American economic
chapter 2 business english(商务英语)
Notes
• Corporate bond • a bond or security issued by corporations • 公司债券
• 公司债券亦为公司债,是私人公司 或公众公司举借债务时使用的工具。 由发行人根据发行契约发行,为债 券持有人的债权凭证,由发行人承 担还本付息的义务。公司债期限可 短至几天或长达百年。发行人在债 券契约中必须说明资金用途、财务 状况。另外公司债还具有不免税、 有固定发行面值、在交易所上市等 特征。债券的发行通常由评信机构 给予信用评定。
Chapter 2
American Economy 美国经济
What do you know about America?
Can you describe the economic base and industrial structure of America?
What is the current situation of the American economy?
23. Edge
缓慢地移动;挪动;优势
He edged closer to the telephone, ready to grab it. 他慢慢挪向电话机,准备抓起听筒。 He is edging ahead in the opinion polls. 他在民意测验中的支持率正一点点攀升。 Through superior production techniques they were able to gain the competitive edge. 凭借先进的生产技术,他们得以占据竞争优势。
Economic Terms
• 1 retail sales零售额(... the sales volumes and revenue for the retailers including retail shops) • 2 corporate fleets旗舰式公司;大公司
american economy review格式
american economy review格式American Economy ReviewIntroduction:The American economy plays a critical role not only in the United States but also in the global market. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the American economy, focusing on its trends, challenges, and future prospects.I. Overview of the American EconomyThe American economy is the largest in the world and exhibits resilience despite periodic economic downturns. Its key features include a highly diverse labor force, advanced technology, and a strong entrepreneurship culture. The country boasts a mixed economic system, where both private and government sectors play significant roles.II. Current Economic Trends1. GDP Growth: Over the past decade, the American economy has experienced moderate GDP growth. However, the global pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 significantly impacted the economic growth, resulting in a contraction of GDP. The subsequent recovery has shown promising signs, with a projected GDP growth rate of 6.5 in 2021.2. Unemployment Rate: Prior to the pandemic, theAmerican economy had notably low unemployment rates. However, the outbreak led to a surge in job losses, raising the unemployment rate to unprecedented levels. Post-pandemic recovery efforts and vaccination campaigns have aided in reducing the unemployment rate, which is expected to decline steadily in the coming years.3. Inflation: Inflation has been relatively stable in recent years, with an average annual rate of approximately 2. However, the pandemic-induced disruptions in supply chains and increased government spending have raised concerns about potential inflationary pressures.III. Key Challenges Facing the American Economy1. Income Inequality: The American economy grapples with a widening income gap. Despite overall economic growth, a significant portion of the population experiences stagnant wage growth and limited upward mobility. Addressing income inequality has become a critical challenge for policymakers.2. Fiscal Deficit: The United States has been grappling witha consistent fiscal deficit, fueled by increased government spending and tax policies. While deficit spending can boost economic growth in the short term, it raises concerns about the long-term impact on the national debt and economicsustainability.3. Automation and Job Displacement: Advancements in technology, such as automation and artificial intelligence, pose a threat to job security for many workers. The American economy must adapt by upskilling and investing in new sectors to minimize the impact of job displacement.IV. Future Prospects and Policy Recommendations1. Infrastructure Investment: The American economy can benefit from substantial investments in infrastructure projects. This would not only create jobs but also enhance productivity and improve the country's global competitiveness.2. Renewable Energy Transition: Transitioning to renewable energy sources can lead to job creation, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance energy security. Policymakers should prioritize policies and incentives that support and accelerate the renewable energy transition.3. Education and Workforce Development: Investing in education and workforce development programs is crucial to equip American workers with the skills needed for the jobs of the future. Promoting STEM education, vocational training, and apprenticeship programs can ensure a skilled workforce and enhance economic growth.4. Addressing Income Inequality: Policies such as increasing the minimum wage, expanding access to affordable housing, and improving social safety nets can contribute to reducing income inequality and promoting economic stability.Conclusion: The American economy faces both opportunities and challenges as it strives to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic and ensure long-term sustainable growth. By addressing income inequality, addressing fiscal deficits, adapting to technological advancements, and implementing strategic policies, the United States can navigate a path towards a resilient and prosperous economy.。
american economic review投稿经验
american economic review投稿经验
American Economic Review是世界上最著名、最具权威性的经济学学术期刊之一,其影响因子非常高。
它是美国经济学会(AEA)的官方出版物,该会是全球规模最大、最重要的经济学组织之一,拥有着众多著名的经济学家和学者。
1. 投稿方式:AER使用在线投稿系统,所有的稿件都必须通过该系统进行提交。
2. 投稿要求:AER接受原创的经济学研究论文,并且要求在投稿前将论文未公开的版本上传至SSRN或其他类似网站。
同时,作者需遵守AER的编写规范和引用格式,确保论文符合期刊的要求和标准。
3. 投稿流程:在提交论文后,AER将自动将论文分派给两名匿名审稿人进行评审。
审稿人的反馈将被发送给作者,作者需要根据反馈意见修改和完善论文。
如果论文被接受发表,则会进入编辑和排版的阶段。
4. 投稿成功率:AER是世界上最著名的经济学期刊之一,因此竞争非常激烈。
相对于其他经济学期刊,它的接受率较低,大约为10%左右。
5. 发表时间:一般来说,从投稿到发表需要6-12个月的时间,但也有可能更长。
American_economy美国经济
• Agriculture provides the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs.
