模糊完备格中的逼近元(英文)
Fuzzy中英对照表
Composition of fuzzy relations
模糊關係之合成
Compositional rule of inference
推論之合成規則
合成規則推論法
Computing, soft
軟性運算
柔性運算或
柔性解算
Conditional possibility distribution
工業流程控制
Inference, composition based
組合式推論
Inference, individual-rule based
個別規則基礎的推論
個別規則式推論
Inference engine, Dienes-Rescher
Dienes-Rescher推論機制
Inference engine, Lukasiewicz
模糊關係方程式
Equilibrium
均衡
平衡
Extension principle
擴展法則
Feedforward network
前饋網路
Fuzzifier, Gaussian
高斯模糊化
高斯模糊化器
Fuzzifier, singleton
單點模糊化
單點模糊化器
Fuzzifier, triangular
Dombi類型之模糊交集
Intersection, fuzzy Dubois-Prade class
Dubois-Prade類型之模糊交集
Intersection Yager class
Yager類型之交集
Interval analysis
區間分析
Interval-valued function
数学专业英语词汇（U）
数学专业英语词汇（U）u statistic u统计量ulm factor 乌姆因子ultra filter base 超滤子基ultra ideal 超理想ultra power 超幂ultrabarrelled space 超桶型空间ultrabornological space 超有界型空间ultrafilter 超滤子ultrafilter space 超滤子空间ultrahyperbolic equation 超双曲型方程ultrametric space 超度量空间ultraproduct 超积ultraspherical polynomials 特种球多项式umbilical point 脐点unary operation 一元运算unary relation 一元关系unbiased confidence estimation 无偏置信估计unbiased estimate 无偏估计unbiased estimating equation 无偏估计方程unbiased estimator 无偏估计量unbiased sample 无偏样本unbiased test 无偏检验unbiasedness 无偏性unbounded function 无界函数unbounded interval 无界区间unbounded operator 无界算子thermocouple pyrometer 热电偶高温计unbounded quantifier 无界量词unbounded sequence 无界序列unbounded set 无界集unboundedness 无界性uncertainty 不定uncertainty principle 测不准原理unconditional convergence 无条件收敛unconditional inequality 无条件不等式unconditional jump 无条件跳跃unconditionally convergent 无条件收敛的unconditionally convergent series 无条件收敛级数unconnected graph 不连通图unconnected space 不连通空间unconnectedness 不连通性uncorrelated 不相关的uncorrelated random variables 不相关随机变量uncountability 不可数性uncountable 不可数的uncountable ordinal 不可数序数undecidability 不可判定性undecidability theorem 不可判定性定理undecidable theory 不可判定理论underdeterminate system 欠定组underdeterminate system of partial differential equations 欠定偏微分方程组underlying graph 底图underlying group 基础群underlying topological space 基础拓扑空间underlying topology 基础拓扑undetermined 未定的undetermined coefficient 末定系数undetermined number 未定数undirected edge 无向棱undirected graph 无向图undisturbed differential equation 无扰动微分方程unduloid 波状体unequal 不等的ungula of the cone 锥的蹄状体ungula of the cylinder 柱的蹄状体ungula of the prism 棱柱的蹄状体uniaxial 单轴的unicity 唯一性uniconvergence space 单收敛空间unicursal 单行的unicursal curve 有理曲线unicursal graph 单行图unicursal involution 单行对合unicursal surface 单行曲面unidirectional 单方面的unified field theory 统一场论uniform 匀的uniform approximation 