literture review
LITERATURE-REVIEW文献综述
What is LR?
? A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period.
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What is LR?
? The format of a review of literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment.
? A review may be a self-contained unit -- an end in itself -- or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research. A review is a required part of grant and research proposals and often a chapter in theses and dissertations.
? It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations.
? Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates.
Dr. Lili Ann
literature review(如何写文献综述)
methodological assumptions, datacollection techniques, key concepts
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Review focuses
1. The prevailing and current theories underlying the research problems;
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Frequently-occurring problems
1. No direct relevance
Relevancy is the first and parae quality of a review.
“How is it relevant to my study?”
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3. Major elements in LR
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4. Writing principles
Major principles to follow: 1. Review the sources that are most
relevant to your thesis. 2. Describe or write your review as clear
Use of L1 in L2 reading? Speaking?
1. Examine from a wider perspective and search for the most pertinent studies to evaluate.
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Difficulties in organizing
文献综述写法与技巧
▪ ⑤关于⋯⋯目前有两种解释: Two theories have been postulated to explain⋯
▪ ⑥第一种理论认为⋯⋯, 而第二种理论则认为⋯⋯: The first theory proposes that⋯, whereas the second theory proposes that⋯
▪ 2.1 引言(Introduction)
▪ 引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包 括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综 述的范围和内容。提出问题时,作者要给 出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍 不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献 的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内 容时,作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概 括。引言部分通常为200~300词。
that⋯ ▪ ②由此可见⋯⋯:It can be seen from this that⋯ ▪ ③⋯⋯有(不)可能:It is (not) possible /
probable / likely that⋯ ▪ ④⋯⋯是合乎情理的: It stands to reason that⋯ ▪ ⑤毫无疑问: There is no doubt that⋯ ▪ ⑥显然: It is obvious / clear / apparent / evident
Literature Review
▪ 文献综述(Literature Review)是科研论 文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文 献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础, 就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研 究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进 行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述, 科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的 关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其 研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。 因此,它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重 视。文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的 Review栏目中,常见的有Survey,
literature review的结构
literature review的结构【标题】:文献综述的结构【正文】文献综述是研究领域中的一个重要环节,旨在整理、评估和总结相关研究文献,以便为后续的研究工作提供理论、框架和研究方向。
一篇好的文献综述应该具备清晰的结构,合理的布局,以确保读者能够系统地了解研究领域的研究进展、争议点和存在的空白。
以下是一种常见的文献综述结构,本文将对其进行详细介绍:1. 引言引言部分是文献综述的开篇,应该明确阐述研究的目的、意义和背景,并简要介绍相关理论、方法或概念。
同时,对于选择该主题的原因,也可以进行简要说明。
2. 研究领域的概述在此部分,需要对研究领域的基本概念、理论和方法进行梳理和说明。
可以选择性地介绍一些核心研究成果,指出研究领域中的重要文献,例如经典著作、标志性研究等。
3. 相关研究进展在这一部分,需要系统地回顾并总结已有的相关研究,包括相关领域的重要研究成果和主要观点。
对于每篇研究文献,可以简要介绍作者、年份和主要内容,结合当前研究领域的热点问题,进行评价和分析。
同时,也要指出研究中存在的限制和不足,为接下来的研究提供理论依据。
4. 研究争议和问题在这一部分,重点讨论当前研究领域存在的争议点和未解决的问题。
可以列举研究中存在的方法问题、观点分歧或理论缺陷,并结合已有文献进行分析和讨论。
通过揭示研究领域中的不足之处,为后续的研究提供研究方向和改进思路。
5. 空白和未来研究方向在文献综述的最后一部分,需要对研究领域中的空白和未来研究方向进行阐述。
可以指出当前研究领域缺乏的证据、研究对象或方法,为后续的研究提供启示。
同时,也可以提出自己的研究观点和设想,为学术界带来新的思考。
6. 结论结论部分需要对整个文献综述进行总结和概括,强调本综述的贡献和独特性,并提出可能的应用前景和发展方向。
同时,也可以指出文献综述的局限性和值得进一步改进的地方。
综上所述,文献综述的结构应该包括引言、研究领域的概述、相关研究进展、研究争议和问题、空白和未来研究方向以及结论等部分。
LITERATUREREVIEW文献综述
SMM4999 - Literature Review
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Why write LR?
