Culture in Ancient Greece
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化习题汇总
Chapter One Culture in Ancient GreeceMultiple choices:1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras9. ________ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture10. Greek culture can date back to____.A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age11. Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy12. The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.A. the Heroic AgeB. the Golden AgeC. the Cretan CivilizationD. the Mycenaean Civilization13. The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.A. archaicB. centralC. dependentD. dark14. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.A. Justinian IB. CleonC. PericlesD. Ptolemy15. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Heraclitus16. Herodotus, father of Greek history, focused on describing the war between _____in his book, The Histories.A. Thebes and SpartaB. Persia and SyracuseC. Athens and SpartaD. Greeks and PersiansTrue of false question.(1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. F(2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. F(3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, was created by Myron. T(4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. F(5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. TShort answer questionsHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age, and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology, Greek philosophy started with Thales who believed that the material world originated in water. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning. Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Chapter Two Culture in Ancient RomeMultiple choices:1.Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which hadlasted about 1200 years throughout.A. Roman RepublicB. ByzantiumC. Pax RomanaD. Seven Hill Ally2.____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.A. Octavian and CaesarB. Caesar and RemusC. Romulus and RemusD. Romulus and Octavian3.____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.A. CaesarB. OctavianC. RemusD. Pompey4.The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius CaesarD. Octavian, Brutus, Marius5.Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainD. Carthage6.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero7.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard8.The Law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in _____.A.450 BCB. 200 BCC. 40 BCD. 400 BC9.The Italian poet Dante regarded _____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.A.VirgilB. HoraceC. OvidD. Chaucer10.In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th centuryTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. F(2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. F(3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas. F(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. T(5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. T(6) All Roman citizens were allowed to vote on laws or on the decision of who were to be leaders. F(7) After Civil War, Roman entered the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace in Rome. T(8) The first Trumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. F(9) In Rome, Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece. T(10) Before Christianity enter Rome, Ancient Romans had mostly been polytheists. TShort answer questionsPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire.Reasons:a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government.b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuseto take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.Chapter Three Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentMultiple choices:1.The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.A.586 BCB.450 BCC.336 BCD.586 AC2.Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.A.585 BCB.1000 BCC.1000 ADD.585 AD3.In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.A.David and SolomonB.Moses and DavidC.Jacob and DavidD.Jacob and Solomon4.The ancestor of the Jews is ___.A.GreekB. GermanicC. HebrewD. Roman5.The whole Old Testament is written in ______ except some brief portions which are in the Aramaic languageA.classical HebrewB.classical EnglishC.classical GreekD.classical LatinFill in the blanks1.Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.2.Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the BabylonianCaptivity and later period.3.The core of Judaism is Mose’s Ten Commandments and Rabbis’ interpretations of the doctrines.4.The Jewish New Year is called Rosh Hashanah.True of false question.1.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. F2.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa andApocrypha. T3.Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including theirlife in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. F4.The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T5.Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship orlegendary. TShort answer questionsSay something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literary value.What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures, such as Greek and Arabic cultures.The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. Another example concerns Philo, the major Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical element and Jewish theology.Chapter Four Christianity and The New TestamentFill in the blanks(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like Alexander the Great and the Romans, the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.(2) Plato’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.(3) Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church.(4) Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime.(5) Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.(6) The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious worship.(7) Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother.B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbor’s wife.D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion?A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all otherreligions?A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I7. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John Baptist(施洗者约翰)D. John Wycliff8. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ____ and started at the turn of ____A. Mary, 1st century ADB. Jesus Christ, 1st century ADC. Jehovah, 1st century BCD. Jesus Christ, 1st century BC9. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint(七十子译本《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)10. On February ____ , the Roman Emperor, ______ , accepted Christianity as the official religion.A. 380, Alexander the GreatB. 380, TheodosiusC. 400, OctavianD. 100, Jesus Christ11. _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. In 1054. In 1054 BC C. In 1055 D. In 38012. In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.A. St. PeterB. Saint Leo IC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin13. The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.A. Lutheran ChurchB. AnglicanismC. PresbyterianD. Free Churches14. ______ is the 2nd book of The Old Testament, telling the history of Hebrews, flight out of Egypt led by Moses.A. ExodusB. GospelC. GenesisD. Job15. _______ is the cradle of many civilizations, such as Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.A. EgyptB. Asia MinorC. JerusalemD. Aegean SeaShort answer questionReasons for Roman acceptance of Christianity:a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.True of False(1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven. F(2) Christianity is a kind of culture. T(3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in Roman Empire. T(4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by Christianity and Western culture. F(5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy Spirit in one divine being. TChapter Five The Middle Ages and Germanic CultureFill in the blanks(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture.(2) Neo-Platonism is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism.(3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.(4) The early medieval literature was represented by poems, particularly by hymns pressing the intense religious feelings of love of God.(5) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related to religion, since it was the focal point in people’s lives and the church was the principal promoter of artistic work.(6) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic styles.Multiple Choice1. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.A. the modern eraB. the Middle AgesC. the new periodD. the Renaissance2. The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______.A. FrenchB. ItaliansC. SlavsD. Tartars3. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4764.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs5. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James6.Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French7. Which of the following is NOT true about Scholasticism.A. Scholasticism was initiated by the medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity.B. The Scholars employed Aristotle’s statement and Plato’s theory of ideas to explain God’s existence.C. The Scholars made a compromise between science and philosophy.D. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. True or false questions(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. T(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. F(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. F(4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. T(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. T(6) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. F(7) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. T(8) The spirit of the Germans formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. T(9) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.T(10) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance. F(11) Serfs in the plantations of the Charlemagne’s Empire worked hard because they could be rewarded. F(12) The icon referred to the abstract image of Jesus Christ in the period of Byzantium. T(13) Scholasticism was created by Vatican in the Middle Ages to handle the ideas of infidelity with the help of classical philosophy. TShout answer questionsWhat is your comment on the status of medieval culture and politics in Western history?