming while making an utterance. Give an exam ple. According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously whe n sp eak ing: locuti onary act,illocutio nary act, and p erlocuti onary act.A locuti onary act is the act of utteri ng words, p hrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syn tax, lexic on and phono logy. An illocuti onary act is the act of exp ress ing the sp eaker ' inten ti on; it is the act p erformed in say ing someth ing. A p erlocuti onary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequenee of, or the change brought about by the utteranee; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at exa mple:"You have left the door wide open."The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utteranee of the wo rds “ you ” , “ door “open ”，etc. thus expressing what therds literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utteranee heexp ressed his inten ti on of sp eak in g, i.e. ask ing some one to close the door, or making acomplaint, depending on the con text.The p erlocuti onary act refers to the effect of the uttera nee. If the hearer gets the sp eaker's message and sees that thespeaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the p erlocuti onary act is successfully p erformed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give vour own examples to show how floutingthese maxims gives rise to conversational imp licature? 答： Coop erative Princip le, abbreviated as CP .It goes as follows:Make your con versati onal con tributi on such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the acce pted purpose or direction of the talk excha nge in which you are en gaged.To be more sp ecific, there are four maxims un der this gen eral principle:(1) The maxim of quantity 数量原则E.g. A: When is Susa n's farewell p arty?B: Sometimes next mon th.It is flout ing the maxim of qua ntity(2) The maxim of quality 质量原则E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sun day?B: rm afraid I have got a class on Sun day.(3) The maxim of relation 相关原则E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?B: We had a basketball match with the other class.(4) The maxim of manner 方式准贝UE.g. A: Shall we got somethi ng for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.an a I ??havehasCha pter92.What do you think of Sapi r-Whorf hypo thesis? Give exam pies or p roof to support your point of view.Sapir-Whof believe that la nguage filters peopi e's percep ti on and the way they categorize their exp erie nces. This in terde pendence of Ian guage and thought is now known as Sapi r-WhorfHypo thesis. There are mainly two differe nt interp retati ons about Sapir-Whof Hypo thesis: a stro ng vers ion and a weak one. The strong version believes that Ian guage p atter ns determ ine people' thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former in flue nces the later.I agree with the weak one. Here is an exa mp le, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. InEn glish-s peak ing cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the n eed. When some n eeds become more sp ecific, however, l on ger p hrases can be made up to meet these n eeds: corn snow ”，“ne po wder snow ”，a nd drifting snow ”.Cha pterlO2. Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.1）Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.ln this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary（开女台）,discrimination（识另U）and gen eralizaiti on are key to Ian guage devel opment.2）An innatist （语法天生主义者）view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “ black box ” called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all Ianguage.Children need access to the samples of a natural Ianguage to activate the LAD, which en ables them to discover his Ian guage's structure by match ing the inn ate kno wledge of basic grammatical system to that p articular Ian ter Chomsky p refer this inn ate en dowme nt as UG and hold that if childre n are p re-eq uipped with UG, the n what they have to lear n is the ways in which their own Ian guage make use of these principles and the variati ons in those principles which may exist in the p articular Ian guage they are lear ning.3）An interactionist（互动主义者）view----language develops as a result of the complex interplay,between the humancharacteristics of the child and the environment in which child deve lops.In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reas on able in explaining the routi ne asp ects,the inn atist acco unts most reas on able in explaining childre n's acquiri ng comp lex system, and the in teract ionist descri ptio n convincing in un dersta nding how childre n lear n and use the Ian guage approp riately from their environment.Cha pter11 1、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you listsome p roof from your own learning exp erience? (pl ease list your own exp erience.)The studies on the first Ian guage acquisiti on have in flue need eno rmously those on the sec ondIanguage acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and adva nces in first Ian guage acquisiti on in lear ning theories and lear ning pro cess are illu min ati ng in understanding second Ianguage acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first Ian guage acquisiti on also p rovide in sights and persp ectives in the study of sec ond Ian guage acquisiti on. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first Ian guage study has served as a backcloth for p erceivi ng and un drersta nding new facts about sec ond Ian guage lear ning.2. Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English?Chinese plays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chin ese in our En glish lear ning is worth careful exam in ati on. In additi on, En glish lear ning have bee n influnenced by Chin ese lear ning at both theoretical and p ractical levels. ("Theoretically, the new findings and advaneed in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and lear ning p rocess are illu min ate (he Iping) in un dersta nding En glish acquisiti on .(2)The tech niq ues used to collect and an alyze data in Chin ese lear ning also p rovides in sights and persp ectives in the study of En glish lear ning.Occasi on: Recent studies have discovered that there are three in teract ing factors in determ ining Ian guage tran sfer in sec ond Ian guage lear ning:1) a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native Ianguage;2) a learner's perception of native-target Ianguage distanee,3) a learner's actual knowledge of the target Ianguage.。
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• “Common understandings among members” • Not the same as country boundaries • Cultures created, sustained, evolved through communication!
