领航王轶群翻译与写作笔记整理

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MENEXENUS

MENEXENUSby Plato Translated by Benjamin JowettAPPENDIX I.It seems impossible to separate by any exact line the genuine writings of Plato from the spurious. The only external evidence to them which is of much value is that of Aristotle; for the Alexandrian catalogues of a century later include manifest forgeries. Even the value of the Aristotelian authority is a good deal impaired by the uncertainty concerning the date and authorship of the writings which are ascribed to him. And several of the citations of Aristotle omit the name of Plato, and some of them omit the name of the dialogue from which they are taken. Prior, however, to the enquiry about the writings of a particular author, general considerations which equally affect all evidence to the genuineness of ancient writings are the following: Shorter works are more likely to have been forged, or to have received an erroneous designation, than longer ones; and some kinds of composition, such as epistles or panegyrical orations, are more liable to suspicion than others; those, again, which have a taste of sophistry in them, or the ring of a later age, or the slighter character of a rhetorical exercise, or in which a motive or some affinity to spurious writings can be detected, or which seem to have originated in a name or statement really occurring in some classical author, are also of doubtful credit; while there is no instance of any ancient writing proved to be a forgery, which combines excellence with length.A really great and original writer would have no object in fathering his works on Plato; and to the forger or imitator, the 'literary hack' of Alexandria and Athens, the Gods did not grant originality or genius. Further, in attempting to balance the evidence for and against a Platonic dialogue, we must not forget that the form of the Platonic writing was common to several of his contemporaries. Aeschines, Euclid, Phaedo, Antisthenes, and in the next generation Aristotle, are all said to have composed dialogues; and mistakes of names are very likely to have occurred. Greek literature in the third century before Christ was almostas voluminous as our own, and without the safeguards of regular publication, or printing, or binding, or even of distinct titles. An unknown writing was naturally attributed to a known writer whose works bore the same character; and the name once appended easily obtained authority. A tendency may also be observed to blend the works and opinions of the master with those of his scholars. To a later Platonist, the difference between Plato and his imitators was not so perceptible as to ourselves. The Memorabilia of Xenophon and the Dialogues of Plato are but a part of a considerable Socratic literature which has passed away. And we must consider how we should regard the question of the genuineness of a particular writing, if this lost literature had been preserved to us.These considerations lead us to adopt the following criteria of genuineness: (1) That is most certainly Plato's which Aristotle attributes to him by name, which (2) is of considerable length, of (3) great excellence, and also (4) in harmony with the general spirit of the Platonic writings. But the testimony of Aristotle cannot always be distinguished from that of a later age (see above); and has various degrees of importance. Those writings which he cites without mentioning Plato, under their own names, e.g. the Hippias, the Funeral Oration, the Phaedo, etc., have an inferior degree of evidence in their favour. They may have been supposed by him to be the writings of another, although in the case of really great works, e.g. the Phaedo, this is not credible; those again which are quoted but not named, are still more defective in their external credentials. There may be also a possibility that Aristotle was mistaken, or may have confused the master and his scholars in the case of a short writing; but this is inconceivable about a more important work, e.g. the Laws, especially when we remember that he was living at Athens, and a frequenter of the groves of the Academy, during the last twenty years of Plato's life. Nor must we forget that in all his numerous citations from the Platonic writings he never attributes any passage found in the extant dialogues to any one but Plato. And lastly, we may remark that one or two great writings, such as the Parmenides and the Politicus, which arewholly devoid of Aristotelian (1) credentials may be fairly attributed to Plato, on the ground of (2) length, (3) excellence, and (4) accordance with the general spirit of his writings. Indeed the greater part of the evidence for the genuineness of ancient Greek authors may be summed up under two heads only: (1) excellence; and (2) uniformity of tradition--a kind of evidence, which though in many cases sufficient, is of inferior value.Proceeding upon these principles we appear to arrive at the conclusion that nineteen-twentieths of all the writings which have ever been ascribed to Plato, are undoubtedly genuine. There is another portion of them, including the Epistles, the Epinomis, the dialogues rejected by the ancients themselves, namely, the Axiochus, De justo, De virtute, Demodocus, Sisyphus, Eryxias, which on grounds, both of internal and external evidence, we are able with equal certainty to reject. But there still remains a small portion of which we are unable to affirm either that they are genuine or spurious. They may have been written in youth, or possibly like the works of some painters, may be partly or wholly the compositions of pupils; or they may have been the writings of some contemporary transferred by accident to the more celebrated name of Plato, or of some Platonist in the next generation who aspired to imitate his master. Not that on grounds either of language or philosophy we should lightly reject them. Some difference of style, or inferiority of execution, or inconsistency of thought, can hardly be considered decisive of their spurious character. For who always does justice to himself, or who writes with equal care at all times? Certainly not Plato, who exhibits the greatest differences in dramatic power, in the formation of sentences, and in the use of words, if his earlier writings are compared with his later ones, say the Protagoras or Phaedrus with the Laws. Or who can be expected to think in the same manner during a period of authorship extending over above fifty years, in an age of great intellectual activity, as well as of political and literary transition? Certainly not Plato, whose earlier writings are separated from his later ones by as wide an interval of philosophical speculation as that which separates his later writings from Aristotle.The dialogues which have been translated in the first Appendix, and which appear to have the next claim to genuineness among the Platonic writings, are the Lesser Hippias, the Menexenus or Funeral Oration, the First Alcibiades. Of these, the Lesser Hippias and the Funeral Oration are cited by Aristotle; the first in the Metaphysics, the latter in the Rhetoric. Neither of them are expressly attributed to Plato, but in his citation of both of them he seems to be referring to passages in the extant dialogues. From the mention of 'Hippias' in the singular by Aristotle, we may perhaps infer that he was unacquainted with a second dialogue bearing the same name. Moreover, the mere existence of a Greater and Lesser Hippias, and of a First and Second Alcibiades, does to a certain extent throw a doubt upon both of them. Though a very clever and ingenious work, the Lesser Hippias does not appear to contain anything beyond the power of an imitator, who was also a careful student of the earlier Platonic writings, to invent. The motive or leading thought of the dialogue may be detected in Xen. Mem., and there is no similar instance of a 'motive' which is taken from Xenophon in an undoubted dialogue of Plato. On the other hand, the upholders of the genuineness of the dialogue will find in the Hippias a true Socratic spirit; they will compare the Ion as being akin both in subject and treatment; they will urge the authority of Aristotle; and they will detect in the treatment of the Sophist, in the satirical reasoning upon Homer, in the reductio ad absurdum of the doctrine that vice is ignorance, traces of a Platonic authorship. In reference to the last point we are doubtful, as in some of the other dialogues, whether the author is asserting or overthrowing the paradox of Socrates, or merely following the argument 'whither the wind blows.' That no conclusion is arrived at is also in accordance with the character of the earlier dialogues. The resemblances or imitations of the Gorgias, Protagoras, and Euthydemus, which have been observed in the Hippias, cannot with certainty be adduced on either side of the argument. On the whole, more may be said in favour of the genuineness of the Hippias than against it.The Menexenus or Funeral Oration is cited by Aristotle, and is interesting as supplying an example of the manner in which the oratorspraised 'the Athenians among the Athenians,' falsifying persons and dates, and casting a veil over the gloomier events of Athenian history. It exhibits an acquaintance with the funeral oration of Thucydides, and was, perhaps, intended to rival that great work. If genuine, the proper place of the Menexenus would be at the end of the Phaedrus. The satirical opening and the concluding words bear a great resemblance to the earlier dialogues; the oration itself is professedly a mimetic work, like the speeches in the Phaedrus, and cannot therefore be tested by a comparison of the other writings of