一致逼近uniform boundedness principle 一致有界原理uniform continuity 一致连续性uniform convergence 一致收敛uniform cover 一致覆盖uniform distribution 均匀分布uniform equicontinuity 一致同等连续性uniform invariant 一致不变量uniform isomorphism 一致同胚uniform limit 一致极限uniform scale 等分标尺uniform space 一致空间uniform stability 一致稳定性uniform structure 一致结构uniform topology 一致拓扑uniformity 一致结构uniformity generated by a pseudometric 伪度量一致性uniformizable 可一致化的uniformizable point 单值化点uniformizable space 单值化空间uniformization 单值化uniformization principle 一般单值化定理uniformization theorem 单值化定理uniformization theory 单值化理论uniformizing covering surface 单值化覆盖面uniformizing function 单值化函数uniformly bounded 一致有界的uniformly bounded sequence of functions 一致有界函数序列uniformly bounded series 一致有界级数uniformly bounded set 一致有界集uniformly continuous 一致连续的uniformly continuous map 一致连续映射uniformly convergent 一致收敛的uniformly convergent sequence of functions 一致收敛函数序列uniformly convex 一致凸的uniformly convex space 一致凸空间uniformly distributed random variable 均匀分布随机变量uniformly elliptic operator 一致椭圆算子uniformly equicontinuous 一致同等连续的uniformly equivalent metric 一致等价度量uniformly equivalent space 一致等价空间uniformly integrable 一致可积的uniformly locally compact space 一致局部紧空间uniformly most powerful test 一致最大功效检定uniformly open map 一致开映射uniformly strongly elliptic operator 一致强椭圆算子uniformly summable family of functions 一致可积函数族unilateral 单侧的unilateral surface 单侧曲面unimodal 单峰的unimodal distribution 单峰分布unimodular group 幺模群unimodular map 幺模映射unimodular matrix 幺模阵unimodular number 单模数unimodularly bounded function 幺模有界函数union 并集union of sets 集的并unipotent element 幂幺元unipotent group 幂单群unipotent matrix 幂单矩阵unique existence 唯一存在性unique factorization domain 唯一析因整环unique factorization theorem 唯一析因定理unique solution 唯一解uniquely defined 唯一定义的uniqueness 唯一性uniqueness condition 唯一性条件uniqueness theorem 唯一性定理unirational variety 单有理簇uniserial algebra 单列代数unit ball 单位球unit character 单位特贞unit circle 单位圆unit disk 单位园板unit divisor 单位因子unit dyad 单位并向量unit filter 单位滤子unit function 单位函数unit group 单位群unit ideal 单位理想unit idele 单位伊代尔unit interval 单位区间unit line 单位线unit lower triangular matrix 单位下三角阵unit matrix 单位矩阵unit of angle 角的单位unit of area 面积单位unit of volume 体积单位unit operator 恒等算子unit point 单位点unit representation 恒等表示unit simplex 单位单形unit sphere 单位球unit square 单位平方形unit tangent 单位切向量unit tensor 单位张量unit theorem 单元定理unit transformation 恒等变换unit vector 单位向量unitarily equivalent operator 酉等价算子unitarily equivalent representation 酉等价表示unitarity 酉性unitary 单式的unitary algebra 单式代数unitary bundle 酉丛unitary connection 