In a broader context Hart (1998) lists the following purposes of a review:
Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done;
It demonstrates the relevance of the reseSMM4999 - Literature Review
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Why write LR?
Literature can include books, journal articles, internet (electronic journals), newspapers, magazines, theses and dissertations, conference proceedings, reports, and documentaries.
Literature reviews are written occasionally in the humanities, but mostly in the sciences and social sciences; in experiment and lab reports, they constitute a section of the paper.
Discovering important variables relevant to the topic;
Synthesising and gaining a new perspective; Identifying relationships between ideas and
英文文献综述的范文
英文文献综述的范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的范文”的资料,供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项英文文献主要部分细节提示:引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
实用任务型学术写作课件Unit9LiteratureReview
2. What is the significance of the review?
It is now known that this pleiotropic hormone has profound effects on plasticity in the developing and adult brain.
Task Preparation 1
Fill in the following table using a key sentence.
Key
Review Topic Many theories have been proposed to explain what
motivates human behavior.
These themes are: incorporation of the self-concept into traditional theories of motivation, the influence of rewards on motivation, the increasing importance of internal forces of motivation, autonomy and selfcontrol as sources ofmotivation, and narcissism as an essential component of motivation. Although the literature represents these themes in a variety of contexts, this paper will primarily focus on their application to self-motivation.
什么是LiteratureReview(文献综述)?快到ddl你还懵?
什么是LiteratureReview(文献综述)?快到ddl你还懵?不知不觉,八月已经过了快一半了,还有不到一个月就要交dissertation,也就是毕业论文了。
在阅读了大量文献和确定研究方法主题后,作为dissertation的第一个大模块,很多小伙伴都在开始撰写Literature Review了。
最近,君君收到很多来自毕业生的消息,咨询如何写Literature Review,并觉得特别头疼这一部分。
今天,让我们一步一步剖析什么是LR怎么写好LR吧!首先,我们要明确什么是LR。
什么是LR01毕业论文作为学术性作文,LR部分需要向读者提供有关你主题的重要文献的分析性概述。
如果你的受众比你对该主题的了解少,那么你的目的就是教学。
当然啦,绝大多数同学做的研究项目属于这一种:如果受众(导师)比你更了解这个话题,那么你的目的是展示对该主题的熟悉程度,专业知识的贮备和智能。
# 将一个人的原创作品放在现有文献的背景下。
# 解释与您的主题相关的主要问题。
# 描述每项工作与正在考虑的其他工作的关系。
# 找出解释的新方法,并阐明以往研究中的任何差距。
# 解决之前看似矛盾的研究中的冲突。
# 确定哪些文献对理解您的主题做出了重要贡献。
# 指出进一步研究你的主题的方法。
LR要写什么?02简单来说,我们要牢牢记住一个词“结构合理well structured”你的想法必须在逻辑上从一个点流向另一个点,或是从一个点拓展散射开到几个相对于的研究问题上。
内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念:利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题,问题或理论。
归类:将你收集到的这些文献划分类别和概念,也就是按照Research Question归类关联:将前人的工作与你的工作,你想法之前的作品和你的研究点联系起来。
评估:对那些对理解和发展主题做出最大贡献的作品提供结论。
在写这四大部分的过程中,每当你计划将文献纳入你LR的过程中,先思考这几个问题:资格:这篇文章作者有什么资格来做出判断?中立:作者的观点是公正的还是有偏见的?可信度:作者的哪篇论文哪个观点令人信服,为什么?价值:作者的结论是否增加了你研究的问题的价值?看到这里,已经成功了一半啦!加油继续哦!内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念:利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题,问题或理论。
literature review