Plato. The funeral oration of Pericles is expressly mentioned in the Phaedrus, and this may have suggested the subject, in the same manner that the Cleitophon appears to be suggested by the slight mention of Cleitophon and his attachment to Thrasymachus in the Republic; and the Theages by the mention of Theages in the Apology and Republic; or as the Second Alcibiades seems to be founded upon the text of Xenophon, Mem. A similar taste for parody appears not only in the Phaedrus, but in the Protagoras, in the Symposium, and to a certain extent in the Parmenides.To these two doubtful writings of Plato I have added the First Alcibiades, which, of all the disputed dialogues of Plato, has the greatest merit, and is somewhat longer than any of them, though not verified by the testimony of Aristotle, and in many respects at variance with the Symposium in the description of the relations of Socrates and Alcibiades. Like the Lesser Hippias and the Menexenus, it is to be compared to the earlier writings of Plato. The motive of the piece may, perhaps, be found in that passage of the Symposium in which Alcibiades describes himself as self-convicted by the words of Socrates. For the disparaging manner in which Schleiermacher has spoken of this dialogue there seems to be no sufficient foundation. At the same time, the lesson imparted is simple, and the irony more transparent than in the undoubted dialogues of Plato. We know, too, that Alcibiades was a favourite thesis, and that at least five or six dialogues bearing this name passed current in antiquity, and are attributed to contemporaries of Socrates and Plato. (1) In the entire absence of real external evidence (for the catalogues of the Alexandrianlibrarians cannot be regarded as trustworthy); and (2) in the absence of the highest marks either of poetical or philosophical excellence; and (3) considering that we have express testimony to the existence of contemporary writings bearing the name of Alcibiades, we are compelled to suspend our judgment on the genuineness of the extant dialogue.Neither at this point, nor at any other, do we propose to draw an absolute line of demarcation between genuine and spurious writings of Plato. They fade off imperceptibly from one class to another. There may have been degrees of genuineness in the dialogues themselves, as there are certainly degrees of evidence by which they are supported. The traditions of the oral discourses both of Socrates and Plato may have formed the basis of semi-Platonic writings; some of them may be of the same mixed character which is apparent in Aristotle and Hippocrates, although the form of them is different. But the writings of Plato, unlike the writings of Aristotle, seem never to have been confused with the writings of his disciples: this was probably due to their definite form, and to their inimitable excellence. The three dialogues which we have offered in the Appendix to the criticism of the reader may be partly spurious and partly genuine; they may be altogether spurious;--that is an alternative which must be frankly admitted. Nor can we maintain of some other dialogues, such as the Parmenides, and the Sophist, and Politicus, that no considerable objection can be urged against them, though greatly overbalanced by the weight (chiefly) of internal evidence in their favour. Nor, on the other hand, can we exclude a bare possibility that some dialogues which are usually rejected, such as the Greater Hippias and the Cleitophon, may be genuine. The nature and object of these semi-Platonic writings require more careful study and more comparison of them with one another, and with forged writings in general, than they have yet received, before we can finally decide on their character. We do not consider them all as genuine until they can be proved to be spurious, as is often maintained and still more often implied in this and similar discussions; but should say of some of them, that their genuineness is neither proven nor disproven until further evidence about them can beadduced. And we are as confident that the Epistles are spurious, as that the Republic, the Timaeus, and the Laws are genuine.On the whole, not a twentieth part of the writings which pass under the name of Plato, if we exclude the works rejected by the ancients themselves and two or three other plausible inventions, can be fairly doubted by those who are willing to allow that a considerable change and growth may have taken place in his philosophy (see above). That twentieth debatable portion scarcely in any degree affects our judgment of Plato, either as a thinker or a writer, and though suggesting some interesting questions to the scholar and critic, is of little importance to the general reader.INTRODUCTION.The Menexenus has more the character of a rhetorical exercise than any other of the Platonic works. The writer seems to have wished to emulate Thucydides, and the far slighter work of Lysias. In his rivalry with the latter, to whom in the Phaedrus Plato shows a strong antipathy, he is entirely successful, but he is not equal to Thucydides. The Menexenus, though not without real Hellenic interest, falls very far short of the rugged grandeur and political insight of the great historian. The fiction of the speech having been invented by Aspasia is well sustained, and is in the manner of Plato, notwithstanding the anachronism which puts into her mouth an allusion to the peace of Antalcidas, an event occurring forty years after the date of the supposed oration. But Plato, like Shakespeare, is careless of such anachronisms, which are not supposed to strike the mind of the reader. The effect produced by these grandiloquent orations on Socrates, who does not recover after having heard one of them for three days and more, is truly Platonic.Such discourses, if we may form a judgment from the three which are extant (for the so-called Funeral Oration of Demosthenes is a bad and spurious imitation of Thucydides and Lysias), conformed to a regular type. They began with Gods and ancestors, and the legendary history of Athens, to which succeeded an almost equally fictitious account of later times. The Persian war usually formed the centre of the narrative; in the age of Isocrates and Demosthenes the Athenians were still living on the glories of Marathon and Salamis. The Menexenus veils in panegyric the weak places of Athenian history. The war of Athens and Boeotia is a war of liberation; the Athenians gave back the Spartans taken at Sphacteria out of kindness-- indeed, the only fault of the city was too great kindness to their enemies, who were more honoured than the friends of others (compare Thucyd., which seems to contain the germ of the idea); we democrats are the aristocracy of virtue, and the like. These are the platitudes andfalsehoods in which history is disguised. The taking of Athens is hardly mentioned.The author of the Menexenus, whether Plato or not, is evidently intending to ridicule the practice, and at the same time to show that he can beat the rhetoricians in their own line, as in the Phaedrus he may be supposed to offer an example of what Lysias might have said, and of how much better he might have written in his own style. The orators had recourse to their favourite loci communes, one of which, as we find in Lysias, was the shortness of the time allowed them for preparation. But Socrates points out that they had them always ready for delivery, and that there was no difficulty in improvising any number of such orations. To praise the Athenians among the Athenians was easy,--to praise them among the Lacedaemonians would have been a much more difficult task. Socrates himself has turned rhetorician, having learned of a woman, Aspasia, the mistress of Pericles; and any one whose teachers had been far inferior to his own--say, one who had learned from Antiphon the Rhamnusian--would be quite equal to the task of praising men to themselves. When we remember that Antiphon is described by Thucydides as the best pleader of his day, the satire on him and on the whole tribe of rhetoricians is transparent.The ironical assumption of Socrates, that he must be a good orator because he had learnt of Aspasia, is not coarse, as Schleiermacher supposes, but is rather to be regarded as fanciful. Nor can we say that the offer of Socrates to dance naked out of love for Menexenus, is any more un-Platonic than the threat of physical force which Phaedrus uses towards Socrates. Nor is there any real vulgarity in the fear which Socrates expresses that he will get a beating from his mistress, Aspasia: this is the natural exaggeration of what might be expected from an imperious woman. Socrates is not to be taken seriously in all that he says, and Plato, both in the Symposium and elsewhere, is not slow to admit a sort of Aristophanic humour. How a great original genius like Plato might or might not have written, what was his conception of humour, or what limits he would have prescribed to himself, if any, in drawing the picture of the Silenus Socrates,are problems which no critical instinct can determine.On the other hand, the dialogue has several Platonic traits, whether original or imitated may be uncertain. Socrates, when he departs from his character of a 'know nothing' and delivers a speech, generally pretends that what he is speaking is not his own composition. Thus in the Cratylus he is run away with; in the Phaedrus he has heard somebody say something-- is inspired by the genius loci; in the Symposium he derives his wisdom from Diotima of Mantinea, and the like. But he does not impose on Menexenus by his dissimulation. Without violating the character of Socrates, Plato, who knows so well how to give a hint, or some one writing in