(1) social advantages for the change of productive means;(2) the weakening of the centralized system;(3) the increasing influences of the Church;(4) cultural contributions of Germans and other nationalities;a. Germanic contributions to Christianity－Power in Christian Trinity mainly came from the Goths who were brave, militant and tactically capable of warring. Charlemagne the Great tried to restore Roman culture and promote cultural development.b. The Muslims also contributed considerably to the preservation and dissemination of classical culture.(5) utilitarian tendency of the medieval culture;a. the emergence of a range of different cultures;b. the humanizing and perfecting of hierarchy;c. the humanization of Christian doctrines.Chapter Six Culture during the RenaissanceFill in the blanks(1) The Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art; while the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology.(2) With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.(3) Calvin’s theory of Predestination conformed to expectations of bourgeoisie.(4) Calvin practiced his democratic and republican system on the basis of principles in the New Testaments.(5) Francis Bacon was the founder of experimental science and materialism.(6) “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by Rene Descartes.Multiple Choice1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo7. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford8. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.10. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的）authorities take place?A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII11. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Queen12. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man,expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia13. Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家)D. Shakespeare14.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance15. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet?A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne16. In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?A. BruegelB. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯C. El GrecoD. Rabelais17. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question. ”is from whose works?A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakespeare18. The core idea of the Renaissance was ________.A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism19.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. commercial20. The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______.A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society21. The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life22. Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.True or false(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance. T(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile. F(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle. T(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution. T(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered the development of the former. T(6) Cultural salon was founded in order to spread the Graeco-Roman culture. F(7) The discussions in the cultural salon helped to improve cultural manners. T(8) The French Academy derives from a club of ten members discussing questions of common interest. F(9) Drama was a vigorous and popular cultural activity during the Renaissance in France. T(10) Drama in this period focused on moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement. TShort answer questions1.Try to list the elements which contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance.Hints: the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.3. Please illustrate the features of social ideology during the Renaissance and its representative figures.The social ideology was based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. The core of social ideology during the Renaissance was humanism, which reflected strongly the wishes and desires of the civilian class and essentially an expression of the bourgeois individualism and hedonism. Humanism contributed remarkably to the later social and intellectual advances in the Western world.Representative figures are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.4. Please clarify the significance of the Religious Reformation in the Western world.The Reformation made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.a. With the far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.b. The Reformation was the most effective and influential in terms of the results it achieved. It not only contributed to the ecclesiastical development of Christianity, but opened the way to much of the subsequent social and intellectual progress of the West.5. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.。
Chapter1 Culture_in_Ancient_Greece
The embryo of the Greek polis government
Community
The Noble Families
The Commoners
The King
The Contemporary Chinese Culture
From 1500-1027B.C., the Shang Dynasty and before 1027-771 B.C., the Zhou Dynasty 771-256 B.C. the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (king in name, the classical Chinese civilization taking form)
General Survey of Western Culture
Western civilization has a long history of almost 5,000 years since the origin of Cretan society. It is generally acknowledged that Western culture originated in Greek, Roman and perhaps Celtic, which is known as classicism. Many aspects of western culture, such as educational systems, public institutions, ways of counseling and making decisions, spiritual pursuits and concerns for science and culture, are attributed to the influence of the classical period. In addition, westerners’ rational way of thinking, practical spirit, respect for human values and inclination to research nature are obviously the results of classicist heritage.
Culture in Ancient Greece Aegean Civilization
Crete：Minoan civilization
Language and writing
Linear A & Linear B (hieroglyphics/cuneiform)
Crete：Minoan civilization
Crete：Minoan civilization
Commerce
Cyclades: Cycladic Civilization
The significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic culture is best known for its schematic flat female idols carved out of the islands’ pure white marble centuries before the great Middle Bronze Age ("Minoan") culture arose in Crete, to the south.
Lecture Two
Culture in Ancient Greece: Aegean Civilization
Where is Aegean?
What is Aegean Civilization?
Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea. There are three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term: Crete, the Cyclades and the Greek mainland.
Culture in ancient Greece：1.History and Mythology 01
B. the building of the Parthenon on the Acropolis
--------------------------------------------Parthenon [‘pɑ:θinɔn], 帕特农神庙 Acropolis [ə‘krɔpəlis], 雅典卫城
I. Brief Introduction to Greece
1. Geography of Greece 2. The Cradle of Western Civilization
1. Geography of Greece
a small country in Europe near the Mediterranean Sea the main part is on a peninsula The rest is made up of islands.
The mountainous land also meant that it was difficult to invade Greek lands. The Balkan Mountains in the north and the Mediterranean Sea form barriers that made it difficult for outsider to attack.
4. Classical Period (500-336 BC)
between
about 500 B. C., when the Greeks began to come into conflict with the kingdom of Persia to the east
chapter1 古希腊文化
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Text Study
The Neolithic 新石器时代: It is a period in the development of human technology, beginning in about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic is a measured progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals.
Religion: polytheists, mythology Architecture: standard style Sport: Olympics
Learning objectives
To get a brief view of the history and development of Greek Civilization
Text Study
Think and Discuss
Give a brief introduction to the Trojan War and check references to know more about the war.
The Trojan War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the12th–11th centuries BC.
关于英语文化的英文介绍
关于英语文化的英文介绍篇一：关于文化的英语作文On an introduction to Chinese and western culture of appreciationCulture is a unique human spiritual phenomenon, as a symbol system, which constitutes the essential difference between man and animal, it is to humanity as a carrier, is a property of humanity, and humanity perish. We can say that culture is the main designer and bearers of the human spirit, the human self-consciousness highest cohesion.The Chinese culture and western culture differences reflected in many ways。
For example, food, clothing, music, architecture…First of all, the Culture of China is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history and strongly influenced other countries in East Asia. But the America culture as the representative of western culture, the thought foundation are derived from the European Renaissance, the source is the culture in ancient Greece and Rome, Christian influence is far-reaching, the value of individual freedom and rights, pay attention to the practice and exploration.Second, Western culture is based on individualism. But Chinese culture is based on masses (collectivism). For example, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. In China, we prefer noodles,rice ,JiaoZi as the main course. But In west countries, peoplelike eating hamburgers, chips, pizza, pasta as their main course. The last, Chinese culture that is based on humanism and people. But West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. Chinese uses ethics and tolerance to resolve people and people's relationship.In a nutshell. Culture is everything, culture is everywhere. In today's world, no nation and the country can get rid of their traditional culture. With the advance of globalization and cultural exchanges between the countries have become increasingly frequent, explore the overall differences in Chinese and Western culture, and aims to promote economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, strengthening the "global village" of contact and seek common development.在介绍升值对中国和西方文化文化是一种独特的人类精神现象，作为一种符号系统，它构成了人与动物的本质区别，它是人类作为一个载体，是人类的财产，人类灭亡。