American Agriculture
1. The importance of agriculture and the extolling ( 赞美 ) comments to American farmers 1) agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the U.S.A's GNP 2. United States agriculture dominated by family farms accounted for 87% of the total number of farms, farms accounted for 10% of partnership, corporate farms in 3%
Problems
• While the high productivity of American agriculture has kept food prices low for consumers, farmers have been perhaps too successful. Crop surpluses and low prices have made it too hard for many farmers to make a profit. • A period of economic difficulty began in the early 1980s. Agricultural exports declined, partly due to the high value of the United States dollar (which raised the cost of American products to foreign buyers). Crops prices fell and interest rates rose.
american economic reviews的文章格式 -回复
american economic reviews的文章格式-回复美国经济评论(American Economic Review,简称AER)是世界上最具影响力和最顶尖的经济学术期刊之一。
该期刊的文章格式非常严谨和规范,以下将一步一步回答关于AER文章格式的问题。
1. 标题页(Title Page):每篇AER文章都需要包含一个标题页。
标题页通常包括文章的题目、作者姓名、作者所在机构的名称和地址、摘要、关键词等信息。
在标题页上,摘要的长度通常不超过150个字。
此外,标题页还可以包括文章的JEL分类号(Journal of Economic Literature,即经济学文献分类号码)。
2. 引言部分(Introduction):在AER文章的引言部分,作者通常会介绍研究的背景和动机,并提出研究问题和目的。
引言部分还可以包括相关文献综述,评述前人研究的工作,同时强调自己研究的创新点。
3. 文献综述(Literature Review):在文章的研究方法或分析部分之前,作者通常会进行文献综述。
在综述中,作者会回顾相关文献,包括前人的研究和理论框架。
这有助于读者了解当前研究的位置和背景。
4. 研究方法或分析(Methods or Analysis):在AER文章的这一部分,作者会详细描述自己研究的方法或者分析框架。
例如,如果涉及经济实证研究,作者可能会描述自己的数据来源、样本选择、变量选择以及模型设定等。
如果是理论研究,作者可能会描述自己的模型建立的假设和证明方法。
5. 实证结果(Empirical Results):对于实证研究,AER文章通常包含对研究结果的详细描述和分析。
作者可能会提供统计结果的表格或图表,并对这些结果进行解读和讨论。
此部分应当严格遵循科学的数据分析原则,确保结果的可靠性。
6. 讨论和结论(Discussion and Conclusion):在讨论和结论部分,作者会回顾自己的研究目的和发现,并进行进一步的讨论。
american economic review格式 -回复
american economic review格式-回复American Economic Review (AER) 是世界上最重要的经济学期刊之一,其论文以其严谨的研究方法和深刻的经济洞察力而闻名。
在本文中,我们将一步一步回答关于American Economic Review 格式的问题,并提供一些重要的注意事项和示例,以帮助您更好地了解如何准备一篇AER 论文。
一、标题页首先,在撰写AER 论文时,您需要提供一个标题页。
标题页应包括论文的标题,作者姓名和所属机构的详细信息。
通常还包括日期和作者联系方式。
标题页应按照以下格式排版:[标题][作者姓名][所属机构][日期][作者联系方式]例如:Title: The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic GrowthAuthor: John SmithAffiliation: Department of Economics, XYZ UniversityDate: January 1, 2022Email: johnsmithexample二、摘要接下来,在标题页之后,您需要提供一段简短的摘要。
AER 的摘要通常不超过200个单词,并总结论文的主要目的、方法、结果和结论。
摘要应简明扼要,引人入胜,以吸引读者的兴趣。
例如:Abstract: This paper examines the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth using a panel data analysis. The results indicate that expansionary fiscal policies have a positive effect onshort-term economic growth, but their long-term impact is limited. These findings have important implications for policymakers seeking to stimulate economic growth through fiscal measures.三、引言在摘要之后,您需要提供一个引言部分,该部分阐述论文的背景和动机,并明确研究问题和目的。
美国经济未来发展趋势英语作文
美国经济未来发展趋势英语作文The future development trend of the American economy is a topic that has been widely discussed and debated by economists, policymakers, and the general public. As the world's largest economy, the United States plays a crucial role in shaping the global economic landscape. In recent years, there have been various factors and trends that have influenced the trajectory of the American economy, and it is important to examine these developments from multiple perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding of the future prospects.One of the key factors that will shape the future development of the American economy is technological innovation. The United States has long been a global leader in technological advancement, and this trend is expected to continue in the coming years. The rapid pace of technological innovation has the potential to drive economic growth, create new industries and job opportunities, and enhance productivity. However, it also poses challenges such as job displacement due to automation and the need for workers to adapt to new skills and knowledge. As such, the American economy's ability to harness technological innovation whilemitigating its negative effects will be crucial in determining its future development.Another important aspect to consider is the impact of globalization on the American economy. The United States has been deeply integrated into the global economy, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. Globalization has brought about both opportunities and challenges for the American economy. On one hand, it has opened up new markets for American goods and services, facilitated the flow of capital and talent, and promoted economic growth. On the other hand, it has also led to increased competition from foreign firms, outsourcing of jobs, and trade imbalances. The future development of the American economy will depend on its ability to navigate the complexities of globalization and leverage its benefits while addressing its downsides.Furthermore, the demographic trends in the United States will also have a significant impact on its future economic development. The country is experiencing an aging population, with the baby boomer generation reaching retirement age and a declining birth rate. This demographic shift has far-reaching implications for the labor force, consumer demand, healthcare and social security systems, and overall economic growth. As such, the American economy will need to adapt to these demographic changes by promoting workforce participation, addressing healthcare and retirement challenges, and fostering innovation to drive productivity gains.In addition, the role of government policy in shaping the future development of the American economy cannot be overlooked. The government's decisions on fiscal policy, monetary policy, trade policy, and regulatory framework will have a profound impact on the overall economic trajectory. For instance, tax reforms, infrastructure investment, trade agreements, and measures to address income inequality will all shape the future prospects of the American economy. It is essential for policymakers to strike a balance between promoting economic growth, ensuring social equity, and maintaining financial stability to create a conducive environment for sustainable development.Moreover, the resilience and adaptability of the American business sector will play a crucial role in determining the future development trend of the economy. The United States is home to a diverse range of industries, from