his name, intimates clearly enough that the speech in the Menexenus like that in the Phaedrus is to be attributed to Socrates. The address of the dead to the living at the end of the oration may also be compared to the numerous addresses of the same kind which occur in Plato, in whom the dramatic element is always tending to prevail over the rhetorical. The remark has been often made, that in the Funeral Oration of Thucydides there is no allusion to the existence of the dead. But in the Menexenus a future state is clearly, although not strongly, asserted.Whether the Menexenus is a genuine writing of Plato, or an imitation only, remains uncertain. In either case, the thoughts are partly borrowed from the Funeral Oration of Thucydides; and the fact that they are so, is not in favour of the genuineness of the work. Internal evidence seems to leave the question of authorship in doubt. There are merits and there are defects which might lead to either conclusion. The form of the greater part of the work makes the enquiry difficult; the introduction and the finale certainly wear the look either of Plato or of an extremely skilful imitator. The excellence of the forgery may be fairly adduced as an argument that it is not a forgery at all. In this uncertainty the express testimony of Aristotle, who quotes, in the Rhetoric, the well-known words, 'It is easy to praise the Athenians among the Athenians,' from the Funeral Oration, may perhaps turn the balance in its favour. It must be remembered also that the work was famous in antiquity, and is included in the Alexandrian catalogues of Platonic writings.MENEXENUSPERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Socrates and Menexenus.SOCRATES: Whence come you, Menexenus? Are you from the Agora?MENEXENUS: Yes, Socrates; I have been at the Council.SOCRATES: And what might you be doing at the Council? And yet I need hardly ask, for I see that you, believing yourself to have arrived at the end of education and of philosophy, and to have had enough of them, are mounting upwards to things higher still, and, though rather young for the post, are intending to govern us elder men, like the rest of your family, which has always provided some one who kindly took care of us.MENEXENUS: Yes, Socrates, I shall be ready to hold office, if you allow and advise that I should, but not if you think otherwise. I went to the council chamber because I heard that the Council was about to choose some one who was to speak over the dead. For you know that there is to be a public funeral?SOCRATES: Yes, I know. And whom did they choose?MENEXENUS: No one; they delayed the election until tomorrow, but I believe that either Archinus or Dion will be chosen.SOCRATES: O Menexenus! Death in battle is certainly in many respects a noble thing. The dead man gets a fine and costly funeral, although he may have been poor, and an elaborate speech is made over him by a wise man who has long ago prepared what he has to say, although he who is praised may not have been good for much. The speakers praise him for what he has done and for what he has not done--that is the beauty of them--and they steal away our souls with their embellished words; in every conceivable form they praise the city; and they praise those who died in war, and all our ancestors who went before us; and they praise ourselves also who are still alive, until I feel quite elevated by their laudations, and I stand listening to their words,Menexenus, and become enchanted by them, and all in a moment I imagine myself to have become a greater and nobler and finer man than I was before. And if, as often happens, there are any foreigners who accompany me to the speech, I become suddenly conscious of having a sort of triumph over them, and they seem to experience a corresponding feeling of admiration at me, and at the greatness of the city, which appears to them, when they are under the influence of the speaker, more wonderful than ever. This consciousness of dignity lasts me more than three days, and not until the fourth or fifth day do I come to my senses and know where I am; in the meantime I have been living in the Islands of the Blest. Such is the art of our rhetoricians, and in such manner does the sound of their words keep ringing in my ears.MENEXENUS: You are always making fun of the rhetoricians, Socrates; this time, however, I am inclined to think that the speaker who is chosen will not have much to say, for he has been called upon to speak at a moment's notice, and he will be compelled almost to improvise.SOCRATES: But why, my friend, should he not have plenty to say? Every rhetorician has speeches ready made; nor is there any difficulty in improvising that sort of stuff. Had the orator to praise Athenians among Peloponnesians, or Peloponnesians among Athenians, he must be a good rhetorician who could succeed and gain credit. But there is no difficulty in a man's winning applause when he is contending for fame among the persons whom he is praising.MENEXENUS: Do you think not, Socrates?SOCRATES: Certainly 'not.'MENEXENUS: Do you think that you could speak yourself if there should be a necessity, and if the Council were to choose you?SOCRATES: That I should be able to speak is no great wonder, Menexenus, considering that I have an excellent mistress in the art of rhetoric,--she who has made so many good speakers, and one who was the best among all the Hellenes--Pericles, the son of Xanthippus.MENEXENUS: And who is she? I suppose that you mean Aspasia.SOCRATES: Yes, I do; and besides her I had Connus, the son ofMetrobius, as a master, and he was my master in music, as she was in rhetoric. No wonder that a man who has received such an education should be a finished speaker; even the pupil of very inferior masters, say, for example, one who had learned music of Lamprus, and rhetoric of Antiphon the Rhamnusian, might make a figure if he were to praise the Athenians among the Athenians.MENEXENUS: And what would you be able to say if you had to speak?SOCRATES: Of my own wit, most likely nothing; but yesterday I heard Aspasia composing a funeral oration about these very dead. For she had been told, as you were saying, that the Athenians were going to choose a speaker, and she repeated to me the sort of speech which he should deliver, partly improvising and partly from previous thought, putting together fragments of the funeral oration which Pericles spoke, but which, as I believe, she composed.MENEXENUS: And can you remember what Aspasia said?SOCRATES: I ought to be able, for she taught me, and she was ready to strike me because I was always forgetting.MENEXENUS: Then why will you not rehearse what she said?SOCRATES: Because I am afraid that my mistress may be angry with me if I publish her speech.MENEXENUS: Nay, Socrates, let us have the speech, whether Aspasia's or any one else's, no matter. I hope that you will oblige me.SOCRATES: But I am afraid that you will laugh at me if I continue the games of youth in old age.MENEXENUS: Far otherwise, Socrates; let us by all means have the speech.SOCRATES: Truly I have such a disposition to oblige you, that if you bid me dance naked I should not like to refuse, since we are alone. Listen then: If I remember rightly, she began as follows, with the mention of the dead:-- (Thucyd.)There is a tribute of deeds and of words. The departed have already had the first, when going forth on their destined journey they wereattended on their way by the state and by their friends; the tribute of words remains to be given to them, as is meet and by law ordained. For noble words are a memorial and a crown of noble actions, which are given to the doers of them by the hearers. A word is needed which will duly praise the dead and gently admonish the living, exhorting the brethren and descendants of the departed to imitate their virtue, and consoling their fathers and mothers and the survivors, if any, who may chance to be alive of the previous generation. What sort of a word will this be, and how shall we rightly begin the praises of these brave men? In their life they rejoiced their own friends with their valour, and their death they gave in exchange for the salvation of the living. And I think that we should praise them in the order in which nature made them good, for they were good because they were sprung from good fathers. Wherefore let us first of all praise the goodness of their birth; secondly, their nurture and education; and then let us set forth how noble their actions were, and how worthy of the education which they had received.And first as to their birth. Their ancestors were not strangers, nor are these their descendants sojourners only, whose fathers have come from another country; but they are the children of the soil, dwelling and living in their own land. And the country which brought them up is not like other countries, a stepmother to her children, but their own true mother; she bore them and nourished them and received them, and in her bosom they now repose. It is meet and right, therefore, that we should begin by praising the land which is their mother, and that will be a way of praising their noble birth.The country is worthy to be praised, not only by us, but by all mankind; first, and above all, as being dear to the Gods. This is proved by the strife and contention of the Gods respecting her. And ought not the country which the Gods praise to be praised by all mankind? The second praise which may be fairly claimed by her, is that at the time when the whole earth was sending forth and creating diverse animals, tame and wild, she our mother was free and pure from savage monsters, and out of all animals selected and brought forth man, who is superior to the rest in。