Culture in Ancient Greece.ppt
Geographical Facts
1. The Greek peninsula and its neighboring islands comprise the present Greece.
2.mountanious (Pindus) Small and isolated lowlands The Plain of Thessaly( on the west coast) 3. warm and dry climate (drought-resisting
appeared.) From Neolithic tribalism to Civilization
I. The Cretan (Minoan, 克里特) Civilization
From 3000B.C.1100B.C. (approximately)
The prosperity mostly relied on its trade from one end of the Mediterranean to the other.
plants, such as olives and laurels)
Prolog. The Ancient Civilizations( approximately 35001000B.C)
Mesopotamia (3500 B.C.) 1.) the symbol of the beginning of
Poetry of tand Odyssey by Homer (p. 27, textbook), about wars, adventures, the life of nobles and kings.
Works and Days and Birth of the Gods by Hesiod (赫西奥德), about the life and lore of the farmers and the genealogies(家谱） of the gods.
Culture in Ancient Greece
Pericles’s Funeral Oration (431 B.C.)
在关于希腊文明这一章中，陈乐民教授提到了 这篇悼词，并指出，这篇悼词体现了“对人民， 对普通人的尊重，让普通人参与政治生活”。 而在同时期乃至之后的中国古代的先贤中要找 这样的一篇具有类似精神的文章出来，是找不 到的。
“这篇悼词相当长，给我的印象，就好像是现在的国家的总统或 者是主席所发表的谘文。他把雅典的“民主制度”、“法律”归 纳出来，他讲到雅典的“民主制度”不是从别人那里模仿出来的， 是自己生活方式的一部分，只能供别人仿效，而不是雅典仿效别 人。悼词里边还讲到了“雅典精神”——“冒险”，我体会这个 “冒险”就是“进取”的意思，不达到目的决不罢休的精神，勇 敢的精神、探险的精神、不怕牺牲的精神。他在这篇悼词里还提 到了“国家荣誉”，当时雅典是希腊各城邦中最大的一个，而且 是模范。雅典和斯巴达的联盟打败了那么大的一个波斯，当时的 波斯也是了不起啊，是一个霸权国家。雅典和斯巴达暂时联合起 来，打了好几场战争，即希波战争，在打败了波斯的基础之上， 雅典发达了起来。斯巴达因为它的文明比较落后，只知道蛮干， 文化比较落后，没有民主制度。
Slaves were commonly used in agriculture and handicraft production.
III. The Dark Ages(1200-800 B.C.)
Around 1200 B.C., A “Dark Age” descended and obscured Greece until the rise of the city-states about 800 B.C.
By the end of the 6th Century B.C., the tribe had given way to city-states (poleis); other social classes had risen to challenge the nobility; industry and commerce had come to play a considerable role, and Greek colonies had spread to all the Mediterranean shores.
The ancient Greek civilization(古希腊文明)
The ancient Greek civilization(古希腊文明)古希腊位于地中海东北部。
历史表明，克里特的征服者、特洛伊城的毁灭者——迈锡尼人，是希腊最早的居民之一。
但是古希腊文明的源头是爱琴文明,多年后爱琴人有了辉煌的米诺斯与迈锡尼文化。
随后便产生了璀璨的希腊文明。
Ancient Greece is located in the northeastern Mediterranean. History shows that, the conqueror of Crete, the destruction of Troy - the Mycenaeans, is the earliest inhabitants of greece. But,the source of the ancient Greek civilization is the Aegean civilization,many years later, Aegean has brilliant Minoan and Mycenaean culture.Then created bright Greek civilization.古希腊文化作为古典文化代表，在西方乃至世界都占有极其重要地位，主要包括了古希腊战争，古希腊艺术和古希腊神话。
Ancient Greek culture as the representative of classical culture, in the western world has occupied a very important position, including the ancient Greek War, the ancient Greek art and ancient Greek mythology.说真的，希腊卓有成就的文化领域与神话传说密切相关。
希腊神话传说不但是希腊人最早的文学，而且是希腊人最早的意识形态。
关于阿基米德的简介英文_英文简历模板
关于阿基米德的简介英文阿基米德，古希腊哲学家、数学家、物理学家，静态力学和流体静力学的奠基人，下面是小编为你整理的关于阿基米德的简介英文，希望对你有用!阿基米德简介Archimedes (287 BC - 212 BC), the founder of the great ancient Greek philosopher, Wikipedia scientist, mathematician, physicist, mechanist, static mechanics and hydrostatic mechanics, and enjoyed " The father of mechanics, "the reputation of Archimedes and Gauss, Newton tied for the world's three mathematicians. Archimedes once said, "Give me a fulcrum and I can pry the whole earth."Archimedes established the basic principles of static and hydrostatic mechanics. Giving a number of ways to find the center of gravity of the geometric figure, including the center of gravity of a pattern surrounded by a parabola and its net parallel lines. Archimedes proves that the buoyancy of the object in the liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid it drains, and this result is called the Archimedes principle. He also gives a positive parabolic rotating body floating in the liquid balance and stability criteria. Archimedes invented the mechanical water diversion with water, can affect the full load of the lever pulley machinery, can explain the eclipse, eclipse phenomenon of the Earth - the moon - the sun running model. But he believes that mechanical invention than pure mathematics low, and therefore did not write this work. Archimedes also uses constant segmentation to find the volume of the ellipsoid, rotating paraboloid, etc. This method already has the embryonic form of integral calculation.阿基米德人物生平People bornIn 287 BC Archimedes was born in a small village near Syracuse, Sicily, who was born in the nobility and had a relationship with the King Hieron of Syracuse. The family was very rich. Archimedes' father is an astronomer and mathematician, knowledgeable and humble. Archimedes means the great thinker, Archimedes influenced by the family, from an early age on mathematics, astronomy, especially the ancient Greek geography had a strong interest.At the time of the birth of Archimedes, the splendid culture of ancient Greece was gradually declining, and the economic and cultural center gradually moved to Alexandria in Egypt; but on the other hand, the emerging Roman republic on the Italian peninsula was constantly expanding its forces; North Africa also has a new national Carthage rise. Archimedes is growing in the era of this new and old forces, and Syria ancient city has become a lot of forces fighting place.Study experienceIn 267 BC, when Archimedes was eleven years old, Archimedes was sent by his father to Alexandria, Egypt, to follow Euglian's students, Elatase and Cannon. Alexander City is located in the mouth of the Nile, was the world's knowledge, cultural and trade center, scholars gathered, talent pool, was the world as "wisdom of the capital." The study of literature, mathematics, astronomy and medicine is very developed.Archimedes in Alexandria followed many famous mathematicians to study, including the famous geometric master - Euclid, Archimedes studied and lived here for many years, he eclectic and the ancient and ancient Greek culture Heritage, the subsequent scientific career has made a significant impact, laidthe foundation of Archimedes in the future of scientific research.Defend the motherlandIn 218 BC the Roman Empire and the North African Carthaginian Empire broke out in the second Punic War. Sullivan in Sicily has always been to trust in Rome, but in 216 BC Carthage defeated the Roman army, Syracuse's new king (Haiwei Long II's grandson successor), immediately see the rudder and Carthage alliance , The Roman Empire then sent General Marcella led the sea from the sea and land at the same time attack Syria ancient.Syria and the Roman Empire between the war, is the age of Archimedes, the Roman army's highest commander Marcella led the Roman army surrounded the city he lived, also occupied the harbor. Archimedes did not agree to war, but had to do their duty to defend their own country. Archimedes saw the land of critical, protect the country's sense of responsibility to make him up against the enemy, so Archimedes brains, day and night invented the enemy weapons.