酉朕络unitary geometry 酉几何unitary group 酉群unitary homomorphism 单式同态unitary invariant 酉不变量unitary matrix 酉矩阵unitary modular group 特殊酉群unitary operator 酉算子unitary r module 单式r模unitary representation 酉表示unitary similar matrix 酉相似矩阵unitary space 酉空间unitary transfer 酉朕络unitary transformation 酉变换unity 单位元素unity element 单位元素unity group 单位群univalent 单叶的univalent function 单叶函数univariable series 单变量级数universal affirmative proposition 全称肯定命题universal bundle 通用丛universal class 全类universal coefficient formula 万有系数公式universal coefficient theorem 万有系数定理universal covering 通用覆盖universal covering group 通用覆盖群universal covering manifold 通用覆盖廖universal covering space 万有覆盖空间universal covering surface 万有覆盖面universal curve 万有曲线universal domain 万有域universal enveloping algebra 通用包络代数universal function 通用函数universal map 通用映射universal negative proposition 全称否定命题universal proposition 一般命题universal quantifier 全称量词universal relation 通用关系universal set 通用集合universal subgroup 通用子群universal validity 一般有效性universal variety 普遍簇universally japanese ring 伪几何环universally maximal left ideal 普遍极大左理想universally maximal twosided ideal 普遍极大双侧理想universally minimal right ideal 普遍极小右理想universally valid formula 普遍有效公式unknown 末知的unknown number 未知数unlimited 无限的unlimited covering manifold 无限覆盖廖unlimitedness 无穷unmixed ideal 纯理想unordered pair 无序对unparted hyperboloid 单叶双曲面unramified covering 非分歧覆盖unramified covering surface 非分歧覆盖面unramified extension 非分歧扩张unramified manifold 非分歧廖unramified prime ideal 非分歧素理想unramified ring 非分歧环unsolvability 不可解性unsolvable 不可解的unsolvable equation 不可解方程unstability 不稳定性unstable 不稳定的unstable solution 不稳定解unweighted mean 未加权平均数upper bound 上界upper central series 上中心列upper class 上类upper control limit 上控制限upper derivative 上导数upper envelope 上包络upper half plane 上半平面upper limit 上极限upper limit of integration 积分的上限upper pure value 上纯值upper quartile 上四分位数upper semi continuous decomposition 上半连续分解upper semicontinuity 上半连续性upper semicontinuous 上半连续的upper semilattice 上半格upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵upper value of game 对策上方值upper variation 正变差useful direction 有效方向utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility theory 效用理论。
模糊赋范线性空间的紧性与完备性
模糊赋范线性空间的紧性与完备性模糊赋范线性空间（FuzzyNormedLinearSpace，简称FNLS）一个常见的数学概念，它涉及到紧性和完备性这两个概念。
本文将从定义、性质及存在性等方面对模糊赋范空间做进一步阐述，同时探讨其紧性和完备性的性质及其在小的范数空间中是否还存在。
一、模糊赋范空间的定义模糊赋范空间是指具有特定模糊赋范结构的线性空间，它定义为：设E是一个完备的具有欧几里得范数的线性空间，其上存在一个对应于E上所有子集的模糊赋范：F(X)= [f1(X),f2(X),…，fn(X)]其中，f1(X)，f2(X)，…，fn(X)X上某种模糊赋范。
则称E为模糊赋范空间。
二、模糊赋范空间的性质1、紧性性质模糊赋范空间的紧性性质是指除零外的任何元素都具有非负的模糊赋范值，且满足有限性。