领航王轶群翻译与写作笔记整理

翻译与写作一．定语从句定从翻译方法:根据定语从句表修饰，英语先主后次，汉语先次后主的原则，可以将定语从句当作adj提前翻译，称为形容词法--从句短也可以将定语从句中所缺成分补充完整，分译成两个句子，称为补充成分法--从句长※特指的代词必须指代明确，定语从句不完整，汉语要避免头重脚轻的原则。

定从的并列结构：A ,B ,C , and D+定从修饰全部ABCDA ,B , C+定从 , and D 只修饰CA ,B , and C+定从 , and D 只修饰ABC定从的省略：that S1 V1 (可省略 that) P110747修饰宾语时S V OV1 O1(不可省略that)that adjdoing （现在分词）过去分词)后置定语： S V O + adj/分词定语从句省略了关系词和be（虚），将会形成后置定语。

后置定语在翻译时，需要补充上关系词和be（虚），按定语从句来翻译。

定从的写作步骤：1.使用汉语构思多个简单句，并将其译成英文。

2.寻找这些简单句的共同点，如果三个简单句有两个共同点，可以将每个共同点第二次出现的时候，替换为关系词，形成嵌套定从。

3.如果三个简单句有一个共同点，可以将该共同点后两次出现的时候替换为关系词，并加入连此连接，形成并列定从。

※并列定从的关系词必须相同，嵌套定从的关系词尽量不同。

S1 V1O1who V2O2who V3O3and4.后置定语，省略了that be（虚）S V O + adj/分词5.在构建简单句的时候，尽量形成被动语态以便形成定语从句省略关系词和be（虚），形成后置定语（避免简单be）。

6.新概念解决方案：在描述图片是有生词，采取自造词汇的方法，将其放在所需句子中，并在其后加入后置定语下定义（同时可以状语乱插）。

7.单图多元素的考题（09.10.11）在描述的时候，应分别将这些元素列出，再加入定语从句，将其共同点总结，形成定从的并列结构模式。

如何提升管理者的带队能力

只有快乐奋发向上的員工，才有快乐奋发上进的企业。
2010年公开课
ZOZBOIBOIOTTOOWWEER 中百大厦的如经何营提转型升与管理管者理者的带素队质提能升力
回顾一下大雁带给我们的启示？？？
与拥有相同目标的人同行，能更快速、更容易地到达目的地，因为彼此之间能互相推动。
如果我们与大雁一样聪明的话，我们就会留在与自己目标一致的队伍里，而且乐意接受他人的协助，也愿意协助他人。
当我们在后面叫喊时，传达什么样的讯息 ?
启
示
如果我们拥有野雁的感觉，我们将像他们一样互相扶持。
我们必须确定的是从我们背后传來的是鼓励的声音，而不是嘘声… 批评让我们调整步伐…, 鼓励更能让大家往前迈进… 团队的成员们一定要彼此鼓励加油…,主管/老板们也是…!!
2010年公开课
ZOZBOIBOIOTTOOWWEER 中百大厦的如经何营提转型升与管理管者理者的带素队质提能升力
管理者素质的提升
ZOZBOIBOIOTTOOWWEER 中百大厦的如经何营提转型升与管理管者理者的带素队质提能升力
我向所有的社会大众致以我最高的歉意，因为我们未能防止这类事情一再发生。噩运一直在考验我们的运营能力，我们的人文建设还需要一段时间。”（摘自“第十跳”后的新闻发布会）
——富士康集团郭台铭
管理者素质的提升
ZOZBOIBOIOTTOOWWEER 中百大厦的如经何营提转型升与管理管者理者的带素队质提能升力
第一部分
管理者素质的提升
管理者素质的提升
ZOZBOIBOIOTTOOWWEER 中百大厦的如经何营提转型升与管理管者理者的带素队质提能升力
案例：富士康“十连跳”之关于管理人员素质的考量
在执行困难的任务时，轮流担任与共享领导权是有必要的，也是明智的，因为大家都是互相依赖的。

