同传汉译英 1-5 (5分钟)

同传汉译英（5分钟）

1.

美国军事转型

在讨论军事发展问题时，人们往往将“军事转型”等同于“军事现代化”。“军事现代化”非常重要，它是一个随着时间的推移完善装备和训练的自然过程。但“转型”意味着根据新规律进行决策，这是一个创新性更强、更具革命性的变化，这一变化创造了全新的战争环境。

从历史上看，19世纪初曾有过这样巨大的变化。那时拿破仑为了战争能够动员和激发整个国家。这样巨大的变化在20世纪中叶也曾再现，那时德国人发展了闪击战的战术。拿破仑的全民动员迫使全世界反思战争是如何发起的，而德军创造性地将坦克部队与战术航空兵结合使用制服了盟军，后者直到后来才按照德军模式进行了改编。

不久前，我们也实现了一些引人注目的转型。全球定位系统就是一个最为著名的转型方面的例子。1991年“沙漠风暴”行动中，全球定位系统为美国军队提供了巨大的优势。它的出现改变了军队、国防部和社会。另一个转型的例子就是美军成功地“拥有黑夜”，将新的夜视技术和创造性的作战概念结合在一起。

在伊拉克和阿富汗战事中，美军显示的适应和转型能力给人印象深刻。在阿富汗北方联盟发动的攻势中，美国特种作战部队召唤B-1、B-52和其他美国飞机进行支援。对现有技术的这种创新使用非常有效，极大地影响了作战行动，加速了塔利班的溃败。

在广阔的伊拉克战场上，在主攻线路上，重型装甲和机械化部队向巴格达快速推进。同时，数量空前的装备轻型武器的特种作战部队、空降部队和空中机动部队在伊拉克的南部、北部和西部实施分散支援行动。在战斗中，美国和盟军的行动速度非常之快，使丧失斗志的伊拉克军队无法组织任何像样的防御或反击。

虽然未来部队的形式和遂行军事行动的样式还在演变，但是两个特点已然非常突出：一是部队是以网络为中心的联合部队；二是该部队将能在网络中心战的支持下实施基于效果作战。现代技术和新作战概念的结合已经使网络化部队和单个平台能够以数年前还被认为不可能的方式作战。

按照国防部的构想，联合网络中心部队能够依据正在出现的战争样式原则遂行军事行动。实现这一构想有赖于各级指挥员、参谋人员、部队和个人获取的情报数质量的大幅度提高，以及更加灵活、反应更快的战斗后勤概念。为此，美军必须加快军事转型。

U.S. Military Transformation

When discussing military development, people often tend to equate “military transformation” with “military modernization.” Of course, the latter is very important. It is the natural process of improving equipment and training as time progresses. Yet what is meant by “transformation” is decision-making according to new rules, a more innovative and revolutionary change that creates a whole new warfare environment.

Historically, such sea changes were demonstrated by the Napoleonic ability to mobilize and inspire the whole nation for war at the beginning of the 19th century or the blitzkrieg tactics developed by the Germans in the mid 20th century. Napoleon’s levee en masse forced the entire world to rethink how it waged war, while the Wehrmacht’s innovative employment of armor and tactical air in combination overwhelmed the Allies until they adapted by following the German model.

In more recent history, we have achieved some notable transformational changes. The Global Positioning System (GPS), one of the best known examples of transformation, gave the U.S. forces a tremendous advantage over Iraqi forces in 1991 during Operation Desert Storm. Its advent changed the military, the Department, and civil society. Another example of transformation has been the U.S. Army’s successful efforts to “own the night,” combining new night vision technology with innovative operational concepts.

In the operations both in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. military has demonstrated an impressive ability to adapt and transform. In Afghanistan, U.S. special operations forces (SOF) were able to call in precision air strikes by B-1s, B-52s, and other U.S. aircraft to support the Northern Alliance offensive battle. This innovative use of existing technology proved highly effective, dramatically affecting operations and hastening the defeat of the Taliban.

On a broader field of battle in Iraq, while heavy armor and mechanized units pushed rapidly towards Baghdad in the main effort, lightly armed SOF, airborne, and air mobile forces in unprecedented numbers were used to prosecute supporting but dispersed operations in the south, north, and west of the country. The U.S. and allied forces acted very speedily in the battle and precluded the demoralized Iraqi army from being able to mount a credible defense or counter-attack.

Although the concept of what the future force will look like and how it will conduct military operations is still evolving, two salient characteristics seem to stand out: (1) It will