若x,y∈E，则有：f(x+y)≤f(x)+f(y)其中，f(x)，f(y)，f(x+y)示x，y，x+y上的模糊赋范值；2、完备性性质模糊赋范空间具有完备性性质，即它是一个完备的线性空间。
它满足Cauchy序列定理：若在一个完备的线性空间E上存在一个序列（xn），且对任何ε >0有lim（n→∞） f(xn)=0则称序列（xn）在E上模糊赋范收敛。
三、模糊赋范空间在小范数空间中的存在性模糊赋范空间既可以是一个大的完备空间，也可以是一个小的范数空间。
一个小的范数空间的模糊赋范空间是满足以下条件的：1、有边界：范数空间E是一个具有模糊赋范结构的边界空间，即其上存在一组模糊赋范；2、不改变结构：范数空间E上的模糊赋范不改变空间E的结构和性质；3、紧性：模糊赋范空间满足紧性性质；4、完备性：模糊赋范空间满足完备性性质。
因此，在满足上述性质的情况下，模糊赋范空间可以存在于小的范数空间中。
本文论述了模糊赋范空间的定义和性质，及其是否可以存在于小的范数空间中。
紧性性质和完备性性质是模糊赋范空间的关键，两者缺一不可。
紧性性质可以保证空间上的结构不变，完备性性质可以保证空间上的元素收敛。
离散数学双语专业词汇表
《离散数学》双语专业词汇表set：集合subset：子集element, member：成员，元素well-defined：良定，完全确定brace：花括号representation：表示sensible：有意义的rational number：有理数empty set：空集Venn diagram：文氏图contain(in)：包含（于）universal set：全集finite (infinite) set：有限（无限）集cardinality：基数，势power set：幂集operation on sets：集合运算disjoint sets：不相交集intersection：交union：并complement of B with respect to A：A与B的差集symmetric difference：对称差commutative：可交换的associative：可结合的distributive：可分配的idempotent：等幂的de Morgan’s laws：德摩根律inclusion-exclusion principle：容斥原理sequence：序列subscript：下标recursive：递归explicit：显式的string：串，字符串set corresponding to a sequence：对应于序列的集合linear array(list)：线性表characteristic function：特征函数countable(uncountable)：可数（不可数）alphabet：字母表word：词empty sequence(string)：空串catenation：合并，拼接regular expression：正则表达式division：除法multiple：倍数prime：素（数）algorithm：算法common divisor：公因子GCD(greatest common divisor)：最大公因子LCM(least common multiple)：最小公倍数Euclidian algorithm：欧几里得算法，辗转相除法pseudocode：伪码（拟码）matrix：矩阵square matrix：方阵row：行column：列entry(element)：元素diagonal matrix：对角阵Boolean matrix：布尔矩阵join：并meet：交Boolean product：布尔乘积mathematical structure(system)：数学结构（系统）closed with respect to：对…是封闭的binary operation：二元运算unary operation：一元运算identity：么元，单位元inverse：逆元statement, proposition：命题logical connective：命题联结词compound statement：复合命题propositional variable：命题变元negation：否定（式）truth table：真值表conjunction：合取disjunction：析取quantifier：量词universal quantification：全称量词化propositional function：命题公式predicate：谓词existential quantification：存在量词化converse：逆命题conditional statement, implication：条件式，蕴涵式consequent, conclusion：结论，后件contrapositive：逆否命题hypothesis：假设，前提，前件biconditional, equivalence：双条件式，等价logically equivalent：（逻辑）等价的contingency：可满足式tautology：永真(重言)式contradiction, absurdity：永假(矛盾)式logically follow：是…的逻辑结论rules of reference：推理规则modus ponens：肯定律m odus tollens：否定律indirect method：间接证明法proof by contradiction：反证法counterexample；反例basic step：基础步principle of mathematical induction：（第一）数学归纳法induction step：归纳步strong induction：第二数学归纳法relation：关系digraph：有向图ordered