Metallurgical Microscope operating guide 金相显微镜试验指导

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冶金专业英语词汇(M)

冶金专业英语词汇(M) 冶金专业英语词汇(M) machinability 可切显machinability annealing 改善加工性的退火machinable cast iron 可淆铁machine casting 机械化铸造machine charging 机械装料machine molding 机旗型machine side 推焦侧machine welding 机械化焊接machine work 机械加工machinery casting 机械化铸造machining 机械加工machining allowance 加工余量machining property 可切显mackintoshite 黑铀缸矿macle 双晶macro analysis 常量分析macro etching 宏观浸蚀macroaxis 长轴macrocrack 宏观裂纹macrogranular structure 粗粒组织macrograph 宏观组织相片macrographic test 宏观照相检验macrography 宏观检验macroscopic segregation 宏观偏析macroscopic stress 宏观应力macroscopic structure 宏观组织macrosection 宏观磨片macrosegregation 宏观偏析macrostress 宏观应力macrostructure 宏观组织mag coke 镁焦magnalium 马格纳利乌姆铝镁铸造合金magnesia 苦土magnesia brick 镁砖magnesia carbon brick 镁碳砖magnesia carbon refractory 镁碳质耐火材料magnesia cement 菱镁土水泥magnesian lime 镁石灰magnesian limestone 镁质石灰岩magnesioferrite 镁铁矿magnesite 菱镁矿magnesite brick 镁砖magnesite dolomite refractory 镁质白云石耐火材料magnesite lining 镁砂内衬magnesite refractory 镁质耐火材料magnesium 镁magnesium alloy 镁合金magnesium base alloy 镁基合金magnesium chloride 氯化镁magnesium nitride 氮化镁magnesium oxide 氧化镁magnesium sulfate 硫酸镁mag 磁石mag crane 电磁铁起重机mag steel 磁石钢magic aftereffect 磁性后效magic aging 磁时效magic alloy 磁性合金magic analysis 磁分析magic anisotropy 磁蛤异性magic annealing 磁性退火magic blowout 磁吹熄弧magic circuit 磁路magic concentration 磁力选矿magic crack detection 磁力探伤法magic cycle 磁化循环magic domain 磁畴magic field 磁场magic field intensity 磁场强度magic field strength 磁场强度magic filter 磁性过滤器magic flaw detection 磁力探伤法magic flaw detector 磁力探伤器magic flux 磁通magic flux density 磁通密度magic hammer 磁性锤magic hysteresis 磁滞magic induction 磁感应magic inspection 磁力探伤法magic iron ore 磁铁矿magic material 磁性材料magic moment 磁矩magic needle 磁针magic permeability 磁导率magic polarization 磁极化magic pole 磁极magic potential 磁位magic properties 磁特性magic pyrite 磁黄铁矿magic quantum number 磁量子数magic resistance 磁阻magic rigidity 磁刚性magic saturation 磁性饱和magic separation 磁选magic separator 磁力选矿机magic susceptibility 磁化率magic transformation 磁性变化magic viscosity 磁粘性magically hard alloy 硬磁合金magically soft alloy 软磁合金magism 磁性magite 磁铁矿magite concentrate 磁铁精矿magization 磁化magization curve 磁化曲线magizing 磁化magizing force 磁化力magizing roasting 磁化焙烧magograph 磁强记录仪magography 磁记录法magometer 磁强计magometric analysis 测磁分析magomotive force 起磁力magostriction 磁致伸缩magostriction constant 磁致伸缩常数magnification 放大倍数main deformation 治变main drive 肢动main frequency furnace 工频电炉main roof 织顶main table 工柞道maitlandite 钍铅铀矿malachite 孔雀石malacon 变水锆石maldonite 黑铋金矿malleability 可锻性;可塑性malleable iron 可锻铸铁malleablizing 韧化mallet 木锤malmstone 砂岩mandrel 芯杆mandrel bar 芯棒mandrel coiler 筒式卷取机mandrel die 舌形组合模mandrel drawing 长芯棒拔制mandrel extractor 芯棒抽出机mandrel holder 芯棒座mandrel mill 芯棒式无缝管轧机mandrel stripper 芯棒抽出机mandrel stripping 芯棒抽出mandrel uncoiler 卷筒式开卷机manganate 锰酸盐manganese 锰manganese brass 锰黄铜manganese bronze 锰青铜manganese chloride 氯化锰manganese dioxide 二氧化锰manganese dithionate 过二硫酸锰manganese green 绿锰矿manganese iron 含锰生铁manganese killed steel 锰镇静钢manganese ore 锰矿manganese oxide 氧化锰manganese steel 锰钢manganese sulfate 硫酸锰manganese superoxide 过氧化锰manganese yield 锰收得率manganic acid 锰酸manganic oxide 三氧化二锰manganic salt 正锰盐manganin 锰铜manganite 亚锰酸盐manganosite 方锰矿manganous acid 亚锰酸manganous oxide 氧化亚锰manganous salt 亚锰盐mangling 矫直manipulation 操纵manipulator 操纵器;推床manipulator slide beam 推床的导板mannesmann mill 带桶形轧辊的穿孔机mannesmann piercer 带桶形轧辊的穿孔机mannesmann process 曼内斯曼轧管法manometer pressure 计示压力mantle 铁罩mantle ring 炉身托圈manual welding 手工焊接manufacturing process 生产过程maraging 马氏体时效maraging steel 马氏体时效钢marble fracture 大理石状断口marcasite 白铁矿margin 边缘marine corrosion 海水腐蚀mark 痕迹market brass 普通黄铜marking 标志marl 泥灰土marl brick 泥灰岩砖marmatite 铁闪锌岩marsh gas 沼气martempering 马氏体等温淬火martensite 马氏体martensite finish point mf 点martensite plate 马氏体片martensite point 马氏体转变点martensite start point ms 点martensite structure 马氏体组织martensitic aging 马氏体时效martensitic phase 马氏体相martensitic range 马氏体区域martensitic steel 马氏体钢martensitic transformation 马氏体转变martin furnace 平炉martin process 平炉炼钢法martite 假像赤铁矿martite concentrate 假像赤铁矿精矿mash 矿浆mash seam welding 滚压电阻缝焊mass 质量mass action 质量酌mass analysis 质量分析mass concentration 质量浓度mass defect 质量筐mass effect 质量效应mass percent 质量白分比mass spectrograph 质谱仪mass spectrography 质谱分析法mass spectrometer 质谱分光计mass spectrometry 质谱分析mass spectroscopy 质谱学mass spectrum 质谱mass transfer 质量转移massicot 铅黄massive martensite 块状马氏体massive minerals 块状矿物master 标准规master alloy 中间合金master form 阴模master gage 标准规master pattern 原模型mat etching 变暗浸蚀mat surface 消光外表match plate 对型板material balance 物料平衡mathematical model 数学模型matrix 基体;模型;脉石matrix metal 基体金属matte 锍冰铜matte smelting 冰铜熔炼maximum load 最高负荷maximum permeability 最大磁导率maximum stress 最大应力mean error 平均误差mean free path 平均自由行程mean pressure 平均压力mean square error 均方误差mean stress 平均应力measuring apparatus 测量装置measuring cell 测力仪measuring head 移动定尺挡板measuring hopper 计量料包measuring instrument 测量仪器mechanical alloying 机械合金化mechanical anisotropy 机械性能蛤异性mechanical charging 机械装料mechanical classifier 机械分级机mechanical cleaning 机械清理mechanical descaling 机械除鳞mechanical energy 机械能mechanical equivalent of heat 机械的热当量mechanical metallization 机械金属化mechanical metallurgy 加工冶金学mechanical mixture 机械混合物mechanical molding 机旗型mechanical passivity 机械钝态mechanical plating 机械镀覆mechanical polishing 机械抛光mechanical press 机械压力机mechanical properties 机械性质mechanical rammer 缓冲器mechanical strength 机械强度mechanical stress 机械应力mechanical stripping 机械脱模mechanical test 机械性能试验mechanical tube 结构用管mechanical twin 形变孪晶mechanism 机构medium 介质medium carbon steel 中碳钢medium plate 中板medium section mill 中型轧机medium shape 中型型钢meehanite 米哈奈特铸铁melaconite 黑铜矿melanite 黑榴石melt 熔解melt backing 焊药垫melt down period 熔化期melt through 焊穿meltability 可熔性meltdown 熔化melter 熔炼炉melting 熔解melting furnace 熔炼炉melting heat 熔化热melting loss 熔化损melting point 熔点melting pot 熔化锅melting temperature 熔化温度melting zone 熔化带membrane 膜mendelevium 钔meniscus 弯月面merchant bar 商品条钢merchant iron 商品条钢merchant mill 小型轧机mercuric pound 正汞化合物mercurous pound 亚汞化合物mercury 汞merit number 质量指标mesh 筛目mesh analysis 筛分析mesh number 筛号mesh size 筛孔径metacinnabarite 黑辰砂矿metal 金属metal arc inert gas welding 金属惰性气体电弧焊metal arc welding 金属弧焊接metal bath 金属浴metal beating 金属的锤还薄metal carbonyl 羰基金属metal cased brick 铁皮砖metal cementation 渗金属法metal ceramic technique 金属陶瓷法metal ceramics 金属陶瓷metal charge 金属装料metal coating 金属敷层metal deposit 熔敷金属metal electrode 金属电极metal fall 金属提取率metal fog 金属雾metal foil 金属箔metal forming 金属成形metal gauze 金属网metal intensity 金属单位消耗量metal level control 金属液面第metal loss 金属烧损metal mold 金属铸型metal pattern 金属模metal peration 机械粘砂metal physics 金属物理学metal pickup 金属粘接metal powder rolling mill 金属粉末轧机metal products 金属制品metal scrap 废金属metal sheet 金属板metal spraying 金属喷镀metal sticking 金属粘接metal stream shrouding 金属粒护metallic bond 金属键metallic charge 金属装料metallic coating 镀金属metallic pound 金属化合物metallic crystal 金属晶体metallic element 金属元素metallic fume 金属烟气metallic glass 金属玻璃metallic inclusions 金属夹杂物metallic iron 金属铁metallic luster 金属光泽metallic paint 金属涂料metallic phase 金属相metallic ring 金属声metallic silicon 金属硅metallic solution 金属溶液metallic state 金属态metallicity 金属性能metallization 敷金属metallized charge 金属化炉料metallized sinter 金属化烧结矿metallizing 敷金属metallographer 金相学家metallographic etchant 金相腐蚀液metallographic examination 金相研宄metallographic microscope 金相显微镜metallographic microscopy 金相显微学metallographic section 金相试样metallographic specimen 金相试样metallographic study 金相研宄metallographic test 金相检验metallographist 金相学家metallography 金相学metalloid 类金属metalloscope 金属显微镜metalloscopy 金属显微检查metallostatics 金属静力学metallothermics 金属热复原法metallothermy 金属热复原metallurgical chemistry 冶金化学metallurgical coke 冶金焦metallurgical furnace 冶金炉metallurgical industry 冶金工业metallurgical length 冶金长度metallurgical process 冶金过程metallurgical reactor 冶金反响堆metallurgical works 冶金工厂metallurgist 冶金学家metallurgy 冶金metasilicate 偏硅酸盐metastability 亚稳定性metastable condition 亚稳态metastable equilibrium 准稳平衡metastable phase 准稳定相metastable state 亚稳态metatectic transformation 包晶转变metatungstate 偏钨酸盐meteoric iron 陨铁methane 甲烷method of impregnation 浸渍法method of least squares 最小二乘法meyer hardness 迈耶耳硬度mf point mf 点miargyrite 辉锑银矿miarolitic structure 晶洞状构造mica 云母micelle 胶粒microalloyed steel 微合金化钢microalloying 微量合金化microanalysis 微量分析microbiological leaching 微生物浸出microchemical analysis 微量化学分析microcline 钾微斜长石microconstituent 显微组织成份microcrack 微裂纹microcreep 微观蠕变microcrystal 微晶microelement 微量元素microetching 显微腐蚀microfissure 微裂纹micrograph 显微照片micrography 显微检验microhardness 显微硬度microhardness tester 显微硬度计microhardness testing 显微硬度试验microlite 微晶;细晶石microlitic structure 微晶体组织micromanometer 微压计micrometer 千分尺micrometer stop 千分尺定位器microphotographic apparatus 显微照相机microphotography 显微照相术microporosity 微观孔隙率microradiograph 显微射线像microsclerometry 显微硬度测定microscope 显微镜microscopic analysis 显微分析microscopic examination 显微镜检验microscopic segregation 显微偏析microscopic stress 微观应力microscopic structure 显微组织microsection 显微磨片microsegregation 显微偏析microshrinkage 显微缩孔microslice 显微磨片microstrain 微应变microstress 微观应力microstructure 显微组织microstructure analysis 显微组织分析microthrowing power 微观电镀本领middle flask 中间砂箱middle plate mill 中板轧机middle roll 中辊middlings 中间产品midland ross process 米德兰德罗斯法midrex process 米德雷斯直接炼铁法mig welding 金属惰性气体电弧焊mild steel 软钢mild steel plate 软钢板mild steel sheet 低碳钢薄板milk of lime 石灰乳mill 工厂mill approach table 轧机前的辊道mill bay 轧机跨mill edge 轧制的边mill finish 精轧mill hardening 轧制余热淬火mill housing 轧机机架mill layout 轧机布置mill opening 轧辊开度mill pack 叠轧板材mill pinion 齿轮辊mill scale 轧钢皮mill scale powder 轧钢皮粉mill screw 第螺钉mill setting 轧机蝶mill setup 轧机蝶mill speed 轧制速度mill springing 轧机机座的弹跳mill stand change 换机座mill table 轧机辊道mill torque 轧制力矩mill train 轧机机组milled powder 碎粉miller indices 密勒指数millerite 针硫镍矿milling 粉碎milling fluid 研磨液体milling liquid 研磨液体milliscope 金属液温度报警器mimetite 砷铅矿mine 矿山mineral 矿物mineral acid 无机酸mineral position 矿物组成mineral deposit 矿床mineral dressing 选矿mineral processing 选矿mineral salt 矿物盐mineral substance 矿物质mineral water 矿泉水mineral wool 渣棉mineralization 成矿酌mineralizing 成矿酌mineralogical analysis 矿物分析mineralogy 矿物学mite 鲕状褐铁矿mini mill 小型钢铁厂mini steel mill 小型钢铁厂mining 采矿minium 红铅minus sieve powder 筛下粉末minute adjustment 精调mirabilite 芒硝misch metal 混合稀土金属miscibility 溶混性miscibility gap 溶混间隔mismatch 不一致mismatch in mold 错箱misorientation 错取向misrun 浇不满miss rolling 欠轧mistrimmed forging 不正确切边的锻件mixed coke oven and blast furnace gas 焦炉与高炉混合煤气mixed crystal 固溶体;混合晶mixed dislocation 混合型位错mixed gas 混合煤气mixed joint 混合接头mixed potential 混合电位mixed scrap 混合废钢铁mixer 混合机mixer ladle 混铁炉式铁水罐mixer metal 混铁炉生铁mixing 混合mixing ladle 混铁炉式铁水罐mixing power 搅拌力mixing proportion 混合比mixing ratio 混合比mixing valve 混合阀mixture 混合物mixture heat 混合热mobile dislocation 可动位错mobile mixer 移动式混铁炉mobile phase 怜相mobility 迁移率model 模型model test 模型试验modification 变体modifier 变质剂modifying addition 改良剂modulated structure 形变织构module 模数modulus 模数modulus of elasticity 弹性模数modulus of pressing 压缩模量modulus of rigidity 刚性模数modulus of volume elasticity 体积弹性系数moebius process 莫比斯银电解法mohs hardness scale 莫斯硬度标moire fringe method 莫阿干预法moissanite 碳硅石moistening 湿润moistness 湿度moisture 湿分moisture content 含水量moisture meter 湿度计mol 克分子molar concentration 克分子浓度molar conductivity 克分子导电率molar heat capacity 克分子热容量molar ratio 克分子比molar solution 克分子溶液molarity 重量克分子浓度mold 型mold casting 型铸造mold cavity 铸模型腔;结晶苹mold clamp 模夹钳mold cooling jacket 结晶其却水套mold core 模芯mold dilatation 铸模膨胀mold dismantling 打箱mold jacket 模箱mold level 结晶期钢液面mold oscillation frequency 结晶岂动频率mold paint 铸型涂料mold saddle 铸模托台mold slag 铸模内渣mold stool 锭盘mold table 结晶岂动台mold taper 结晶票度mold wash 铸型涂料molded section 冷弯型钢molder 造型工;造型装置molder tool 造型工具molder's rule 收缩尺molding 造型;铸造;铸件molding box 型箱molding flask 型箱molding machine 造型机molding material 造型材料molding sand 型砂mole fraction 克分子分数molecular crystal 分子结晶molecular distillation 分子蒸馏molecular lattice 分子晶格molecular mass 分子质量molecular sieve 分子筛molecular weight 分子量molecule 分子molten bath 熔融浴molten metal 熔融金属molten pool 熔池molten salt 熔融盐molybdate 钼酸盐molybdenite 辉钼矿molybdenum 钼molybdenum base alloy 钼基合金molybdenum chloride 氯化钼molybdenum disulfide 二硫化钼molybdenum glance 辉钼矿molybdenum ore 钼矿molybdenum oxide 氧化钼molybdenum steel 钼钢molybdenum sulfide 硫化钼molybdic acid 钼酸molybdic acid anhydride 钼酸酐molybdite 钼华monazite 独居石monazite sand 独居石砂mond process 蒙德法monel 蒙奈尔铜镍合金monel metal 蒙奈尔铜镍合金monkey 渣口小套monoblock casting 块铸monoblock machine 单次拉丝机monochromator 单色光镜monoclinic lattice 单斜晶格monoclinic system 单斜晶系monocrystal 单晶体monocrystal pulling 拉单晶monocrystal substrate 单晶基板monolithic lining 整体炉衬monolithic lining material 整体炉衬材料monolithic refractory 整体耐火材料monopolar system 单极接线法monosilicate 单硅酸盐monosize powder 单粒度粉末monotectic horizontal 偏晶线monotectic line 偏晶线monotectic point 偏晶点monotectic reaction 偏晶反响monotectic transformation 偏晶转变monotectoid reaction 偏析反响monotonous loading 单岛荷monotype metal 单式铸字合金monovariant system 单变系monte carlo simulation 蒙特卡罗模拟mop 挡渣器挡渣杆morphology 形态学mort phase 死相mortar 火泥mosaic block 嵌镶块mosaic structure 嵌镶构造moseley numbers 莫塞莱数mossite 重铌钽矿mossy zinc 粒状锌mother blank 母板mother liquid 母液mother liquor 母液mottled iron 麻口铁mottling 斑点mottramite 矾铜铅矿mountain cork 石棉mouth 炉喉movable armor 可动炉喉护板moving bed process 动态床法moving dislocation 移动位错ms point ms 点muck bar 熟铁粗轧坯mud gun 泥炮muff joint 套管接头muffle furnace 马弗炉muller 碾碎机mullite refractory 莫来石耐火材料multiaxial deformation 多轴变形multiblock machine 屡次拉丝机multiponent solution 多元溶液multiponent system 多元系multicyclone 多管旋风除尘器multidie machine 屡次拉丝机multiflame torch 多线式火嘴multihearth roaster 多层焙烧炉multihole lance 多孔喷枪multilayer welding 多层焊multilayered pipe 多层管multilayered tube 多层管multipass welding 多道焊接multiple drawing 多线式拉拔multiple pressing 复式冲压multiple pressing technique 复式压制工艺multiple process 多段法multiple slip 复滑移multiple spot welding 多点焊multiple stage nitriding 多段渗氮multiplex heat treatment 复合热处理multiplication of dislocation 位错的增殖multiroll flattener 多辊矫直机multiroll mill 多辊式轧机multiroll stand 多辊式机座multiroll straightener 多辊矫直机multirun welding 多道焊接multistage drawing 程序拉拔multistage grate 多层炉multistage process 多段操专multistand mill 多机座轧机multistrand drawing mill 多线拉拔机multistrand rolling 多线轧制multistrand rope 多股钢丝绳multistrand straightening 多条矫直mundic 黄铁矿muntz brass 蒙次黄铜muntz metal 蒙次黄铜muscovite 白云母mushy state 浆糊状态music wire 钢琴丝muthmannite 杂碲金银矿mutual solubility 互溶度。

晶间腐蚀标准

Standard practices forDetecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in austenitic stainless steels奧氏體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕敏感性標準實驗1.scope1.應用範圍these practices cover the following five tests:1.2 這些實驗包括下列五類：1.1.1 parctics A- oxalic acid etch test for classification of etch structures of austenitic stainless steels(section 3 to 7, inclusive)1.1.1實驗A——奧氏體不銹鋼草酸浸蝕試驗後的浸蝕組織分類（包括3－7部分1.2 the following factors govern the application of these practices: 1.2以下因素主導著這類實驗：1.2.1 susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides is readily detected in all six tests.1.2.1晶間腐蝕敏感性同碳鉻化合物的快速析出1.2.2 sigma phase in wrought chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels. Which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates only in nitric acid.1.2.2在鉻鎳鉬鋼中可見的和不可見的sigma相，只有在硝酸中才會快速腐蝕。

品质管理常用英语单词

品质管理常用英语单词一、检验工具及设备1．螺纹塞规-Thread pulg Gage 2.螺纹环规-Thread Ring Gage 3.塞规-Pulg gage .环规-Ring Gage5.位置规-Position Gage6.千分尺-Micrometer7.游标卡尺-Caliper8.高度尺-Height caliper9.深度尺-Depth caliper 10.卡板-Snap Gage11.粗糙度仪-Roughness measure meter12.分光仪-Spectro moter 12.投影仪- profire projectors 14.金相试验- Matallurgical microscope15.盐雾试验- Salt spray test16.镀层厚度-Thickness test 17.结合力试验-Heat quench test18.三座标-CMM 19.龙头组装试验-Taps test lab 20.干燥箱-heat quench chamber21.盐雾箱-salt spray chamber 22、hardness meter 硬度计23、torque spanner 扭力板手24、gonimeter 角度器25\metallurgical microscope金相显微镜26.Atomic spectrometer原子分析仪27.spectrum photo.28.immersion test chamber含浸测试29.hardness meter硬度计二.常用工序名称1.外购-Out sourcing2.重力铸造- Gravity casting3.锻造-Purchasing4.机加工- Machine5.打磨/抛光-Polishing6.电镀-Plating7.拉丝-brushing8.洗铅-Lead wash9.钻孔- Drilling hole10.铣槽-Milling valve 11.成品检验- Final inspection12.冲屑-Clear brass power 13.试气-Air under water test 14.试水-Water flow rate test15.激光打字-Laser etching 16.组装-Assembling 17焊接-Brazing 18.除油-Degreasing19\chamfering(倒角) 20\shrinking(缩口) 21.expanding (胀口) 22.annealing (退火) 23.pressuring(压形)thing thread(车床加工螺纹) thing chamfer(车床倒角) 26.stamping logo 冲字(标识)27.gonimeter(角度器) 28.punch(冲床) able thread length(有效螺纹长度) 30.contined angle (夹角)三. 常用术语1.矫正:退货-Abjection turn to supplier2.预防: 辅导供应商-Prevent raining supplier3.隔离、返工、报废-quarantine rework scrap4.离、返工、调整工艺、培训员工-Quarantine rework improve process training stuffs5。

晶间腐蚀检测报告

金相照片metallograph NO. 放大倍 magnification:X1000
结论 Conclusion
检验员Tested by:
合格Conform 日期Date 校对Reviewed by:
日期Date
王丽
2011.11.25
不合格Non-conform
批准Approved by
日期Date
晶间腐蚀检测结果
报告编号 Report number
பைடு நூலகம்批次号 Lot No.
零件版本号 Part Rev.
样品数量 Sample Quantity
材料规范(版本） Material Specification
（Rev.) 设备型号 Equipment Model
检验规范(版本） Analysis Specification
声明Statement：1.此分析结果仅对来样而言。Analysis results are only for requested sample.2.未经材料验室书面批准，不得部分复制检验报告。The report shall not be reproduced except in full without the written approval of the MTL.
（Rev.) 客户
Customer
■依据ASTM A 262 Practice A,试样经675℃保温1h敏化处理，抛光后在10%草酸溶液中电解腐蚀（电流密度1A/cm2,时间分钟），经在X500倍金相显微镜观察，试样表面浸蚀等级符合ASTM A262 Practice C可接受的浸蚀等级。According as AST 262 ,specimens are tested after sensitizing heat treatments--1 h at 675℃.Electro-Corrosion with 10% oxalic acid(The polished specimen should be etched at 1 A/cm2 for 1.5 min.),The etched surface is examine on a metallurgical microscope at about 500X for cast steels.The etch structures classification is compl to acceptable etch structures Per ASTM A262 prctice C.