technology and finance to manufacturing and agriculture. The ability of American businesses to innovate, compete in the global market, and adapt to changing consumer preferences will be vital for driving economic growth and creating job opportunities. Furthermore, the entrepreneurship and small business sector will also play a significant role in fostering innovation, job creation, and economic dynamism.Lastly, the social and environmental sustainability of the American economy will be a critical factor in shaping its future development trend. As the world grapples with climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality, the American economy will need to transition towards a more sustainable and inclusive model. This will require efforts to promote clean energy, environmentalconservation, social welfare, and inclusive economic growth. The ability of the American society to address these challenges and embrace sustainable practiceswill be essential for ensuring the long-term prosperity and well-being of the economy.In conclusion, the future development trend of the American economy is influenced by a multitude of factors, including technological innovation, globalization, demographic shifts, government policy, business resilience, and social and environmental sustainability. These factors interact in complex ways to shape the trajectory of the economy, and it is important to consider them from multiple perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding. By addressing these challenges and opportunities, the United States can chart a path towards sustainable and inclusive economic development in the years to come.。
american economic review和management science
american economic review和managementscienceAmerican Economic Review和Management Science是两种非常重要的经济学刊物,它们在学术界中享有很高的声望,对于经济学领域的研究和发展有着举足轻重的作用。
American Economic Review(《美国经济评论》)是由美国经济学会出版的一本专业学术期刊,被广泛认为是世界上最受尊敬和最具有影响力的经济学期刊。
此刊物始创于1911年,每年出版4期,发表内容涉及经济学、政治学、社会学、统计学等多个学科领域。
AEAR 在全球经济学研究领域拥有很高的学术刊物排名,学者们纷纷努力向该刊物投稿,有幸出版在内的文章,可以积极展示其研究成果,在学术圈中提升自己的知名度。
Management Science(《管理科学》)则是由美国管理科学学会出版的一本学术期刊。
此刊物始创于1954年,每年出版12期。
其发表领域包括管理科学、管理工程、运筹学、人工智能、数据科学、策略管理等领域,作为管理类期刊中最具影响力之一,此刊物尤其在管理科学领域令人瞩目。
MScience的影响因子很高,它还设立了OR(运筹学)和IS(信息系统)两个特刊,专注于运筹学与信息系统领域研究。
AEAR和MScience的影响力之所以强大,一方面是因为它们编辑团队的严谨,另一方面是因为它们发表的文章深入分析了各种复杂的经济学问题,具有重大的实际和学术价值。
此外,AEAR和MScience 在严谨性、学术水平、论文质量等方面都具有很高的标准和要求,因此,从这两个刊物发表文章的学者在学术界中也具有相当的声望。
总之,American Economic Review和Management Science在推动经济学和管理科学研究方面起到非常重要的作用。
此外,它们所发表的高质量文章也为相关行业提供了有益的参考和指导,深刻展现了其在学术界和实际应用方面的重要性。
American-Economic-Review一百年来最顶级的20篇论文
Alchian, Armen A., and Harold Demsetz. 1972. “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization.”American Economic Review, 62(5): 777–95.Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963. “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.”American EconomicReview, 53(5): 941–73.Cobb, Charles W., and Paul H. Douglas. 1928. “A Theory of Production.” American Economic Review,18(1): 139–65.Deaton, Angus S., and John Muellbauer. 1980. “An Almost Ideal Demand System.”American EconomicReview, 70(3): 312–26.Diamond, Peter A. 1965. “National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model.”American EconomicReview, 55(5): 1126–50.Diamond, Peter A., and James A. Mirrlees. 1971. “Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: ProductionEfficiency.”American Economic Review, 61(1): 8–27.8 THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW febr uar y 2011Diamond, Peter A., and James A. Mirrlees. 1971. “Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: TaxRules.”American Economic Review, 61(3): 261–78.Dixit, Avinash K., and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 1977. “Monopolistic Co mpetition and Optimum ProductDiversity.”American Economic Review, 67(3): 297–308.Friedman, Milton. 1968. “The Role of Monetary Policy.”American Economic Review, 58(1): 1–17.Grossman, Sanford J., and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 1980. “On the Impossibility of Informationally EfficientMarkets.”American Economic Review, 70(3): 393–408.Harris, John R., and Michael P. Todaro. 1970. “Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis.”American Economic Review, 60(1): 126–42.Hayek, F. A. 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.”American Economic Review, 35(4): 519–30.Jorgenson, Dale W. 1963. “Capital Theory and Investment Behavior.”American Economic Review,53(2): 247–59.Krueger, Anne O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.”American EconomicReview, 64(3): 291–303.Krugman, Paul. 1980. “Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade.”AmericanEconomic Review, 70(5): 950–59.Kuznets, Simon. 1955. “Economic Growth and Income Inequality.”American Economic Review,45(1): 1–28.Lucas, Robert E., Jr. 1973. “Some International Evidence on Output-Inflation Tradeoffs.”AmericanEconomic Review, 63(3): 326–34.Modigliani, Franco, and Merton H. Miller. 1958. “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and theTheory of Investment.”American Economic Review, 48(3): 261–97.Mundell, Robert A. 1961. “A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas.”American Economic Review,51(4): 657–65.Ross, Stephen A. 1973. “The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal’s Problem.”American EconomicReview, 63(2): 134–39.Shiller, Robert J. 1981. “Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to Be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends?”American Economic Review, 71(3): 421–36.向这些为经济学的发展做出巨大贡献的经济学家致敬!。
大学英语四级阅读理解训练:美国经济体系.doc
2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练:美国经济体系The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen. striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by sellerproducers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producingmore of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers. which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In Line 7, Para. 1, the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes means ________.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanizedproduction[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profits答案:DDAC。
Unit5 American Economy
The second development
A second development was the ‘American system’ of mass production which originated in the firearms industry about 1800.