pair：有序对，序偶product set, Caretesian set：叉积，笛partition, quotient set：划分，商集block, cell：划分块，单元domain：定义域range：值域R-relative set：R相关集vertex(vertices)：结点，顶点edge：边in-degree：入度out-degree：出度path：通路，路径cycle：回路connectivity relation：连通性关系reachability relation：可达性关系composition：复合reflexive：自反的irreflexive：反自反的empty relation：空关系symmetric：对称的asymmetric：非对称的antisymmetric：反对称的graph：无向图undirected edge：无向边adjacent vertices：邻接结点connected：连通的transitive：传递的equivalent relation：等价关系congruent to：与…同余modulus：模equivalence class：等价类linked list：链表storage cell：存储单元pointer：指针complementary relation：补关系inverse：逆关系closure：闭包symmetric closure：对称闭包reflexive closure：自反闭包composition：关系的复合transitive closure：传递闭包Warshal’s algorithm：Warshall算法function, mapping, transformation：函数，映射，变换argument：自变量value, image：值，像，应变量labeled digraph：标记有向图identity function on A：A上的恒等函数everywhere defined：处处有定义的onto：到上函数，满射one to one：单射，一对一函数bijection, one-to-one correspondence：双射，一一对应invertible function：可逆函数floor function：下取整函数ceiling function：上取整函数Boolean function：布尔函数base 2 exponential function：以2为底的指数函数logarithm function to the base n：以n为底的对数hashing function：杂凑函数key：键growth of function：函数增长same order：同阶lower order：低阶running time：运行时间permutation：置换，排列cyclic permutation：循环置换，轮换transposition：对换odd(even) permutation：奇（偶）置换order relation：序关系partial order：偏序关系partially ordered set, poset：偏序集dual：对偶comparable：可比较的linear order(total order)：线序，全序linearly ordered set, chain：线（全）序集，链product partial order：积偏序lexicographic order：字典序Hasse diagram：哈斯图topological sorting：拓扑排序isomorphism：同构maximal(minimal) element：极大(小)元extremal element：极值元素greatest(least) element：最大(小)元unit element：么(单位)元zero element：零元upper(lower) bound：上(下)界least upper(greatest lower) bound：上(下)确界lattice：格join：，保联，并meet：保交，交sublattice：子格absorption property：吸收律bounded lattice：有界格distributive lattice：分配格complement：补元modular lattice：模格Boolean algebra：布尔代数involution property：对合律Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression：布尔多项式（表达式）or(and, not) gate：或(与，非)门inverter：反向器circuit design：线路设计minterm：极小项Karnaugh map：卡诺图tree：树root：根，根结点rooted tree：（有）根树level：层，parent：父结点offspring：子女结点siblings：兄弟结点height：树高leaf(leave)：叶结点ordered tree：有序树n-tree：n-元树complete n-tree：完全n-元树(complete) binary tree：(完全)二元(叉)树descendant：后代subtree：子树positional tree：位置树positional binary tree：位置二元(叉)树doubly linked list：双向链表tree searching：树的搜索（遍历）traverse：遍历，周游preorder search：前序遍历Polish form：（表达式的）波兰表示inorder search：中序遍历postorder search：后序遍历reverse Polish form：（表达式的）逆波兰表示linked-list