316L_不锈钢薄板焊缝成形及力学性能研究

第16卷第5期精密成形工程2024年5月JOURNAL OF NETSHAPE FORMING ENGINEERING55 316L不锈钢薄板焊缝成形及力学性能研究刁亚龙a，师文庆a,b*，程才a，贾东贺c，张冰青a（广东海洋大学 a.电子与信息工程学院 b.材料科学与工程学院c.船舶与海运学院，广东湛江 524088）摘要：目的减少1 mm厚度316L不锈钢薄板在焊接生产过程中出现的缺陷等问题，并提高不锈钢薄板焊缝成形质量和焊接接头力学性能。

方法采用脉冲激光焊接技术实现对厚度1 mm的316L不锈钢薄板的精确焊接，并利用金相显微镜、维氏硬度计、万能拉伸试验机和扫描电镜对焊缝的表面形貌、微观结构、力学性能、断口形貌进行表征分析。

结果当激光功率为403 W、输出电流为150 A、焊接速度为150 mm/min、离焦量为−5.525 mm时，焊缝正反面的形貌规则无缺陷。

焊缝区内的微观结构主要由δ-铁素体和奥氏体2种晶粒构成，相较于母材及热影响区，焊缝区晶粒尺寸更细小均匀，平均硬度为156HV，表现出更高的硬度特性。

焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均值分别达到643.28 MPa和305.95 MPa，相对于母材的强度分别提高了7%和49%；平均断后伸长率为37.2%，达到原始母材伸长率的55%；断裂呈现韧性断裂的塑性变形和延展性特征。

结论优化调整焊接工艺参数后，1 mm厚度316L不锈钢薄板的焊缝成形质量提高，无缺陷且微观组织分布均匀，焊接接头强度显著提高。

关键词：激光焊接；316L不锈钢薄板；焊缝形貌；微观组织；力学性能DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2024.05.007中图分类号：TG456.7 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-6457(2024)05-0055-07Forming and Mechanical Properties of Welds in 316L Stainless Steel SheetDIAO Yalong a, SHI Wenqing a,b*, CHENG Cai a, JIA Donghe c, ZHANG Bingqing a(a. College of Electronic and Information Engineering, b. College of Materials Science and Engineering,c. College of Shipping and Maritime Transport, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Zhanjiang 524088, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to reduce problems such as defects in the welding production process of 316L stainless steel sheet with a thickness of 1 mm, and to improve the weld forming quality of stainless steel sheet and the mechanical properties of its welded joints. Pulsed laser welding technology was used to accurately weld 316L stainless steel sheet with a thickness of 1 mm, and the surface morphology, microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture morphology of the welded joints were charac-terized by metallurgical microscope, Vickers hardness tester, universal tensile testing machine and scanning electron microscope收稿日期：2024-04-23Received：2024-04-23基金项目：国家自然科学基金（62073089）；广东省普通高校重点领域专项项目（2020ZDZX2061）；广东省大学生科技创新培育专项资金（pdjh2023a0242）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China (62073089); Special Projects in Key Areas of Guangdong Ordinary Col-leges and Universities (2020ZDZX2061); Special Funds for Cultivation of Science and Technology Innovation for College Stu-dents in Guangdong Province (pdjh2023a0242)引文格式：刁亚龙, 师文庆, 程才, 等. 316L不锈钢薄板焊缝成形及力学性能研究[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(5): 55-61. DIAO Yalong, SHI Wenqing, CHENG Cai, et al. Forming and Mechanical Properties of Welds in 316L Stainless Steel Sheet[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(5): 55-61.*通信作者（Corresponding author）56精密成形工程 2024年5月for analysis. When the laser power was 403 W, the output current was 150 A, the welding speed was 150 mm/min, and the de-focus amount was −5.525 mm, the morphology of the front and back surfaces of the weld was regular without defects. The mi-crostructure in the weld zone was mainly composed of two grain, δ-ferrite and austenite. The grain in the weld zone was finer and more uniform than that in the base metal and the heat-affected zone, and the average hardness was 156HV, showing higher hardness characteristics. The average tensile strength and yield strength of the welded joints reached 643.28 MPa, 305.95 MPa, respectively, increased by 7% and 49% compared with the base material strength. The average elongation after fracture was37.2%, reaching 55% elongation rate of the original base material. The form of fracture was toughness fracture with characteris-tics of plastic deformation and ductility. After the welding process parameters are optimized and adjusted, the weld forming quality of 316L stainless steel sheet with a thickness of 1 mm is high. There is no defect, the microstructure distribution is uni-form, and the strength of welded joints is significantly improved.KEY WORDS: laser welding; 316L stainless steel sheet; weld morphology; microstructure; mechanical properties316L不锈钢薄板是低碳奥氏体不锈钢，具有优异的耐焊性、耐腐蚀性和耐高温性能，是制造业的必备金属材料，广泛应用于新能源、汽车、医疗化工等领域[1-4]。

材料专业英语常见词汇

材料专业英语常见词汇The saying "the more diligent, the more luckier you are" really should be my charm in2006.材料专业英语常见词汇一Structure 组织Ceramic 陶瓷Ductility 塑性Stiffness 刚度Grain 晶粒Phase 相Unit cell 单胞Bravais lattice 布拉菲点阵Stack 堆垛Crystal 晶体Metallic crystal structure 金属性晶体点阵 Non-directional 无方向性Face-centered cubic 面心立方Body-centered cubic体心立方 Hexagonal close-packed 密排六方 Copper 铜Aluminum 铝Chromium 铬 Tungsten 钨Crystallographic Plane晶面 Crystallographic direction 晶向 Property性质 Miller indices米勒指数 Lattice parameters 点阵参数Tetragonal 四方的Hexagonal 六方的Orthorhombic 正交的Rhombohedra 菱方的Monoclinic 单斜的Prism 棱镜 Cadmium 镉 Coordinate system 坐 Point defec点缺陷Lattice 点阵 Vacancy 空位Solidification 结晶Interstitial 间隙Substitution 置换Solid solution strengthening 固溶强化Diffusion 扩散Homogeneous 均匀的Diffusion Mechanisms 扩散机制Lattice distortion 点阵畸变Self-diffusion 自扩散Fick’s First Law 菲克第一定律 Unit time 单位时间Coefficient 系数Concentration gradient 浓度梯度Dislocations 位错Linear defect 线缺陷Screw dislocation 螺型位错Edge dislocation 刃型位错Vector 矢量Loop 环路Burgers’vector 柏氏矢量Perpendicular 垂直于Surface defect 面缺陷Grain boundary 晶界Twin boundary 晶界 Shear force 剪应力Deformation 变形Small or low angel grain boundary 小角度晶界Tilt boundary 倾斜晶界Supercooled 过冷的Solidification 凝固Ordering process 有序化过程Crystallinity 结晶度Microstructure 纤维组织Term 术语Phase Diagram 相图Equilibrium 平衡Melt 熔化Cast 浇注Crystallization 结晶Binary Isomorphous Systems 二元匀晶相图Soluble 溶解Phase Present 存在相Locate 确定Tie line 连接线Isotherm 等温线Concentration 浓度Intersection 交点The Lever Law 杠杆定律Binary Eutectic System 二元共晶相图Solvus Line 溶解线Invariant 恒定Isotherm 恒温线Cast Iron 铸铁Ferrite 珠光体Polymorphic transformation 多晶体转变Austenite 奥氏体Revert 回复Intermediate compound 中间化合物Cementite 渗碳体Vertical 垂线Nonmagnetic 无磁性的Solubility 溶解度Brittle 易脆的Eutectic 共晶Eutectoid invariant point 共析点Phase transformation 相变Allotropic 同素异形体Recrystallization 再结晶Metastable 亚稳的Martensitic transformation 马氏体转变Lamellae 薄片Simultaneously 同时存在Pearlite 珠光体Ductile 可塑的Mechanically 机械性能Hypo eutectoid 过共析的Particle 颗粒Matrix基体Proeutectoid 先共析Hypereutectoid 亚共析的Bainite 贝氏体Martensite 马氏体Linearity 线性的Stress-strain curve 应力-应变曲线Proportional limit 比例极限Tensile strength 抗拉强度Ductility 延展性Percent reduction in area 断面收缩率Hardness 硬度Modulus of Elasticity 弹性模量Tolerance 公差Rub 摩擦Wear 磨损Corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性Aluminum 铝Zinc 锌Iron ore 铁矿Blast furnace 高炉Coke 焦炭Limestone 石灰石Slag 熔渣Pig iron 生铁Ladle 钢水包Silicon 硅Sulphur 硫Wrought 可锻的Graphite 石墨Flaky 片状Low-carbon steels 低碳钢Case hardening 表面硬化Medium-carbon steels 中碳钢Electrode 电极As a rule 通常Preheating 预热Quench 淬火Body-centered lattice 体心晶格Carbide 碳化物Hypereutectoid过共晶Chromium 铬Manganese 锰Molybdenum 钼Titanium 钛Cobalt 钴Tungsten 钨Vanadium 钒Pearlitic microstructure 珠光体组织Martensitic microstructure 马氏体组织Viscosity 粘性Wrought 锻造的Magnesium 镁Flake 片状Malleable 可锻的Nodular 球状Spheroidal 球状Superior property 优越性Galvanization 镀锌Versatile 通用的Battery grid 电极板Calcium 钙Tin 锡Toxicity 毒性Refractory 耐火的Platinum铂Polymer 聚合物Composite 混合物Erosive 腐蚀性Inert 惰性Thermo chemically 热化学Generator 发电机Flaw 缺陷Variability 易变的Annealing 退火Tempering回火Texture 织构Kinetic 动力学Peculiarity 特性Critical point 临界点Dispersity 弥散程度Spontaneous 自发的Inherent grain 本质晶粒Toughness 韧性Rupture 断裂Kinetic curve of transformation 转变动力学曲线Incubation period 孕育期Sorbite 索氏体Troostite 屈氏体Disperse 弥散的Granular 颗粒状Metallurgical 冶金学的Precipitation 析出Depletion 减少Quasi-eutectoid 伪共析Superposition 重叠Supersede 代替Dilatometric 膨胀Unstable 不稳定Supersaturate 使过饱和Tetragonality 正方度Shear 切变Displacement 位移Irreversible 不可逆的金属材料工程专业英语acid-base equilibrium酸碱平衡 acid-base indicator酸碱指示剂 acid bath酸槽 acidBessemerconverter 酸性转炉 acid brick酸性耐火砖 acid brittleness酸洗脆性、氢脆性 acid burden酸性炉料acid clay酸性粘土 acid cleaning同pickling酸洗 acid concentration酸浓度 acid converter酸性转炉 acid converter steel酸性转炉钢 acid content酸含量 acid corrosion酸腐蚀 acid deficient弱酸的、酸不足的 acid dip酸浸acid dip pickler沉浸式酸洗装置 aciddiptank酸液浸洗槽acid drain tank排酸槽acidless descaling无酸除鳞acid medium酸性介质acid mist酸雾acid-proof paint耐酸涂料漆acid-proof steel耐酸钢acid-resistant耐酸钢acid-resisting vessel耐酸槽acid strength酸浓度acid supply pump供酸泵acid wash酸洗acid value酸值acid wash solution酸洗液acieration渗碳、增碳Acm point Acm转变点渗碳体析出温度acorn nut螺母、螺帽acoustic absorption coefficient声吸收系数acoustic susceptance声纳actifier再生器action line作用线action spot作用点activated atom激活原子activated bath活化槽activated carbon活性碳activating treatment活化处理active corrosion活性腐蚀、强烈腐蚀active area有效面积active power有功功率、有效功率active product放射性产物active resistance有效电阻、纯电阻active roll gap轧辊的有效或工作开口度active state活性状态active surface有效表面activity coefficient激活系数、活度系数actual diameter钢丝绳实际直径actual efficiency实际效率actual error实际误差actual time实时actual working stress实际加工应力actuating device调节装置、传动装置、起动装置actuating lever驱动杆、起动杆actuating mechanism 动作机构、执行机构actuating motor驱动电动机、伺服电动机actuating pressure作用压力actuation shaft起动轴actuator调节器、传动装置、执行机构acute angle锐角adaptive feed back control自适应反馈控制adaptive optimization自适应最优化adaptor接头、接合器、连结装置、转接器、附件材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位 Atomic mass unit amu 原子数 Atomic number 原子量 Atomic weight波尔原子模型 Bohr atomic model 键能 Bonding energy 库仑力 Coulombic force共价键 Covalent bond 分子的构型 molecular configuration电子构型electronic configuration 负电的 Electronegative 正电的 Electropositive基态 Ground state 氢键 Hydrogen bond 离子键 Ionic bond 同位素 Isotope金属键 Metallic bond 摩尔 Mole 分子 Molecule 泡利不相容原理 Pauli exclusion principle 元素周期表 Periodic table 原子 atom 分子 molecule 分子量 molecule weight极性分子 Polar molecule 量子数 quantum number 价电子 valence electron范德华键 van der waals bond 电子轨道 electron orbitals 点群 point group对称要素 symmetry elements 各向异性 anisotropy 原子堆积因数 atomic packing factorAPF 体心立方结构 body-centered cubic BCC 面心立方结构 face-centered cubic FCC布拉格定律bragg’s law 配位数 coordination number 晶体结构 crystal structure晶系 crystal system 晶体的 crystalline 衍射 diffraction 中子衍射 neutron diffraction电子衍射 electron diffraction 晶界 grain boundary 六方密堆积 hexagonal close-packed HCP 鲍林规则 Paulin g’s rules NaCl型结构 NaCl-type structureCsCl型结构Caesium Chloride structure 闪锌矿型结构 Blende-type structure纤锌矿型结构 Wurtzite structure 金红石型结构 Rutile structure萤石型结构 Fluorite structure 钙钛矿型结构 Perovskite-type structure尖晶石型结构 Spinel-type structure 硅酸盐结构 Structure of silicates岛状结构 Island structure 链状结构 Chain structure 层状结构 Layer structure架状结构 Framework structure 滑石 talc 叶蜡石 pyrophyllite 高岭石 kaolinite石英 quartz 长石 feldspar 美橄榄石 forsterite 各向同性的 isotropic各向异性的 anisotropy 晶格 lattice 晶格参数 lattice parameters 密勒指数 miller indices 非结晶的 noncrystalline多晶的 polycrystalline 多晶形 polymorphism 单晶single crystal 晶胞 unit cell电位 electron states化合价 valence 电子 electrons 共价键 covalent bonding金属键 metallic bonding 离子键Ionic bonding 极性分子 polar molecules原子面密度 atomic planar density 衍射角 diffraction angle 合金 alloy粒度,晶粒大小 grain size 显微结构 microstructure 显微照相 photomicrograph扫描电子显微镜 scanning electron microscope SEM透射电子显微镜 transmission electron microscope TEM 重量百分数 weight percent四方的 tetragonal 单斜的monoclinic 配位数 coordination number材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷缺陷 defect, imperfection 点缺陷 point defect 线缺陷 line defect, dislocation面缺陷 interface defect 体缺陷 volume defect 位错排列 dislocation arrangement位错线 dislocation line 刃位错 edge dislocation 螺位错 screw dislocation混合位错 mixed dislocation 晶界 grain boundaries 大角度晶界 high-angle grain boundaries 小角度晶界 tilt boundary, 孪晶界 twin boundaries 位错阵列 dislocation array位错气团 dislocation atmosphere 位错轴dislocation axis 位错胞 dislocation cell位错爬移 dislocation climb 位错聚结 dislocation coalescence 位错滑移 dislocation slip位错核心能量 dislocation core energy 位错裂纹 dislocation crack位错阻尼 dislocation damping 位错密度 dislocation density原子错位 substitution of a wrong atom 间隙原子 interstitial atom晶格空位 vacant lattice sites 间隙位置 interstitial sites 杂质 impurities弗伦克尔缺陷 Frenkel disorder 肖脱基缺陷 Schottky disorder 主晶相 the host lattice错位原子 misplaced atoms 缔合中心 Associated Centers. 自由电子 Free Electrons电子空穴Electron Holes 伯格斯矢量 Burgers 克罗各-明克符号 Kroger Vink notation中性原子 neutral atom材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶体 solid solution 固溶度 solid solubility 化合物 compound间隙固溶体 interstitial solid solution 置换固溶体 substitutional solid solution金属间化合物 intermetallics 不混溶固溶体 immiscible solid solution转熔型固溶体 peritectic solid solution 有序固溶体 ordered solid solution无序固溶体 disordered solid solution 固溶强化 solid solution strengthening取代型固溶体 Substitutional solid solutions 过饱和固溶体 supersaturated solid solution非化学计量化合物 Nonstoichiometric compound材料科学基础专业词汇:第三章熔体结构熔体结构 structure of melt过冷液体 supercooling melt 玻璃态 vitreous state软化温度 softening temperature 粘度 viscosity 表面张力 Surface tension介稳态过渡相 metastable phase 组织 constitution 淬火 quenching退火的 softened 玻璃分相 phase separation in glasses 体积收缩 volume shrinkage材料科学基础专业词汇:第四章固体的表面与界面表面 surface 界面 interface 同相界面 homophase boundary异相界面 heterophase boundary 晶界 grain boundary 表面能 surface energy小角度晶界 low angle grain boundary 大角度晶界 high angle grain boundary共格孪晶界 coherent twin boundary 晶界迁移 grain boundary migration错配度 mismatch 驰豫 relaxation 重构 reconstuction 表面吸附 surface adsorption表面能 surface energy 倾转晶界 titlt grain boundary 扭转晶界 twist grain boundary倒易密度 reciprocal density 共格界面 coherent boundary 半共格界面 semi-coherent boundary 非共格界面 noncoherent boundary 界面能 interfacial free energy应变能 strain energy 晶体学取向关系 crystallographic orientation惯习面habit plane材料科学基础专业词汇:第五章相图相图 phase diagrams 相 phase 组分 component 组元 compoonent相律 Phase rule 投影图 Projection drawing 浓度三角形 Concentration triangle冷却曲线 Cooling curve 成分 composition 自由度 freedom相平衡 phase equilibrium 化学势 chemical potential 热力学 thermodynamics相律 phase rule 吉布斯相律 Gibbs phase rule 自由能 free energy吉布斯自由能 Gibbs free energy 吉布斯混合能 Gibbs energy of mixing吉布斯熵 Gibbs entropy 吉布斯函数 Gibbs function 热力学函数 thermodynamics function 热分析 thermal analysis 过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling杠杆定律 lever rule 相界 phase boundary 相界线 phase boundary line相界交联 phase boundary crosslinking 共轭线 conjugate lines相界有限交联 phase boundary crosslinking 相界反应 phase boundary reaction相变 phase change 相组成 phase composition 共格相 phase-coherent金相相组织 phase constentuent 相衬 phase contrast 相衬显微镜 phase contrast microscope 相衬显微术 phase contrast microscopy 相分布 phase distribution相平衡常数 phase equilibrium constant 相平衡图 phase equilibrium diagram相变滞后 phase transition lag 相分离 phase segregation 相序 phase order相稳定性 phase stability 相态 phase state 相稳定区 phase stabile range相变温度 phase transition temperature 相变压力 phase transition pressure同质多晶转变 polymorphic transformation 同素异晶转变 allotropic transformation相平衡条件 phase equilibrium conditions 显微结构 microstructures 低共熔体 eutectoid不混溶性 immiscibility材料科学基础专业词汇:第六章扩散活化能 activation energy 扩散通量 diffusion flux 浓度梯度 concentration gradient菲克第一定律Fick’s first law 菲克第二定律Fick’s second law 相关因子 correlation factor 稳态扩散 steady state diffusion 非稳态扩散 nonsteady-state diffusion扩散系数 diffusion coefficient 跳动几率 jump frequency填隙机制 interstitalcy mechanism 晶界扩散 grain boundary diffusion短路扩散 short-circuit diffusion 上坡扩散 uphill diffusion 下坡扩散 Downhill diffusion互扩散系数 Mutual diffusion 渗碳剂 carburizing 浓度梯度 concentration gradient浓度分布曲线 concentration profile 扩散流量 diffusion flux 驱动力 driving force间隙扩散 interstitial diffusion 自扩散 self-diffusion 表面扩散 surface diffusion空位扩散 vacancy diffusion 扩散偶 diffusion couple 扩散方程 diffusion equation扩散机理 diffusion mechanism 扩散特性 diffusion property 无规行走 Random walk达肯方程 Dark equation 柯肯达尔效应 Kirkendall equation本征热缺陷 Intrinsic thermal defect 本征扩散系数 Intrinsic diffusion coefficient离子电导率 Ion-conductivity 空位机制 Vacancy concentration材料科学基础专业词汇:第七章相变过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling 晶核 nucleus 形核 nucleation形核功 nucleation energy 晶体长大 crystal growth 均匀形核 homogeneous nucleation非均匀形核 heterogeneous nucleation 形核率 nucleation rate 长大速率 growth rate热力学函数 thermodynamics function 临界晶核 critical nucleus临界晶核半径 critical nucleus radius 枝晶偏析 dendritic segregation局部平衡 localized equilibrium 平衡分配系数 equilibrium distributioncoefficient有效分配系数 effective distribution coefficient 成分过冷 constitutional supercooling引领领先相 leading phase 共晶组织 eutectic structure 层状共晶体 lamellar eutectic伪共晶 pseudoeutectic 离异共晶 divorsed eutectic 表面等轴晶区 chill zone柱状晶区 columnar zone 中心等轴晶区 equiaxed crystal zone定向凝固 unidirectional solidification 急冷技术 splatcooling 区域提纯 zone refining单晶提拉法 Czochralski method 晶界形核 boundary nucleation位错形核 dislocation nucleation 晶核长大 nuclei growth斯宾那多分解 spinodal decomposition 有序无序转变 disordered-order transition马氏体相变 martensite phase transformation 马氏体 martensite材料科学基础专业词汇:第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应 solid state reaction 烧结 sintering 烧成 fire 合金 alloy 再结晶 Recrystallization 二次再结晶 Secondary recrystallization 成核 nucleation 结晶 crystallization子晶,雏晶 matted crystal 耔晶取向 seed orientation 异质核化 heterogeneous nucleation均匀化热处理 homogenization heat treatment 铁碳合金 iron-carbon alloy渗碳体 cementite 铁素体 ferrite 奥氏体austenite 共晶反应 eutectic reaction 固溶处理 solution heat treatment。