Eli Whitney
The first development
One key development was introduction of factory system ,which gathered many workers together in one workplace . The first factory in US is a cotton textile mill in Pawtucket ,Rhode Island in 1793 build by Samuel Slater.
Stock exchanges—New York Stock Exchange at Wall Street Not all business sell stock Problems accompanied— ----immigration, urban population, children of poor families, black Americans --they suffered discrimination in hiring.
Free enterprise
Free enterprise(自由经济) ---the example of Samuel Slater reflected may other companies in U.S. The creation of a key part of the current economic scene: the selling of stock
HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
Marketing Era Mid-1900 to1990’s
Focus of the market becomes the consumer Need satisfaction Branding Franchising Abundance of products and choices
Child Labor Caveat Emptor Trusts, Monopoly's, Price Fixing Predatory Pricing Entrepreneurs Grew into Enormous Monopolies Andrew Carnegie Vanderbilt Biltmore Estate J.P. Morgan Rockefeller John D Rockefeller and Standard Oil. The nightmare begins...
HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
Entrepreneurship Era Late 1800’s
Risk Takers in a Laissez Faire Environment Railroads Drove the Economy Little or no government controls allowed
Manufactured items
Financing
Hard Currency – no local currency
Subsistence based economy
HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
Industrial Revolution Mid-1700 to mid-1800
american economic review投稿经验
american economic review投稿经验在学术界的经验是非常宝贵的,尤其是在经济学领域。
在经济学领域,美国经济评论(American Economic Review,简称AER)是一个非常知名和重要的学术期刊。
它是世界上最古老、最具影响力的经济学学术期刊之一。
在向AER投稿时,有几个关键点是需要考虑的。
首先,重要性和创新性。
AER是一个高水平的期刊,所以被接受的论文必须具有重要性和创新性。
这意味着你不能仅仅对现有研究的一小部分进行重复,而是需要提出新的观点、理论或方法。
你的论文应该有清晰的目的和研究问题,并且通过有力的证据来支持你的观点。
此外,你需要让读者相信你的研究对经济学有真正的贡献。
其次,方法和数据的质量。
AER非常注重研究方法和数据的质量。
你的方法应该是可靠、经得起验证的,并且能够回答你所提出的研究问题。
你需要清楚地描述你的方法,以便读者可以理解你的研究过程。
同时,你需要确保你的数据来源可靠,并且使用适当的统计分析方法来处理数据。
如果有可能,最好使用大规模的数据集来增加研究的可信度。
第三,文献综述的全面性和深度。
在论文中,你需要对已有的相关文献进行全面和深入的综述。
这将帮助你确定研究的空白或争议点,并表明你的研究和现有知识之间的联系。
同时,你还需要正确引用文献,避免抄袭和不当引用的问题。
这是科学研究的基本要求,也是展示你对文献的熟悉程度和学术诚信的重要途径。
第四,逻辑和结构的清晰性。
你的论文的逻辑和结构应该是清晰的,以便读者能够准确地理解你的论点和研究过程。
你需要以一种有条理的方式组织你的论文,使其具有序言、引言、相关文献综述、研究方法、实证结果和结论等基本部分。
此外,你应该使用恰当的标题、副标题和段落来帮助读者理解你的论文。
最后,语言和写作风格的清晰性。
你的论文应该使用清晰、简明的语言来表达你的观点和研究结果。
避免使用复杂的词汇和长句,以及过多的专业术语和公式。
此外,你还需要遵循学术写作的规范,包括正确使用标点符号、引用、参考文献等。
the american economic review格式要求
the american economic review格式要求Title: Formatting Requirements of The American Economic Review: A Step-by-Step GuideIntroduction:The American Economic Review (AER) is undoubtedly one of the most influential and prestigious academic journals in the field of economics. Its rigorous reviewing standards, high impact factor, and wide readership make it a preferred publication venue for economists worldwide. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive step-by-step guide on the formatting requirements of The American Economic Review, covering various sections, citation styles, and manuscript submission guidelines.Section 1: General Manuscript Requirements1. Title and Abstract:- The title should be concise, descriptive, and informative.- The abstract should summarize the main objectives, methods, and findings of the paper in a clear and concise manner.2. Introduction:- Provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the research topic,addressing its relevance and existing gaps in the literature.- Clearly state the research questions, aims, and objectives.3. Literature Review:- Synthesize and critically analyze the existing body of literature related to your research questions.- Demonstrate the knowledge of prior studies and their contributions, highlighting the specific reasons for conducting your research.4. Methodology:- Clearly explain the research design, sample selection, data collection, and analytical techniques employed.- Provide a step-by-step account of the methodology used and ensure its replicability.5. Results and Discussion:- Present and interpret the findings of your study.- Discuss and relate the results to the research questions and objectives, providing both theoretical and practical implications.6. Conclusion:- Summarize the main findings concisely.- Discuss the limitations of the study and suggest avenues for further research.Section 2: Formatting Styles and Guidelines1. Writing Style:- The AER follows the Chicago Manual of Style as the general writing style guide.- Ensure clarity, precision, and coherence in your writing.2. Citations and References:- Use the author-date citation style (also known as the Harvard style) for in-text citations.- Provide a comprehensive list of references at the end of the manuscript, following the Chicago Manual of Style guidelines.3. Statistical Tables and Figures:- Clearly label and title tables and figures.- Ensure proper citation and adequate explanations for each table and figure.Section 3: Manuscript Submission Guidelines1. Online Submission:- Submit your manuscript through the AER's online submission system.- Follow the instructions provided on the AER website for manuscript preparation and submission.2. Manuscript Length:- Generally, the length of an AER article should be between 5,000 to 10,000 words, excluding tables, figures, and references. However, this may vary depending on the specific publication category (e.g., regular article, short article, review article).3. Cover Letter and Supplementary Material:- Include a cover letter introducing your research and explaining its significance.- Provide any supplementary material (e.g., datasets, code) as per the AER's guidelines.Conclusion:Publishing in The American Economic Review requires adherence to specific formatting guidelines. By following the step-by-stepguide provided in this article, researchers can ensure that their submissions meet the high standards expected by the AER. Properly formatting manuscripts enhances the chances of acceptance and dissemination of groundbreaking economic research.。