● catapult and craneArchimedes used a leveraged principle to create a rubble called a stone crossbow, a large boulder to the Roman army warships, or use the transmitter to the spear and stone to the Roman soldiers, all close to the wall of the enemy , Can not escape his flying stone or javelin ... ... Archimedes also invented a variety of weapons, to block the progress of the Roman army. According to some later records, when he made a huge crane, the enemy's warships can be suspended in the air, and then fell heavily to make the warships in the water crushed.● Mirror condenserOne day Syria ancient city was attacked by the Roman army, and Syria ancient city of young adults and soldiers went to thefront line, the city only left the elderly, women and children, at a critical moment. At this time, Archimedes came out for their own country.Archimedes let the women and the children each come out of their own mirrors to come to the coast, let the mirror reflect the strong sunshine to the enemy's main sail, the reflection of the thousands of mirrors gathered in the sail At one point, the sails burned up, the fire taking advantage of the wind, the more burning the more prosperous, the Romans do not know the details, that Archimedes and invented a new weapon. He fled and fled.These weapons get the Roman army panic, everyone is afraid, even the general Marcelas are laughing admitted: "This is a Roman fleet and Archimedes one war", "Archimedes is myth of the hundred Hand giant ".The death of a great manIn 212 BC, the ancient Roman army invaded Syracuse, Archimedes was killed by Roman soldiers, at the age of seventy five years old. Archimedes' remains were buried in Sicily, and the tombstone was carved with a cylinder of the ball to commemorate his outstanding contribution to geometry.Verse 1: The Roman soldiers broke into the residence of Archimedes and saw an old man digging on the ground for geometric figures. Archimedes told the soldiers that you would wait to kill me, and I could not leave the world with an incomplete formula He did not wait for him to finish, and the soldier killed him. He died with regret.Verse 2: A Roman soldier suddenly appeared before him, ordered him to go to Marcella, was rejected by Archimedes, and Archimedes died under the sword of the soldier.Version 3: Archimedes sat next to the incomplete stone wall, drawing a geometric figure on the sand. A Roman soldier ordered Archimedes to leave, and he made a gesture arrogantly, "Do not break my circle!" The Roman soldiers were furious and immediately threw the old scientist with a knife Archimedes.Version 4: Roman soldiers broke into the residence of Archimedes and saw an old man drawing the geometric problems on the ground of his own house. Archimedes said, "Go away, do not move my picture!" Very angry, then pull out the knife, toward the Archimedes who stabbed.No matter how the death of Archimedes, the most regrettable is that the Roman army commander Marcella, Marcelas will kill Archimedes soldiers as murderers to be executed, he for the Akmami Germany held a grand funeral, and built a mausoleum for Archimedes, in the tombstone according to Archimedes's last wish, engraved with the "cylindrical ball" this geometric graphics.阿基米德个人成就Buoyancy principleThe principle of buoyancy is that the buoyancy obtained by the object in the liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid it discharges, that is, F = G (where F is the buoyancy of the object and G is the gravity of the liquid discharged from the object). This type of deformation can be obtained (where ρ is the discha rge of liquid density, g for the local gravity acceleration, V for the discharge of liquid volume) Legend of Syracuse Nang Wang for craftsmen for him to do a gold crown. But after doing well, the king suspected of the craftsmen to do the Golden Delicious is not pure gold, craftsmen privately swallowed the gold, but can not destroy the crown, and this golden crown and the original goldhand to the gold as heavy. The problem stumped the king and the ministers. As a minister suggested, the king invited Archimedes to test the crown.At first Archimedes did nothing to the problem. One day he took a bath at home, and when he sat into the tub, he saw the water spilled, and suddenly thought that the size of the golden crown could be determined by measuring the displacement of the solid in the water. He jumped out of the bath with excitement, and even the clothes were reluctant to wear and ran out, shouting "Eureka! Eureka!" (Ερηκα, meaning "found".)After a further experiment, he came to the palace, he put the crown and the same weight of pure gold on the two pots filled with water, compared the two pots of overflowing water, found to put the crown of the basin overflow Water is more than another pot. This shows that the crown of the volume of the same weight than the weight of pure gold, the density is not the same, so that the crown mixed with other metals.The significance of this test is far greater than the detection of goldsmiths to deceive the king, Archimedes found buoyancy law (Archimedes principle): objects in the liquid obtained buoyancy, equal to the weight of its