王轶群老师八类阅读A总结经济学人国际1月

Air conditioning空调No sweat 清新凉爽Artificial cooling makes hot places bearable—but at a worryingly high cost人工制冷让人们耐得住炎热之地，但代价高昂令人担忧Jan 5th 2013 |?DUBAI?| from the print editionSUMMER humidity in the Gulf often nears 90%. Winds are scant. Even in the shade the heat hovers far above the body’s natural temperature. No wonder that before 1950, fewer than 500,000 lived along the whole 500-mile southern littoral. Now, rimmed by the mirrored facades of office towers, gleaming petrochemical works, marinas, highways, bustling airports, vast shopping malls and sprawling subdivisions of sumptuous villas, it is home to 20m people. Their lives are made possible by “coolth”—artificially cooled air.海湾地区夏季的湿度经常接近90%，很少有风。

即使身处在荫凉下也是热浪滚滚，远高于正常体温。

这也难怪1950年前，只有不到50万的人住在500公里的南部沿海地区。

然而现在，这个地区有着摩天大楼，光芒熠熠的石化工厂，游艇码头，高速公路，熙熙攘攘的机场，诸多的大型购物中心，散布着有华丽别墅的住宅小区，它现在已经是2000万人的家了。

英语资料查询地址

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想象力是个好东西

校园・ＫＰ
外婆的笑
仗义的玫瑰
张志滔
游宇明
５０４２１０
４４
每个少年都会魔法麦田没有了守望者
刘文佚名
他们的困惑和我的困惑王小妮
３０
人与自然
没落贵族的优雅
体验哥本哈根的低碳生活
历上花开
静
名
怎样设置你的电脑密码
５６
两片海与两种人
圆满
老北
杨峋
５７５８
５９
鸟笼
坚韧的麻绳
北极熊
赵盛基
６０４１
作文擂台投稿信箱；
ｚｏｗｅｌＲａ＠ｔｍ．ｏｕｎｅｉｏｃｍ
投资大师罗杰斯给女儿的１条箴言２你最爱说的口头禅是哪一个佚名？
一
网上捞鱼
一
位母亲的危机处理
孙道荣马晓伟幽
佚
８
５４５５
定不要将那对隐形的翅膀丢
漂亮只是一张画皮
一誊曩。秘是葛优吗？麓你臻ｉ｜豫 ¨ ＿露
掉，我们可以没有诗人的才华，
却可以一直保有诗人的气质。
沈
绿
４６５２４８

麓
， …
施立松
可是，你忘了，现实生活
等待的丹顶鹤
菩提树下
中，很多有意思的人并不乏骨瘦如柴者，正如现实的骨感与否，更多的不止依赖于有形的

高考英语(人教)大一轮复习领航课件：选修七+Unit+1 Living+well

12.make a living 谋生
13.have a talent for 对……有天赋 14.take part in 参加
pete for 为……而竞争
16.make up one's mind to do sth.下决心做某事
1.Being blind，she never sat around feeling sorry for herself.虽然双眼失明，她却没有闲坐在那里，自怨自艾。 2.On the contrary，she had learned to adapt to her disability and lived as rich and full a life as others. 相反，她学会了适应自己的残疾，并话题句且像其他人一样过着丰富多彩的生活。型 3.Luckily，she gained so much encouragement from her parents and teachers，which made her overcome all the difficulties she met with.幸运的是，她从父母和老师那里得到许多的鼓励，这使她克服了她所遇到的困难。
4.We consider it rude for the disabled to be made fun of by others.我们认为取笑残疾人是一种很粗鲁的行为。 5.She has received many rewards for her wonderful performance.她因话题句自己出色的表演多次获奖。型 6.If you have any difficulty in fulfilling the task，you can ask others for help，but remember，never give up. 如果你有任何困难完成不了这项任务，可以向其他人寻求帮助，但请记住永远也不要放弃。

胶南计划新概念英语1笔记

胶南计划新概念英语1笔记Embarking on the journey of learning a new language opens up a world of opportunities and experiences. The New Concept English program, particularly at its foundational level, is designed to lay a strong groundwork for language acquisition. It emphasizes not only the importance of grammar and vocabulary but also the cultural nuances that make English such a rich and diverse language.The curriculum of New Concept English Level 1 is meticulously crafted to cater to beginners who are taking their first steps into the realm of English. It introduces them to basic sentence structures, enabling them to construct simple yet correct sentences. The lessons are structured in a way that gradually builds up the complexity of the language, ensuring that students are not overwhelmed but are continuously challenged.One of the key features of the program is its focus on everyday vocabulary. This practical approach allows learners to immediately apply what they have learned in real-life situations, thereby reinforcing their knowledge. The vocabulary introduced in each lesson is carefully selected to be relevant and useful, covering various topics such as family, hobbies, work, and travel.In addition to vocabulary, the program places a significant emphasis on pronunciation. Correct pronunciation is vital in communication, and New Concept English Level 1 provides ample practice through listening exercises and repetition drills. These exercises are not only beneficial for speaking but also for improving listening skills, as students learn to distinguish between different sounds and intonations.Grammar is another cornerstone of the program. Understanding the rules that govern the structure of the language is essential for learners to express themselves clearly and accurately. The grammar lessons in New Concept English Level 1 are integrated with the vocabulary and speaking exercises, allowing students to practice the grammatical concepts in context.Cultural insights are woven throughout the curriculum, offering students a glimpse into the customs, traditions, and ways of life in English-speaking countries. This cultural component enriches the learning experience, making it more engaging and meaningful. It also prepares students to interact with native speakers and understand the cultural references that often arise in conversation.The program also recognizes the importance of active learning. Students are encouraged to participate in class discussions, work in groups, and engage in role-playing activities. These interactive elements foster a dynamic learning environment where students can practice speaking and listening in a supportive setting.In conclusion, New Concept English Level 1 is a comprehensive program that provides a solid foundation for English language learners. Its balanced approach to teaching grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture ensures that students are well-equipped to continue their language learning journey. With dedication and practice, learners can build upon this foundation, progressing towards fluency and confidence in their English language abilities. 。