american economic review格式 -回复
american economic review格式-回复"American Economic Review Format: A Step-by-Step Guide"Introduction:The American Economic Review (AER) is one of the most prestigious economic journals in the world. Its rigorous review process and the high standards for the quality of research make it a valuable resource for economists. In this article, we will guide you through the process of writing an article in the AER format, providing insights on each step required.Step 1: Research Question and HypothesisThe first step in writing an AER article is to identify a compelling research question. This question should aim to contribute something new to the existing economic literature. Once the research question is defined, formulate a hypothesis based on your initial thoughts and assumptions. Ensuring that your research question and hypothesis are well-defined and unique is crucial at this stage.Step 2: Literature ReviewConducting a thorough literature review is essential for understanding the existing body of knowledge on your research question. Identify key papers, theories, and arguments related to your topic. Present summaries of these works and highlight any gaps or disagreements in the literature that your research aims to address. A comprehensive literature review helps to demonstrate the relevance and novelty of your research.Step 3: Data Collection and MethodologyNext, determine the data sources that will enable you to test your hypothesis and answer your research question. Analyze the strengths and limitations of these data sources and provide justifications for their suitability. Outline the statistical methods and econometric models that you intend to employ in order to analyze the data. Be explicit about the assumptions made and explain how they align with the objectives of your research.Step 4: Data Analysis and ResultsIn this step, perform the data analysis and present the results obtained. Discuss the statistical techniques used and interpret the findings. Clearly present tables, graphs, or any other visual representation that aptly showcases the essence of your analysis. Make sure your results are robust, statistically significant, and support or reject your initial hypothesis. It is essential to be objective and transparent in presenting your results.Step 5: Discussion and ImplicationsAfter presenting the results, delve into a comprehensive discussion of their implications. Explain how your findings contribute to the existing literature and the overall understanding of the research question. Address any limitations or constraints that might affect the reliability of your results. Additionally, explore potential avenues for further research stemming from your findings to encourage future academic exploration of the topic.Step 6: ConclusionSummarize the key findings of your research and restate your main arguments. Emphasize the significance and novelty of yourcontributions, and highlight the implications of your research for policymakers, industry professionals, or academia. End the article with a brief, thought-provoking conclusion that showcases the broader relevance of your research within the economics field.Step 7: Bibliography and CitationsEnsure that your article adheres to the AER's citation guidelines. Format your bibliography meticulously, including all relevant sources cited in your work. Follow the specified citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) consistently throughout the article.Step 8: Proofreading and RevisionBefore submitting your article, proofread it carefully for any grammar, spelling, or formatting errors. Ensure that the article flows well and that your arguments are logically consistent throughout. Seek feedback from trusted colleagues or mentors in your field, incorporating their suggestions to strengthen your work further.Conclusion:Writing an article in the American Economic Review format requires a systematic approach and adherence to rigorous standards. Defining a research question, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting robust results are all crucial steps in the process. By following this step-by-step guide, you will have a solid foundation for crafting a high-quality AER article that makes a valuable and original contribution to the field of economics.。
american economic review格式 -回复
american economic review格式-回复题目:回顾与展望——美国经济评论(American Economic Review)的历史、影响与未来引言:中括号内提及的美国经济评论(American Economic Review)是一本享有盛誉、具有重要影响力的经济学期刊。
它自1941年创办以来,一直致力于高质量、多元化的经济学研究,不仅为学术界提供了宝贵的研究成果,也对政策制定和经济管理产生了深远的影响。
本文旨在回顾其历史、探讨其影响力并展望其未来发展。
一、美国经济评论的历史:美国经济评论是由美国经济学会(American Economic Association)创办的经济学学术期刊,创刊于1911年。
生于运河时代的美国,早期经济学家们面对复杂的经济发展,勤奋钻研、积极探索,从而促成了该期刊的成立。
起初,美国经济评论主要关注经济理论的发展和分析。
然而,随着时间的推移,该期刊逐渐扩大了关注范围,涵盖了包括宏观经济学、产业经济学、劳动经济学、货币经济学等各个经济学领域的重要研究。
二、美国经济评论的影响力:1. 学术界的影响:美国经济评论一直以来都是经济学界重要的学术交流平台之一。
该期刊为学者们提供了展示研究成果、分享思想和进行学术讨论的重要场所。
其高质量的发表文章不仅为经济学队伍中的学术交流做出了巨大贡献,也为推动经济学理论的进一步发展提供了坚实的基础。
2. 政策影响:美国经济评论所发表的研究成果广泛应用于政策制定和经济管理中。
刊登在该期刊上的论文往往能够为政府决策者提供深入的经济分析和政策选项。
政府亦经常引用该期刊的研究成果来指导宏观经济政策、改进社会福利和促进可持续发展等重大问题的决策制定。
三、美国经济评论的未来发展:1. 提高学术质量:作为一本享有盛誉的学术期刊,美国经济评论需要继续保持其高质量的发表标准。
它可以进一步加强稿件的审查流程,继续吸引优秀学者投稿,并鼓励创新性的研究,以推动经济学理论的不断发展。
american economic review格式 -回复
american economic review格式-回复首先,我们需要了解什么是《American Economic Review》(AER)。