discharge of liquid. (That is, the well-known drainage method)Lever principleLever principle: to meet the following three points of the system, basically is the lever: fulcrum, force point, force point. Leverage principle is also called "leverage balance": to balance the lever, the two forces acting on the lever (the product of the force and arm) must be equal. That is: power power arm = resistance resistance arm, with the formula can be expressed as: Haiwei Long Wang and encountered a difficult problem: the kingfor the Egyptian Ptolemy king made a ship, because too too heavy, the ship Can not put into the sea, the king said to Archimedes: "You even the earth are lifted up, put a boat into the sea should be no problem? Archimedes called craftsmen around the ship installed a set of Beautifully designed tackle and leverer. Archimedes called more than 100 people in front of the ship, grabbed a rope, he let the king affect a rope, the ship actually slowly slipped into the sea. King unusually happy, publicly announced: From now on, I ask everyone, whatever Archimedes say, trust him!Mechanical applicationArchimedes for mechanical research from his time in Alexandria school day, one day Archimedes in the long drought on the Nile side of the walk, see the farmers pouring water quite hard, after thinking he invented a The use of spiral in the water pipe in the rotation of the water to suck up the tools, later people call it "Archimedes spiral water extractor." Egypt has been up to two thousand years after the modern, and some people use this device. This tool became the ancestor of the later propeller.Archimedes attaches great importance to the test, life design, manufacture a lot of equipment and machinery, it is worth mentioning that there are weight pulley, irrigation machine, water machine and military use of rubble and so on.At the time of Europe, in the engineering and daily life, often use some simple machinery, such as: screws, tackles, levers, gears, etc., Archimedes spent a lot of time to study, found the "lever principle" and "torque" Concept, for the regular use of tools to create machinery in the Archimedes, the theory applied to the actual life is easy. Archimedes is likely to be the most thorough understanding of the principles and the use of machinery in theworld at that time.Archimedes and Athens scientists have a distinct difference, that is, he attaches importance to the rigor of science, accuracy, requirements for each question are accurate and logical proof; also attaches great importance to the practical application of scientific knowledge.Master of MathematicsArchimedes also has a very brilliant achievement in mathematics, especially in geography.Archimedes 'mathematical thought contains calculus, Archimedes' "methodology" has been "very close to modern calculus", there are mathematical "infinite" advanced research, throughout the whole story is how Mathematical model for physical application.What he lacks is that there is no limit concept, but its thought is extended to the 17th century mature mature infinite analysis of the field, to inform the birth of calculus.Archimedes made Euclid's idea of approaching ideas. He uses the "approximation method" to calculate the sphere area, the volume of the ball, the parabola, the elliptical area, the later mathematicians based on this "approach" to develop into modern "calculus". Archimedes also use the rounded method to obtain the value of π between 3.14163 and 3.14286.In addition, he calculated that the surface area of the ball is four times the area of the largest circular area, and the volume of the cylindrical sphere is two thirds of the volume of the cylinder. The theorem is engraved on his tombstone.Archimedes studied the nature of the spiral curve, the current "Archimedes spiral" curve, is to commemorate him named. In addition, he in the "sand count" a book, he created aset of large numbers of methods, simplifying the way of counting.Archimedes' geometric work is the culmination of Greek mathematics. He combined Euclid's strict reasoning with Plato's rich imagination and harmony, reaching the realm of perfection, so that it would be done by Kepler, Cavalieri, Fermat, Newton, Leibniz and others continue to cultivate the calculus is becoming more perfect. "Astronomical researchArchimedes developed a cross angle instrument for astronomical measurements and made an instrument for measuring the sun's direction to the earth.Archimedes also used hydraulic production of a planetarium, the ball on the day, month, stars, five planets. According to records, the planetarium not only run accurate, even when the lunar eclipse, solar eclipse can be predicted.Archimedes also believes that the earth may be round. In his later years Archimedes began to doubt the doctrine of the Earth Center and speculated that the earth could turn around the sun, and this conjecture was raised until the Copernican era.。
古典文献学的英语
古典文献学的英语Classical Philology, also known as Classical Literature or Classical Studies, is the study of the literature, language, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It is a field of study that examines the works of classical authors such as Homer, Virgil, Plato, and Cicero, as well as the historical, social, and cultural contexts in which these works were produced. Classical Philology also encompasses the study of ancient languages such as Latin and Greek, as well as the literary and linguistic traditions of these languages.The study of classical literature and language has a long and rich history, dating back to ancient Greece and Rome themselves. In ancient Greece, the study of Homer's epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, was central to the education of young men, and the works of Greek tragedians such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were performed inthe Athenian theater as part of religious festivals. The Romans, too, valued the literature and language of the Greeks, and throughout the Roman Empire, the works of Greek and Roman authors were