【高考领航】高考语文新一轮总复习考点突破第一章第一节理解概念和语句考点二理解文中重要句

中，这也意味着它们个体生命的终结。目前，多数昆虫学家
认为，最早的昆虫也像蜉蝣一样，是从水面滑行演化到飞行
的，最早的翅应该是“风帆”，而非“机翼”。
昆虫的翅是一个工程学奇迹：一片几丁质的薄层，没
有任何骨骼和肌肉的支撑。几丁质这种物质本身柔软而坚韧，
就连碳纤维复合材料都无法与之相比。几丁质中贯穿着翅脉，它们是液压管道，正是这些液压管道让昆虫的翅膀有了足够的刚性来应对飞行时巨大的升力考验。与鸟、蝙蝠的翅膀一样，昆虫翅膀的剖面上端弯曲，下端平直，这使得空气流过
些可控的涡流，它们的翅膀在向下和向上拍动时都能产生升
力，这是鸟与蝙蝠绝对无法做到的。
一只小蜜蜂借助这些涡流，产生达到其体重3倍的升力，而向前的推力则是体重的8倍之多，与之相比，一架战斗机的推力与重力大小之比能达到2就可以“笑傲江湖”了。这样
你就不难理解，为什么苍蝇能在空中做出令人匪夷所思的急
转弯了。
当然，这一切代价也相当高昂，飞行是件十分费力的活
儿。一只果蝇飞行 1 小时就要消耗掉体重的 10%。果蝇使用碳水化合物作为动力来源，这有点儿不太划算，其他很多昆虫直接利用脂肪作为“燃料”，便让飞行的“经济性”大为改观。所以你绝对不能小看昆虫的能力，一只小小的黑脉金斑蝶能以每天 150 公里的速度连续飞行 3000 公里，完成从北美到中美洲的长途迁徙。
有柔韧性，不是直接说明“昆虫的翅是一个工程学奇迹”。 [答案] C
理解文中重要句子含意的一般原则是：由语境到本句，由词语到句子，由形式到内容，巧妙对应，逐点解读。 1．从句子中的重要词语入手。高考设置的“重要句子” 多为揭示文章主旨、体现行文思路、传达作者情感、蕴含丰富意味的语句。一般情况，这些语句都有突显其含意的一个或几个关键性词语。抓住了关键词语，就等于拿到了开启句

pioneers of flight课文翻译新浪博客

pioneers of flight课文翻译新浪博客1.China launched its first rocket with human beings aboard on October 15,2003. Astronaut Yang Li Wei brought to its fulfillment a dream that probably had its roots in a much earlier time. Although the veracity of the story cannot be confirmed, legend has it that in A.D.1500 a man named Wan Hu prepared his own mission to the stars. At that time, the Chinese invention of gunpowder was widely used in rockets for military purposes as well as in fireworks. Wan Hu devised a risky plan to harness the power of such rockets to take him to the stars.2003年10月15日，中国发射了第一枚载人火箭。

宇航员杨利伟实现了一个起源于很久之前的梦想。

虽然故事的真实性无法考证，但传说一个名叫万户的人在公元1500年筹划了一场他自己的邀游星空之行。

当时中国发明的火药被广泛应用于军用火箭和烟花鞭炮。

万户设计了一个大胆的计划，要利用这种火箭的动力使自己升上星空。

2.The story goes that Wan Hu built the first spaceship:a chair with 47 powerful gunpowder rockets and two kites attached to it. On the day of the launch, each rocket was lit by a different servant carrying a torch. The servants then moved back and waited. An earth-shattering explosion followed: Wan Hu and his primitive spaceship had disappeared completely. Although the story mayseem a little far-fetched, the principles of rocket-powered spaceflight are contained in Wan Hu's crazy dream.故事称万户建造了第一艘宇宙飞船，它是一把椅子，配有47枚强力的用火药推动的火箭，还有两只风筝系于其上。

新概念英语第三册笔记第20课

Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱Randall Stevens. I conjured him out of thin air. he doesn’t exist, except on paper. 变魔术般地创造出New words and expression 生词和短语Pioneer n.先驱vi.vt.开拓, 为…开路, 作先驱者a pioneer of/in sth …的创始人Young pioneer 少先队员 A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者the ~ of the Women’s Liberation Movement. 动词句：Professor Alec Jeffreys, who invented and pioneered DNA testsAdvocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹-- pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育eer结尾的表示人的volunteer engineer mountaineer 登山者lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵（主;上帝;领主;）（主;上帝;领主;）oh dear!==oh lord!天呢lord bless me! lord have mercy! lord knows!天知道lord of war 战争之王== warlord 军阀（清末民前）lordless adj.无君主的, 无丈夫的lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地duke n.公爵(duchess)marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）(marchioness)earl n.<英>伯爵（Countess）（count 法国）viscount n.(英国的)子爵（viscountess）baron n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为：baroness）皇后-皇贵妃-贵妃-妃子-嫔-贵人-常在-答应（月银不同、下人数量不同，“旗头”装饰不同）（封建的等级制度，祭祀，车马，穿着，甚至喝酒的器皿）Calais n.加来（法国港市）['kæleɪ]Normandie 诺曼底Overland adj.陆上的；横跨大陆的Overnight n.头天晚上adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上-- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行/ an overnight guest 过夜的客人overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的oversea s adv.海外adj.外国的, 海外的over+动词（over表示超过）overeat vt.使吃过量vi.吃得过多oversleep vt.(使)睡过头vi.睡过头, 睡得太久overwork n.过度工作v.(使)工作过度overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电overestimate vt.评价过高n.估计的过高补充个单词aviation 航空；飞行术，航空学;飞机制造业;[集合词]飞机aviator n.<旧>飞机驾驶员aviate v 驾驶飞机，乘坐飞机pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员engine n.发动机（引擎）；机车, 火车头Calais 加来（法国北部港市）Latest adj.最后的, 最迟的；最新的, 最近的n.最新消息, 最新式样Last vi. 持续, 支持, 维持Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）Text 课文What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English Channel?In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first man who would fly across theEnglish Channel.offer sth to sb==offer sb sth 主动的提供另与charge相反，出价报价offer money for sthprovide sb with sth==provide sth for sb 一般的提供supply sth to sb== supple sb with sth 供给，支持support sb in sth 资助、赞助、支持offer n 1、主动要求，主动提供；2、出价，报价；3、录取意向（职位，大学自主招生）从词义上说，award 是“授予，给予”，reward 是“回报”award 奖励（官方的，精神层面）They awarded John the first prize. （~ sth to sb 或~ sb sth）reward 奖励（物质层面）They reward Jhon with 10000. （reward sb with sth）the first man who would fly across… = the first man to fly across...序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句（最高级、限定词）-- the first person to greet him was a local policeman-- She was the only one to survive the plane crash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。

雷抒雁灯塔理解

雷抒雁灯塔理解(中英文版)英文文档：The Lighthouse Understanding by Lei ShuyanLei Shuyan"s understanding of the lighthouse is a profound metaphor for the guidance and inspiration that we seek in life.In her perspective, the lighthouse represents the ultimate pursuit of truth, morality, and artistic beauty.It is an iconic symbol that embodies the relentless quest for enlightenment and the noble aspiration to illuminate the minds of others.According to Lei, the lighthouse stands as a beacon of hope in the vast sea of uncertainty, guiding lost souls towards the shore of knowledge and understanding.It is a metaphor for the enlightenment that comes from rigorous intellectual exploration and the unwavering pursuit of one"s passions.In her interpretation, the lighthouse is not just a physical structure, but a metaphorical entity that represents the highest ideals that humans strive for.It is thelight that guides us through the darkness, the voice that speaks the truth in a world filled with confusion, and the hand that extends a helping hand to those in need.Lei"s understanding of the lighthouse serves as a reminder that in order to truly fulfill our potential, we must constantly seek knowledge,embrace truth, and strive for excellence.It is a call to action, urging us to become the lighthouses in each other"s lives, guiding and inspiring others to reach their full potential.中文文档：雷抒雁对灯塔的理解雷抒雁对灯塔的理解，是对生活中我们寻求指导和灵感的一个深刻隐喻。