品质管理常用英语单词

品质管理常用英语单词一、检验工具及设备1．螺纹塞规-Thread pulg Gage 2.螺纹环规-Thread Ring Gage 3.塞规-Pulg gage .环规-Ring Gage 5.位置规-Position Gage 6.千分尺-Micrometer 7.游标卡尺-Caliper 8.高度尺-Height caliper9.深度尺-Depth caliper 10.卡板-Snap Gage 11.粗糙度仪-Roughness measure meter12.分光仪-Spectro meter 12.投影仪-profire projectors 14.金相试验- Matallurgical microscope15.盐雾试验- Salt spray test 16.镀层厚度-Thickness test 17.结合力试验-Heat quench test18.三座标-CMM 19.龙头组装试验-Taps test lab 20.干燥箱-heat quench chamber 21.盐雾箱-salt spray chamber 22、hardness meter 硬度计23、torque spanner 扭力板手24、gonimeter 角度器25\metallurgical microscope金相显微镜26.Atomic spectrometer原子分析仪27.spectrum photo. 28.immersion test chamber含浸测试29.hardness meter硬度计二.常用工序名称1.外购-Out sourcing2.重力铸造- Gravity casting3.锻造-Purchasing4.机加工- Machine5.打磨/抛光-Polishing6.电镀-Plating7.拉丝-brushing8.洗铅-Lead wash9.钻孔- Drilling hole 10.铣槽-Milling valve 11.成品检验- Final inspection12.冲屑-Clear brass power 13.试气-Air under water test 14.试水（流量）-Water flow rate test 15.激光打字-Laser etching 16.组装-Assembling 17焊接-Brazing 18.除油-Degreasing19\chamfering(倒角) 20\shrinking(缩口) 21.expanding (胀口) 22.annealing (退火) 23.pressuring(压形) thing thread(车床加工螺纹) thing chamfer(车床倒角) 26.stamping logo 冲字(标识) 27.gonimeter(角度器) 28.punch(冲床) able thread length(有效螺纹长度) 30.contined angle (夹角)31.acid rinse（酸洗）三. 常用术语1.矫正:退货-Abjection turn to supplier2.预防: 辅导供应商-Prevent raining supplier3.隔离、返工、报废-quarantine\ rework\ scrap4.离、返工、调整工艺、培训员工-Quarantine rework improve process training stuffs 5。

A923 有害金属间相检测方法

Impact Test for Classiﬁcation of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels,and in Test Method C,Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classiﬁcation of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels. 3.3Reference photomicrographs are provided to show clas-siﬁcations of etch structures of a particular stainless steel type that are equivalent to acceptable or to possibly nonacceptable performance for each practice.When Test Method A is used as a screening test for Test Method B or Test Method C, specimens having acceptable etch structures need not be subjected to Test Method B or Test Method C.3.4Table1indicates the applicability and acceptance crite-ria for Test Method A.When Test Method A is speciﬁed as an acceptance test,specimens having other than acceptable etch structures may,at the option of the producer,be tested by Test Method B or Test Method C.3.5The steel shall be tested in the mill-annealed condition or such other conditions as are agreed upon between the producer and the user.4.Apparatus4.1Source of Direct Current—Battery,generator,or recti-ﬁer capable of supplying approximately15V and20A.4.2Ammeter—Range from0to30A(see Note1).4.3Variable Resistance(see Note1).4.4Cathode—A cylindrical piece of conductive metal. 4.5Large Electric Clamp,to hold the specimen to be etched.4.6Metallurgical Microscope,for examination of etched microstructures to400to500diameters.4.7Electrodes of the Etching Cell—The specimen to be etched is made the anode,and a cylindrical piece of metal as large as the specimen to be etched is made the cathode.4.8Electrolyte,sodium hydroxide(NaOH),reagent grade. N OTE1—The variable resistance and ammeter are placed in the circuit to measure and control the current on the specimen to be etched.5.Preparation of Test Specimens5.1Examination shall be made on a longitudinal or trans-verse section.Because high temperature or mechanical defor-mation associated with particular cutting processes may alter the structure of the steel,the cutting of the test specimen should be by a technique that prevents these effects.Alternatively, after the specimens are cut,any material that may have been affected by high temperature or deformation associated with the cutting should be removed by machining or wet grinding prior to testing.5.2The specimen should allow for a survey across the full thickness of the section or,in the case of a heavy section,a survey from one surface through the mid-thickness of the section.The specimen shall include the mid-thickness.5.3Polishing—On all materials,cross-sectional surfaces should be polished to a metallographicﬁnish suitable for examination at4003after etching.Specimens containing welds should include base metal,weld heat–affected zone,and weld metal.The area to be etched may be prepared by grinding to an80-or120-gritﬁnish on a grinding belt or wheel without excessive heating and then by polishing on successivelyﬁner emery papers,No.1,1⁄2,1⁄0,2⁄0,3⁄0,andﬁner.Other methods of polishing may be acceptable.5.4Etching Solution—The solution for etching is prepared by adding40g of reagent grade sodium hydroxide(NaOH)to 100g of distilled water.5.5Etching Conditions—The polished specimen should be etched at approximately1to3V dc,for5to60s(see Note2). N OTE2—When etching is performed at1to3V dc with a platinum cathode for5to60s,any intermetallic phase is revealed by yellow,then brown,staining,followed by staining of the ferrite.5.6Rinsing—Following etching,the specimen should be rinsed thoroughly in hot water and in acetone or alcohol, followed by air drying.6.Classiﬁcation of Etch Structures6.1The etched surface shall be examined on a metallurgical microscope at400to5003.6.2The etched cross-sectional areas should be examined thoroughly by complete traverse of the full sample and across all zones such as weld metal,weld-affected zones,and base metal on specimens containing welds.6.3The etch structures are classiﬁed into the following types:6.3.1Unaffected Structure(Fig.1)—The ferrite has been etched without revelation of intermetallic phase.The inter-phase boundaries are smooth.6.3.2Possibly Affected Structure(Fig.2)—The ferrite has been etched with isolated indications of possible intermetallic phase.The interphase boundaries may show aﬁne waviness.6.3.3Affected Structure(Fig.3)—The indications of an intermetallic phase are readily revealed before or simulta-neously with the staining of the ferrite during etching.6.3.4Centerline Structure(Fig.4)—An intermetallic phase is observed as a continuous or semi-continuous phase in the mid-thickness region of the product,with or without the affected structure outside of the mid-thickness region,indica-tive of segregation.7.Interpretation and Use of the Etch StructureClassiﬁcations7.1When Test Method A is used as a screening test,the use of these etch structures depends on the test method for which the specimens are being screened.Important characteristics of each of the test methods are described as follows.7.2Test Method B—The Charpy impact test detects reduc-tions in toughness from that of the optimal composition and processing.Such reductions may be attributable to intermetal-lic phases or to other causes not necessarily detectable by Test Method A.Test Method B is applicable to S31803and S32205.A Possibly Affected Structure is likely to be associated with aTABLE1Applicability and Acceptance Criteria forTest Method AGrade AcceptableEtch Structure Nonacceptable Etch StructureS31803,S32205,S32750unaffectedstructure(Fig.1)possibly affectedstructure(Fig.2)affected structure(Fig.3)centerline structure(Fig.4)loss of Charpy impact toughness ranging from slight to severe.An Affected Structure is associated with a severe loss ofCharpy impact toughness.A Centerline Structure may or maynot be detected by a Charpy test,depending on the orientationof the Charpy specimen.7.3Test Method C —The ferric chloride corrosion test is a24-h test in 10%ferric chloride.It will detect a loss ofcorrosion resistance associated with local depletion of chro-mium and molybdenum as a result of the precipitation ofchromium-rich and possibly molybdenum-rich phases,notlimited to intermetallic phases.An Affected Structure is asso-ciated with signiﬁcant weight loss in the corrosion test.APossibly Affected Structure is likely to be associated withsigniﬁcant weight loss in the corrosion test.TEST METHOD B—CHARPY IMPACT TEST FORCLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES OFDUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS8.Scope8.1This test method describes the procedure for conducting the Charpy impact test as a method of detecting the precipita-tion of detrimental intermetallic phases in duplex stainless steels.The presence or absence of an indication of intermetallic phase in this test is not necessarily a measure of performance of the material in service with regard to any property other than that measured directly.The Charpy procedure as here applied is different from that as commonly applied for the determina-tion of toughness and should not be used when characterization of material toughness is the purpose of the testing.8.2The Charpy impact test may be used to evaluate mill products,provided that it is possible to obtain a specimen of relevant location and geometry.8.3Table 2indicates the applicability and acceptance crite-ria for Test Method B.9.Rapid Screening Test 9.1Before testing by the Charpy impact test,specimens of the steel may be given a rapid screening test in accordance with the procedures of Test Method A,Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classiﬁcation of Etch Structures of Duplex StainlessSteels.FIG.1Unaffected Structure in S31803:(a )Longitudinal Sectionand (b )Transverse Section (5003Magniﬁcation BeforeReproduction)FIG.2Possibly Affected Structure in S31803:(a )Longitudinal Section and (b )Transverse Section (5003Magniﬁcation BeforeReproduction)Preparation,etching,and the classiﬁcation of etch structuresare described therein.Specimens having an etch structuredescribed as Unaffected Structure in Test Method A will beessentially free of detrimental effect on impact toughnessrelated to the formation of intermetallic phase.Other mecha-nisms for loss of toughness may occur independently but arebeyond the scope of this test method.Specimens showingUnaffected Structure in Test Method A are acceptable withrespect to the absence of intermetallic phases,without thenecessity of performing the Charpy test as described in TestMethod B.All specimens having other than Unaffected Struc-ture shall be tested by the Charpy impact test.10.Apparatus10.1The test apparatus shall be as described in TestMethods and Deﬁnitions A 370.11.Preparation of Test Specimens11.1The test specimen shall be as described in Test Meth-ods and Deﬁnitions A 370.11.2An impact test for the purpose of detecting intermetal-lic phases shall consist of a single specimen taken from the product piece or lot to be represented.11.3The test specimen may be aligned in either the longi-tudinal or transverse direction (see Note 3).N OTE 3—The impact toughness of a transverse specimen from mill products of duplex stainless steels is typically one half to two thirds of that of a longitudinal specimen.11.4Subsize specimens may be used for products with thickness less than that of a full-size Charpy specimen.Subsize specimens should be as large as permitted by the product,in quarter-size increments.11.5When this test is applied to a welded structure,or to any product having a less than uniform structure,particular attention should be paid to the location of the V-notch.For example,in the heat-affected zone of a weld,the degree of intermetallic formation may vary signiﬁcantly over short distances as a function of the local thermal cycle.In such cases,the placement of the V-notch may affect the measured result signiﬁcantly.12.Procedure 12.1Perform the test in accordance with the procedures described in Test Methods and Deﬁnitions A370.FIG.3Affected Structure in 8a S31803:(a )Longitudinal Sectionand (b )Transverse Section (5003Magniﬁcation BeforeReproduction)FIG.4S31803:Longitudinal Section (5003Magniﬁcation Before Reproduction)TABLE 2Applicability and Acceptance Criteria for Test Method B Grade Condition Acceptable Minimum Impact Energy at −40°F (−40°C)A S31803,S32205base metal 40ft-lb (54J)heat-affected zone 40ft-lb (54J)weld metal 25ft-lb (34J)S32750base metal B A Energy for a full-size specimen.Required energy for a subsize specimen is reduced in direct proportion to the reduced area of the subsize specimen relative to that of the full-size specimen.B The acceptable minimumimpact energy shall be agreed upon by seller and purchaser.12.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed,perform the test at−40°F (−40°C).13.Acceptance Values and Retests13.1Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the acceptance criteria shall be as given in Table2.13.2If a test specimen shows a value below the speciﬁed minimum,one retest of two specimens is permitted.For acceptance,both retest specimens shall show a value at or above the speciﬁed minimum value.13.3A product that has failed the Charpy impact test may, at the option of the producer,be given a full anneal and retested.TEST METHOD C—FERRIC CHLORIDE CORROSION TEST FOR CLASSIFICATION OFSTRUCTURES OF DUPLEXSTAINLESS STEELS14.Scope14.1This test method describes the procedure for conduct-ing the ferric chloride corrosion test for detecting the presence of detrimental intermetallic phases in duplex stainless steels. The presence or absence of corrosion attack in this test is not necessarily a measure of the performance of the material in other corrosive environments;in particular,it does not provide a basis for predicting resistance to forms of corrosion not associated with the precipitation of intermetallic phases(see Note4).14.2The ferric chloride corrosion test may be used to evaluate mill products,provided that it is possible to obtain a specimen of relevant location and geometry.14.3Table3indicates the applicability and acceptance criteria for Test Method C.N OTE4—Although this test method uses some equipment and proce-dures similar to those of Test Method G48,this test method should not be confused with Test Method G48.This test method does not determine the critical pitting temperature or test for the suitability for use in a particular environment.This test method is designed solely for detection of the precipitation of detrimental intermetallic phases in duplex stainless steels.15.Rapid Screening Test15.1Before testing by the ferric chloride corrosion test, specimens of the steel may be given a rapid screening test in accordance with the procedures of Test Method A,Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classiﬁcation of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels.Preparation,etching,and the classiﬁ-cation of etch structures are described therein.Specimens having an etch structure described as Unaffected Structure in Test Method A will be essentially free of detrimental effects on pitting corrosion resistance as related to the formation of an intermetallic phase.Other mechanisms for loss of pitting resistance may occur independently but are beyond the scope of this test method.Specimens showing Unaffected3Structure in Test Method A are acceptable with respect to the absence of intermetallic phases and need not be tested by the ferric chloride corrosion test as described in Test Method C.All specimens having other than Unaffected Structure shall be tested by the ferric chloride corrosion test.16.Apparatus16.1Glass Beakers,1000-mL,tall-form,or Erlenmeyer ﬂasks,1000-mL,wide neck,or50-mm(2-in.)diameter test tubes,or other suitable glass containers.16.2Glass Cradles(Fig.5)—The dimensions of the cradle shall be restricted to those that will permit its passage through the test container opening,a diameter of approximately40mm (1.6in.)in the case of the Erlenmeyerﬂask.16.3Water or Oil Bath,constant temperature.17.Ferric Chloride Test Solution17.1The test solution is prepared by dissolving100g of reagent-grade ferric chloride,FeCl3·6H2O,in900mL of distilled water(approximately6%FeCl3by weight).The solution isﬁltered through glass wool orﬁlter paper to remove insoluble particles.17.2The pH of the test solution shall be adjusted to approximately1.3prior to beginning the test by the addition of HCl or NaOH,as required.18.Test Specimen18.1Various shapes and sizes of test specimens may be used.Forﬂat products,a specimen should be approximately25 by50mm(1by2in.)by thickness.The full thickness of the product should be included.In the case of heavier sections,the specimen may be taken in a perpendicular orientation with dimensions of approximately6by25mm(1⁄4by1in.)by thickness.In very heavy sections,the thickness dimension of the specimen may be cut so that one half to two thirds of the product thickness is tested.18.2Other product forms may be cut for test specimens convenient for testing,provided that the specimen exposes surfaces representative of the full thickness of the product. 18.3After the specimens are cut,any material that may have been affected by high temperature or deformation associated with the cutting should be removed by machining or grinding prior to testing.18.4For mill products,all surfaces of the specimen should be polished to a uniformﬁnish at least equal to a120-grit ﬁnish,orﬁner.Wet polishing is preferred.If used,dry polishing should be performed slowly to prevent overheating. Sharp edges of the specimen should be rounded,with care taken to remove all burrs.18.5The surface of the specimen shall not be chemically passivated by treatments such as nitric,citric,or phosphoric acid,or pickled by treatments such as nitric hydroﬂuoric acid, subsequent to grinding the surface.18.6For other than mill products,testing of a specimen with the surface in the as-fabricated condition may be relevant to the application.TABLE3Applicability and Acceptance Criteria forTest Method CGrade Condition TestTemperatureMaximum Acceptable Corrosion Rate Calculated from Weight LossS31803,S32205base metal25°C(77°F)10mdd weld metal22°C(72°F)10mdd18.7The dimensions of the specimen are measured,and thetotal exposed surface area is calculated.18.8The specimen should be cleaned with magnesiumoxidepaste or equivalent,rinsed well with water,dipped in alcohol oracetone,and air dried.The specimen shall be weighed to thenearest 0.001g or better.It should be stored in a desiccatoruntil ready for testing.19.Procedure19.1Perform the test using ferric-chloride solution with avolume at least the larger of 150mL or 20mL/cm 2(125mL/in.2)of the specimen surface area.Fill the test containerwith the required volume,transfer to the constant temperaturebath,and allow to come to equilibrium at the desired testtemperature.19.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the test temperature forwrought products of S31803and S32205shall be 25°C (77°F),maintained within an accuracy of 61°C (2°F)during the test.19.3Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the test temperature forS31803and S32205products containing weldments shall be22°C (72°F),maintained within an accuracy of 61°C (2°F)during the test.19.4Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the test temperature forS32750products shall be 40°C (104°F),maintained within anaccuracy of 61°C (2°F)during the test.19.5Place the specimen in the glass cradle and immerse inthe test solution once the temperature has been established.Maintain the test temperature throughout the test.Cover thetest container with a watchglass during the test period.Unlessotherwise speciﬁed,the test period shall be 24h.19.6At the end of the 24-h test period,remove the specimenfrom the solution,rinse with water,scrub with a soft bristlebrush under running water to remove corrosion products,dipped in acetone or alcohol,and dried in air.Ultrasonic cleaning is a permitted alternative when there are corrosion products that are difficult to remove.19.7Weigh the specimen to 0.001g or better and reserve for examination.20.Acceptance Values 20.1The corrosion rate is calculated in accordance with the weight loss and total surface area (see Note 5).Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the calculated corrosion rate shall not exceed 10mdd (see Note 6).N OTE 5—The corrosion rate is calculated in accordance with the following:corrosion rate (mdd)=weight loss (mg)/[specimen area (dm 2)3time (days)]N OTE 6—It is probable that corrosion will occur by pitting when it does occur.The calculation of a uniform corrosion rate would be an inappro-priate method of expressing the pitting corrosion.However,in this case,the calculation of a corrosion rate is used primarily to normalize the weight loss for the variety of specimen sizes and shapes permitted.20.2If the specimen shows a corrosion rate in excess of 10mdd,one retest on two new specimens from the same product is permitted.No retest specimen shall exhibit a corrosion rate in excess of 10mdd.20.3At the option of the producer,a product that has failed the ferric-chloride corrosion test may be given a full anneal and retested.21.Precision and Bias 21.1No statement is made concerning either the precision or bias of Test Methods A,B,or C for detecting the presence or absence of detrimental intermetallic phases in wrought duplex stainless steels because the results state merely whether there is conformance to the criteria for success speciﬁed in theprocedure.FIG.5Examples of Glass Cradles That Can Be Used to SupporttheSpecimenAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.EXAMPLE OF THE EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON TOUGHNESS ANDCORROSION RESISTANCE OF S31803TABLE X1.1Effect of Thermal Exposure AComposition of Test MaterialC Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo N0.023 1.440.0220.0010.4922.3 5.60 3.130.182Heat Treatment Condition CVN Impact Energy(ft-lb at−40°F(J at−40°C))B Critical Pitting Temperature(°C)CLongitudinal TransverseMill annealed185(251)127(172)351950°F(1066°C)+WQ196(266)123(167)not tested1950°F(1066°C)+WQ+5min,1550°F42(60)25(34)2032(43)16(22)151950°F(1066°C)+WQ+10min,1550°F26(35)12(16)not tested1950°F(1066°C)+WQ+15min,1550°F21(28)9(12)151950°F(1066°C)+WQ+20min,1550°F1950°F(1066°C)+air cool198(268)133(180)not tested1950°F(1066°C)+slow cool80(108)88(119)30A Davison,R.M.,and Redmond,J.D.,Paper No.302,NACE Corrosion91,1991.B3⁄8-in.(9.5-mm)plate,three-quarter size Charpy specimen.C CPT per Test Method G48,Test Method A.The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