representation：链表表示undirected tree：无向树undirected edge：无向边adjacent vertices：邻接结点simple path：简单路径（通路）simple cycle：简单回路acyclic：无（简单）回路的spanning tree：生成树，支撑树Prim’s algorithm：Prim算法minimal spanning tree：最小生成树weighted graph：（赋）权图weight：树distance：距离nearest neighbor：最邻近结点greedy algorithm：贪婪算法optimal solution：最佳方法Kruskal’s algorithm：Kruskal算法graph：(无向)图vertex(vertices)：结点edge：边end point：端点relationship：关系connection：连接degree of a vertex：结点的度loop：自回路path：路径isolated vertex：孤立结点adjacent vertices：邻接结点circuit：回路simple path(circuit)：基本路径(回路) connected：连通的disconnected：不连通的component：分图discrete graph(null graph)：零图complete graph：完全图regular graph：正规图，正则图linear graph：线性图subgraph：子图Euler path(circuit)：欧拉路径(回路) Konisberg Bridge problem：哥尼斯堡七桥问题ordinance：法规recycle：回收，再循环bridge：桥，割边Hamiltonian path(circuit)：哈密尔顿路径(回路)dodecahedron：正十二面体weight：权TSP(traveling salesperson problem)：货郎担问题transport network：运输网络capacity：容量maximum flow：最大流source：源sink：汇conversation of flow：流的守恒value of a flow：流的值excess capacity：增值容量cut：割the capacity of a cut：割的容量matching problems：匹配问题matching function：匹配函数compatible with：与…相容maximal match：最大匹配complete match：完全匹配coloring graphs：图的着色proper coloring：正规着色chromatic number of G：G的色数map-coloring problem：地图着色问题conjecture：猜想planar graph：(可)平面图bland meats：未加调料的肉chromatic polynomial：着色多项式binary operation on a set A：集合A上的二元运算closed under the operation：运算对…是封闭的commutative：可交换的associative：可结合的idempotent：幂等的distributive：可分配的semigroup：半群product：积free semigroup generated by A：由A生成的自由半群identity(element)：么（单位）元monoid：含么半群，独异点subsemigroup：子半群submonoid：子含么半群isomorphism：同构homomorphism：同态homomorphic image：同态像Kernel：同态核congruence relation：同余关系natural homomorphism：自然同态group：群inverse：逆元quotient group：商群Abelian group：交换（阿贝尔）群cancellation property：消去律multiplication table：运算表finite group：有限（阶）群order of a group：群的阶symmetric group：对称群subgroup：子群alternating group：交替群Klein 4 group：Klein四元群coset：陪集(left) right coset：(左)右陪集normal subgroup：正规(不变)子群prerequisite：预备知识virtually：几乎informal brand：不严格的那种notation：标记sensible：有意义的logician：逻辑学家extensively：广泛地，全面地commuter：经常往来于两地的人by convention：按常规，按惯例dimension：维(数) compatible：相容的discipline：学科reasoning：推理declarative sentence：陈述句n-tuple：n-元组component sentence：分句tacitly：默认generic element：任一元素algorithm verification：算法证明counting：计数factorial：阶乘combination：组合pigeonhole principle：鸽巢原理existence proof：存在性证明constructive proof：构造性证明category：类别，分类factor：因子consecutively：相继地probability(theory)：概率(论) die：骰子probabilistic：概率性的sample space：样本空间event：事件certain event：必然事件impossible event：不可能事件mutually