浙江省高考题阅读A篇

①One evening in February 2007, a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote road in Wales. She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path .That’s when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train. Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line. Seconds later, she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks.Ceely’s near miss made the news because she blamed it on he GPS (导航仪). She had never driven the route before. It was dark and raining heavily. Ceely was relying on her GPS, but it made no mention of the crossing. “I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train,” she told the BBC.Who is to blame here? Rick Stevenson, who tells Ceely’s stor y in his book When Machines Fail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says, but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small problems. And it’s not just GPS devic es: Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless keyboards.The problem with his argument in the book is that it’s not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other possible causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention. Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor singalling system. Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with the GPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn’t say.It’s a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars. He offers two independent sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some parts of the country. He says that once again not all new locks have proved reliable. Perhaps, but maybe it’s also due to the shortage of policemen on the streets. Or changing social circumstances. Or some combination of these factors.The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. It is shaped by economics and psychology and the cultures we live in. Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be a way for a wiser use of technology.If there is such a way, it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines. After all, we have lived with them for thousands of years. They have probably been fooling us for just as long.41.What did Paula Ceely think was the cause of her accident？A. She was not familiar with the road.B. It was dark and raining heavily then.C. The railway workers failed to give the signal.D. Her GPS de vice didn’t tell her about the crossing.42.The phrase “near miss” (Paragraph 2) can best be replaced by______.A. close hitB. heavy lossC. narrow escapeD. big mistake43. Which of the following would Rick Stevenson most probably agree with?A. Moder n technology is what we can’t live without.B. Digital technology often falls short of our expectation.C. Digital devices are more reliable than they used to be.D. GPS error is not the only cause for Ceely’s accident.44. In the writer’s opinion, Stevenson’s argument is _______.A. one-sidedB. reasonableC. puzzlingD. well-based45. What is the real concern of the writer of this article?A. The major causes of traffic accidents and car thefts.B. The relationship between human and technology.C. The shortcomings of digital devices we use.D. The human unawareness of technical problems.②Easter (复活节) is still a great day for worship, candy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs, but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culprit is climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US,Take the Lower Keys Marsh rabbit, for instance. An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys, this species of cottontail is a great swimmer -- it lives on the islands! -- but it is already severely affected by development and now by rising sea levels. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of only 0.6 meters will send these ~ys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9-meter rise would wipe out their habitat (栖息地) completely.The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue. Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators (~I~') ~ As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country, however, more and more bunnies are being left in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark for predators. Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits and hares, might be the first of these species to go extinct due to climate change. About 7-8 inches long, pikas live high in the cool. damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate (J~2~) to higher ground -- but they already occupy the mountaintops. They can't go any higher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat heats up.The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in the middle. Scientists are concerned about their populations.Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West. They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations, such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs. Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giant bunny costume this Easter.41. The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of the passage in order toA. show the importance of Easter DayB. introduce the issue about bunniesC. remind people of Easter traditionsD. discuss the relationship between Easter and bunnies42. The word “culprit” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to_________A. criminalB. judgeC. victimD. producer43. According to the passage, some rabbits can now be easily discovered by predators because theyA. are exposed to more skillful huntersB. have moved to habitats with fewer plantsC. haven't adapted themselves to climate changeD. can't change their fur color into white in the fall and the spring44. The problem faced by volcano rabbits and rock rabbits is thatA. both are affected by less snowB. both are affected by rising sea levelsC. neither can find enough foodD. neither can migrate to higher places45. Which best describes the writer's tone in the passage?A. Approving.B. Concerned.C. Enthusiastic.D. Doubtful.③No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job.Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things.Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’sattention.A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world. (478 words)41. What probably led to the start of advertisement?A. The discovery of iron.B. The specialization of labor.C. The appearance of new jobs.D. The development of farming techniques.42. To advertise his plows, Mr. Plowright __________.A. praised his plows in publicB. placed a sign outside the shopC. hung an arrow pointing to the shopD. showed his products to the customers43. The writer makes up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright in order to __________.A. explain the origin of advertisingB. predict the future of advertisingC. expose problems in advertisingD. provide suggestions for advertising44. In ancient Egypt, a crier was probably someone who __________.A. owned a shipB. had the loudest voiceC. ran a shop selling goods to farmersD. functioned like today’s TV or radio commercial45. The last two paragraphs are mainly about __________.A. the history of advertisingB. the benefits of advertisingC. the early forms of advertisingD. the basic design of advertising④Wealth starts with a goal saving a dollar at a time. Call it the piggy bank strategy(策略). There are lessons in that time-honored coin-saving container.Any huge task seems easier when reduced to baby steps. I f you wished to climb a 12,000-foot mountain, and could do it a day at a time, you would only have to climb 33 feet daily to reach the top in a year. If you want to take a really nice trip in 10 years for a special occasion, to collect the $15,000 cost, you have to save $3.93 a day. If you drop that into a piggy bank and then once a year put $1,434 in a savings account at 1% interest rate after-tax, you will have your trip money.When I was a child, my parents gave me a piggy bank to teach me that, if I wanted something, I should save money to buy it. We associate piggy banks with children, but in many countries, the little containers are also popular with adults. Europeans see a piggy bank as a sign of good fortune and wealth. Around the world, many believe a gift of a piggy bank on New Year’s Day brings good luck and financial success. Ah, but you have to put something in it.Why is a pig used as a symbol of saving? Why not an elephant bank, which is bigger and holds more coins? In the Middle Ages, before modern banking and credit instruments, people saved money at home, a few coins at a time dropped into a jar or dish. Potters(制陶工) made these inexpensive containers from an orange-colored clay(黏土) called “pygg,” and folks saved coins in pygg jars.The Middle English wordfor pig was “pigge”. While the Saxons pronounced pygg, referring to the clay, as “pug”, eventually the two words changed into the same pronunciation, sounding the “i” as in pig or piggy.As the word became less associated with the orange clay and more with the animal, a clever potter fashioned a pygg jar in the shape of a pig, delighting children and adults. The piggy bank was born.Originally you had to break the bank to get to the money, bringing in a sense of seriousness into savings. While piggy banks teach children the wisdom of saving, adults often need to relearn childhood lessons. Think about the things in life that require large amounts of money--- college education, weddings, cars, medical care, starting a business, buying a home, and fun stuff like great trips. So when you have money, take off the top 10%, put it aside, save and invest wisely.41. What is the piggy bank strategy?A. Paying 1% income tax at a time.B. Setting a goal before making a travel plan.C. Aiming high even when doing small things.D. Putting aside a little money regularly for future use.42.Why did the writer’s parents give him a piggy bank as a gift?A. To delight him with the latest fashion.B. To encourage him to climb mountains.C. To help him form the habit of saving.D. To teach him English pronunciation.43. What does then underlined word “something”(Paragraph 3) most probably refer to?A. MoneyB. GiftsC. Financial successD. Good luck44. The piggy ban originally was _________.A. a potter’s instrumentB. a cheap clay containerC. an animal-shaped dishD. a pig-like toy for children45. The last paragraph talks about ________.A. the seriousness of educating childrenB. the enjoyment of taking a great tripC. the importance of managing moneyD. the difficulty of starting a business⑤From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading. This means that when they don’t know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.One day soon after school had started, I said to them, “Now I’m going to say something about reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot of books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, that’s enough for me. Also I’m not going to ask you what words mean. “The children sat stunned and silent. Was this a teacher talking? One girl, who had just come to us from a school where she had had a very hard time, looked at me steadily for a long time after I had finished. Then, still looking at me, she said slowly and seriously, “Mr. Holt, do you really mean that?” I said just as seriously, “I mean every word of it.”During the spring she really astonished me. One day, she was reading at her desk, From aglimpse of the illus trations I thought I knew what the book was. I said to myself, “It can’t be,” and went to take a closer look. Sure enough, she was reading Moby Dick , in edition with woodcuts. I said, “Don’t you find parts of it rather heavy going?” She answered, “Oh, sure, but I just skip over those parts and go on to the next good part. ”This is exactly what reading should be and in school so seldom is—an exciting, joyous adventure. Find something, dive into it, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it, go on to something else. How different is our mean-spirited, picky insistence that every child get every last little scrap of “understanding” that can be dug out of a book.41. According to the passage, children’s fear and dislike of books may r esult from________.A. reading little and thinking littleB. reading often and adventurouslyC. being made to read too muchD. being made to read aloud before others42. The teacher told his students to read______ .A. for enjoymentB. for knowledgeC. for a larger vocabularyD. for higher scores in exams43. Upon hearing the teacher’s talk, the children probably felt that________.A. it sounded stupidB. it was not surprising at allC. it sounded too good to be trueD. it was no different from other teachers' talk44. Which of the following statements about the girl is TRUE according to the passage?A. She skipped over those easy parts while reading.B. She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks.C. She learned to appreciate some parts of the difficult books.D. She turned out to be a top student after coming to this school.45. From the teacher's point of view,_________ .A. children cannot tell good parts from bad parts while readingB. children should be left to decide what to read and how to readC. reading is never a pleasant and inspiring experience in schoolD. reading involves understanding every little piece of information。