AER 是一本由美国经济学会出版的一流经济学期刊,每年出版六期。
该期刊是经济学界的权威之一,旨在发表对经济学领域的最新研究成果。
[关于AER的背景和重要性]AER的出版范围涵盖了各个经济学领域,包括宏观经济学、微观经济学、计量经济学、劳动经济学、产业组织、国际贸易等。
该期刊对于经济学研究者来说具有重要的意义,因为它为他们提供了一种分享他们的研究成果和思想的平台。
接下来,我们可以探讨一下为什么人们发表在AER上的文章具有如此的重要性和影响力。
首先,AER作为一流的经济学期刊,具有严格的审稿程序以确保文章的质量。
文章被提交后,编辑委员会会将其分发给相关领域的专家进行匿名评审。
这些专家会对文章进行仔细评估,包括检查其理论基础、数据分析的准确性和方法论的适用性等。
只有通过了这些专家的评审,文章才有可能被接受发表。
其次,AER的影响因子非常高。
影响因子是衡量期刊影响力的指标,代表了文章在引用和被引用方面的表现。
AER的高影响因子意味着其上发表的文章往往能够被其他经济学研究者广泛引用,进一步推动该领域的研究进展和学术交流。
此外,发表在AER上的文章往往具有重要的决策指导意义。
由于该期刊在经济学界的高度声誉,政策制定者和实际经济领域的从业人员常常关注其中的研究成果。
发表在AER上的文章可能会对政策制定和实践产生影响,并推动经济社会的进步。
然而,AER也存在一些挑战和限制。
首先,由于其对文章质量的严格要求,AER的发表难度较高。
这使得一些优秀的研究成果可能无法被发表在该期刊上,从而影响了作者在学术界的声誉和机会。
另外,AER领域的研究往往集中于一些经济学的传统领域,对于一些新兴领域的研究可能缺乏关注。
为了克服这些限制,AER近年来加强了与其他期刊和学者的合作与交流,增加了对多样性和创新研究的关注。
american economic review体例 -回复
american economic review体例-回复问题:美国经济评论是什么?它的体例是什么样的?美国经济评论(American Economic Review)是一本经济学领域的学术期刊,是世界上最重要和最有影响力的经济学期刊之一。
它由美国经济学会(American Economic Association)出版,每年出版六期。
本文将重点探讨美国经济评论的体例。
首先,美国经济评论的体例可以大致分为以下几个方面:1. 投稿:美国经济评论接受国内外经济学者的学术论文投稿。
投稿者需要确保论文符合期刊的学术要求,并遵守期刊的投稿指南。
一般来说,投稿的论文应具有创新性、理论性,并能够对经济学领域的重要问题做出贡献。
2. 编审:所有投稿的论文都将经过学术编辑的评审过程。
学术编辑会选择合适的专家学者进行匿名评审。
评审过程严格,通常需要投稿者对审稿人的意见进行修改和回复。
评审结果可能是接受、拒绝或需要进行重大修订。
3. 分类:美国经济评论的论文分为各个领域的分类,如宏观经济学、微观经济学、劳动经济学、国际经济学等。
每个领域都有专门的编审小组负责评审和选择论文。
4. 出版:经过审核和修订后被接受的论文将在美国经济评论中出版。
每一期刊物都包含若干篇论文,以及一些经济学领域的研究概览、评论和展望。
其次,美国经济评论在学术界享有很高的声誉和影响力,原因有以下几点:1. 国际化:美国经济评论接受来自世界各地的经济学者的投稿。
这使得它成为了一个国际性的经济学研究交流平台,为全球经济学界提供了一个共同的学术论坛。
2. 严格的评审:美国经济评论的论文评审过程非常严格,确保出版的论文质量较高。
这种严格的评审机制使得该期刊成为经济学界学术质量的重要标志之一。
3. 广泛的读者群体:美国经济评论不仅在学术界具有影响力,在政府、企业、金融机构等领域也有很多读者。
这是因为该期刊的论文通常会涉及当前经济热点问题,并提供具有启发性和政策指导意义的观点和结论。
american economic review体例 -回复
american economic review体例-回复"American Economic Review体例:综述与分析"引言:American Economic Review(以下简称AER)是世界上最历史悠久、最权威的经济学学术期刊之一。
该期刊立足于为经济学研究领域内的学者提供一个高质量的学术交流平台,以推动经济学的发展。
本文将围绕着AER 的体例、组织结构以及对学术界的影响展开综述和分析,并重点考察AER 发表论文的贡献与特点。
一、AER的组织结构和编辑体制AER由美国经济学会主办,它下设多个部门和委员会来协助期刊的运作与管理。
主编由一位资深的经济学家担任,通常每任主编任期3年。
该期刊每年出版12期,每期含有30-40篇论文。
AER遵循单盲审稿制度,即匿名评审,对保护作者和评审人的权益起到了积极作用。
二、AER发表论文的贡献与特点1. 学科覆盖广泛:AER展示了广泛的学科覆盖,涉及宏观经济学、微观经济学、国际贸易、金融市场、经济计量学、行为经济学等多个领域。
这个学科多样性能够满足研究者对经济学各个方面的需求,也为专家学者提供了一个参考借鉴的重要平台。
2. 硕果累累的贡献:在经济学研究的历史上,AER发表了许多具有里程碑式意义的论文,对经济学界的理论和方法发展起到了重要作用。
以2008年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者Paul Krugman的论文为例,他在1979年发表的一篇关于市场分割的论文,为新贸易理论奠定了基础,引领了后来的研究方向。
3. 方法创新的推动者:AER旨在鼓励经济学研究领域的方法创新和理论突破。
例如,AER引入了实验经济学和行为经济学的研究成果,为经济学领域提供了新的视角和思考方式。
这些方法创新成果不仅丰富了学术界的研究手段,也拓展了经济学对实际问题的解释和预测能力。
三、AER对学术界的影响1. 学术评价的标杆:AER作为美国经济学会的旗舰期刊,被广泛认可为经济学研究成果的高品质学术评价标准。
《american economic review》杂质中有关数字经济的优秀内容
《american economic review》杂质中有关数字经济的优秀内容
《American Economic Review》是美国经济学会主办的经济学领域顶级学术期刊,在该期刊上发表过有关数字经济的优秀内容包括:
- 《Data Rights Design for Growth in the Data Economy》:2023年4月19日,谢丹夏在数字经济理论论坛第三十期发表了名为《Data Rights Design for Growth in the Data Economy》的主题演讲,首创提出“数据创新内生增长理论”、“监管增长理论”,并出版数字经济领域英文专著一部(Palgrave Macmillan 出版)。
如果你想了解更多关于数字经济的优秀内容,可以关注数字经济领域的专家学者、行业协会、研究机构等,以获取最新的研究成果和观点。
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American EconomyThe united states is one of the biggest developed country . This increase in globalization is a result of grouth in U.S. and foreign multination industries since the 1961s .Multinational corporations increasingly participate in varions international business arrangements.The U.S. mutinational corparations have entered into a management contract through a joint venture to produce appliances. The multinational corporation provides production ,technical ,and marketing management for a period of time for a fixed fee.The economy of the United States is based upon fee enterprise. Private businesses compete against one another with relatively little interference from the government . Since the depression of the 1930s,when the economy essentially collapsed ,laws have been made gicing the government a more active role in economic and other matters . Business are directly or indirectly owned and opeated by private individuals in order to make a profit .In such a system, individual people and companies in order to make profits. The federal government is involved in the system by regulating busniess in certain ways. For instance, it setablishes antitrust laws to prevent one companyfrom controlling an entire industry,and laws to prevent environment pollution. In contrast to these privately owned,forprofit businesses, there are public government-owned and operated institutions as well as nonprofitinstitutions such as churches and nonprofitcharitable oranizations. These organizations and instiyutions are not tobe confused with business.Until the second half of the last century,the United States was a mainly agricultural nation. The Civil War helped stimulate industry. In the years that followed ,industrialization transformed the country ,although many areas,especially the South, remained mainly agricultural and rural. In the 1950s and 1960s,the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Many companies moced to the South and Soutjwest, and these areas experienced change and growth. Then,in themid1970,economis growth began to slow down.Just as there had been a shift from agriculture to industry ,thertw is now a shift from industry to services ,which are provided by hospitals ,banks ,law firms, hotels and restanrants ,and so on. In recent years, mosr new jobs have been service jobs.Today business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. One reason is that Amerixans view business as bing more firmlybased on the ideal of competition than other institutions in sociaty. Competion is not only good in itself ;it is the means by