文献综述
文献综述的基本概念
文献综合评述简称为文献综述。文献综述是指
在全面搜索和深人阅读相关文献的基础上,经过 归纳整理和分析综合,对所研究的问题(学科、 专题)在某时期内采用的研究方法、已取得的研 究成果、需进一步解决的问题与新的发展趋势 进行全面系统的叙述和评论。
文献综述在科研中有着十分重要的作用。在科研开始
的阶段,通过撰写文献综述或阅读已正式发表的高水平 的文献综述可以使科研人员对某专题的研究现状和发 展趋势等全面情况有比较完整、系统、明确的认识,从 而根据有关研究的进展和困境选定有意义、有价值的 研究课题。
研究论文的文献回顾
文献回顾是研究论文导论部分的第二个 Nhomakorabea骤。文献综述的形式:
1、独立的文献综述文章; 2、博士学位论文或硕士学位论文的引言部分
(也可以是独立的一章); 3、研究论文引言部分的第二个步骤
文献综述的目的与作用
文献综述的目的是通过深人了解、分析对某专题前人
已公开发表的研究成果,指出该专题研究的现状与特点、 应该进一步解决的问题和未来的研究趋势与方向,并提 出自己的观点和建议。
若直接引述了所引文献中的短语、词组、整个句子或
一段行文,则还需在括号中加人引文的页数。 According to Hawlader, the model based on Dreyer and Erens‟ s correlation can be used for „„the modeling of water droplets motion in cooling towers”(2000, p.451)。
在文献回顾中,论文作者会进一步说明自己研究 工作的背景及动机。作者既要表示自己对同一 研究领域里其他学者曾发表的相关研究十分熟 悉,也要反映自己的研究工作和这些其他学者过 去的研究工作之间的关系。
literature review大纲怎么写
一、简介1.1 文献综述的定义及意义文献综述是指对已有研究文献进行搜集、整理、分析和评价,以系统地总结并阐述某一领域内研究现状、问题及趋势的一种学术性文稿。
文献综述在学术研究中具有重要的地位和作用,它不仅可以帮助研究者全面了解某一领域的研究现状,还可以为其研究提供理论和实证依据,促进学术交流与发展。
1.2 文献综述的分类根据研究对象和内容的不同,文献综述可分为理论文献综述和实证文献综述两大类。
理论文献综述主要关注某一理论或概念的研究现状和演变过程,而实证文献综述则集中于某一现象或问题的实证研究成果。
1.3 文献综述的写作目的和要求撰写文献综述的目的在于系统整理和分析已有的研究成果,从而提供有关领域的全面、准确和客观的信息。
文献综述应当具有全面性、前瞻性、评价性和创新性,具备对所涉及的研究进行全面梳理和深入分析的能力。
二、文献综述的写作步骤2.1 确定研究范围和目标在进行文献综述之前,首先需要明确研究的范围和目标。
这包括确定研究的主题、领域、时间跨度和深度,以及所要达到的综述结果和效果。
2.2 收集文献资料收集文献资料是进行文献综述的首要步骤。
可以通过文献检索、网络搜索、文献引用和专家推荐等渠道获取相关的文献资料,并建立起一套完整的文献数据库。
2.3 文献筛选和整理在收集到大量文献资料后,需要对其进行筛选和整理,筛选出与研究目标和范围相符合的文献资料,并按照一定的逻辑和结构进行整理。
2.4 文献分析和评价对筛选和整理出的文献资料进行系统分析和评价,包括对其内容、方法、结论和贡献的评述,以及对其优缺点和局限性的分析。
2.5 撰写文献综述报告在完成文献分析和评价后,可以根据其结果撰写文献综述报告。
报告的结构应该包括综述的目的和意义、研究范围和目标、文献资料的搜集和整理过程、文献分析和评价结果,并给出对相关研究的展望和建议。
三、文献综述的写作技巧3.1 注重逻辑和结构文献综述的写作应该注重逻辑和结构的完整性和合理性,确保整个综述过程的条理清晰,观点连贯,论证有力。
Literature_Review_格式规范
重庆科技学院学术英语课程论文文献综述题目:A Preliminary Exploration on theConstitutional Principles andFormative Methods of Euphemism委婉语的构造原则和构成方式初探学生姓名:指导教师:院系:专业、班级:学号:完成时间:2015年6月说明:封面标题要用中英双语,英文题目在上。
英文题目的实词首字母均须大写,字体:西文Arial;字号:3号;中文题目黑体三号。
段落安排:行距固定值28磅。
对齐方式:两端对齐。
学生姓名、教师姓名等一律用黑体三号,单倍行距Literature Review说明:标题Literature Review 首字母均须大写,字体:西文Arial;字号:3号;段落安排:段前24磅,段后18磅;单倍行距。
对齐方式:居中。
1. IntroductionAs a widespread and popular rhetorical device, euphemisms came into people‟s life long time ago. …….And the research of euphemisms has a long history ……………..建议:综述前写一导言,简介研究课题主要内容,概括研究现状,研究目的。
2. The definition of euphemism说明:标题序号与标题名之间,加圆点,并空1个英文字符;标题第一个单词的首字母大写;字体:西文Arial;字号:小3号;段落安排:段前空24磅,段后空6磅;行距:固定值20磅。
对齐方式:左对齐。
The word euphemism comes from Greek; the prefix eu- means good and the stem phemism means speech; the whole word…s literal meaning is word of good omen. In early 1580s, the British writer George Blunt first created the word euphemism …and defined it as …a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word‟. (Shu, 1995:17)(正文中直接引用原文,必须加引号并标出确切的页码)……………………………(正文字体:小四号罗马体,行距为固定值20磅,对齐方式:两端对齐;段首空四个英文字符)3. Researches abroad3.1 Researches from socio-linguistic perspective说明:标题序号与标题名之间,不加圆点,空1个英文字符;标题第一个单词的首字母大写;字体:西文Arial;字号:四号;段落安排:段前空12磅,段后空6磅;行距:固定值20磅。