Motic Microscope PSM1000 使用手册说明书

PRECAUTIONSUser ManualTo obtain the best possible performance and maximum service life from the Motic Microscope PSM1000 (hereinafter referred to as “the PSM1000”), please read this manual thoroughly.This manual describes all of the components available for the PSM1000 system, including optional components available for purchase.Avoid impactsDo not allow any part of the microscope unit to be subjected to stress or blows during installation and operation.Carrying the microscope unitCarefully carry the microscope unit by supporting its base. Do not touch any moving parts on the microscope unit.InstallationPlace the microscope unit on a sturdy and level desk, where it will not be subjected to dust, direct sunlight, high-temperature, high-humidity, or excessive vibration.Keep the lenses cleanDirty optical parts reduce image clarity. Always keep the lenses, mirrors, filters, and the bulb free from stains, fingerprints, and dust. If the objectives and/or ocular lenses become dirty, wipe softly in a circular motion from the center towards the outside using lens paper moistened with alcohol.Do not apply excessive force to the focusing knobsDo not over-rotate the focusing knobs located at side of the main body.Do not disassembleDo not attempt to disassemble the microscope unit unless absolutely necessary for replacement of specified consumable parts. Disassembly of this microscope unit may result in damage or deterioration in performance.Don’t insert anything into open spaces.This may cause the microscope to perform poorly and/or invalidate your warranty.Laser safety and use optimizationIf you plan to use your PSM-1000 for laser work , you need a laser safety filter. To operate the laser safely and properly, please see the laser and/or laser filter manufacturer’s documentation.Motic Instruments assumes no responsibility whatsoever for the performance and/or safety of the laser and/or laser filter used with the PSM-1000 microscope.The PSM-1000 microscope is optimized for 355nm,532nm and 1064nm wavelength lasers.WARRANTYIn the event that the Microscope PSM1000 series should prove defective in workmanship or material, within 5 years from date of purchase, it will be repaired or replaced, at our option, free of charge upon its return to us prepaid.The following cases will void the warranty.1、Defects caused by improper usage or invalid modification.2、Defects caused by moving of installation, fall, and transfer after originalpurchase.3、Defects caused by disaster, earthquake, lighting, and other force majeurecases.4、Case of no warranty sheet presented upon return.5、No proof of date of purchase, the name of customer, and/or improperrewriting of the required information.6、Changing of the consumer parts with non-registered parts.1. OVERVIEW1.1 OutlineInnovative ergonomic design, leading edge optical systems and a host of unique advanced features make this Motic metallurgical/industrial microscope ideally suited to the needs of manufacturing and research & development in the fields of metallurgy, semiconductors and electronics.(1) The PSM-1000 provides a 3-lens turret with 1X, NIR tube lens; 1X, NUV tube lens; and 2X,visible. These lenses cover wavelengths from 355nm to 1064nm and are designed around the new range of Wave Research Lasers. A laser safety pin is provided.(2) The optical system has adopted a combination of ultra-long working distance objectives,which are capable of independent correction of lateral chromatic aberration, and eyepieces with an ultra-wide field of view.(3) The quadruple forward facing, spring-loaded nosepiece, with adjustments located on theside along with the turret can be easily centered using the tools provided. The turret is placed on a dovetail mount for easy access and removal. The turret comes with colored stickers to indicate the position of objectives.(4) The body incorporates polarizing filter slots for easy adaptation.(5) Various peripherals (optional), including CCD or CMOS camera adapter, Polarizer andAnalyzer are available to broaden applications.1.2 System ConfigurationThe PSM-1000 Microscope unit consists of a main body, objectives, a pair of eyepieces, standard accessories, and other optional peripheral units.Parts list of microscope PSM-1000Part Name Part No. Qty.NoteWF10X/24 SG02S0142 2 Field number: φ24 with eyeguard ●WF15X/17 2 Field number: φ16○EyepieceWF20X/13 2 Field number: φ12○Binocular Tube SP100243 1 Binocular: Siedentopf infinity, Erect imageInterpupillary Distance: 55～75mmOptical Path: 50:50 simultaneous observation or 100:0 Optical path system●Trinocular Head SW0199BD 1 Turret change over system:2X（for visible）/ 1X(for visible and NIR) / 1X NUV●Body SW0199BE 1 ●Quadruple Nosepiece SW011715 1 Parcenterable for each hole●Focus Block SW0199BG 1 Stroke: 50mmOperation: Coaxial system, Coarse 4mm per rotation/Fine 0.1 per rotationMountable Weight: 45Kg●Part NamePart No. Qty.NoteELWD2XSG01S102C3 1 N.A.:0. 055 Working Distance : 34 ○ ELWD5XSG01S162C31 N.A.:0. 14 Working Distance : 34 ○ ELWD10X SG01S022C3 1 N.A.:0. 28 Working Distance : 33.5 ○ ELWD20X SG01S032C3 1 N.A.:0. 42 Working Distance : 20 ○ ELWD50X SG01S122C3 1 N.A.:0. 55 Working Distance : 13 ○ Extra Long working distance Plan APO objectivesELWD100X SG01S062C31 N.A.:0. 70 Working Distance : 6 ○ ULWD50X SG01S122C51N.A.:0. 42 Working Distance : 20.5 ○Ultra Long working distance Plan APOobjectives ULWD100X SG01S062C5 1 N.A.:0. 55 Working Distance : 13 ○ ELWD2XSG01S102C4 1 N.A.:0. 055 Working Distance : 34 ○ ELWD5XSG01S162C41 N.A.:0. 14 Working Distance : 34 ○ ELWD10X SG01S022C4 1 N.A.:0. 28 Working Distance : 33.5 ○ ELWD20X SG01S032C4 1 N.A.:0. 42 Working Distance : 20 ○ ELWD50X SG01S122C4 1 N.A.:0. 55 Working Distance : 13 ○ Extra Long working distance Plan APO objectives (parfocality adjustable)ELWD100X SG01S062C41 N.A.:0. 70 Working Distance : 6 ○ ULWD50X SG01S122C71N.A.:0. 42 Working Distance : 20.5○Ultra Long working distance Plan APO objectives (parfocality adjustable) ULWD100X SG01S062C7 1 N.A.:0. 55 Working Distance : 13 ○1X Camera Adapter SP100386 1 C-mount can be attached; 2/3” CCD ○ 0.5X Camera Adapter SP100363 1 C-mount can be attached; 2/3” CCD ○ 0.4X Camera Adapter SP100365 1 C-mount can be attached; 1/2” CCD ○ 0.3X Camera Adapter SP100367 1 C-mount can not be attached; 1/3” CCD○ Analyzer SW01991Z 1 ○ Polarizer SW01992B 1 ○ Centering keys SW0199BH 2● Shims SW018880 2 ● Screw M3X10 SS0120594 3 For the laser safety filter ● Safety pin SW010013 1For the laser adapter● Objective Adapter SW011840 1~4For 4/5"X1/36" thread ○ Inspection report SP050002 1 ● Lock Screw M5X10 SS0120225 4 ● Allen key (4mm) SP070008 1 ● User’s manual SP010205 1 ● Warranty cardSP1600031●● Standard ○ Optional1.3 Nomenclature1. Eyepiece2. Binocular Tube3. Trinocular Head4. Body5. Nosepiece6. Objective7. Filter Slot in Observation Side: Attaches an optional filter analyzer.8. Coarse Adjustment Handle9. Fine Adjustment Handle 10. Tube Lens Change-over Turret11. Interpupillary Scale12. Focus Block13. Filter Slot in Light Source Side: Attachesan optional filter polarizer.14. Optical Path Change-over Knob15. Aperture Open and Shut Dial16. Fiber Insertion Unit17. CCD Camera Adapter mount2. Check the accessories, Before OperationBefore operating, check that all accessories have been included. If any accessory is missing, please advise our department immediately regarding the missing item.3. SETUP3.1 Mount eyepieceWhen you first use this microscope after unpacking, remove the protective cap of the ocular upper tube and mount the eyepiece.The eyepieces use a high-eye-point system and have rubber eye cups attached. If you wear eyeglasses, turn the rims outward.3.2 Adjust the pupil distance of the eyepieceWhile looking into the eyepieces and holding the binocular tubes with both bands, move the tubes in the direction of the arrows (see the diagram below) until the two fields of view coincide. (The pupil adjustment range is between 55 and 75mm, or 2.17 and 2.95 inches.)3.3 Set up IlluminationLoosen up the lock screw and remove the protective cap of the fiber insertion unit.After inserting theφ0.272″or φ6.9mm (outer diameter) illuminating fiber into the fiber insertion unit, tighten it with the lock screw.3.4 Mount CCD Camera UnitYou can select camera adapter for your CCD camera as below:0.5X camera adapter use for 2/3″ CCD camera0.4X camera adapter use for 1/2″ CCD camera0.3X camera adapter use for 1/3″CCD camera (C-mount adapter can not be Attached)Attach a CCD camera to the 0.5X camera adapter (option).Loosen up the lock screw and remove the protective cap of the CCD camera adapter mount.Attach the assembled camera unit to the CCD camera adapter mount on trinocular head and tighten it with the lock screws.3.5 Mount Laser UnitIf you plan on using your PSM-1000 for laser work , you need a laser safety filter. To operate the laser safely and properly, please see the laser and/or laser filter manufacturer’s documentation. Motic Instruments assumes no responsibility whatsoever for the performance and/or safety of the laser and/or laser filter used with the PSM-1000 microscope.To install the safety filter and the laser safety pin, we have provided you with the shims and a laser safety pin, please follow the instructions below.With a screwdriver loosen the 3 screws (as shown below) and remove the binocular tube and shim block.Insert the safety filter, the 2 rings and the binocular tube, then hold and tighten the 3 screws as mentioned in the previous step .With a screwdriver tighten the laser safety pin.3.6 Mount ObjectiveInsert the objective into the flange of revolver.Note: 1、The color sticker near the flange and the color line on the objective is the same color.2、If you purchased an objective, which has a thread (4/5″X 1/36″), insert the optionalObjective Adapter (for 4/5″X 1/36″thread) into revolver first, and then insert theobjective into the Objective Adapter.3、If the objective is parfocality adjustable; take care not to loosen the lock ring.Repeat this procedure for the other objective lens.3.7 Adjusting the eyepiece diopterAdjust the diopter of the eyepiece as follows.Step1: Turn the diopter adjustment ring of the eyepiece until the lower edge of the eyepiece tube is aligned with the “0” index line (white). Align both eyepieces.Step2: Prepare a sample and set the illumination. Set the revolving nosepiece to ahigh magnification (20X or 50X) and focus the sample with the focusing knobs. Set themagnification of the tube lens to 1X.Step3: Turn the revolving nosepiece to change the lens magnification from a high magnification (20X or 50X) to a lower magnification (5X or 2X). Turn the diopter adjustment ring to obtain the sharpest image for each eye, without moving the focusing knobs.Step4: Turn the diopter adjustment ring;a) Clockwise if near-sighted (-)b) Counterclockwise if far-sighted (+)The diopter has a range of –5D to +5D.Repeat this procedure twice for even sharper images.3.8 Parfocality of ObjectivesBe sure to parfocus the objective lens after mounting the objective onto the microscope completely. (Parfocality adjustable objective only.)The highest objective (nonadjustable) can be set onto the work piece by turning the revolver until hearing a click sound.Turn the coarse adjustment handle and move the main body of the microscope to either an upper or lower position to obtain the image coarsely.Turn the fine adjustment handle and move the main body of the microscope to either an upper or lower position to obtain the sharpest image.The second highest objective lens can be set onto the work piece by turning the revolver until hearing a click sound.Turn the coarse adjustment handle and move the main body of the microscope to either an upper or lower position to obtain the image coarsely.Turn the fine adjustment handle and move the main body of microscope to either an upper or lower position to obtain the sharpest image.If the position of the main body is upper, adjust the objective as follows:Step1: Remove the objective from the revolver.Step2: Grasp the objective body and loosen the lock ring .Step3: Turn the adjustment ring anticlockwise and tighten the lock ring.Step4: Insert the objective back into the flange of revolver.If the position of the main body is lower, adjust the objective as follows:Step1: Remove the objective from the revolver.Step2: Grasp the objective body and loosen the lock ring.Step3: Turn the adjustment ring clockwise and tighten the lock ring.Step4: Insert the objective back into the flange of revolver.Repeat these procedures until the second highest objective is parfocal with the highest objective.Similarly, adjust the focal point of objective in the order of higher magnification.3.9 Parcentration of objectivesThe highest objective (nonadjustable) is not required to parcenter.Insert a eyepiece with reticle into the right tube (or left tube).The highest objective (nonadjustable) can be set onto the work piece by turning the revolver until hearing a click sound.Adjust the center of the standard point on work piece to the center of the right field of view.The second highest objective can be set onto the work piece by turning the revolver until hearing a click sound.Adjust the two centering screws of the second highest objective to the position where the standard point on the work piece is centered with centering keys.Similarly, parcenter the other objectives in order of highest magnification.3.10 Change over tube LensThe tube lens can be changed over by turning the changeover turret.Change over to 1X NIR/VIS、1X UV/VIS or 2X（VIS）lens by turning the changeover turret of tube lenses. Check the kind of lens based on the mark on turret.The turret is marked as follows:2X lens…………………………………………..2X VIS1X(Ultraviolet / Visible)………………………..1X UV/VIS1X(Near Infrared / Visible)…………………....1X NIR/VIS3.11 Changing ObjectivesChange the objective by turning revolver.Note: Don’t touch the objective face by hand. It may cause damage to the objective face.3.12 Change Optical PathPull or push the optical path changeover knob to change the optical path of the microscope.Pull outward: to enhance the laser operation by pulling the beam-splitter out of the field of view.Push inward: to change over to the optical path for visible viewing through the eyepieces.3.13 Control Light BrightnessRotate the Aperture Open and Close Dial to control the light brightness.Rotate towards you: The aperture’s diameter narrows and darkens.Rotate away from you: The aperture’s diameter widens and lightens.3.14 PolarizationInsert the polarizer and analyzer all the way into the mounting slots. The analyzer has an adjuster to rotate the plane of polarization by 360°.3.15 Remove and mount nosepieceThe nosepiece of PSM-1000 is removable. Remove and mount the nosepiece as follows:With the provided Allen wrench loosen the 4 locking screws and remove the nosepiece.Mount the nosepiece and tighten the 4 locking screws with the Allen wrench.TROUBLE SHOOTINGPhenomenon Causes Measures Revolver cannot turn to the position where the click soundcan be heard.Make the revolver turn to the position where the click sound can be heard.Image lens changeover turret cannot turn to the position where the click sound can be heard.Make the image lenschangeover turret turn to the position where the chick sound can be heard.Quantity of light of illuminator is insufficient. Control the quantity of light through aperture knob. Eyepiece is not mounted Mount the eyepiece. Visual field is insufficient or invisible. Objective lens is not mountedMount the objective lens. Eyepiece is dirty.Objective lens is dirty.Observational objective is dirty.Clean the dirty area asinstructed in the Precautions section.Quantity of light is too much or too little . Control the quantity of light through aperture knob. Not focused.Adjust the focus. Resolution or image quality is considerably bad. Observing through any medium of glass. Etc.Remove the medium Observational object is inclined.Correct the inclination between microscope and objectOne side of image is unclear.Objective lens is not screwed in completely. Mount the objective lens into the revolver correctly.In observation through binocular microscope, right and left visual images do notmatch.Interpupillary distance of siedentopf is not matched to observer’s eye. Adjust the interpupillary distance. Interpupillary distance of siedentopf is not matched to observer’s eye.Adjust the interpupillarydistance. Diopter movement ofeyepieces is not matched to observer’s eye.Adjust the diopter.In observation, eyes feel tired . Illumination is too bright.Control the quantity of light through aperture stop knob.。

金相显微镜与扫描电镜的区别

随着现代工业的迅猛发展，材料学研究、教学、以及制造业的兴起，金相学不断发展进步，近些年来发展势头锐不可当。

金相显微镜作为金相学的最基本检测设备之一，是金相实验室必备的实验设备。

我们都知道，不同的显微镜的功能作用是不一样的，那么关于金相显微镜和扫描电镜的区别是什么呢?下面将给您详细讲解。

金相显微镜(metallurgical microscope)是用入射照明来观察金属试样表面(金相组织)的显微镜，它是将光学显微镜技术、光电转换技术、计算机图像处理技术完美地结合在一起而开发研制成的高科技产品，可以在计算机上很方便地观察金相图像，从而对金相图谱进行分析，评级等以及对图片进行输出、打印。

扫描电镜一种新型的电子光学仪器。

它具有制样简单、放大倍数可调范围宽、图像的分辨率高、景深大等特点。

数十年来，扫描电镜已广泛地应用在生物学、医学、冶金学等学科的领域中，促进了各有关学科的发展。

两种显微镜存在很大的区别，主要有以下几方面：一、光源不同：金相显微镜采用可见光作为光源，扫描电镜采用电子束作为光源成像。

二、原理不同：金相显微镜利用几何光学成像原理进行成像，扫描电镜利用高能量电子束轰击样品表面，激发出样品表面的各种物理信号，再利用不同的信号探测器接受物理信号转换成图像信息。

三、分辨率：金相显微镜因为光的干涉与衍射作用，分辨率只能局限于0.2-0.5um之间。

扫描电镜因为采用电子束作为光源，其分辨率可达到1-3nm之间，因此金相显微镜的组织观察属于微米级分析，扫描电镜的组织观测属于纳米级分析。

四、景深：一般金相显微镜的景深在2-3um之间，因此对样品的表面光滑程度具有极高的要求，所以制样过程相对比较复杂。

扫描电镜的景深则可高达几个。

深圳市爱科学教育创新有限公司(以下简称爱科学)成立之初是一家专注于研制新一代教学显微镜的科技型企业，公司致力于将先进的影像技术、电子信息技术及新时期的人文需求融入到传统光学仪器中，创造出一系列更加适合教学的显微镜产品。

光学显微镜基础知识

色差（Chromatic aberration）
影响成像的关键因素
球差 (Spherical aberration) 慧差 (Coma) 像散（Astigmatism）场曲（Curvature of field）
畸变（Distortion）
Resolving power of microscopes
数值孔径
Hale Waihona Puke 工作距离焦深放大倍率同焦距
光镜技术参数
同轴度
数值孔径
NA=n*sinθ
孔径光阑与数值孔径的关系
NA聚
=（0.6~0.8）NA物
孔径光阑与数值孔径的关系
NA聚
=（0.6~0.8）NA物
孔径光阑与数值孔径的关系
NA聚
=（0.6~0.8）NA物
孔径光阑与数值孔径的关系
NA聚
=（0.6~0.8）NA物
孔径光阑与数值孔径的关系
NA聚
=（0.6~0.8）NA物
孔径光阑与数值孔径的关系
NA聚
=（0.6~0.8）NA物
孔径光阑
咱儿的好伙伴
视场光阑
显微镜的调节
瞳距调节屈光度调节光路转换聚光镜对中孔径光阑设置
使用注意事项
控制温度湿度轻拿轻放双手取放载玻片转换物镜记得用转换轮盘定期清灰不懂就看说明书
光学显微镜基础知识
世界上第一台真正意义上的显微镜出现在17世纪晚期，发明者是荷兰商人、显微镜的先驱人物，列文虎克。
早期的显微镜
巴黎工艺美术博物馆收藏的十八世纪显微镜
早期的显微镜
Stereo microscopes 'Upright' life science microscopes 'Inverted' microscopes

各种检测设备英文名称

原子发射光谱仪-- Atomic Emission Spectrometer(AES)电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪 Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer(ICP) 直流等离子体发射光谱仪-- Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer(DCP)紫外-可见光分光光度计-- UV-Visible Spectrophotometer(UV-Vis)微波等离子体光谱仪-- Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer(MIP)原子吸收光谱仪-- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS)原子荧光光谱仪-- Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy(AFS)傅里叶变换红外光谱仪-- FT-IR Spectrometer(FTIR)傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪-- FT-Raman Spectrometer(FTIR-Raman)气相色谱仪-- Gas Chromatograph(GC)高压/效液相色谱仪 High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)离子色谱仪-- Ion Chromatograph凝胶渗透色谱仪-- Gel Permeation Chromatograph(GPC)体积排阻色谱-- Size Exclusion Chromatograph(SEC)X射线荧光光谱仪-- X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer(XRF)X射线衍射仪-- X-Ray Diffractomer(XRD)同位素X荧光光谱仪-- Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪-- Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪-- Energy Disperse Spectroscopy(EDS)质谱仪-- Mass Spectrometer(MS)ICP-质谱联用仪-- ICP-MS气相色谱-质谱联用仪-- GC-MS液相色谱-质谱联用仪--LC-MS核磁共振波谱仪-- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer(NMR)电子顺磁共振波谱仪-- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer(ESR)极谱仪-- Polarograph伏安仪-- Voltammerter自动滴定仪--Automatic Titrator电导仪-- Conductivity MeterpH计-- pH Meter水质分析仪-- Water Test Kits电泳仪-- Electrophoresis System表面科学-- Surface Science电子显微镜-- Electro Microscopy光学显微镜-- Optical Microscopy金相显微镜-- Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜- Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪--Surface Analyzer无损检测仪--Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析 --Physical Property Analysis热分析仪--Thermal Analyzer粘度计--Viscometer流变仪--Rheometer粒度分析仪--Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪--Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪--Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪--Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪--Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪--Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪--Aging Property Tester生物技术分析--Biochemical analysisPCR仪--Instrument for Polymerase Chain ReactionDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪-- Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein 传感器--Sensors其他--Other/Miscellaneous流动分析与过程分析--Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry气体分析--Gas Analysis基本物理量测定--Basic Physics样品处理--Sample Handling金属/材料元素分析仪--Metal/material elemental analysis环境成分分析仪--CHN Analysis发酵罐--Fermenter生物反应器--Bio-reactor摇床--Shaker离心机--Centrifuge超声破碎仪--Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor超低温冰箱--Ultra-low Temperature Freezer恒温循环泵--Constant Temperature Circulator超滤器--Ultrahigh Purity Filter冻干机--Freeze Drying Equipment部分收集器--Fraction Collector氨基酸测序仪--Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪--Amino Acid Analyzer多肽合成仪--Peptide synthesizerDNA测序仪--DNA SequencersDNA合成仪--DNA synthesizer紫外观察灯--Ultraviolet Lamp分子杂交仪--Hybridization OvenPCR仪--PCR Amplifier化学发光仪--Chemiluminescence Apparatus紫外检测仪-- Ultraviolet Detector电泳-- Electrophoresis酶标仪-- ELIASACO2培养箱-- CO2 Incubators倒置显微镜-- Inverted Microscope超净工作台-- Bechtop流式细胞仪-- Flow Cytometer微生物自动分析系统-- Automatic Analyzer for Microbes生化分析仪-- Biochemical Analyzer血气分析仪-- Blood-gas Analyzer电解质分析仪-- Electrolytic Analyzer尿液分析仪-- Urine Analyzer临床药物浓度仪-- Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration血球计数器-- Hematocyte CounterCO2培养箱 CO2 IncubatorsDNA测序仪 DNA SequencersDNA合成仪 DNA synthesizerDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪 Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein ICP-质谱联用仪 ICP-MS ICP-MSPCR仪 Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRPCR仪 PCR AmplifierpH计 pH MeterX射线衍射仪 X-Ray Diffractomer XRDX射线荧光光谱仪 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRF氨基酸测序仪 Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪 Amino Acid Analyzer表面分析仪 Surface Analyzer表面科学Surface Science部分收集器 Fraction Collector超低温冰箱Ultra-low Temperature Freezer超净工作台 Bechtop超滤器 Ultrahigh Purity Filter超声破碎仪 Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor传感器 Sensors倒置显微镜 Inverted Microscope电导仪 Conductivity Meter电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪 Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer ICP 电解质分析仪 Electrolytic Analyzer电性能测定仪 Electrical Property Tester电泳 Electrophoresis电泳仪 Electrophoresis System电子能谱仪 Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy电子顺磁共振波谱仪 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR电子显微镜 Electro Microscopy冻干机 Freeze drier/Lyophilizer多肽合成仪 Peptide synthesizer发酵罐 Fermenter分子杂交仪 Hybridization Oven伏安仪 Voltammerter傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman高压/效液相色谱仪 High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC 光学显微镜 Optical Microscopy光学性能测定仪 Optical Property Tester核磁共振波谱仪 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR恒温循环泵 Constant Temperature Circulator化学发光仪 Chemiluminescence Apparatus环境成分分析仪 CHN Analysis激光共聚焦扫描显微镜 Laser scanning confocal microscope机械性能测定仪 Mechanical Property Tester基本物理量测定 Basic Physics极谱仪 Polarograph金相显微镜 Metallurgical Microscopy金属/材料元素分析仪 Metal/material elemental analysis老化性能测定仪 Aging Property Tester离心机 Centrifuge离子色谱仪 Ion Chromatograph粒度分析仪 Particle Size Analyzer临床药物浓度仪 Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration流变仪 Rheometer流动分析与过程分析 Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry流式细胞仪 Flow Cytometer酶标仪 ELIASA能谱仪 Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS尿液分析仪 Urine Analyzer凝胶渗透色谱仪 Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC其他 Other/Miscellaneous气体分析 Gas Analysis气相色谱仪 Gas Chromatograph GC气相色谱-质谱联用仪 GC-MS GC-MS燃烧性能测定仪 Combustion Property Tester热分析仪 Thermal Analyzer热物理性能测定仪 Thermal Physical Property Tester扫描探针显微镜 Scanning Probe Microscopy生化分析仪 Biochemical Analyzer生物反应器 Bio-reactor生物技术分析 Biochemical analysis水质分析仪 Water Test Kits体积排阻色谱 Size Exclusion Chromatograph SEC同位素X荧光光谱仪 Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer微波等离子体光谱仪 Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer MIP 微生物自动分析系统 Automatic Analyzer for Microbes无损检测仪 Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析 Physical Property Analysis血气分析仪 Blood-gas Analyzer血球计数器 Hematocyte Counter样品处理Sample handling摇床 Shaker液相色谱-质谱联用仪 LC-MS原子力显微镜 atomic force microscope原子发射光谱仪 Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES原子吸收光谱仪 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS粘度计 Viscometer直流等离子体发射光谱仪 Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP 质谱仪 Mass Spectrometer MS紫外观察灯 Ultraviolet Lamp紫外检测仪 Ultraviolet Detector紫外-可见光分光光度计 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis自动滴定仪 Automatic Titrator层流净化罩/柜 Laminar flow hood排风罩/柜 Exhaust hood。