studied, copied, and commented upon.During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, classicalliterature and language continued to be studied and preserved, often by monks and scholars who made copies of ancient texts and wrote commentaries and translations. With the inventionof the printing press in the 15th century, classical texts became more widely available, and the study of the classics began to spread throughout Europe.In the modern era, the study of classical literature and language has been an important part of the curriculum in many educational systems. In the English-speaking world, the study of Latin and Greek was traditionally a part of a well-rounded education, and many universities offered degrees in Classics, which included the study of ancient literature, history,philosophy, and art. While the study of classical languages and literature has become less common in recent years, itstill has a dedicated following of scholars, students, and enthusiasts who value the insights and perspectives to be gained from the study of the ancient world.The field of Classical Philology encompasses a wide range of topics and approaches, including textual criticism,literary analysis, historical and cultural studies, linguistics, and the reception of classical literature in later periods. Scholars in Classical Philology may focus on particular authors, genres, or historical periods, and they may employ a variety of methods and theories to interpret and understand classical texts. Some scholars may specialize in the study of ancient languages such as Latin or Greek, while others may focus on the literary and cultural contexts in which these languages were spoken and written. Regardless of their specific focus, scholars in Classical Philology share acommon commitment to the study and appreciation of the literature, language, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome.One of the central activities of Classical Philology is the study and interpretation of classical texts. This often involves the critical examination of ancient manuscripts and the comparison of different versions of a text to determine the most accurate and authoritative readings. Textual criticism also involves the evaluation of ancient commentaries, translations, and other sources that shed light on the meaning and interpretation of a text. Textual critics use a variety of tools and methods to analyze and evaluate ancient texts, including paleography (the study of ancient handwriting) and codicology (the study of ancient manuscripts).Once a text has been established and interpreted, scholars in Classical Philology may engage in literary analysis to explore the style, structure, themes, andcharacters of a text. They may also consider the historical and cultural context in which a text was produced, including the social and political conditions, the religious and philosophical beliefs, and the literary and artistic traditions of the time. By examining a text in these various contexts, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of its meaning and significance, as well as its relevance to later periods.In addition to the study of classical texts, Classical Philology also encompasses the study of ancient languages, including grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. This involves the analysis of ancient inscriptions, papyri, and otherlinguistic evidence, as well as the comparison of different dialects and periods of the ancient languages. The study of ancient languages is not only important for understanding ancient texts, but also for understanding the historical and cultural development of the ancient world.The reception of classical literature in later periods is another important area of study in Classical Philology. This involves the examination of how ancient texts were read, interpreted, and adapted by later writers, artists, and thinkers. For example, the works of Homer, Virgil, and Ovid have been a source of inspiration for countless authors, poets, and artists throughout history, and the study of their reception can shed light on the enduring influence and significance of classical literature.Classical Philology is also an interdisciplinary field that intersects with many other areas of study, including history, philosophy, art history, archaeology, and comparative literature. By drawing on different disciplines and methodologies, scholars in Classical Philology are able to gain a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the literature, language, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome.In conclusion, Classical Philology is a vibrant and diverse field of study that encompasses the literature, language, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It has a long and rich history, dating back to the ancient world itself, and it continues to be a source of fascination and inspiration for scholars, students, and enthusiasts today. Through the study of classical texts, languages, and cultural traditions, Classical Philology offers valuable insights into the human experience and the enduring legacy of the ancient world.。
古希腊介绍 中英双语
古希腊文明the Ancient Greek Civilization古希腊（Greece）是西方文明的源头之一，古希腊文明持续了约650年（公元前800年-公元前146年），是西方文明最重要和直接的渊源。
Ancient Greece is one of the sources of Western civilization. Ancient Greek civilization lasted about 650 years (800-146 BC), which is the most important and direct source of Western civilization.西方有记载的文学、科技、艺术都是从古代希腊开始的。
The recorded literature, technology and art in the West all started from ancient Greece.古希腊不是一个国家的概念，而是一个地区的称谓。
古希腊位于欧洲的东南部、地中海的东北部，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海和爱奥尼亚海上的群岛和岛屿、土耳其西南沿岸、意大利东部和西西里岛东部沿岸地区。
古希腊是指古代巴尔干半岛南部、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚沿岸的总称。