Literature Review (翻译实践型论文文献综述示例)
功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。
literature review
估计很多刚到外国读书的同学和我有一样的体会:第一次接触literature review,根本无从下笔。
今日看到一篇帖子写的很好,故转给各位看看,希望有所帮助。
首先需要将“文献综述(Literature Review)”与“背景描述(Backupground Description)”区分开来。
我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。
“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。
其次,文献综述是评论性的(Review就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking)来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。
评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。
清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。
虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一:瞄准主流。
主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。
而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。
怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。
质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。
二是利用学校图书馆的“期刊数据库检索”,能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。
三是国家图书馆,有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书,学校图书馆往往没有收藏,但是国图却是一本不少。
Literature+Review(精选五篇)
Literature+Review(精选五篇)第一篇:Literature+Review什么是Literature Review?Literature Review 就是回顾总结过去所发生的事,回顾总结前人所写的文献。
Literature Review通常出现在毕业论文里面的第一部分。
为什么写Literature Review?写Literature Review的目的,就是为了通过回顾前人所做的研究和文献,来确定自己毕业论文的研究方向(确保自己的论文是研究出新的成果,做出新的贡献,而不是重复前人研究出来的东西,比如说,1+1=2,这个就没必要研究了,之前已经有无数人反复研究过,并验证过了)。
而且在论文里面写Literature Review,是为了让阅读的人对这篇毕业论文有一个大体的了解。
怎么写Literature Review?在Literature Review里面,主要是总结前人的文献,和过去发生的事。
这就需要阅读很多之前的资料。
一定是要写总结,很多学生只是把以前的资料在Literature Review里复述一遍,是不行的。
而且,Literature Review千万不能得出结论,比如说,你的毕业论文是调查有钱人家庭的学生成绩好,还是穷人家庭的学生成绩好,Literature Review就是要写总结之前各个学者做的研究,新闻的报道,为什么有些学者觉得有钱人家庭的学生成绩好,或有些学者觉得穷人家庭的学生成绩好,两面性都要总结出来,之后你下一部分的分析(Findings Analysis),也就是你这篇毕业论文的成果,才是你要得出的结论:有钱人家庭的学生成绩好,或是穷人家庭的学生成绩好。
所以说,选研究题目也是很重要,要找一些两面性的,还没能得出结论的,少人研究的研究题目。
没什么好研究的题材,做出来的也不是什么好毕业论文,比如说,宇宙有没有太阳。
今天就说这么多,下次继续说其他的吧。
英国proposal的literature review
英国proposal的literature review英国proposal的literature review是指在写proposal之前对相关文献进行调研和整理,以确定该proposal的研究方向、目的和方法。
下面将分步骤阐述如何进行英国proposal的literature review。
第一步:收集资料在进行literature review之前,需要先收集相关资料。
可以通过电子数据库、图书馆、专业期刊以及互联网获取文献。
在选择资料时,应该尽量选取最新的、权威的、可信赖的文献。
收集到的文献应该进行归类整理,方便后续的阅读和分析。
第二步:阅读文献在阅读文献时,应该注意文献的结构、内容、研究方法和结果等方面。
可以结合自己的研究对象和研究方向,提出问题,查找和筛选文献。
同时,应该对文献进行摘要和注释,方便下一步的整理和分析。
第三步:整理分类将收集到的文献进行整理分类,可以根据文献的研究对象、主题、方法、结论等方面进行分类。
在分类的基础上,可以进行横向比较和纵向分析,归纳出相关研究的结论、不足之处、需要改进的地方等。
第四步:筛选合适文献在对文献进行阅读和整理分类之后,需要对文献进行筛选,选择与自己研究对象和研究方向相关的文献。
同时需要确认文献是否可信、真实和具有代表性,避免发生误区,影响研究结果。
第五步:撰写文献综述将筛选好的文献综合起来,撰写英国proposal的literature review。
在撰写文献综述时,需要注重逻辑结构、关键词和文献的使用。
同时,需要注意文献之间的相互关联和一致性,避免出现矛盾和冲突。
总之,在撰写英国proposal的literature review时,需要进行全面、系统的文献调研和分析,确定自己研究的方向、目的和方法,为proposal的顺利完成奠定坚实的基础。
Literature Review文献综述
• In doing so, it identifies gaps or shortcomings i n the reported knowledge and research (i.e. Fu nction 5 above). Not all gaps will have been ad dressed by you in your research project, so yo u will need to provide a rationale for the particu lar focus of your study (i.e. function 6 above). • Final task in the review will be to announce ho w your research project sought to answer the r esearch questions informed by the gap(s). (i.e. function 7 above).