常见化学实验仪器的英文表述

常见化学实验仪器的英文表述常见化学实验仪器的英文表述导语：化学实验中使用到的`仪器称为化学仪器，下面是YJBYS店铺收集整理的常见化学实验仪器的英文表述，欢迎参考!Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer 原子发射光谱仪Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor 超声破碎仪Ultraviolet Detector 紫外检测仪UltravioletLamp 紫外观察灯Urine Analyzer 尿液分析仪Aging Property Tester 老化性能测定仪Amino Acid Analyzer 氨基酸组成分析仪Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration 临床药物浓度仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy 原子荧光光谱仪Automatic Titrator 自动滴定仪Basic Physics 基本物理量测定Biochemical Analyzer 生化分析仪Biochemicalanalysis 生物技术分析Bio-reactor 生物反应器Blood-gas Analyzer 血气分析仪Centrifuge 离心机ChemiluminescenceApparatus 化学发光仪CHN Analysis 环境成分分析仪CO2 Incubators CO2培养箱Combustion PropertyTester 燃烧性能测定仪Conductivity Meter 电导仪Constant Temperature Circulator 恒温循环泵Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer 直流等离子体发射光谱仪DNA Sequencers DNA测序仪DNA synthesizer DNA合成仪Electrical Property Tester 电性能测定仪Electro Microscopy 电子显微镜Electrolytic Analyzer 电解质分析仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 电子能谱仪Electron Paramagnetic ResonanceSpectrometer 电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electrophoresis 电泳Electrophoresis System 电泳仪ELIASA 酶标仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 能谱仪Fermenter 发酵罐Flow Analytical and Process AnalyticalChemistry 流动分析与过程分析Fraction Collector 部分收集器FreezeDrying Equipment 冻干机FT-IR Spectrometer 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-Raman Spectrometer 傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪Gas Analysis 气体分析Gas Chromatograph 气相色谱仪GC-MS 气相色谱-质谱联用仪Gel PermeationChromatograph 凝胶渗透色谱仪HighPressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography 高压/效液相色谱仪Hybridization Oven 分子杂交仪ICP-MS ICP-质谱联用仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer 电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing 无损检测仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR仪Inverted Microscope 倒置显微镜Ion Chromatograph 离子色谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 同位素X荧光光谱仪LC-MS 液相色谱-质谱联用仪Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪Mechanical Property Tester 机械性能测定仪Metal/material elemental analysis 金属/材料元素分析仪Metallurgical Microscopy 金相显微镜Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer 微波等离子体光谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer 核磁共振波谱仪Optical Microscopy 光学显微镜Optical PropertyT ester 光学性能测定仪Other/Miscellaneous 其他Particle Size Analyzer 粒度分析仪PCR Amplifier PCR仪Peptide synthesizer 多肽合成仪pH Meter pH计PhysicalProperty Analysis 物性分析Polarograph 极谱仪Protein Sequencer 氨基酸测序仪Rheometer 流变仪Sample Handling 样品处理Scanning Probe MicroscopyFG|8oU 扫描探针显微镜Sensors 传感器Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein DNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Shaker 摇床Size Exclusion Chromatograph 体积排阻色谱Surface Science 表面科学SurfaceAnalyzer 表面分析仪Thermal Analyzer 热分析仪Thermal Physical Property Tester 热物理性能测定仪Ultrahigh Purity Filter 超滤器Ultra-low Temperature Freezer 超低温冰箱UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 紫外-可见光分光光度计Viscometer 粘度计Voltammerter 伏安仪Water Test Kits 水质分析仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer X射线荧光光谱仪X-RayDiffractomer X射线衍射仪。

化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(j-o)2

化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(J-O)2- -maximum current 最大电流maximum deflection 最大偏转maximum effective work 最大有效功maximum fiber stress 最大纤维应力maximum flexural strength 最大抗挠强度maximum load 最大负荷maximum output 最高产率maximum permissible dose 最大允许剂量maximum phenomenon 极大现象maximum suppressor 畸峰抑制剂maximum thermometer 最高温度计maximum wave 极大波maximum work 最大功maxivalence 最高价maxwell boltzmann statistics 麦克斯韦玻耳兹曼统计maxwell boltzmann's law of energy distribution 麦克斯韦玻耳兹曼能量分布定律maxwell boltzmann's law of velocity distribution 麦克斯韦玻尔兹曼速度分配定律mazout 重油meal 粉状物mean activity 平均活度mean boiling point 平均沸点mean degree of polymerization 平均聚合度mean deviation 平均偏差mean dispersion 平均分散mean error 平均误差mean free path 平均自由程mean life 平均寿命mean temperature difference 均温差mean value 平均值measurable set 可测集measurement 测定measurement deviation 测定偏差measurement error 测量误差measurement of molecular weight 分子量测定measurement of radioactivity 放射能测定measuring 测定measuring accuracy 测量精度measuring apparatus 计量仪器measuring bottle 量瓶measuring cylinder 量筒measuring flask 量瓶measuring glass 量杯measuring instrument 计量仪器measuring pipet 莫尔吸量管measuring tank 量槽mecazine 密哌嗪mechanical draft 机械通风mechanical energy 机械能mechanical equivalent of heat 热功当量mechanical impedance 机械阻抗mechanical mixture 机械混合物mechanical properties 机械性能mechanical pulp 机碎木浆mechanical rectifier 机械整流mechanical scrubber 机械滤净器mechanical test 机械试验mechanical weathering 机械风化mechanization 机械化mechanochemistry 机械化学meconic acid 袂康酸meconine 袂康宁meconium 鸦片mediasilicic rock 中硅质岩medical chemistry 医化学medical durable yeast 医药耐久酵母medicated soap 药用皂medium 介质medium boiler 中沸溶剂medium oil 中油medium oil varnish 中油清漆medium tone 中间色调meker burner 梅克尔灯melamine 蜜胺melamine resin 蜜胺尸melamine resin varnish 三聚氰胺尸清漆melanin 黑素melanogen 黑素原melibiase 蜜二糖酶melibiose 蜜二糖melinite 苦味酸melissic acid 蜂花酸melissyl alcohol 蜂花醇melitose 棉子糖mellic acid 苯六酸mellitate 苯六甲酸酯mellophanic acid 苯偏四甲酸melt 溶融物melt spinning 熔体纺丝melt spinning device 熔融纺丝装置melt viscosity 熔解粘度melting 熔融melting heat 熔化热melting method 熔融法melting point 熔点melting point diagram 熔点线图melting zone 熔化带membrane 隔膜membrane electrode 膜电极membrane equilibrium 膜平衡membrane filter 薄膜过滤器membrane potential 膜电位membrane simulation 膜模拟memory 存储器menadiole 甲萘二酚menadione 甲萘醌mendelev periodic law of elements 门捷列夫元素周期律mendelevium 钔meniscus 弯液面menshutkin reaction 门秀金反应menthadiene 薄荷二烯menthane 薄荷烷menthol 薄荷醇menthone 薄荷酮menthyl acetate 三萜醇乙酸酯mepazine 密哌嗪mephobarbital 普罗米那mephosfolan 二噻磷meralluride 汞鲁来merbromin 汞溴红mercaptal 缩硫醛mercaptan 硫醇mercaptide 硫醇盐mercaptobenzothiazole 巯基苯并噻唑mercaptoethanol 巯基乙醇mercaptol 缩硫醇mercaptopurine 巯基嘌呤mercaptothiazoline 巯基噻唑啉mercerization 丝光处理mercerizing assistant 丝光加工助剂mercerizing machine 丝光处理机mercocresol 汞甲酚剂mercuration 汞化mercurial barometer 水银气压计mercurial column 水银柱mercurial ointment 汞制油膏mercuric arsenate 砷酸汞mercuric chloride 氯化正汞mercuric compound 正汞化合物mercuric cyanide 氰化汞mercuric fluoride 氟化汞mercuric nitrate 硝酸汞mercuric oleate 油酸汞mercuric oxide 氧化汞mercuric oxide electrode 氧化汞电极mercuric salt 正汞盐mercuric stearate 硬脂酸汞mercuric sulfate 硫酸汞mercuric sulfide 硫化汞mercurimetric titration 汞液滴定法mercurimetry 汞液滴定法mercurochrome 汞溴红mercurol 核酸汞mercurometric titration 亚汞滴定法mercurometry 亚汞滴定法mercurous nitrate 硝酸亚汞mercurous salt 亚汞盐mercury 汞mercury arc rectifier 汞汽整流mercury bridge 水银电桥mercury cathode cell 汞阴极电池mercury cell 水银电池mercury chloride 氯化汞mercury cyanide 氰化汞mercury electrode 水银电极mercury fulminate 雷酸汞mercury iodide 碘化汞mercury lamp 水银灯mercury manometer 水银压力计mercury nitrate 硝酸汞mercury oxide 氧化汞mercury pool 水银槽mercury process 水银法mercury pump 水银真空泵mercury rash 汞皮疹mercury thermometer 水银温度表mercury vapour rectifier 汞汽整流mercury volumeter 汞容积计meromyosin 酶解肌球蛋白meroplankton 暂时性浮游生物mesaconic acid 甲基反丁烯二酸mescaline 墨斯卡灵mesh 筛眼mesityl oxide 异丙叉丙酮mesitylene 均三甲基苯meso form 内消旋式mesobilirubin 中胆红素mesobilirubinogen 中胆红原mesobiliverdin 中胆绿素mesochemistry 介子化学mesocolloid 近胶体mesomeric effect 内消旋效应mesomerism 稳变异构mesomorphic phase 中间相mesomorphism 液晶态meson 介子mesophase 中间相mesorcin 均三甲苯二酚mesotartaric acid 内消旋酒石酸mesothorium 新钍mesoxalic acid 中草酸mesoxalylurea 中草酰脲messenger ribonucleic acid 信使核糖核酸meta acid 偏酸metaarsenic acid 偏砷酸metabiosis 后继共生metabolism 代谢酌metabolite 代谢物metaboric acid 偏硼酸metachemistry 超化学metachromasia 异染色metachromasy 异染色metachromatic stain 异染性染料metachromatism 变色现象metadiazine 嘧啶metaisomerism 位变异构现象metal alkyl 金属烷基metal analysis 金属分析metal arc 金属电弧metal bath 金属浴metal carbonyl 羰络金属metal cluster 金属团簇metal complex 金属络合盐metal complex dye 金属配位染料metal encased brick 铁皮砖metal film resistor 金属薄膜电阻器metal fog 金属雾metal glass 金属玻璃metal indicator 金属指示剂metal line 液面线metal mist 金属雾metal nonmetal transition 金属非金属过渡metal plating 金属镀层metal spray gun 金属喷雾器metal spraying 金属喷涂metalation 金属化metaldehyde 多聚乙醛metallic block calorimeter 金属热量计metallic bond 金属键metallic complex salt 金属络合盐metallic element 金属元素metallic luster 金属光泽metallic oxide 金属氧化物metallic paint 金属涂料metallic poison 金属毒metallic powdery pigment 金属粉末颜料metallic soap 金属皂metallic thermometer 金属温度计metallic tin 金属锡metallocene 金属茂络合物metallocycle 金属循环物metalloenzyme 金属酶metallography 金属学metalloid 类金属metalloid element 类金属元素metalloprotein 金属蛋白质metallurgical chemistry 冶金化学metallurgical coke 冶金焦metallurgical microscope 冶金显微镜metallurgy 冶金metamer 位变异构体metamerism 位变异构性metamorphic deposit 变质矿床metamorphic rock 变质岩metamorphism 变形现象metanil yellow 间胺黄metanilic acid 间氨基苯磺酸metaphosphate 偏磷酸盐metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸metaprotein 变性蛋白metasilicate 偏硅酸盐metasilicic acid 偏硅酸metastable atom 亚稳原子metastable equilibrium 亚稳定平衡metastable ion 亚稳定离子metastable phase 亚稳相metastable state 亚稳状态metastannic acid 偏锡酸metathesis 复分解metathetical salts 复分解盐meteoric iron 铁陨石meteorite 陨石meter oil 仪泼油metering pump 计量泵methabenzthiazuron 噻唑隆methacrylic acid 异丁烯酸methacrylonitrile 异丁烯腈methadone 美沙酮methallyl alcohol 甲代烯丙醇methanal 甲醛methane 甲烷methanoic acid 甲酸methanol 甲醇methanolysis 甲醇分解methanthiol 甲硫醇methemoglobin 正铁血红蛋白methene 甲叉methidathion 杀扑磷methide 甲基化物methionine 甲硫氨酸method of least squares 最小二乘法method of spin labeling 自旋标记法method of steady state 定常状态法method of steepest descent 最陡下降法method of substitution 取代法methoxide 甲醇盐methoxyacetic acid 甲氧基乙酸methoxybenzene 茴香醚methoxychlor 甲氧氯methoxyl group 甲氧基methyl acetate 醋酸甲酯methyl acetone 甲基丙酮methyl acrylate 丙烯酸甲酯methyl alcohol 甲醇methyl benzoate 苯甲酸甲酯methyl blue 甲基蓝methyl borate 硼酸甲酯methyl cellulose 甲基纤维素methyl chloride 甲基氯methyl ethyl diketone 乙酰丙酮methyl ethyl ketone 丁酮methyl furan 甲基呋喃methyl iodide 甲基碘methyl mercaptan 甲硫醇methyl methacrylate 甲基丙烯酸甲酯methyl myristate 十四烷酸甲酯methyl nitrate 硝酸甲酯methyl orange 甲基橙methyl parathion 甲基对硫磷methyl piperazine 甲基哌嗪methyl red 甲基红methyl rubber 甲基橡胶methyl salicylate 水杨酸甲酯methyl stearate 硬脂酸甲酯methyl vinyl ether 甲基乙烯基醚methyl vinyl ketone 甲基乙烯基酮methyl violet 甲基紫methylacetylene 丙炔methylal 甲缩醛methylallyl chloride 甲代烯丙基氯methylamine 甲胺methylate 甲醇盐methylated alcohol 甲基化酒精methylating agent 甲基化剂methylation 甲基化酌methylbenzene 甲苯methylbutynol 甲基丁炔醇methylcyclohexane 甲基环己烷;甲基溶纤剂methylcyclohexanol 甲基环己醇methylcyclohexanone 甲基环己酮methylcyclopentane 甲基环戊烷methylene 甲叉methylene blue 亚甲蓝methylene chloride 二氯甲烷methyleneaniline 亚甲基氨苯methylfumaric acid 甲基反丁烯二酸methylglyoxal 丙酮醛methylisobutylketone 甲基异丁酮methylnaphthalene 甲基萘methylol 亚甲醇methylolurea 羟甲基脲methylpentene 甲基戊烯methylphenol 甲酚methylpiperidine 哌可啉metol 米吐尔metribuzin 赛克津mezcaline 墨斯卡灵mica 云母mica capacitor 云母电容器mica condenser 云母电容器mica plate 云母板mica schist 云母片岩micaceous hematite 云母赤铁矿micaceous iron ore 云母赤铁矿micell formation 胶束形成micell weight 胶束量micellar space 胶束空间micelle 胶团michael reaction 迈克尔反应micro heterogeneity 微异质性micro porous rubber 微孔泡沫胶microanalysis 微量分析microanalytical reagent 微量分析试剂microanalyzer 微量分析器microbalance 微量天平microbattery 微电池microbe 微生物microbicide 杀菌剂microbioassay 微生物学测定法microbiological assay 微生物学测定法microbiological corrosion 微生物腐蚀microburet 微量滴定管microburner 微灯microcapsule 微胶囊microchemistry 微量化学microcoacervation 微凝聚microcolorimeter 做量比色计microcomponent 微量组分microcorrosion 微腐蚀microcosmic salt 磷盐microcrystal 微晶microcrystalline structure 微晶结构microelectrode 微电极microelectrolysis 微量电解microelement 微量元素microfilter 微量过滤器microhardness tester 显微硬度试验器microincineration 微量灰化microlite 细晶石micromanipulator 显微操阻备micrometer 测微计micrometer eyepiece 目镜测微计micron 微米micronitrometer 微氮量计micronutrient 微量养料microorganism 微生物microphotometer 显微光度计micropipet 微量吸移管micropore 微孔microporous barrier 微孔障碍microsample 微量试样microscope 显微镜microscopic analysis 显微镜分析microscopy 显微镜检查法microspectroscope 显微分光镜microstate 微观状态microstructure 微结构microthrowing power 微量布散能力microtitration 微量滴定microtome 切片机middle oil 中油middle tone 中间色调migration 迁移migration area 迁移面积migration current 迁移电流migration potential 迁移电位milk 牛奶milk fat 乳脂milk of lime 石灰乳milk of sulfur 乳硫milk powder 奶粉milk sugar 乳糖milky glass 乳白玻璃mill 磨粉机mill addition 球磨机添加物料mill grease 磨机用润滑脂milled rubber 捏炼橡胶milled soap 研制皂milliequivalent 毫当量millimol 毫克分子milling 捏炼milling machine 捏炼机milling ore 进厂矿石millon's base 米隆碱millon's reagent 米隆试剂mine air 矿井内空气mine fire 矿井内火灾mine gas 矿井内气体mine water 矿井水mineral 矿物mineral acid 无机酸mineral analysis 矿物分析mineral bath 矿泉浴mineral black 矿物黑mineral charcoal 天然木炭mineral chemistry 矿物化学mineral colloid 无机胶体mineral colza oil 重质灯油mineral deposit 矿床mineral dressing 选矿mineral dye 矿物染料mineral fertilizer 无机肥料mineral fiber 矿物纤维mineral oil 矿物油mineral pigment 矿物性颜料mineral processing 选矿mineral resin 矿物尸mineral rubber 矿物胶mineral seal oil 重质灯油mineral spirit 石油醚mineral substance 矿物质mineral water 矿泉水mineral wax 木炭mineral wool 矿棉mineralizer 矿化剂mineralogy 矿物学minimum 最小minimum content 最小含量minimum deviation 最小偏差minimum number of theoretical plates 最小理论板数minimum reflux ratio 最小回寥minimum thermometer 最低温度计minimum weight 最低重量minium 铅丹minivalence 最小化合价minor 子式mirabilite 芒硝;芒硝mirbane oil 硝基苯mirror glass 镜玻璃mirror image isomer 镜像异构体mirror point 镜像点mirror symmetry 镜面对称miscibility 混性miscibility gap 混溶隙miscible solvent 可混溶剂misfire 拒爆mispickel 砷黄铁矿mist 细雾mitomycin 丝裂霉素mix spinning 混合纺纱mixed acid 混酸mixed base crude oil 混合基原油mixed bed system 混合床系统mixed complex 混合络合物mixed cryoglobulin 混合冷沉球蛋白mixed crystal 混合晶体mixed fertilizer 混合肥料mixed gas 混合气体mixed glyceride 混酸甘油酯mixed indicator 混合指示剂mixed melting point 混合熔点mixed oxide 混合氧化物mixed paint 低涂料mixed solvent 混合溶剂mixed valence 混合原子价mixed valence complex 混合原子价复合体mixer 混合机mixing 混合mixing machine 混合机mixing mill 混合辊mixing proportion 混合比mixing ratio 混合比mixture 混合物mixture of gasoline and alcohol 汽油酒精混合剂mobile equilibrium 怜平衡mobile oil 猎油mobile phase 怜相mobility 迁移率mobilometer 淌度计model 型model enzyme 模型酵素model research 模型研究moderation 减速moderator 减速剂moderator coolant 减速冷却剂moderator lattice 慢化剂栅格modification 变态modified milk powder 改性牛奶粉modified rayon 变性人造纤维modified resin 改良尸modified wood 改性木材modifier 改良剂modifying agent 改良剂modulation 灯modulus 模数modulus of compression 压缩模量modulus of elasticity 弹性系数modulus of rupture 裂断模量mohr pipet 莫尔吸量管mohr's salt 莫尔盐mohs scale 莫氏硬度moiety 一部分moist adiabatic change 湿绝热变化moist air 湿空气moistener 润湿器moistening chamber 给湿室moisture 湿气moisture absorption 吸潮moisture ash free coal 无水无灰煤moisture barrier 防潮衬层moisture content 含水量moisture equivalent 含水当量moisture permeability 透湿性mol 克分子molal solution 克分子溶液molar absorption coeffcient 摩尔吸光系数molar concentration 克分子浓度molar conductivity 克分子电导率molar depression 分子降低molar depression of freezing point 克分子冰点降低molar elevation 克分子升高molar elevation of boiling point 摩尔沸点升高molar extinction coefficient 克分子消光系数molar fraction 克分子分数molar heat capacity 克分子热容molar polarization 分子极化molar refraction 分子折射molar rotation 克分子旋光度molar rotatory power 克分子旋光度molar solution 摩尔混液molar specific heat 摩尔比热molar susceptibility 摩尔磁化率molar volume 克分子体积molar weight 分子量molarity 克分子浓度molasses 废蜜mold 霉菌mold cure 模塑硫化mold goods 模制品mold lubricant 脱模剂mold releasing agent 脱模剂mold shrinkage 成型收缩molded laminate 模制品层压molding 模塑硫化molding plaster 塑造石膏molding powder 压塑粉molding press 造型机molding temperature 造型温度moldings 模制品mole 摩尔mole fraction 克分子分数molecular adsorption 分子吸附molecular arrangement 分子排布molecular association 分子缔合molecular asymmetry 分子不对称molecular attraction 分子引力molecular beam 分子束molecular collision 分子碰撞molecular colloid 分子胶体molecular compound 分子化合物molecular crystal 分子晶体molecular designing 分子设计molecular diagram 分子模型图molecular diffusion 分子扩散molecular dipole 分子偶极子molecular distillation 分子蒸馏molecular dynamics 分子动力学molecular elctroconductivity 分子电导率molecular evolution 分子演化molecular field 分子场molecular filter 分子过滤器molecular flexibility 分子柔性molecular force 分子力molecular formula 分子式molecular grating 分子晶格molecular heat capacity 摩尔热容molecular ion 分子离子molecular lattice 分子晶格molecular magnet 分子磁体molecular orbital 分子轨道molecular orbital method 分子轨道法molecular orientation 分子取向molecular reaction 分子反应molecular rearrangement 分子重排molecular relaxation 分子松弛molecular rotational energy 摩尔旋光能molecular rotatory power 分子旋光度molecular sieve 分子筛molecular solution 分子溶液molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecular still 分子蒸馏器molecular structure 分子结构molecular symmetry 分子对称molecular theory 分子说molecular volume 克分子体积molecular weight 分子量molecular weight determination 分子量测定molecular weight distribution curve 分子量分布曲线molecular weight distribution function 分子量分布函数molecule 分子molten slag 熔渣molten solvent 熔化溶剂molten state 熔融状态molting hormone 脱皮激素molybdate 钼酸盐molybdate orange 钼铬红molybdenite 辉钼矿molybdenum 钼molybdenum chloride 氯化钼molybdenum dioxide 二氧化钼molybdenum disulfide 二硫化钼molybdenum oxide 氧化钼molybdic acid 钼酸molybdite 钼华moment 力矩moment of inertia 惯性矩moment of momentum 动量矩momentum 动量monad 一价物monad radical 一价基monatomic 单原子的monatomicity 单原子性monazite 独居石mond gas 蒙德煤气mond process 蒙德法monoacetin 一醋精monoacidic base 一价碱monoaromatics 单芳香族化合物monoatomic molecule 单原子分子monobasic 一元的monobasic acid 一价酸monochloroacetic acid 一氯代醋酸monochlorobenzene 一氯代苯monochromatic light 单色光monochromatic temperature scale 单色温标monochromator 单色光镜monochrome 单色monoclinic sulphur 单斜硫monoclinic system 单斜晶系monodisperse sol 单分散溶胶monodisperse system 单分散系monoethanolamine 单乙醇胺monofilament 单丝monofunctional molecule 单功能分子monogenetic dyestuff 单色染料monoglyceride 甘油一酸酯monohydrate 一水化物monohydric alcohol 一元醇monolayer 单分子层monomer 单体monomer reactivity ratio 单体反应性比率monomolecular adsorption layer 单分子吸附层monomolecular film 单分子膜monomolecular layer 单分子层monomolecular membrane 单分子膜monomolecular reaction 单分子反应mononaphthene 单环烷monoolefine 单烯烃monosaccharide 单糖monose 单糖monosilane 甲硅烷monosodium glutamate 谷氨酸钠monostearin 甘油一硬脂酸酯monoterpene 单萜monotropy 单变现象monovalent 一价的monovariant equilibrium 单变平衡monovariant system 单变系monoxide 一氧化物montan wax 褐煤蜡montmorillonite 蒙脱石mooney plastometer 门尼塑度计mooney viscometer 门尼塑度计mooney viscosity 门尼粘度mordant 媒染剂mordant dye 媒染染料mordanting 媒染mordanting assistants 媒染助剂morin 桑色素morphine 吗啡morphine hydrochloride 盐酸吗啡morphine sulfate 硫酸吗啡碱morpholine 吗啉morphosan 吗啡散mortar 灰泥mosaic gold 镶嵌金mosaic structure 嵌镶结构moseley's law 摩斯利则moth proofing 防虫处理mother liquor 母液motor gasoline 动力汽油motor oil 汽车润滑油mottled paper 暗斑纸moulding machine 制模机moving bed 移动床moving bed catalytic cracking 移动床催裂化法moving bed reactor 移动床反应器moving catalyst bed 移动催化剂床moving phase 怜相mucic acid 粘酸mucilage 胶水mucin 粘液素mucin sugar 果糖mucoid 类粘蛋白muconic acid 粘康酸mucoprotein 粘蛋白mucosa 粘膜mucous fermentation 粘液发酵mucous membrane 粘膜mud 泥mud pump 泥浆泵mud removal acid 软泥除去酸mud sump 泥浆池muffle furnace 高温烘炉muffle kiln 高温烘炉mullite 莫来石mullite porcelain 莫来石质瓷mulser 乳化机multicellular glass 泡沫玻璃multicolored effect 多色染效应multicomponent distillation 多组分蒸馏multilayer adsorption 多层吸附multilayer film 多层膜multimolecular layer adsorption 多层吸附multimolecular reaction 多分子反应multinomial distribution 多项分布multiphase flow 多相流multiple bond 多重键multiple cage mill 粉碎机multiple effect evaporation 多效蒸发multiple effect evaporator 多效蒸发器multiplet 多重谱线multiplet splitting 多重线分裂multiplicity 多重性multistage compressor 多级压气机multistage pump 多级泵multivariant system 多变体系multivariate analysis 多元分析murexide 骨螺紫murexide reaction 骨螺紫反应murexide test 骨螺紫试验muriatic acid 盐酸muscarine 腐鱼毒muscone 香酮muscovite 白云母musk 香musk ketone 香酮mustard gas 芥气mustard oil 芥子油mutagen 诱变物质mutarotation 旋光改变mutton tallow 羊脂mutual exclusion rule 互斥现象则mutual induction 互感应mutual solubility 互溶度mutuality of phases 相的相互性mycoderma 菌皮myelin 髓磷脂myoglobin 肌红蛋白myokinase 肌激酶myosin 肌球朊myrcene 月桂烯myricetin 杨梅黄素myricyl alcohol 蜂花醇myristic acid 十四酸myristica oil 肉豆蔻油myrrh 没药nabam 代森钠nacre 珍珠母nacrolacquer 珍珠漆nandinine 南天竹碱napalm 凝汽油剂napalm bomb 汽油弹naphtha 石脑油naphtha cracking 石脑油裂解naphthacene 并四苯naphthaldehyde 萘醛naphthalene 萘naphthalene nucleus 萘环naphthalene oil 萘油naphthazarin 萘茜naphthenate 环烷酸盐naphthenate soap 环烷皂naphthene 环烷naphthene base crude oil 环烷基原油naphthenic acid 环酸naphthenic hydrocarbon 环烷烃naphthenic soap 环烷皂naphthionic acid 对氨基萘磺酸naphthoic acid 萘酸naphthoic aldehyde 萘醛naphthol 萘酚naphthol dye 萘酚染料naphthol green 萘酚绿naphthol phthalein 萘酸酞naphthol yellow 萘酚黄naphthology 石油科学naphtholsulfonic acid 萘酚磺酸naphthopicric acid 萘苦酸naphthoquinoline 萘喹啉naphthoquinone 萘醌naphthylamine 萘胺naples yellow 拿浦黄narceine 那碎因narcosis 麻醉narcotic 麻醉剂narcotic poison 致昏迷毒剂narcotine 那可汀narcotization 麻醉naringin 柚苷nascent hydrogen 初生氢nascent state 初生态native gold 自然金natural abrasive 天然磨料natural asphalt 天然沥青natural cement 天然水泥natural coke 天然焦natural color photography 天然色照相natural convection 自然对流natural cooling 自然冷却natural draft 自然通风natural dye 天然染料natural fiber 天然纤维natural gas 天然煤气natural gasoline 天然汽油natural graphite 天然黑铅natural heat convection 自然对粱热natural perfume 天然香料natural pigment 天然色素natural radioactivity 天然放射性natural resin 天然尸natural rubber 天然橡胶natural science 自然科学natural silk 天然丝natural soda 天然苏打nature 性质nauseants 呕吐剂navier stokes equation of motion 那维尔斯托克斯运动方程试near ultraviolet rays 近紫外线neat cement 净水泥neat soap 纯皂needle crystal 针状结晶needle valve 针阀negative 负片negative adsorption 负吸附酌negative catalysis 负催化negative catalyst 负催化剂negative colloid 阴性胶体negative effect 负效应negative electrode 阴极negative element 阴性元素negative ion 阴离子negative maximum 负极大negative plate 阴极板negative reaction 负反应negative substituent 阴性取代基neighboring group effect 邻基效应nematic liquid crystal 向列型液晶nematic phase 向列相nematic state 向列态nematocide 杀线虫剂neoarsenobenzene 新砷苯neoarsphenamine 新胂凡钠明neocupferron 新铜铁灵neodymium 钕neohexane 新己烷neomycin 新霉素neon 氖neon lamp 氖灯neopentane 新戊烷neopentyl alcohol 新戊醇neoprene 氯丁二烯橡胶neosalvarsan 新塞佛散neostigmine bromide 溴化新斯的明nepheline 霞石nepheline syenite 霞石正长岩nephelite 霞石nephelometer 比浊计nephelometric analysis 比浊法nephelometry 比浊法nephrite 软玉neptunium 镎neral 橙花醛nernst's heat theorem 能斯脱热定理nerol 橙花醇nerolidol 橙花叔醇nerolin 橙花醚nerve gas 神经毒气nerve narcotic 神经麻醉药nerve poison 神经毒剂nerve tonic 神经强壮剂nervonic acid 神经酸nesmeyanov reaction 内斯米羊诺夫反应nesosilicate 岛状硅酸盐nessler tube 奈斯勒比色管nessler's color comparison tube 奈斯勒比色管nessler's reagent 奈斯勒氏试剂net calorific value 净热值net plane 网平面net retention volume 净保留体积net weight 净重net working 网状结合network molecule 网络分子network structure 网状结构neuraminic acid 神经氨酸neurine 神经碱neurochemistry 神经化学neurokeratin 神经角蛋白neurotransmitter 神经传递介质neutral catalyst 中性催化剂neutral lipid 中性脂质neutral oxide 中性氧化物neutral point 中和点neutral potassium arsenite 中性亚砷酸钾neutral red 中性红neutral salt 中性盐neutral salt effect 中性盐效应neutral solution 中性溶液neutral species 无电荷化学种neutrality 中性neutralization 中和neutralization curve 中和曲线neutralization equivalent 中和当量neutralization indicator 中和指示剂neutralization number 中和值neutralization of waste water 废水的中和neutralization titration 中和滴定neutralization value 中和值neutralizing tank 中和槽neutrino 中微子neutron 中子neutron absorptiometry 中子吸收分析neutron absorption 中子吸收neutron activation analysis 中子活化分析neutron capture 中子俘获neutron degradation 中子减速neutron density 中子密度neutron diffraction 中子衍射。