Ancient Greece does not only refer to the country, but the whole region, which was located in the southeast of Europe and the northeast of Mediterranean Sea, including Greek peninsula, and islands in Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea, the southwest coast of Turkey, the east coast of Italy and the east coast of Sicily. Ancient Greece refers to the southern Balkans, Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor. The Aegean culture from 3000 BC to 2000 BC is the forerunner of its history.peninsula 英[pəˈnɪnsjələ] 美[pəˈnɪnsələ]noun 半岛an area of land that is almost surrounded by water but is joined to a larger piece of landthe Iberian peninsula (= Spain and Portugal) 伊比利亚半岛archipelago[ˌɑːkɪˈpeləɡəʊ]noun 【不规则形式】pl. -os or -oes群岛；列岛；群岛周围的海a group of islands and the sea surrounding themBalkans [ˈbɔːlkənz]noun [pl.] 巴尔干（位于欧洲东南部，包括萨瓦河和多瑙河以南诸国）a region of SE Europe, including the countries to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube【派生词】Balkan adj. the Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛公元前5~6世纪，特别是希波战争以后，古希腊地区的经济生活高度繁荣、科技高度发达，产生了光辉灿烂的希腊文化，对后世产生深远影响。
西方文化导论ancientGreece教案
西方文化导论：古希腊教案一、教学目标1. 了解古希腊的历史背景、地理环境及其对文化的影响。
2. 掌握古希腊的哲学思想、文学艺术及其对后世的影响。
3. 理解古希腊的政治制度、社会结构及其对现代民主制度的启示。
4. 培养学生的批判性思维能力、跨文化交际能力及自主学习能力。
二、教学内容1. 古希腊历史背景：荷马时代、古风时代、古典时代等。
2. 古希腊地理环境：希腊半岛、爱琴海、地中海等。
3. 古希腊哲学思想：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等。
4. 古希腊文学艺术：悲剧、喜剧、史诗、雕塑、建筑等。
5. 古希腊政治制度：城邦制度、民主制度、寡头政治等。
6. 古希腊社会结构：贵族、平民、奴隶等。
三、教学方法1. 讲座法：教师讲解古希腊的历史、哲学、文学、艺术等知识。
2. 讨论法：学生分组讨论古希腊政治制度、社会结构等话题。
3. 案例分析法：分析古希腊著名城邦雅典的政治、经济、文化等特点。
4. 比较法：比较古希腊与其他文明古国的异同，如古埃及、巴比伦等。
四、教学评价1. 课堂参与度：学生提问、回答问题、讨论等积极性。
2. 小组讨论报告：学生对古希腊政治制度、社会结构的深入分析。
4. 期末考试：考查学生对古希腊文化导论的整体掌握情况。
五、教学资源1. 教材：西方文化导论相关教材、古希腊历史、哲学、文学等著作。
2. 课件：教师制作的课件、图片、地图等。
3. 影视资料：关于古希腊的纪录片、电影等。
4. 网络资源：相关古希腊文化的网站、学术文章等。
六、教学安排1. 第1-2周：古希腊历史背景及地理环境2. 第3-4周：古希腊哲学思想及其影响3. 第5-6周：古希腊文学艺术的特点及成就4. 第7-8周：古希腊政治制度与社会结构5. 第9-10周：古希腊文化对后世的影响及现代启示七、教学活动1. 第1-2周：讲座、讨论、案例分析等方式介绍古希腊历史背景及地理环境。
2. 第3-4周：讲座、小组讨论、比较等方式探讨古希腊哲学思想及其影响。
关于文化的英语作文[精品文档]
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On an introduction to Chinese and western culture of appreciationCulture is a unique human spiritual phenomenon, as a symbol system, which constitutes the essential difference between man and animal, it is to humanity as a carrier, is a property of humanity, and humanity perish. We can say that culture is the main designer and bearers of the human spirit, the human self-consciousness highest cohesion.The Chinese culture and western culture differences reflected in many ways。
For example, food, clothing, music, architecture…First of all, the Culture of China is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations.Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history and strongly influenced other countries in East Asia. But the America culture as the representative of western culture, the thought foundation are derived from the European Renaissance, the source is the culture in ancient Greece and Rome, Christian influence is far-reaching, the value of individual freedom and rights, pay attention to the practice and exploration. Second, Western culture is based on individualism. But Chinese culture is based on masses (collectivism). For example, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self.In China, we prefernoodles, rice , JiaoZi as the main course. But In west countries, people like eating hamburgers, chips, pizza, pasta as their main course.The last, Chinese culture that is based on humanism and people. But West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. Chinese uses ethics and tolerance to resolve people and people's relationship.In a nutshell. Culture is everything, culture is everywhere. In today's world, no nation and the country can get rid of their traditional culture. With the advance of globalization and cultural exchanges between the countries have become increasingly frequent, explore the overall differences in Chinese and Western culture, and aims to promote economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, strengthening the "global village" of contact and seek common development.在介绍升值对中国和西方文化文化是一种独特的人类精神现象，作为一种符号系统，它构成了人与动物的本质区别，它是人类作为一个载体，是人类的财产，人类灭亡。
西方文化导论ancientGreece教案
西方文化导论：古希腊教案一、教学目标1. 了解古希腊的历史、地理和文化背景。
2. 掌握古希腊的哲学、文学、艺术等重要成就。
3. 理解古希腊对后世西方文化的影响。
二、教学内容1. 古希腊历史概况：古希腊的地理环境、城邦制度、重要历史事件等。
2. 古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等哲学家的主要思想。
3. 古希腊文学：荷马史诗、悲剧、喜剧等文学形式及其代表作品。
4. 古希腊艺术：建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式的发展和特点。
5. 古希腊对后世西方文化的影响：政治、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的影响。
三、教学方法1. 讲授法：讲解古希腊的历史、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的知识。
2. 案例分析法：分析古希腊的重要历史事件、文学作品、艺术作品等。
3. 讨论法：引导学生探讨古希腊文化对后世的影响。
四、教学准备1. 教材：西方文化导论教材相关章节。
2. 课件：古希腊历史、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的图片、资料。
3. 参考资料：关于古希腊的额外阅读材料。
五、教学过程1. 导入：简要介绍古希腊的地理环境和城邦制度，激发学生的兴趣。
2. 历史概况：讲解古希腊的重要历史事件，如希波战争、伯里克利改革等。
3. 哲学思想：介绍苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等哲学家的主要思想。
4. 文学作品：分析荷马史诗、悲剧、喜剧等文学形式及其代表作品。
5. 艺术形式：讲解古希腊建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式的发展和特点。
6. 影响分析：讨论古希腊文化对后世西方政治、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的影响。
7. 总结：回顾本节课的重点内容，强调古希腊文化的意义和影响。
六、教学评估1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在讨论和提问中的积极性。
2. 作业完成情况：评估学生对古希腊文学作品的阅读理解和分析能力。
七、教学拓展1. 组织学生参观博物馆或艺术展览，欣赏古希腊的艺术作品。
2. 邀请专家进行讲座，深入讲解古希腊的历史、哲学、文学等方面的知识。
3. 开展角色扮演活动，让学生亲身体验古希腊的文化氛围。
01 ancient Greece 1
Asia Minor
2).The strife began after the Trojan prince Paris abducted Helen, wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta (斯巴达) , a city-state of ancient 斯巴达) cityGreece in the southeast Peloponnesus. Menelaus then persuaded his brother Agamemnon(阿伽农) Agamemnon(阿伽农) , king of Mycenae to lead an army against Troy.
1). Cretan civilizationcivilization-
Page 10
Archaeological discovery at the end of the 19th century on the island of Crete is the earliest representation of Greek civilization
Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece
Questions for comprehension :
1. How did the geography of Greece affect Greek civilization which took shape in ancient times?
Understand Western Culture
Western culture (sometimes equated with Western civilization or European civilization) refers to cultures of European origin.