which other basaic American values such as individual freedom,equality of opportunity ,and hard work. However,Americans are awear that business institution often do not live up to the idears of competition and the support of freedom,equlity of opportunity, and hard work. Americans sometimes distrust the motives ofbusiness people ,believing that they are capable of putting profit before product safety ,or a cleaner environment. There ,most Americans believe business need some government regulation,although they may disagree on how much. There is another reason why business institutions receive respect in the United States. One aspect of the great American dream is to rise from poverty to great weath. This has usually been accomplished through successful business careers. All of the great private fortunes in the nation were built by people who were successful in business, many of them started life with very little. Not only is business seen as the best opportunity for the a,bitious individual to become weathy, it is also seen as benefiting the entire nation.The United Ststes is a large country and is rich in natural resources. It is a leading producer of fuel;fuEl for energy such as coal ,petroleum,and natural gas ; rich soil for agriculture ;water for agriculture;forests which provide wood for building and paper;freshwater and ocean fish. It is a leading producer of many other minerals. The United Ststes grows wheat,corn,and other crops and raises many cows and chickens. Manufacturing is the most important ecinomic activity in the country. The leading products are ;non-electric machinery,transportation equipment,ment products, printed materials,paper,rubber and plastic products.Amercian economy is very important in global marletplace. Americanbusiness has become a part os a much larger global economy. The United States is one of the largest markets in the world ;a consumer society looking for goods from all over the world. Major imports include machiney and tele-communications equipment,oil cars, metal,and chemicals. Not suprisingly ,internationsl trade is important to the U.S. major esports include machinery and high-technology equipment,chemical, cars ,aircrafe,and grains. Much attention is being given to competing successfully in the global market of 21st century.However ,United States can’t compere wit the abudant supply of cheap labor that exits in the countries of the the Pacific and Latin America;there fore,many companies in the United States are moving their manufacturing operations to Asia or Latin American. In the 1990s the North American Free Trade Agreement treaty joined Canada ,the United States,and Mexicao as tradingpartners and craeted new opportunities and new markets. The auto industry has revived and is flourishing. Old giranit corporations laid off thousands of workers, downsizing to become more effecient and competitive. American business now understand that must be highly efficient if it is compete successfully in the global marketplace.Today ,the U.S. ,faces some major economic challenges. One important challenge is increasing its productivity,the efficiency of the labor forces in order increas the rate of economic growth. Another challenge,as the country shifts from manufacturing to services ,is trainpeople to fill new kinds of job.In the United States ,the manager is a cultural hero.the are some essential business protocol in the United States. The United States of America, is now the only superpower in the world, both economically and militarily. Today, the American economic situation is not particularly good, compared to the previous heyday, the period slightly tired. Today, the United States of America, the problem of high unemployment rate has great influence on the recovery of American economy. In general, the United States economy is relatively stable, believe that the United States of America's economic stimulus plan will make the United States economy more stable, more energetic, still maintain a strong momentum, maintain economic dominance.As the saying goes, starve than camels, we still believe that the United States of America, economic stability, the United States of America economic dominance is still unable to shake. The United States has a very developed market economy, current situation of the United States economy is still the world's largest economic power. American industry is very developed, the Midwest is the United States of America's heavy industry and manufacturing center, and Detroit Auto City, city of Pittsburgh steel and so on also shows the eastern industrial developed, while the western new industries, such as aerospace, aircraft manufacturing and so on, so that the United States of America Industryhas been developing constantly, which is why the United States of America today is still why the industrial economic supremacy. In addition, the United States of America's foreign economy and trade is very powerful, and adjacent to the United States, Canada, Japan, China and Asia, have thousands of products abroad every day, such as industrial products, automobile, aircraft, electronic products and so on, trade is very large. America remains the world's largest economy and is the most important, we admittedly.The United States of America service industry is very developed, not only is the advanced facilities, but also because of the number of jobs in the service sector, the three fourths of labor force engaged in the service industry. The United States of America tourism accounted for third of the world, and through the integration of various services, formed a complete set of service mechanism. This