determine the theme/topic units
three stages that can be followed in determining what the theme/topic units will be: (a) keeping a record/summary of the relevant literature. (b) developing a mind-map of key themes/topics. (c) creating a table of contents.
Constructing a theme/unit
1. discourse move and sub-move options :
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Sample Literature Review of One Paper
Literature Review
Student's Name
Paper Citation: Johnson, William R. and Jonathan Skinner (1986) “Labor Supply and Martial Separation,” The American Economic Review, 76(3) (June): 455-469.
[Note the Format of the Citation: Author Names (Year) "Paper Title," Journal Title,Volume (Number) (Month): page numbers. More examples of reference citation are at the end of this document.] This paper examines the relationship between women's labor supply and divorce. The authors find that women who divorce had increased their labor supply during the three years prior, raising questions as to the cause-effect relationship between women's labor supply and marital dissolution. In other words, they try to disentangle the question of whether women's increasing labor force participation contributes to increased divorce or whether women who anticipate divorce increase their labor force participation as a result of that anticipation.
[Note: This first paragraph is an overview or abstract of the paper]
Johnson and Skinner (1986) analyzed data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which allowed them to estimate predicted divorce probabilities based on actual divorce. They then used this predicted probability of divorce and actual divorce in estimates of female LFP, and though both variables had positive coefficients, they were statistically insignificant.
Johnson and Skinner (1986) included residence in a state with no-fault divorce legislation in their predicted labor supply equations. They concluded that living in a state with a no-fault divorce law has a negative impact on women’s labor supply. However, Johnson and Skinner’s (1986) analysis used PSID data from 1972, when only a few states had changed their divorce laws to no-fault; this created a small comparison group and a limited amount of time for the laws' effects to occur.
Though Johnson and Skinner’s (1986) analysis suggested that no-fault divorce had a negative impact on married women’s LFP, later research has co nsistently found that married women living in states with no-fault divorce laws are more likely to work, but the effects are small.
[Note: These paragraphs summarize details of the paper's methodology and data that are relevant to the paper this student is trying to write]
[Note: The in-text citation style is Author (Year)]。