古希腊文化历史英语作文
古希腊文化历史英语作文Title: The Flourishing Legacy of Ancient Greek Culture。
The ancient Greek civilization is widely regarded asone of the most influential in human history, leavingbehind a rich tapestry of culture, philosophy, art, and governance that continues to shape our world today. Fromthe development of democracy to the enduring legacy ofGreek mythology, the contributions of ancient Greece are manifold and profound.One of the most enduring legacies of ancient Greek culture is its impact on the development of democracy. The concept of democracy, derived from the Greek words "demos" (people) and "kratos" (rule), emerged in the city-state of Athens during the 5th century BCE. Athenian democracy,while limited in scope compared to modern democracies, represented a significant step forward in governance by allowing citizens to participate in decision-making processes. This idea of rule by the people has since becomea cornerstone of modern political systems around the world.Another key aspect of ancient Greek culture is its literature and philosophy. Greek literature, particularly the works of Homer, such as the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," laid the foundation for Western literary tradition. These epic poems not only entertained ancient audiences but also explored fundamental themes of human existence, such as honor, heroism, and the struggle against fate.Greek philosophy, epitomized by figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, revolutionized the way humans think about the world and their place within it. Socrates' emphasis on critical thinking and questioning established the foundation of Western philosophy, while Plato's metaphysical ideas about the nature of reality and theideal forms continue to influence thinkers to this day. Aristotle's contributions to logic, ethics, and politics remain foundational texts in academic discourse.Art and architecture are also integral components of ancient Greek culture. The Greeks pioneered architecturalstyles such as the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, which are still evident in buildings around the world, from government buildings to universities to museums. The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, stands as a testament to the ingenuity and aesthetic sensibilities of ancient Greek architects and craftsmen.Greek art, whether in the form of sculpture, pottery,or painting, celebrated the human form and captured the beauty of the natural world. Sculptures like the Venus de Milo and the Discobolus showcase the Greeks' mastery ofform and movement, while pottery decorated with scenes from mythology provide insights into ancient beliefs and rituals.Perhaps one of the most enduring and captivatingaspects of ancient Greek culture is its mythology. TheGreek pantheon of gods and goddesses, including Zeus, Hera, Athena, and Apollo, continues to captivate imaginations and inspire works of literature, art, and film. The myths and legends of ancient Greece explore universal themes of love, betrayal, heroism, and tragedy, resonating with audiences across cultures and generations.In conclusion, the legacy of ancient Greek culture is vast and enduring. From its contributions to democracy and philosophy to its achievements in art and literature, ancient Greece continues to influence and inspire the world today. By studying and celebrating the achievements of the ancient Greeks, we gain a deeper understanding of our shared human heritage and the enduring power of human creativity and ingenuity.。
古希腊建筑文化
古代希腊是欧洲文化的摇篮，同样也是西欧建筑的开拓者，但毕竟还处在萌芽和胚胎的时期，它们的类型还少，形制很简单，结构比较幼稚，这是因为它的艺术的完美所致。
古希腊的纪念性建筑在公元前8世纪大致形成，公元前5世纪已成熟，公元前4世纪进入一个形制和技术更广阔的发展时期。
由于宗教在古代社会据有重要的地位，因而古代国家的神庙往往是这一国家建筑艺术的最高成就的代表，希腊亦不例外。
古希腊是个泛神论国家，人们把每个城邦，每个自然现象都认为受一位神灵支配着，因此希腊人祀奉各种神灵建造神庙。
希腊神庙不仅是宗教活动中心，也是城邦公民社会活动和商业活动的场所,还是储存公共财富的地方。
这样神庙就成了希腊崇拜的圣地，希腊最早的神庙建筑只是贵族居住的长方形有门廊的建筑。
在他们看来神庙是神居住的地方，而神不过是更完美的人，所以神庙也不过是更高级的人的住宅。
Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture, is also a pioneer in Western European architecture, but after all still in the embryonic and fetal period, they are also the type of small, very simple shape, structure, rather naive, because it was perfectly art To.??????Ancient Greek monuments in the 8th century BC, roughly the formation of the 5th century BC, has matured into a 4th century BC, and technology shape the broader period of development. As far as religion in ancient society have an important role, which is often the ancient temple state of the art of architecture in this country the highest achievements of the representatives of Greece is no exception. Pantheism is a country of ancient Greece, people of each city, each natural phenomena that dominated by a god, so the Greeks built temples enshrine various gods. Greek temple is not only a religious center and a city-state of civil society activities and business activities, workplace, or storage areas of public wealth. This became the Greek temple of worship in the Holy Land, Greece, the oldest living temple building is a rectangle with noble porch construction. In their view, to where the temple of God, and God is perfect, however, so the temple is more advanced but also the residential people.一、古希腊三柱式柱式: 柱式是指一整套古典建筑立面形式生成的原则。
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Poetry of the Dark Ages
Iliad and Odyssey by Homer (p. 27, textbook), about wars, adventures, the life of nobles and kings.
Homer：a blind poet who probably live around 700 BC.
By the end of the 6th Century B.C., the tribe had given way to city-states (poleis); other social classes had risen to challenge the nobility; industry and commerce had come to play a considerable role, and Greek colonies had spread to all the Mediterranean shores.
plants, such as olives and laurels)
Ancient Greece
Prolog. The Ancient Civilizations( approximately 35001000B.C)
Mesopotamia (美索不达米亚平原，3500 B.C.)
1.) the symbol of the beginning of civilizations:
About 1200 B.C., the Dorians captured the Mycenaean citadels and towns one by one. Administrative systems disintegrated, rural populations scattered, foreign trade withered, and Greece reverted to an agrarian and pastoral economy.
Slaves were commonly used in agriculture and handicraft production.
III. The Dark Ages(1200-800 B.C.)
Around 1200 B.C., A “Dark Age” descended and obscured Greece until the rise of the city-states about 800 B.C.
Minos Palace in Crete, Greece
II. The Mycenaean（迈锡尼） Civilization
The invasion of Nomads(游牧民） About 1600-1150 B.C., the Minoan culture
was gradually weakened, toppled and transplanted to the mainland and other Greek islands. The most famous one was the Mycenaean Culture. Maritime power like the Minoans (trade/raid)
Sparta
Away from democracy Everything was subordinated to military
Community
The Noble Families The Commoners
The King
IV. The Golden Age (700-400B.C.)
In the dark ac, agricultural, and confined to the Aegean basin.
2.mountanious (Pindus,品都斯山脉) Small and isolated lowlands The Plain of Thessaly(塞萨莉平原， on the
west coast) 3. warm and dry climate (drought-resisting
Classical Greek Culture
The Spiritual Homeland of Europe
The Geographical Facts of Greece
1. The Greek peninsula and its neighboring islands comprise the present Greece.
Works and Days （《工作与时日》）
and Birth of the Gods （神谱）by Hesiod (赫 西奥德), about the life
and lore of the farmers and the genealogies(家 谱） of the gods.
The embryo of the Greek polis government
Agriculture emerged. (The cultivation of land and the domestication of plants and animals)
Institutional changes (Hierarchies and towns appeared.)
From Neolithic tribalism to Civilization
I. The Cretan (Minoan, 克里特) Civilization
From 3000B.C.1100B.C. (approximately)
The prosperity mostly relied on its trade from one end of the Mediterranean to the other.