实验室器材英文翻译

实验室常用英语-化学生物类1. 2。

来美国学习遇到了一个很郁闷的事：走进实验室跟别人交流非常困难，自己做实验也是磕磕碰碰。

一个很大的原因就是一些实验仪器或是药品的名称不知道怎么说，以前学英文从来没有学这些内容.郁闷之余,我在网上搜集了一些相关仪器和药品的中英对照，与大家一起学习分享，希望对学化学生物类的朋友有些帮助。

由于药品种类繁多,各人使用相关也很大，以下仅列仪器部分.容器类：量杯measuring cup烧杯beaker 不锈钢杯stainless-steel beaker量筒measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒graduated flask/measuring cylinder坩埚crucible 坩埚钳crucible clamp 坩埚crucible pot, melting pot试管test tube 试管架test tube holder漏斗funnel 分液漏斗separatory funnel烧瓶flask 锥形瓶conical flask塞子stopper洗瓶plastic wash bottle滴定管burette玻璃活塞stopcock冷凝器condenser试剂瓶reagent bottles玻棒glass rod 搅拌棒stirring rod蒸馏烧瓶distilling flask碘量瓶iodine flask表面皿watch glass蒸发皿evaporating dish容量瓶volumetric flask/measuring flask移液管（one—mark）pipette刻度移液管graduated pipettes称量瓶weighing bottle吸液管pipette滤管filter天平balance/scale分析天平analytical balance台秤platform balance游码crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯alcohol burner酒精喷灯blast alcohol burner搅拌装置stirring device洗耳球rubber suction bulb研磨钵mortar 研磨棒pestle 玛瑙研钵agate mortar瓷器porcelain白细口瓶flint glass solution bottle with stopper滴瓶dropping bottle 小滴管dropper蒸馏装置distilling apparatus蒸发器evaporator试验用器材：升降台lab jack铁架台iron support万能夹extension clamp蝴蝶夹double-buret clamp双顶丝clamp regular holder止水夹flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架cast—iron ring移液管架pipet rack试管架tube rack沸石boiling stone橡胶管rubber tubing药匙lab spoon镊子forceps坩埚钳crucible tong剪刀scissor打孔器stopper borer石棉网asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝wire coil for heater脱脂棉absorbent cottonphph试纸universal ph indicator paper滤纸filter paper称量纸weighing paper擦镜纸wiper for lens秒表stopwatch量杯glass graduates with scale白滴定管（酸）flint glass burette with glass stopcock棕色滴定管（酸）brown glass burette with glass stopcock 白滴定管(碱）flint glass burette for alkali棕色滴定管(碱）brown glass burette for alkali比重瓶specific gravity bottle水银温度计mercury—filled thermometerph计ph meter折光仪refractometer真空泵vacuum pump冷、热浴bath离心机centrifuge口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器power basic stirrer烘箱oven闪点仪flash point tester马弗炉furnace电炉heater微波炉电热套heating mantleBunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂，氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵化学反应：analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate，to oxidize 脱氧，氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合，水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion，melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极，正极cathode 阴极，负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的仪器中英文对照Aging Property Tester 老化性能测定仪Amino Acid Analyzer 氨基酸组成分析仪Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration 临床药物浓度仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer 原子发射光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy 原子荧光光谱仪Automatic Titrator 自动滴定仪Basic Physics 基本物理量测定Biochemical Analyzer 生化分析仪Biochemicalanalysis 生物技术分析Bio-reactor 生物反应器Blood—gas Analyzer 血气分析仪Centrifuge 离心机ChemiluminescenceApparatus 化学发光仪CHN Analysis 环境成分分析仪CO2 Incubators CO2培养箱Combustion PropertyTester 燃烧性能测定仪Conductivity Meter 电导仪Constant Temperature Circulator 恒温循环泵Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer 直流等离子体发射光谱仪DNA Sequencers DNA测序仪DNA synthesizer DNA合成仪Electrical Property Tester 电性能测定仪Electro Microscopy 电子显微镜Electrolytic Analyzer 电解质分析仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 电子能谱仪Electron Paramagnetic ResonanceSpectrometer 电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electrophoresis 电泳Electrophoresis System 电泳仪ELIASA 酶标仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 能谱仪Fermenter 发酵罐Flow Analytical and Process AnalyticalChemistry 流动分析与过程分析Fraction Collector 部分收集器FreezeDrying Equipment 冻干机FT—IR Spectrometer 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-Raman Spectrometer 傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪Gas Analysis 气体分析Gas Chromatograph 气相色谱仪GC-MS 气相色谱-质谱联用仪Gel PermeationChromatograph 凝胶渗透色谱仪HighPressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography 高压/效液相色谱仪Hybridization Oven 分子杂交仪ICP-MS ICP—质谱联用仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer 电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing 无损检测仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR仪Inverted Microscope 倒置显微镜Ion Chromatograph 离子色谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 同位素X荧光光谱仪LC—MS 液相色谱-质谱联用仪Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪Mechanical Property Tester 机械性能测定仪Metal/material elemental analysis 金属/材料元素分析仪Metallurgical Microscopy 金相显微镜Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer 微波等离子体光谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer 核磁共振波谱仪Optical Microscopy 光学显微镜Optical PropertyTester 光学性能测定仪Other/Miscellaneous 其他Particle Size Analyzer 粒度分析仪PCR Amplifier PCR仪Peptide synthesizer 多肽合成仪pH Meter pH计PhysicalProperty Analysis 物性分析Polarograph 极谱仪Protein Sequencer 氨基酸测序仪Rheometer 流变仪Sample Handling 样品处理Scanning Probe Microscopy FG|8oU 扫描探针显微镜Sensors 传感器Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein DNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Shaker 摇床Size Exclusion Chromatograph 体积排阻色谱Surface Science 表面科学SurfaceAnalyzer 表面分析仪Thermal Analyzer 热分析仪Thermal Physical Property Tester 热物理性能测定仪Ultrahigh Purity Filter 超滤器Ultra-low Temperature Freezer 超低温冰箱Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor 超声破碎仪Ultraviolet Detector 紫外检测仪UltravioletLamp 紫外观察灯Urine Analyzer 尿液分析仪UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 紫外—可见光分光光度计Viscometer 粘度计Voltammerter 伏安仪Water Test Kits 水质分析仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer X射线荧光光谱仪X—RayDiffractomer X射线衍射仪。