exclusive：互斥的，不相交的likelihood：可能性frequency of occurrence：出现次数(频率) summarize：总结，概括plausible：似乎可能的equally likely：等可能的，等概率的random selection(choose an object at random)：随机选择terminology：术语expected value：期望值backtracking：回溯characteristic equation：特征方程linear homogeneous relation of degree k：k阶线性齐次关系binary relation：二元关系prescribe：命令，规定coordinate：坐标criteria：标准，准则gender：性别graduate school：研究生院generalize：推广notion：概念intuitively：直觉地verbally：用言语approach：方法，方式conversely：相反地pictorially：以图形方式restriction：限制direct flight：直飞航班tedious：冗长乏味的main diagonal：主对角线remainder：余数random access：随机访问sequential access：顺序访问custom：惯例polynomial：多项式substitution：替换multi-valued function：多值函数collision：冲突analysis of algorithm：算法分析sophisticated：复杂的set inclusion(containment)：集合包含distinguish：区分analogous：类似的ordered triple：有序三元组recreational area：游乐场所multigraph：多重图pumping station：抽水站depot：货站，仓库relay station：转送站。
模糊模式识别法
X
Y
~
(
x)
x
0,
μ
o ~
x
1
x
50 5
2
1
,
0 x 50 50 x 200
1,
Y ~
x
1
x
25 5
2
1
,
0 x 25 25 x 200
③ 年轻与年老的隶属函数曲线
年轻 1
年老
0.5
0
25
50 55
年龄 100
7.2.2 隶属函数的确定
隶属函数是模糊集合赖以存在的基石。正确地确定隶属函 数是利用模糊集合恰当地定量表示模糊概念的基础。
头发为n根者为秃头， 头发为n+1根者为秃头， 头发为n+2根者为秃头，
…… 头发为n+k根者为秃头。
其中，k是一个有限整数，显然k完全可以取得很大。
结论：头发很多者为秃头。
类似地：没有头发者不是秃头
2．模糊数学的诞生 模糊数学：有关描述和处理模糊性问题的理论和方法的学科。 模糊数学的基本概念：模糊性。
根据具体研究的需要而定。
2）子集
对于任意两个集合A、B，若A的每一个元素都是B的元素，
则称A是B的“子集”，记为
A B或；B若B中A存在不属于
A的元素，则称A是B的“真子集”，记为
A 。B或B A
3）幂集
对于一个集合A，由其所有子集作为元素构成的集合称
为A的“幂集”。
例：论域X={ 1, 2 }，其幂集为
~A
的核为
x0
；
x0
的两边分别有点
x1
和
x2
，使得
A ~
(
x1
弱下邻及其性质
完 全并既 约元 ． 全体 弱完 全并 既约元记 作 Ｒ Ｗ（ Ｌ ） ． 性质 １ ． ２ 【 设 是 并半 格， 对任 意 ， Ｙ ， ａ ∈Ｌ ， 若 Ｖ ｙ ＜ ＜ 口 ， 则 ＜ ＜ 口且 ｙ ＜ ＜ 口 ， 由此 易知： 若 Ｖ ｙ ＜ａ ，
Ｖｏ １ ． ３ ４ Ｎｏ ． ３
Ｓｅ ｐ． ２ ０１ ３
弱下邻及 其性质
马 晶晶， 卢 涛 ， 杜银玲 ， 朱润秋
（ 淮北师范大学 数学 科学学 院， 安徽 淮北 ２ ３ ５ ０ ０ ０ ）
摘 要： 文章 引入 弱下邻 的概怎， 借 助于既约元 、 弱完全并既约元讨论弱下邻在并半格 、 完 备格 及 ｄ ｅ ｐ ｏ不同背景下 的 性质 ． 同时也给出了弱下邻 的紧元的简单性质．
向 的且 对 于任 意 ∈Ｌ ， ＝ ｓ ｕ ｐ ｛ ｕ∈Ｌ ： “ ＜ ） ＝ｓ ｕ ｐ Ｓ （ ） ． 全体 逼近 辅助关 系构 成 的集合 记为 Ａ ｐ ｐ （ ） ．
收 稿 日期 ： ２ ０ １ ３—０ ４—１ ９
．
基金项 目： 国家自然科学基金资助项 目（ １ １ １ ７ １ １ ５ ６ ） ； 安徽省 自 然科学研究项 目（ Ｋ Ｊ ２ ０ １ ２ Ｚ ３ ５ ８ ） 作者简介： 马晶 晶（ １ ９ ８ ８一 ） ， 女， 江苏新沂人， 硕士生 ， 主要从事格 上拓扑学理论的研究
ｗ ａ ｙ — ｂ ｅ ｌ ｏ ｗ关系和辅助关系定义弱下邻这一概念， 并在既约元， 弱完全并既约元 的基础上讨论弱下邻在不 同背景 下 的一些 简单 性质 ．
模糊集(fuzzy set)相关理论知识简介
2、模糊度计算公式 （1）海明(haming)模糊度 海明(haming)模糊度
其中， 是论域U中元素的个数， 其中，n是论域U中元素的个数， 1 µA (ui)≥0.5 )≥0 µA 0.5(ui)= 0 µA (ui)＜0.5
37
（2）欧几里德(Euclid)模糊度 欧几里德(Euclid)模糊度
模糊理论（1 模糊理论（1）
1
一、集合与特征函数
1、论域 处理某一问题时对有关议题的限制范围称为该问题 的论域。 的论域。
2
2、集合 在论域中，具有某种属性的事物的全体称为集合。 在论域中，具有某种属性的事物的全体称为集合。
3
3、特征函数 设A是论域U上的一个集合，对任何u∈U，令 是论域U上的一个集合，对任何u 1 当u∈A CA(u)= 0 当u A 则称C (u)为集合A的特征函数。 则称CA(u)为集合A的特征函数。 显然有： A={ u | CA(u)=1 } (u)=1