【领航高考·必修1】单元知识解读-必修1Unit4

【领航高考】单元知识解读-必修1Unit4【考纲解读】本文应该掌握的重点单词：1．burstvi爆裂；爆发n．突然破裂，爆发2．eventn．事件；大事3．nationn．民族；国家；国民→nationaladj国家的，民族的→nationalityn．国籍4．ruinn．废墟；毁灭vt毁灭；使破产5．sufferingn．苦难；痛苦→sufferv．受苦，遭受6．etremeadj极度的→etremelyadv7．injurevt损害；伤害→injuredadj受伤的→injury n．伤害，损害8．destroyvt破坏；毁坏；消灭9．uselessadj无用的；无效的；无益的→useful反义词→usev&n．使用，利用10．shocvt&vi使震惊；震动n．休克；打击；震惊11．rescuen&vt援救；营救12．．陷阱；困境13．electricityn．电；电流；电学→electricadj用电的；带电的；发电的→electricaladj与电有关的；电学的14．disastern．灾难；灾祸15．buryvt埋葬；掩埋；隐藏16．sheltern．掩蔽；掩蔽处；避身处17．damagen&vt损失；损害18．frightenvt使惊吓；吓唬→frightenedadj受惊的；受恐吓的→frighteningadj令人恐惧的19．judgen．裁判员；法官vt断定；判断；判决→judgementn．判断，判决20．eberof许多；大量的6．giveout分发；发出气味、热等7．thousandsof成千上万8．thinlittleof不重视；不假思索9．blowaway吹走；刮走10．beyards,thechicensandeventheedasiftheworldwasat anend!世界似乎到了末日！3．Allhopewasnotlost不是所有的希望都破灭了。

租屋教战全记

SW13th Ave. (1) Williamsburg ............................................................................................................ 32 SW13th Ave. (2) TIVOLI ........................................................................................................................ 33 SW16th Ave (1) Park 16 ........................................................................................................................ 34 SW16th Ave (2) SunBay ........................................................................................................................ 35 SW16th Ave (3) Sun Key....................................................................................................................... 39 SW16th Ave (4) 其他住宅....................................................................................................................... 39 Archer Rd. (1) Sunrise .......................................................................................................................... 40

领航第十四集概括内容摘抄

领航第十四集概括内容摘抄
领航第十四集的概括内容摘抄如下：在这一集中，主要介绍了领航团队成员在解决一个复杂问题时所面临的挑战和困难，以及他们通过团队合作和领导力展现出的创新解决方案。

在这一集中，领航团队面临的问题是一个关于能源可持续性的挑战。

他们需要找到一种新的能源来源，以替代目前使用的化石燃料，从而减少碳排放并保护环境。

然而，他们面临的挑战是找到一种既经济可行又能够满足能源需求的替代方案。

团队成员们开始了一系列的研究和实验，以寻找可行的解决方案。

他们研究了太阳能、风能、水能等各种可再生能源，并进行了模拟实验来评估它们的可行性和效率。

然而，他们发现每种能源都存在一些局限性，例如太阳能和风能的不稳定性，以及水能的地域限制。

面对这些困难，团队成员们决定尝试一种创新的方法。

他们开始研究生物质能源，利用废弃物和植物材料来产生能源。

通过不断的实验和改进，团队最终成功地开发出了一种高效、环保的生物质能源系统。

这一集的核心思想是团队合作和领导力的重要性。

团队成员们在解决问题的过程中，互相合作，共享知识和资源，充分发挥各自的优势。

团队的领导者起到了关键的作用，他们能够指导和激励团队成员，促
使他们展现出创新的解决方案。

通过这一集的故事，观众可以得到的启示是：面对复杂的问题，团队合作和领导力是解决问题的关键。

只有通过相互合作和发挥各自优势，才能找到创新的解决方案，推动社会的发展和进步。

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