Labomed MET 400 反向金属微观观察器说明书

MET 400User ManualInverted Metallurgical MicroscopyTo ensure proper use of this instrument as well as to avoid injury while operating1214TROUBLESHOOTING11SPECIFICATION 1310CARE & MAINTENANCE 129OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES 118DETAILED OBSERVATION PROCEDURE 107DETAILED BRIGHT FIELD OBSERVATION PROCEDURE 96INITIAL SETUP & ASSEMBLY 6-85INSTALLING THE INCIDENTAL LIGHT ILLUMINATOR 544MET 400 TRINOCULAR DIAGRAM3UNPACKING YOUR MICROSCOPE 32SAFETY INFORMATION21INTRODUCTION 1The MET 400 inverted microscope sets a new standard for inverted metallurgical microscopes.It combines high performance and distinctive styling with the high quality craftsmanship for which Labomed is known. The excellent image and comfort of use are the basics of Labomed MET400.The ergonomics of the design, an aesthetically configured MET400 is the instant choice for Metallurgical Studies & relative sciences. Offered with Infinity Corrected True color optical system, choices of observation tubes, soft feelturret movement, stage with micro manipulation offer a paramount performance.The user should be aware that the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired if used with accessories not provided or recommended by the manufacturer or used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer.1.of personal injury or damage to this Instrument. It is recomended for your safety to read the manual throughly & do not discard this manual rather preserve it for easy reference while operating for best results.2To avoid potential electrical hazards when replacing halogen bulb, turn the microscopes main switch to the OFF position and disconnect power cord from wall outlet in advance. Whenever you replace your microscope bulb, allow lamp socket and bulb to cool before touching (Fig. 1)Applicable bulb replacement: 6V30W Halogen bulb P/N EL-455;It is important to follow Safety Instructions carefully to avoid any kind Fig. 1!ATTENTIONSafety SymbolsMET400 comes securely packed in the custom configured foam packing, to prevent it from all shocks andtransit damages.After removing your Microscope from its packing, make sure that all of the following contents are present. “Please note that the contents of your Microscope may vary as the optional configuration, contrasting method or viewing body opted for may not be of the standard configuration highlighted here”:1.Microscope body2.Observation tubes, as ordered3.Eyepieces Pair4. 2 Filter Sliders(ND & NCB)5.Stage Plate (fitted on Body)6.Objectives Set - Standard 5x, 10x, 20x & 50x7.Epi Illuminator assembly with Two Filter Slots8.Installation tools Allen Key - 3mm9.Power Cord10.Mechanical Stage (Optional) if ordered.11.Specimen Holder Plate12.Three different size of Petri Dish holders13.Two Hand RestsCamera PortEyepieces (Focusable)Observation HeadBinocularScrew For FixingBinocular headRevolving Turret ForObjectivesLight IntensityControl knobControl KnobsFor Coarse & FineFocusingON / OFF SwitchCoaxial ControlKnobs For StageX & Y MovementEPIIlluminatorLamp HouseCoverLamp Holder(Removable For Bulbreplacement)2 Filter SlidersAperture diaphragmLeverSpecimen HolderPlateMechanical Stage(Optional)TRINOCULAR MET-400Fig. 2IlluminatorThe Illuminator Unit is to be fixed to the main Microscope Body with 3 screws using Allen wrench supplied along with Illuminator. Three Tapped Holes are provided in the Base Unit as shown in Diagram below.Important Note:Make sure the Power Cord is not connected at this stage.After the Illuminator Assembly is properly fixed, connect the cable from Lamp House to the Socket provided in Base of Microscope as shown in below picture.Adjusting the Aperture DiaphragmIn order to achieve good resolution of the optical image, the contrast and depth of focus it is necessary to control the numerical aperture of the Illumination system through the lever provided on the illuminator - See Diagram above.1.Place a specimen with plain surface on the stage.2.Focus on the specimen with 10x Objective.3.Remove one of the Eyepiece & look through the Eyepiece Tube to ensure the diaphragm image is visible in the pupil of the Objective4.It is recommended to keep the Aperture Diaphragm image in nearly 3/4th of the pupil of Objective. Adjust withaperture lever your required image quality.Reducing the aperture increases the contrast & the depth of focus. Increasing the aperture increases the brightness & resolution. Fig. 3INITIAL SETUP & ASSEMBLYBase unit is assembled with co-axial focus mechanism, turret and stage plate, as per procedure below:Install the observation head using the following procedure as shown in Fig. 4:1. Using the 3mm allen wrench (provided), loosen the HeadLocking Screw (1) and remove the dust cover cap provided in dovetail cavity as well as on the observation head dovetail.2. Mount the Observation Head by engaging the dovetail providedat the bottom of the head into the dovetail cavity provided in the microscopes arm.3. Tighten the Head Locking Screw (1) after positioning theObservation Head as desired. See figure 4.Fig. 4Fig. 5Insert the eyepieces into the ocular tube of Observation Head after removing the protective caps from the observation tube.For Dioptre Adjustment on Eye Piece See Page 7Settle down the nosepiece by rotating coarse adjustment knob towards back. Remove the dust prevention caps from the nosepiece.Screw the objective with the lowest magnification into the revolving nosepiece from the left side of the microscope. Turn the nosepiece clockwise and mount the remaining objectives in ascending magnification order. (Fig. 5) Clean the objectives periodically.Be sure to cover any unused threaded position on Turret with the dust prevention caps to prevent from dirt and dust from getting inside.!!Fig. 7The inter-pupillary distance adjustment consists of regulating the two eyepieces to align with both the eyes’ pupils so that you can observe a single microscopic image through two eyepieces in stereo vision. This greatly helps to reduce fatigue and discomfort during observation.While looking through the eyepieces, move both eyepieces laterally until the left and right fields of view coincide completely. The position of index dot (•) indicates the inter-pupiliary distance value.Note your interpupillary distance so that it can be quickly referred to in the future. This is especially important if multiple users work with themicroscope.normal, folded-down position. This will Fig. 8Fig.9Adjust the Diopter setting to “0” position by matching the fiducial lines on both eyepieces. Now looking through one eye piece (eith , turn the coarse and fine focus adjustment knobs to bring the specimen into focus.Adjust the focus of other side of eye piece by looking through it and at the same time optimizing the Dioptre scale of the Eye Piece.er left or right)*Make sure the Power Cord is not connected.Use only recommended 6V-30W high intensity Halogen bulb.Applicable bulb replacement 6V-30W Halogen Bulb P/No. EL-455.Pull out the lamp socket and pull out the blown bulb using a soft cloth. Gently insert the new bulb. Do not squeeze or press the bulb too much as it can cause damage to the bulb and hand.Fit the lamp socket by aligning the guide pins with the condenser guide holes. Push the lamp socket gently into the transmitted light illuminator. (Fig. 11, 12)Ref. #Fig. 10.21.Click ”” as shown in Figure 17.2.Rotating the light intensity adjustment knob in the direction of the arrowincreases the brightness and rotating the knob in the opposite direction decreases the brightness. The intensity bar on the knob indicates the direction of intensity level.the main switch to I (ON)Fig. 13Place the Metallurgical specimen on the stage plate. The specimen should have sufficient polished - reflective surface.In case your microscope has mechanical stage mounted, use appropriate holder plates. (See details on Page 13)-Focusing Procedure - use of Coarse focus knob & Fine Focus Knob.1. Rotate the coarse adjustment knob (1) clockwise so that the objective (3) is as close as possible to the specimen (We recommend startingwith 10X).2. While observing the specimen through the eyepieces, slowly rotatethe coarse adjustment knob (1) counterclockwise to lower the objectives.3. When coarse focusing of the specimen is obtained (an image isobserved), rotate the fine adjustment knob (2) for fine detail focusing.4. Adjusting Torque for Coarse Focus Knob.Rotation of tension adjusting ring towards coarse knob will increase focusing torque. Rotating tension adjusting ring towards stand will decrease the focusing torque. Working Distance (WD)The WD refers to the distance between each objective and the specimen, when acute focus of the specimen is obtained.Objective Magnification 5X 10X 20X 50X WD (mm)17.56.811.18.2Fig. 14Fig. 151. Mount the Video adapter 1/2” on Trinocular observation head.2. Mount Camera Module System on Video adapter.Your microscope has been engineered for a long and safe operational life with the least amount of maintenance required. In general, routine maintenance is limited to keeping the microscopes working parts lubricated and optics clean. Always cover the microscope with the provided dust cover when not in use.1. Optical Cleaning:1.The objectives have been adjusted for a tight fit to prevent any damage during transportation. To remove anobjective, rotate it counterclockwise while gripping it with a rubber sheet, etc. to avoid any slippage.2.To clean the lens surfaces, remove dust using a soft brush or compressed air (cans available at your localelectronics store). For removing finger marks or grease, soft cleaning cloth or lens tissue lightly moistened with cleaning solution (85% petroleum ether and 15% isopropanol) should be used. For cleaning the objective optics, use Methanol. Observe sufficient caution in handling Methanol. Place the objectives and/or eyepieces on a dust-free surface (e.g. aluminum foil). All other optical components to be cleaned should be as accessible as possible.3.. Blow all loose dust particles away with compressed air or mini dust blower.4. Remove all water-soluble dirt with distilled water. If this is unsuccessful repeat using a solution of diluted handsoap liquid. Remove any remaining residue with a dry cotton swab.5. To remove oil, use a solution of diluted hand-soap liquid initially. If this does not produce a satisfactory result,repeat the cleaning using a solvent (Optical Cleaning Solution 85% petroleum ether and 15% isopropanol).6. Grease must always be removed using a solvent.7.Cleaning is achieved by using a spiral motion from the center to the rim. Never wipe using zig-zag movements asthis will only spread the dirt. With larger optical surfaces (e.g. tube lenses) the spiral motion starts initially at the rim before moving to the middle and is then followed by a center to rim cleaning motion. Normally several spiral wipes are recommended.We recommend pure, volatile petroleum ether or Optical Cleaning Solution as explained in point 3 above.Wipe using a spiral movement. Do not use a zig-zag motion!2. Cleaning of painted surfaces :Avoid the use of any organic solvent ( e.g. thinner, xylene, ether, alcohol etc.) for cleaning of painted surfaces of the instrument. Painted surfaces can be cleaned with a very lightly moistened micro fiber cloth. Loose dust and other dirt particles can be removed using a soft bristle brush used exclusively for this purpose.1. IlluminationBuilt-in Incident illumination system Halogen Lamp 6V-30W.2. Focusing mechanism Stage height adjustment mechanismFine adjustment scale: 0.002mm per graduation; Fine adjustment stroke: 0.2mm perturnTotal stroke: 20mmCo-axial coarse and fine focusing on ball drive3. Revolving nosepiece Quadruple positions fixed4. Observation tubeBinocular Trinocular Ergonomic Field number 222222Tube tilting angle 30°30°0°to 25°Interpupillary distance 52-7552-7552-75adjustment range5. StageSize240 x 160mmMovement range 78 x 54mm with Mechanical Stage.Specimen holder3 Different Shapes.7. Dimensions & Weight 495.0mm (L) x 300.0mm (W) x 470mm (H); 9.5 kg net 8. ElectricalLamp Halogen, 6V-30W Lamp life up to 100 hours Input100V-240V AC, 50/60 Hz9. Operating environmentIndoor useAltitude: Max. 2000 metersAmbient temperature: 5° to 40°C (41° to 104° F)Maximum relative humidity: 80% for temperature up to 31°C (88°F),decreasing linearly through 70% at 34°C (93°F), to 50% relative humidity at 40°C (104°F)Supply voltage: 100 VAC TO 240 VACSupply voltage fluctuations: Not to exceed ±10% of the normal voltage.Power consumption: 50W; Fuse: F5A/250V Power supply to the halogen lamp: 6V AT 30W Pollution degree: 2 (in accordance with IEC60664)Installation/Overvoltage category: II (in accordance with IEC60664)CAUTION: HIGH VOLTAGEFUSE REPLACEMENT WARNING: HIGH VOLTAGE POWER INLET EARTHWARNING: HIGH TEMPERATUREUnder certain conditions, performance of the unit may be adversely affected by factors other than defects. If problems occur, please review the following list and take remedial action as needed. In case of any other problem which cannot be rectified as below, please contact the service agents.Trouble Cause RemedyAlthough the Power is on, the field ofview is dark.The bulb is burned out.Connect it securely.The socket pin is not connected from the illumination column to the back of the instrument.The light intensity control is set to too low. The objective is not in position.Replace the bulb.Set the illumination to desired position. Make sure the objective is clicked properly.Dirt or dust is visible in the field of view.Dirt/dust on the eyepieces.Clean the specimen.Dirt/dust on the specimen.Clean them thoroughly. Visibility is poor.- Image is not sharp.- Contrast is not sharp.- Details are indistinct.One side of image is blurred.The bulb flickers and the brightness is unstable.The coarse adjustment knob is too difficult to rotate.The field of view of one eye does not match that of the other.The aperture iris diaphragm is opened orstopped down too far in brightfieldobservation.The specimen is not correctly mountedon the stage.The bulb is nearly burned out.The tension adjustment ring is loosenedtoo much.Incorrect diopter adjustment.The power cord is not connecting securely.Replace it with a clean specimen.Make sure that the revolving nosepiececlicks properly into place.Use a voltage stabilizer.Adjust it appropriately.Adjust the interpupilary distance.The specimen is not correctly engaged.The revolving nosepiece is not correctlyengagedThe line voltage fluctuatesThe tension adjustment ring is tightenedtoo much.Incorrect interpupilary distanceadjustment.Clean eyepieces gently.Adjust the aperture.Place it correctly on the stage.Replace the bulb.Tighten it appropriately.Adjust the diopter.Connect it securely.Fuse is blown.Replace fuses (250V / 5 Amps)1.2. 3.4. 5. 6. 7.Our policy is one of continuous development. Labo America, Inc., reserves the right to change design and specifications without prior notice.Labo America Inc. 920 Auburn Court. FremontCA 94538U.S.A.Telephone: 510 445 1257 Fax: 510 991 9862 sales@。

金相光学测量显微镜的特点有哪些

金相光学测量显微镜的特点有哪些金相光学测量显微镜（Metallurgical Optical Microscope）是一种应用广泛的分析仪器，在金属材料、非金属材料和生物材料的研究中都有广泛的应用。

本文将介绍金相光学测量显微镜的主要特点。

一、高清晰度成像金相显微镜拥有高水平的光学、机械和电学性能，能够在高放大倍数下获得高清晰度的成像效果。

这是因为金相显微镜采用了高品质的光学组件，并且通过配备精准的机械部件来确保镜片的精度定位，从而保证清晰度的成像效果，在材料的观察中获得较好的表面形貌观测效果。

二、可变放大倍率金相显微镜能够通过设置不同的放大倍率来显示不同级别的图像，从而使用户可以更加精确地观察材料表面的特征和细节，从而提高分析精度。

同时，在实际应用中，金相显微镜还可以通过数字摄像机的输出将显微图像直接显示到电脑屏幕上，通过屏幕的放大和缩小可以获得不同倍率下的图像。

三、对比度调节范围广金相显微镜还具有对比度调节范围广的特点。

通常情况下，材料表面形状比较复杂，颜色较多，对比度也比较微弱，这就要求显微镜具有足够的对比度调节能力。

金相显微镜通过调节光源亮度、光源位置、滤波器、相差镜、标量镜、暗场装置等多种方式，可以获得较高的对比度效果，这对于在研究和分析中取得更精准的结果非常有帮助。

四、照明透射兼备金相显微镜还具有照明透射兼备的特点，这是因为金相显微镜可以同时使用自然光和偏光来透射和反射样品表面的图像。

这让用户可以在不同的情况下进行照明设置，以获得不同的透视效果。

比如在研究长纤维材料时，可以采用偏光反射模式，从而将纤维材料的结构更加清晰地展现出来。

五、测量分析功能强大金相显微镜还具有测量分析功能强大的特点，比如可以测量晶体结构的晶向、晶粒度及晶界等物理特性，同时还可以进行颗粒分析、形貌分析以及热处理比较等各种分析，可以有力地支持研究人员进行新材料的分析和研发工作。

综上所述，金相光学测量显微镜是一种应用广泛的分析仪器，具有高清晰度成像、可变放大倍率、对比度调节范围广、照明透射兼备以及测量分析功能强大等特点，对于金属和非金属材料的分析及研究，有很好的助力作用。

医疗设备英语大全【范本模板】

1 Myo—electric potential /evoked potential meter肌电/诱发电位仪2 fetal monitor胎儿监护仪3 digital imaging colposcope 数字成像阴道镜4 patient monitoring system 监护系统5 Coblation Plasma Surgery System低温等离子消融治疗仪6 IF Interference currency therapeutic Unit中频干扰电治疗仪7 Central Monitoring System中央监护系统8 Portable multi-parameter monitor便携式多参数监护仪9 MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) system磁共振成像系统10 CT （Computed （axial）Tomography）计算机X线断层摄影术11 X—ray Machine X射线机12 Color Ultrasonic 彩色超声波13 permanent-magnet open MRI system永磁开放式磁共振成像装置14 non-eddy current magnet无涡流磁体15 dynamic ECG动态心电图16 Spiral CT Scanner螺旋CT扫描机17 Full-body CT 全身CT机18 Open bore MR开放口径磁共振19 super high—field MRI超导高场20 Rotating /Rotary Viscometer 旋转式粘度计21 medical testing instrument and equipments 医用检测仪器及设备22 Bechtop超净工作台23 hemorrheology血液流变学24 Platelet Aggregation/Coagulation Analyzer血小板聚集凝血因子分析仪25 Blood Cell Deformation/Aggregation Analyzer血细胞变形/聚集测试仪26 Urine Sediments Microanalyzer尿沉渣显微分析仪27 blood flow rheometer 血流变仪28 X-ray diagnostic equipment X射线诊断设备29 Dental units 牙科仪器30 large—scale angiocardiography system 大型血管造影31 intervention treatment system介入治疗系统32 HF digital Gastrointestinal diagnostic system高频数字胃肠诊断系统33 direct digital imaging system直接数字成像系统34 Doppler spectrum analyzer 多普勒频谱分析器35 Computed & Remote-controlled X—ray diagnostic machine程控遥控医用诊断X射线机36 Magnetic Resonance Imaging System磁共振成像系统37 Comprehensive Dental unit牙科综合治疗机38 Autogenous Blood Recovery Unit自体血液回收机39 remote sensing 遥感40 telemetering 遥测41 He & Ne Laser intravascular irradiation therapeutic unit氦氖激光血管内照射治疗仪42 disposable optical fiber needle一次性使用光纤针43 semiconductor laser therapeutic unit，半导体激光治疗仪44 optical fiber couplers光纤耦合器45 Laser Sitz bath chair 激光坐浴机46 low- intensity He［-Ne laser intravascular irradiation therapeutic unit47 低强度氦氖激光血管内照射治疗仪48 dressing 敷料49 Disposable Sterile Injector一次性使用无菌注射器50 Disposable venous Needle一次性使用静脉输液针51 Disposable Delivery Kit(operation package ,induced abortion) 一次性使用产包（手术包,人流包）52 Disposable mask and cap一次性口罩，帽子53 Disposable Sterile Hypodermic Needle一次性使用无菌皮下注射针54 Disposable Infusion Set一次性使用输液器55 disposable surgical pad一次性手术洞巾56 disposable surgical gown一次性使用手术衣服57 Gauze Bandage纱布绷带58 medical cotton bud医用棉签59 Universal Operating Table多功能手术床60 intervention treatment介入诊疗手术床61 Catheterization Operating Table 导管手术台62 Microsurgical Operating Table显微外科手术床63 Orthopedics Operating Table骨科手术床64 Orthopedics Navigation Operating Table骨科导航手术床65 carbon fibre material碳纤维复合材料66 Catheterization table 导管台67 catheter guide 导尿管导引器，68 catheter introducing forceps 麻醉导管导引钳.69 catheterization 导管插入术.70 catheterization table 导管台.71 catheter mandrin 导尿管导引针。