Cultures have “subcultures”
• Important to understand role of culture…
– When encountering those of different cultures – When encountering our culture’s subgroups
• Communication is key throughout
Are Computers Male or Female?
• Five reasons to believe computers are male:
– – – – – They have a lot of data but are still clueless. A better model is right around the corner. They look attractive -- until you take them home. Big power surges knock them out for the rest of the night. In order to get their attention, you have to turn them on.
Intercultural Communication Theories
Cultures in Society
• Culture shapes experience and communication • Increasingly important in a shrinking world
– World economy, international interdependence – Global reach of media to bring/send info
– May help clarify source of misunderstandings and conflict between groups
Are Computers Male or Female?
• Five reasons to believe computers are female:
Many key cultural divides
• Power distance
– Acceptance that power distributed unevenly – US: low; Japan: moderate
• Sex roles
– Sex roles clearly defined and one sex’s values dominate – US: high masculinity; Japan: extremely high masculinity
– No one but their creator understands their internal logic. – Smallest mistakes are immediately committed to memory. – The native language used to communicate with other computers is incomprehensible to anyone else. – Message "bad command or file name" about as useful as, "If you don't know what’s wrong, I'm not going to tell you.“ – As soon as you make a commitment to one, you find yourself spending half your paycheck on accessories for it.
• More apparent when you have contrast
– More visible when encounter foreigners here – More visible when visit other cultures
• Important to understand ncertainty avoidance
– People work to avoid ambiguity – US: low; Japan: extremely high
Many key cultural divides
• Individualism/collectivism
– Culture values group or individual – US: high in individualism; Japan: high in collectivism
• Important in US with cultural diversity heritage
– Originally called a “melting pot” of assimilation – Now called a “multicultural salad” retaining culture
– Makes cultural differences apparent – Also a way to understand/bridge differences
Defining “culture”
• Many formal definitions:
– “System of shared meanings, sensemaking, understandings…” – “Sum of shared values, traditions, beliefs, products…”
– When encountering those of different cultures – When encountering our culture’s subgroups
• Communication is key throughout
– Makes differences apparent – A means to understand/bridge differences
• Now, minority enthnicities becoming majority
Culture affects our views of reality • Difficult to see own culture
– Too familiar, too ubiquitous to recognize – Cultural assumptions often hidden
Standpoint Theory
• Focus on differing roles/groups/standings within a culture
– – – – – A culture is not homogeneous Groupings organized hierarchically Differing levels of power, status, opportunities, wealth Differences shape perspective, how view reality Groups formed, sustained through communication
– Motivated to understand powerful to cope – No interest in maintaining status quo – Powerful only seek to maintain power
• Highlights why groups see world differently
• American subcultures?
– – – – – – – Age: older vs. younger Income: richer vs. poorer Education: educated vs. non-educated Ethnicity: recent immigrant vs. established immigrant Geography: East vs. West; North vs. South Sex: males vs. females Religion: Christian vs. Muslim vs. Jew vs. Buddhist vs. paganism vs. atheism, etc.
• Knowledge based on your perspective
– Standing shape what counts as knowledge – Different standing, different knowledges
• Lower status have accurate views on reality
• High/low context
– Information contained in context or message – US: low context; Japan: high context: they rely on context/tradition/environmental cues