also makes the United States through the services to earn a lot of foreign exchange. Because the United States geographical conditions superiority, makes the United States the highly developed agriculture. Therefore, the United States of America is the world's most populous country exports of agricultural products, one of the sources of the most stable. Mineral resources are also very rich, can say, the United States economy should have the development of any conditions. Of course, the United States of America is the world financial center. The Wall Street in New York, a street fluctuations can affect theworld, enough to see the United States economy accounts for the component in the world economy. The American economy is highly developed, many countries around the world are linked to the dollar, therefore, also makes the dollar is relatively stable, the United States of America securities market is a barometer of the world economic situation.Perhaps, today's dominant superpower surface, only, the American economy is faced with many problems, such as unemployment, medical and other social welfare is not perfect, but we still believe, now in government policy, the United States of America's economy will continue to maintain rapid development, economic status is still dominant. The United States is typical of highly developed commodity economy; is also typical of the private monopoly capitalism highly developed; the typical and the development of national monopoly capitalism. It can be said that, as a capitalist industrialized countries, the United States is coming, as a modern capitalist monopoly organization of the country, the United States is established. It is the history of the development of a typical commercial economy and monopoly capitalism.Phase synchronization of American modernization and modern mode of production and organization of the United States of America, that the development of the commodity economy is the nature of capitalism which need to be excluded, clearly the nature of the development process of modernization and the confused, but that this development without theUnited States features, does not conform to the interests of the United States of America capitalism is wrong.The United States is a typical open country. From the North American colonial times, the United States of America and the opening to the outside world forges the indissoluble bound. Do not open, the North American continent in seventeenth Century can not be early capitalism; not open neither have the birth of the United States of America, also won't have formed the United nations. The development of American capitalism and America country is formed and the United States to open to the outside world, to engage in agile without. In modern history, not open there will be no development of the United States of America in the twentieth Century.The United States is not only an immigration country, but also is the frequent movement of a domestic residents kingdom. It is the product of the high development of commodity economy and the United States of America continuous immigration tide, is also an important reason to promote the economic development of the United States of america. Flow of the North American continent performance changing for the residents of migration and distribution, as well as the urbanization and the rapid development of city, rural resident population distribution changes sharply. It reflects the transfer of the United States population redistribution rate.Highly developed commodity economy provides the objective economic condition of high mobility; westward movement and continental expansion is a powerful force for high mobility; modern industrialization and modernization and greatly promote the development of high mobility; pilot transportation and communications business and high migration rate and create favorable environment; the capitalist market economy system and the United Nations and the spirit of innovation is the high mobility of the push factors. The United States of America benign the frequent movement of the population in favor of the United States of America economic modernization; conducive to the United States the development of social and cultural diversity; is conducive to the rational distribution and the overall development of the United States; is conducive to improving the quality of the population.From the founding of trade as the superpower's foreign trade, foreign trade has not established without the United States of America; there can be no rapid development of American modernization; there is no formation of a superpower. Trading nation in the process, the United States adopted a policy of free trade and protective trade balance and turn. As an important manifestation of the open type of the United States of America, since twentieth Century, the United States basically the implementation of open-door policy. From the China open door to open global door policy, it shows that the global economic modernization andpolitical democratization process, far-reaching impact of this policy for international relations have.As for the ongoing reform and policy adjustment, we will elaborate the following a few lecture. Tell us the United States the road of the reform and open policy, the United States of America in less than 400 years, from the wilderness to the world's number one superpower, thanks to the reform and opening up; no reform and opening up have the United States characteristics. In the modern capitalist countries, the United States of America's reform and opening-up occupy a leading position in Western world.。