ASTM A763=11 铁素体晶间

Designation:A763–93(Reapproved2004)Standard Practices forDetecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Ferritic Stainless Steels1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation A763;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1These practices cover the following four tests:1.1.1Practice W—Oxalic acid etch test for detecting sus-ceptibility to intergranular attack in stabilized ferritic stainless steels by classiﬁcation of the etching structures(see Sections3 through10).1.1.2Practice X—Ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test for detect-ing susceptibility to intergranular attack in ferritic stainless steels(Sections11to16).1.1.3Practice Y—Copper-copper sulfate-50%sulfuric acid test for detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in ferritic stainless steels(Sections17to22).1.1.4Practice Z—Copper-copper sulfate-16%sulfuric acid test for detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in ferritic stainless steels(Sections23to29).1.2The following factors govern the application of these practices(1–6)2:1.2.1Practice W,oxalic acid test,is a rapid method of identifying,by simple,electrolytic etching,those specimens of certain ferritic alloys that are not susceptible to intergranular corrosion associated with chromium carbide precipitation. Practice W is used as a screening test to avoid the necessity,for acceptable specimens,of more extensive testing required by Practices X,Y,and Z.See Table1for a listing of alloys for which Practice W is appropriate.1.2.2Practices X,Y,and Z can be used to detect the susceptibility of certain ferritic alloys to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides or nitrides.1.2.3Practices W,X,Y,and Z can also be used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment or of fusion welding on suscepti-bility to intergranular corrosion.1.2.4Table2lists the identiﬁcation ferritic stainless steels for which data on the application of at least one of the standard practices is available.1.2.5Some stabilized ferritic stainless steels may show high rates when tested by Practice X because of metallurgical factors not associated with chromium carbide or nitride pre-cipitation.This possibility must be considered in selecting the test binations of alloys and test methods for which successful experience is available are shown in Table1. Application of these standard tests to the other ferritic stainless steels will be by speciﬁc agreement between producer and user.1.3Depending on the test and alloy,evaluations may be accomplished by weight loss determination,microscopical examination,or bend test(Sections30and31).The choices are listed in Table1.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For speciﬁc safety precautionary statements,see3.2.5,Section7,13.1,and19.1.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3A370Test Methods and Deﬁnitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products3.Apparatus3.1Apparatus for Practice W,Oxalic Acid Etch Test:3.1.1Source of DC—Battery,generator,or rectiﬁer capable of supplying15V and20A.3.1.2Ammeter,range0to30A.3.1.3Variable Resistance,for control of specimen current.3.1.4Cathode—One-litre stainless steel beaker or suitable piece of stainless steel.3.1.5Electric Clamp,to hold etched specimen.3.1.6Metallurgical Microscope,for examination of etched structures at250to5003.3.1.7Electrodes—The specimen is made the anode and the beaker or other piece of stainless steel the cathode.3.1.8Electrolyte—Oxalic acid(H2C2O4·2H2O)reagent grade,10weight%solution.1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys,and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.14on Methods of Corrosion Testing.Current edition approved March1,2004.Published March2004.Originally approved st previous edition approved in1999as A763–93(1999)e1.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to these practices.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.3.2The apparatus common to Practices X,Y ,and Z is listed below.Supplementary requirements are noted as required.3.2.1The apparatus used is shown in Fig.1.N OTE 1—No substitution for this equipment may be used.The cold-ﬁnger type of condenser with standard Erlenmeyer ﬂasks may not be used.3.2.2Allihn or Soxhlet Condenser ,four-bulb (minimum)with a 45/50ground-glass joint.Overall length shall be about 330mm (13in.)with condensing section,241mm (91⁄2in.).3.2.3Erlenmeyer Flask ,1-L with a 45/50ground-glass joint.The ground-glass opening is somewhat over 38mm (11⁄2in.)wide.3.2.4Glass Cradles (Note 2)can be supplied by a glass blowing shop.The size of the cradles should be such that they can pass through the ground-glass joint of the Erlenmeyer ﬂask.They should have three or four holes in them to increase circulation of the test solution around the specimen.N OTE 2—Other equivalent means of specimen support such as glass hooks or stirrups may also be used.3.2.5Boiling Chips ,must be used to prevent bumping.It has been reported that violent boiling resulting in acid spills can occur.It is important to ensure that the concentration of acid does not become more concentrated and that an adequate number of boiling chips (which are resistant to attack by the test solution)are present.43.2.6Silicone Grease ,is recommended for the ground-glass joint.3.2.7Electrically Heated Hot Plate ,or other device to provide heat for continuous boiling of the solution.4Amphoteric alundum granules,Hengar Granules,from the Hengar Company,Philadelphia,PA have been found satisfactory for this purpose.TABLE 1Methods for Evaluating Ferritic Stainless Steels for Susceptibility to Intergranular CorrosionAlloyTime of Test,hEvaluation CriteriaWeight LossMicroscopical ExaminationBend TestPRACTICE W—OXALIC ACID ETCH TEST4390.025NA A A NA18Cr-2Mo 0.025NA A A NA XM270.025NA A A NA XM330.025NA A A NA 26-3-30.025NA A A NA PRACTICE X—FERRIC SULFATE -SULFURIC ACID TEST43024A B ,C ANA 44672A CA NA XM27120A D A CNA 29Cr-4Mo 120NA EA C NA 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni 120NA A CNA PRACTICE Y—COPPER-COPPER SULFATE -50%SULFURIC ACID TEST44696A C ANA XM27120A DA C NA XM33120A D A CNA 26–3–3120ADA C NA 29-4C 120A DA C NA 29Cr-4Mo 120NA A C NA 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni 120NA A CNA PRACTICE Z—COPPER-COPPER SULFATE -16%SULFURIC ACID TEST43024NA NA no ﬁssures 43424NA NA no ﬁssures 43624NA NA no ﬁssures 43924NA NA no ﬁssures 18Cr-2Mo24NA NAno ﬁssuresAPolished surface examined at 250to 5003with a metallurgical microscope (see 3.1.6).All other microscopical examinations are of the corroded surface under 403binocular examination (see Section 27).BA =Applicable.CPreferred criterion,these criteria are the most sensitive for the particular combination of alloy and test.DWeight loss measurements can be used to detect severely sensitized material,but they are not very sensitive for alloys noted with this superscript and may not detect slight or moderate sensitization.ENA =Not applicable.TABLE 2Steels for Which Test Results are AvailableUNS DesignationAlloy Practice(s)S4*******A X,Z S4*******A Z S4*******A Z S43035XM8Z S4440018Cr-2Mo W,Z S4*******A X,Y S44626XM33W,Y S44627XM27W,X,Y S4466026–3–3Y S4470029Cr-4Mo X,Y S4473529-4C Y S4480029Cr-4Mo-2NIX,YATypes 430,434,436,and 446are nonstabilized grades that are generally not used in the as-welded or sensitized condition in other than mildly corrosive environments.In the annealed condition,they are not subject to intergranular corrosion.For any studies ofIGA on Types 430,434,436,or 446,the indicated test methods are suggested.4.Preparation of Test Specimens4.1The preparation of test specimens is common among Practices X,Y ,and Z.Additional requirements are noted where necessary.4.2A specimen having a total surface area of 5to 20cm 2is recommended for Practices X,Y ,and Z.As-welded specimens should be cut so that no more than 13mm 1⁄2(in.)width of unaffected base metal is included on either side of the weld and heat-affected zone.4.3The intent is to test a specimen representing as nearly as possible the surface of the material as used in service.Only such surface ﬁnishing should be performed as is required to remove foreign material and obtain a standard,uniform ﬁnish as speciﬁed.For very heavy sections,specimens should be prepared to represent the appropriate surface while maintaining reasonable specimen size for convenience in testing.Ordi-narily,removal of more material than necessary will have little inﬂuence on the test results.However,in the special case of surface carburization (sometimes encountered,for instance,in tubing when carbonaceous lubricants are employed)it may be possible by heavy grinding or machining to remove the carburized layer completely.Such treatment of test specimens is not permissible,except in tests undertaken to demonstrate such surface effects.4.4Sensitization of Test Specimens :4.4.1Specimens from material that is going to be used in the as-received condition without additional welding or heat treat-ment may be tested in the as-received condition without any sensitizing treatment.4.4.2Specimens from material that is going to be welded or heat treated should be welded or heat treated in as nearly the same manner as the material will experience in service.4.4.3The speciﬁc sensitizing or welding treatment,or both,should be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.4.5For Practice W,a cross section of the sample including material at both surfaces and a cross section of any weld and its heat affected zones should be prepared.If the sample is too thick,multiple specimens should be used.Grind the cross section on wet or dry 80or 120-grit abrasive paper followed by successively ﬁner papers until a number 400or 3/0ﬁnish is obtained.Avoid excessive heat when dry-grinding.4.6For Practices X,Y ,and Z,all surfaces of the specimen including edges should be ground on wet or dry 80or 120-grit abrasive paper.Avoid excessive heat when dry-grinding.Do not use sand-or grit-blasting.All traces of oxide scale formed during heat treatment must be removed.To avoid scale entrapment,stamp specimens for identiﬁcation after heat treatment and grinding.4.7Degrease and dry the sample using suitable nonchlori-nated agents.PRACTICE W—OXALIC ACID ETCH TEST FORDETECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY TOINTERGRANULAR ATTACK BY CLASSIFICATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE FOR SCREENING OF CERTAIN FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS 5.Scope5.1The oxalic acid etch test is intended and may be used for screening of certain ferritic stainless steels to precede or preclude the need for corrosion testing as described in Practices X,Y ,or Z.Specimens with unacceptable microstructures should be subjected to Practices X,Y ,or Z to better determine their susceptibility to intergranular attack.See Table 1for a listing of alloys for which Practice W is appropriate.6.Etching Conditions6.1The polished specimens should be etched at 1A/cm 2for 1.5min.This may be accomplished with the apparatus pre-scribed in 3.1by adjusting the variable resistance until the ammeter reading in amperes equals the immersed specimen area in square centimetres.Immersion of the specimen-holding clamp in the etching solution should be avoided.7.Etching Precautions7.1Etching should be carried out under a ventilating hood.Gas evolved at the electrodes with entrained oxalic acid is poisonous and irritating.The temperature of the etching solution,which increases during etching,should be kept below 50°C by using two beakers of acid,one of which may be cooled while the other is inuse.FIG.1TestApparatus8.Rinsing Prior to Examination8.1Following etching,the specimen should be rinsed in hot water then acetone or alcohol to avoid oxalic acid crystalliza-tion on the etched surface during forced air-drying.9.Examination9.1Examine etched specimens on a metallurgical micro-scope at 250to 5003as appropriate for classiﬁcation of etched microstructure type as deﬁned in Section 10.10.Classiﬁcation of Etched Structures10.1Acceptable structures indicating resistance to chro-mium carbide-type intergranular attack:10.1.1Step structure —Steps only between grains—no ditches at grain boundaries (see Fig.2).10.1.2Dual structure —Some ditches at grain boundaries in addition to steps,but no single grain completely surrounded by ditches (see Fig.3).FIG.2Acceptable Structures Practice W—Oxalic-Acid Etch Test Steps Between Grains NoDitching10.2Unacceptable structures requiring additional testing (Practices X,Y ,or Z):10.2.1Ditch structure —One or more grains completely surrounded by ditches (see Fig.4).PRACTICE X—FERRIC SULFATE-SULFURIC ACID TEST FOR DETECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INTERGRANULAR ATTACK IN FERRITICSTAINLESS STEELS 11.Scope11.1This practice describes the procedure for conducting the boiling ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test which measures the susceptibility of ferritic stainless steels to intergranular attack.This test detects susceptibility to intergranular attack associ-ated with the precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides in stabilized and unstabilized ferric stainless steels.It may also detect the presence of chi or sigma phase in these steels.The test will not differentiate between intergranular attack resulting from carbides and that due to intermetallic phases.The ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solution may also selectively attack tita-nium carbides and nitrides in stabilized steels.The alloys on which the test has been successfully applied are shown in Table 1.11.2This test may be used to evaluate the susceptibility of as-received material to intergranular corrosion caused by chromium carbide or nitride precipitation.It may be applied to wrought products and weld metal.11.3This procedure may be used on ferritic stainless steels after an appropriate sensitizing heat treatment or welding procedure as agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.12.Apparatus12.1The basic apparatus is described in Section 3.Also needed are:12.1.1For weight loss determination,an analytical balance capable of weighing to at least the nearest 0.001g.12.1.2For microscopical examination,a microscope with magniﬁcation to at least 403.13.Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test Solution13.1Prepare 600mL of test solution as follows.(Warning—Protect the eyes and use rubber gloves and apron for handling acid.Place the test ﬂask under a hood.)13.1.1First,measure 400.0mL of distilled water in a 500-mL graduate and pour into the Erlenmeyer ﬂask.13.1.2Then measure 236.0mL of reagent grade sulfuric acid of a concentration that must be in the range from 95.0to 98.0weight %in at 250-mL graduate.Add the acid slowly to the water in the Erlenmeyer ﬂask to avoid boiling by the heat evolved.N OTE 3—Loss of vapor results in concentration of the acid.13.1.3Weigh 25g of reagent grade ferric sulfate (contains about 75%Fe 2(SO 4)3)and add to the sulfuric acid solution.A trip balance may be used.13.1.4Drop boiling chips into the ﬂask.13.1.5Lubricate the ground-glass joint with silicone grease.13.1.6Cover the ﬂask with the condenser and circulate cooling water.13.1.7Boil the solution until all the ferric sulfate is dis-solved.FIG.3Acceptable Structure Practice W—Oxalic Acid Etch Test Dual Structure Some Ditches But No Single Grain CompletelySurrounded14.Preparation of Test Specimens14.1Prepare test specimens as described in Section 4.15.Procedure15.1When weight loss is to be determined,measure the sample prior to ﬁnal cleaning and then weigh.15.1.1Measure the sample including the inner surfaces of any holes,and calculate the total exposed surface area.15.1.2Degrease and dry the sample using suitable nonchlo-rinated agents,and then weigh to the nearest 0.001g.15.2Place the specimen in a glass cradle and immerse in boiling solution.15.3Mark the liquid level on the ﬂask with wax crayon to provide a check on vapor loss which would result in concen-tration of acid.If there is an appreciable change in the level,repeat the test with fresh solution and a reground specimen.15.4Continue immersion of the specimen for the time shown in Table 1,then remove the specimen,rinse in water and acetone,and dry.Times for steels not listed in Table 1are subject to agreement between the supplier and thepurchaser.FIG.4Unacceptable Structures Practice W—Oxalic-Acid Etch Test Ditched Structure—One Or More Grains CompletelySurrounded15.5For weight loss determination,weigh the specimen and subtract this weight from the original weight.15.6No intermediate weighings are usually necessary.The tests can be run without interruption for the time speciﬁed in Table 1.However,if preliminary results are desired,the specimen can be removed at any time for weighing.15.7No changes in solution are necessary during the test period.15.8Additional ferric sulfate inhibitor may have to be added during the test if the corrosion rate is extraordinarily high as evidenced by a change in the color of the solution. More ferric sulfate must be added if the total weight loss of all specimens exceeds2g.(During the test,ferric sulfate is consumed at a rate of10g for each1g of dissolved stainless steel.)15.9Testing of a single specimen in aﬂask is preferred. However,several specimens may be tested simultaneously.The number is limited only by the number of glass cradles that can beﬁtted into theﬂask(usually three or four).Each sample must be in a separate cradle so that the samples do not touch. 15.10During testing,there is some deposition of iron oxides on the upper part of the Erlenmeyerﬂask.This can be readily removed,after test completion,by boiling a solution of 10%hydrochloric acid in theﬂask.16.Evaluation16.1Depending on the agreement between the supplier and the purchaser,the results of the test may be evaluated by weight loss or microscopical examination as indicated in Table 1.See Sections30and31.PRACTICE Y—COPPER-COPPER SULFATE-50% SULFURIC ACID TEST FOR DETERMINING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INTERGRANULAR ATTACK IN FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS17.Scope17.1This practice describes the procedure for conducting the boiling copper-copper sulfate-50%sulfuric acid test which measures the susceptibility of stainless steels to intergranular attack.This test detects susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides or nitrides in unstabilized and stabilized ferritic stainless steels.17.2This test may be used to evaluate the susceptibility of as-received material to intergranular corrosion caused by chromium carbide or nitride precipitation.It may also be used to evaluate the resistance of high purity or stabilized grades to sensitization to intergranular attack caused by welding or heat treatments.It may be applied to wrought products.17.3This test should not be used to detect susceptibility to intergranular attack resulting from the formation or presence of chi phase,sigma phase,or titanium carbides or nitrides.For detecting susceptibility to environments known to cause inter-granular attack due to these phases use Practice X.18.Apparatus18.1The basic apparatus is described in Section3.Also needed are:18.1.1For weight loss determination,an analytical balance capable of weighing to the nearest0.001g.18.1.2For microscopical examination,a microscope with magniﬁcation to at least403.18.1.3A piece of copper metal about3.2by19by38mm (1⁄8by3⁄4by11⁄2in.)with a bright,cleanﬁnish.An equivalent area of copper shot or chips may be used.The copper should be washed and degreased before use.A rinse in5%H2SO4will clean corrosion products from the copper.19.Copper-Copper Sulfate-50%Sulfuric Acid TestSolution19.1Prepare600mL of test solution as follows. (Warning—Protect the eyes and face by face shield and use rubber gloves and apron when handling acid.Placeﬂask under hood.)19.1.1First,measure400.0mL of distilled water in a 500-mL graduate and pour into the Erlenmeyerﬂask.19.1.2Then measure236.0mL of reagent grade sulfuric acid of a concentration that must be in the range from95.0to 98.0weight%in a250-mL graduate.Add the acid slowly to the water in the Erlenmeyerﬂask to avoid boiling by the heat evolved.19.1.3Weigh72g of reagent grade cupric sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O)and add to the sulfuric acid solution.A trip balance may be used.19.1.4Place the copper piece into one glass cradle and put it into theﬂask.19.1.5Drop boiling chips into theﬂask.19.1.6Lubricate the ground-glass joint with silicone grease.19.1.7Cover theﬂask with the condenser and circulate cooling water.19.1.8Boil the solution until all of the copper sulfate is dissolved.20.Preparation of Test Specimens20.1Prepare test specimens as described in Section4.21.Procedure21.1When weight loss is to be determined,measure the sample prior toﬁnal cleaning and then weigh.21.1.1Measure the sample including the inner surfaces of any holes,and calculate the total area.21.1.2Degrease and dry the specimen using suitable non-chlorinated agents,such as soap and acetone,and then weigh to the nearest0.001g.21.2Place the specimen in another glass cradle and im-merse in boiling solution.21.3Mark the liquid level on theﬂask with wax crayon to provide a check on vapor loss which would result in concen-tration of the acid.If there is an appreciable change in the level, repeat the test with fresh solution and a reground specimen.21.4Continue immersion of the specimen for the time shown in Table1,then remove the specimen,rinse in water and acetone,and dry.Times for alloys not listed in Table1are subject to agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.21.5For weight loss determination,weigh the specimen and subtract this weight from the originalweight.21.6No intermediate weighings are usually necessary.The tests can be run without interruption.However,if preliminary results are desired,the specimen can be removed at any time for weighing.21.7No changes in solution are necessary during the test period.22.Evaluation22.1Depending on the agreement between the supplier and the purchaser,the results of the test may be evaluated by weight loss or microscopical examination as indicated in Table 1.See Sections30and31.PRACTICE Z—COPPER-COPPER SULFATE-16% SULFURIC ACID TEST FOR DETECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INTERGRANULAR ATTACK IN FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS23.Scope23.1This practice describes the procedure by which the copper-copper sulfate-16%sulfuric acid test is conducted to determine the susceptibility of ferritic stainless steels to inter-granular attack.This test detects susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides or nitrides in stabilized and unstabilized ferritic stainless steels.23.2This test may be used to evaluate the heat treatment accorded as-received material.It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of stabilizing element additions(Cb,Ti,etc.) and reductions in interstitial content to aid in resistance to intergranular attack.It may be applied to all wrought products and weld metal.23.3This test does not detect susceptibility associated with chi phase,sigma phase,or titanium carbides or nitrides.For detecting susceptibility in environments known to cause inter-granular attack due to these phases,use Practice X.24.Apparatus24.1The basic apparatus is described in Section3.25.Copper-Copper Sulfate-16%Sulfuric Acid TestSolution25.1Dissolve100g of copper sulfate(CuSO4·5H2O)in700 mL of distilled water,add100mL of sulfuric acid(H2SO4, reagent grade,sp gr1.84),and dilute to1000mL with distilled water.N OTE4—The solution will contain approximately6weight%ofanhydrous CuSO4,and16weight%of H2SO4.26.Copper Addition26.1Electrolytic grade copper shot or grindings may be used.Shot is preferred for its ease of handling before and after the test.26.2A sufficient quantity of copper shot or grindings shall be used to cover all surfaces of the specimen whether it is in a vented cradle or embedded in a layer of copper shot on the bottom of the testﬂask.26.3The amount of copper used,assuming an excess of metallic copper is present,is not critical.The effect of galvanic coupling between copper and the test specimen may have importance(7).26.4The copper shot or grindings may be reused if they are cleaned in warm tap water after each test.27.Preparation of Test Specimens27.1Prepare test specimens as described in Section4.28.Procedure28.1The volume of acidiﬁed copper sulfate test solution used should be sufficient to completely immerse the specimens and provide a minimum of8mL/cm2(50mL/in.2).28.1.1As many as three specimens can be tested in the same container.It is ideal to have all the specimens in oneﬂask to be of the same grade,but it is not absolutely necessary.The solution volume-to-sample area ratio shall be maintained.N OTE5—It may be necessary to embed large specimens,such as from heavy bar stock,in copper shot on the bottom of the testﬂask.A copper cradle may also be used.28.1.2The test specimen(s)should be immersed in ambient test solution which is then brought to a boil and maintained boiling throughout the test period.Begin timing the test period when the solution reaches the boiling point.N OTE6—Measures should be taken to minimize bumping of the solution when glass cradles are used to support specimens.A small amount of copper shot(eight to ten pieces)on the bottom of theﬂask will conveniently serve this purpose.28.1.3The test shall consist of one24-h boiling period unless a longer time is speciﬁed.See Table1.Times longer than24h should be included in the test report.Fresh test solution would not be needed if the test were to run48or72 h.(If any adherent copper remains on the specimen,it may be removed by a brief immersion in concentrated nitric acid at room temperature.The sample is then rinsed in water and dried.)29.Evaluation29.1As shown in Table1,the results of this test are evaluated by a bend test.See Section32.EV ALUATION METHODS30.Evaluation by Weight Loss30.1Measure the effect of the acid solution on the material by determining the loss of weight of the specimen.Report the corrosion rates as inches of penetration per month,calculated as follows:Millimeters per month572903W/A3t3dwhere:t=time of exposure,h,A=area,cm2,W=weight loss,g,andd=density,g/cm3.For steels14-20Cr,d=7.7g/cm3;for steels with more than20Cr,d=7.6g/cm3.N OTE7—Conversion factors to other commonly used units for corro-sion rates are as follows:Millimeters per month30.04=inches per monthMillimeters per month30.47=inches per yearMillimeters per month312=millimeters per yearMillimeters per month3472=mils peryear。

实验室器材英文翻译

实验室常用英语-化学生物类1. 2. 来美国学习遇到了一个很郁闷的事：走进实验室跟别人交流非常困难，自己做实验也是磕磕碰碰。

一个很大的原因就是一些实验仪器或是药品的名称不知道怎么说，以前学英文从来没有学这些内容。

郁闷之余，我在网上搜集了一些相关仪器与药品的中英对照，与大家一起学习分享，希望对学化学生物类的朋友有些帮助。

由于药品种类繁多，各人使用相关也很大，以下仅列仪器部分。

容器类：量杯 measuring cup烧杯 beaker 不锈钢杯stainless-steel beaker 量筒 measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒 g raduated flask/measuring cylinder坩埚 crucible 坩埚钳 crucible clamp 坩埚 crucible pot, melting pot试管 test tube 试管架 test tube holder漏斗 funnel 分液漏斗 separatory funnel 烧瓶 flask 锥形瓶 conical flask塞子 stopper洗瓶 plastic wash bottle滴定管 burette玻璃活塞 stopcock冷凝器 condenser试剂瓶 reagent bottles玻棒 glass rod 搅拌棒stirring rod 蒸馏烧瓶 distilling flask碘量瓶 iodine flask表面皿 watch glass蒸发皿 evaporating dish容量瓶 volumetric flask/measuring flask 移液管 (one-mark) pipette刻度移液管 graduated pipettes称量瓶weighing bottle吸液管pipette滤管filter天平 balance/scale分析天平 analytical balance台秤 platform balance游码 crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯alcohol burner酒精喷灯blast alcohol burner搅拌装置 stirring device洗耳球 rubber suction bulb研磨钵 mortar 研磨棒 pestle 玛瑙研钵agate mortar瓷器 porcelain白细口瓶flint glass solution bottle with stopper滴瓶 dropping bottle 小滴管 dropper蒸馏装置distilling apparatus蒸发器 evaporator试验用器材：升降台lab jack铁架台iron support万能夹extension clamp蝴蝶夹double-buret clamp双顶丝clamp regular holder止水夹flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架cast-iron ring移液管架pipet rack试管架tube rack沸石boiling stone橡胶管rubber tubing药匙lab spoon镊子forceps坩埚钳crucible tong剪刀scissor打孔器stopper borer石棉网asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝wire coil for heater脱脂棉absorbent cottonphph试纸 universal ph indicator paper滤纸 filter paper称量纸weighing paper擦镜纸wiper for lens秒表stopwatch量杯glass graduates with scale白滴定管（酸） flint glass burette with glassstopcock棕色滴定管（酸） brown glass burette with glass stopcock白滴定管（碱） flint glass burette for alkali 棕色滴定管（碱） brown glass burette for alkali比重瓶specific gravity bottle水银温度计mercury-filled thermometerph计ph meter折光仪refractometer真空泵vacuum pump冷、热浴bath离心机centrifuge口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器power basic stirrer烘箱oven闪点仪flash point tester马弗炉furnace电炉 heater微波炉电热套heating mantleBunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵化学反应：analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中与to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极,正极cathode 阴极,负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的仪器中英文对照Aging Property Tester 老化性能测定仪Amino Acid Analyzer 氨基酸组成分析仪Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration 临床药物浓度仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer 原子发射光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy 原子荧光光谱仪Automatic Titrator 自动滴定仪Basic Physics 基本物理量测定Biochemical Analyzer 生化分析仪Biochemicalanalysis 生物技术分析Bio-reactor 生物反应器Blood-gas Analyzer 血气分析仪Centrifuge 离心机ChemiluminescenceApparatus 化学发光仪CHN Analysis 环境成分分析仪CO2 Incubators CO2培养箱Combustion PropertyTester 燃烧性能测定仪Conductivity Meter 电导仪Constant Temperature Circulator 恒温循环泵Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer 直流等离子体发射光谱仪DNA Sequencers DNA测序仪DNA synthesizer DNA合成仪Electrical Property Tester 电性能测定仪Electro Microscopy 电子显微镜Electrolytic Analyzer 电解质分析仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 电子能谱仪Electron Paramagnetic ResonanceSpectrometer 电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electrophoresis 电泳Electrophoresis System 电泳仪ELIASA 酶标仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 能谱仪Fermenter 发酵罐Flow Analytical and Process AnalyticalChemistr y 流动分析与过程分析Fraction Collector 部分收集器FreezeDrying Equipment 冻干机FT-IR Spectrometer 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-Raman Spectrometer 傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪Gas Analysis 气体分析Gas Chromatograph 气相色谱仪GC-MS 气相色谱-质谱联用仪Gel PermeationChromatograph 凝胶渗透色谱仪HighPressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography高压/效液相色谱仪Hybridization Oven 分子杂交仪ICP-MS ICP-质谱联用仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer 电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing 无损检测仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR仪Inverted Microscope 倒置显微镜Ion Chromatograph 离子色谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 同位素X荧光光谱仪LC-MS 液相色谱-质谱联用仪Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪Mechanical Property Tester 机械性能测定仪Metal/material elemental analysis 金属/材料元素分析仪Metallurgical Microscopy 金相显微镜Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectromet er 微波等离子体光谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer 核磁共振波谱仪Optical Microscopy 光学显微镜Optical PropertyTester 光学性能测定仪Other/Miscellaneous 其他Particle Size Analyzer 粒度分析仪PCR Amplifier PCR仪Peptide synthesizer 多肽合成仪pH Meter pH计PhysicalProperty Analysis 物性分析Polarograph 极谱仪Protein Sequencer 氨基酸测序仪Rheometer 流变仪Sample Handling 样品处理Scanning Probe Microscopy FG|8oU 扫描探针显微镜Sensors 传感器Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protei n DNA及蛋白质的测序与合成仪Shaker 摇床Size Exclusion Chromatograph 体积排阻色谱Surface Science 表面科学SurfaceAnalyzer 表面分析仪Thermal Analyzer 热分析仪Thermal Physical Property Tester 热物理性能测定仪Ultrahigh Purity Filter 超滤器Ultra-low Temperature Freezer 超低温冰箱Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor 超声破碎仪Ultraviolet Detector 紫外检测仪UltravioletLamp 紫外观察灯Urine Analyzer 尿液分析仪UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 紫外-可见光分光光度计Viscometer 粘度计Voltammerter 伏安仪Water Test Kits 水质分析仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer X射线荧光光谱仪X-RayDiffractomer X射线衍射仪。