13
三、模糊集表示法
1、扎德表示法1 扎德表示法1 设论域U 设论域U是离散的且为有限集： U={ u1, u2, …, un, } 模糊集为：A={µ 模糊集为：A={µA(u1), µA(u2), … , µA(un) } 则可将A 则可将A表示为：
14
A=µA(u1)/ u1+µA(u2)/ u2+ … +µA(un)/ un 或 A={ µA(u1)/ u1，µA(u2)/ u2，… ，µA(un)/ un } 或 A= n µA(ui)/ ui ∑ 或 i =1 A= µA(u)/ u u∈U
27
模糊理论（2 模糊理论（2）
28
一、模糊集的λ水平截集 模糊集的λ
离散数学中文—英文名词对照表
succedent
well-formed formula (wff)
magic
circuit
t
k
prime to each other
characteristic of ring
minimal polynomial
order
product
simple graph simple proposition (atomic proposition)
Euler 函数
Euler 迹
Euler 数
Euler 图
Euler 特征
二元关系
二分图
反演
赋值
复合运算
复合（分子）命题
覆盖
分配格
个体变元
格
格同态
公因子
割边
割点
Hamilton 圈
Hamilton 图
Hamilton 路
环
后件
合式公式(wff)
幻方
回路
t
k
互素
环的特征
极小多项式
阶
积
简单图 简单（原子）命题
离散数学中文—英文名词对照表
中文
英文
群(交换群) 半群 悖论 定理 代数 函数 同态 格 伴随 标准满态射 闭包 补图(子图的余) 补元 边色数 边着色 边连通度 边覆盖 边覆盖数 边割集 边集 边独立数 不动点 包含与排斥原理 包含关系 不变因子 本原元 本原多项式 并(并集) 并运算 存在量词 存在推广规则 存在指定规则 出弧
迹
基
Euler function
Euler trail
Euler number
Euler gralation
bipartite graph
Lukasiewicz型直觉模糊推理三I方法的性质分析
Lukasiewicz型直觉模糊推理三I方法的性质分析李骏;刘岩【摘要】直觉模糊推理的两个基本模型是Intuitionistic Fuzzy Modus Ponens(IFMP)和Intuitionistic Fuzzy Modus Tollens(IFMT).首先利用经典模糊集之间的自然距离定义了直觉模糊集间的一种距离.其次,证明了基于Lukasiewicz 直觉模糊蕴涵的IFMP和IFMT问题的三I方法关于该距离都具有连续性,并且分别给出了IFMP和IFMT问题的三I方法满足逼近性的充分条件.%The two basic reasoning models of intuitionistic fuzzy reasoning are Intuitionistic Fuzzy Modus Ponens(IFMP) and Intuitionistic Fuzzy ModusTollens(IFMT)respectively.A kind of distance between intuitionistic fuzzy sets is intro-duced by the natural distance between classical fuzzy sets in the present paper.It is proven that both the triple I methods for solving IFMP and IFMT problems based on Lukasiewicz intuitionistic fuzzy implication are continuous with respect to this distance.Some sufficient conditions to guarantee the approximation property of the triple I methods for solving IFMP and IFMT are given respectively.【期刊名称】《计算机工程与应用》【年(卷),期】2018(054)008【总页数】5页(P44-47,54)【关键词】直觉模糊集;直觉模糊推理;三I方法;连续性;逼近性【作者】李骏;刘岩【作者单位】兰州理工大学理学院,兰州730050;兰州理工大学理学院,兰州730050【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP181;O1591 引言模糊推理作为模糊控制的核心，在模糊信息的处理过程中起着举足轻重的作用。
离散数学中英文名词对照表
离散数学中英⽂名词对照表离散数学中英⽂名词对照表外⽂中⽂AAbel category Abel 范畴Abel group (commutative group) Abel 群(交换群)Abel semigroup Abel 半群accessibility relation 可达关系action 作⽤addition principle 加法原理adequate set of connectives 联结词的功能完备（全）集adjacent 相邻（邻接）adjacent matrix 邻接矩阵adjugate 伴随adjunction 接合affine plane 仿射平⾯algebraic closed field 代数闭域algebraic element 代数元素algebraic extension 代数扩域（代数扩张）almost equivalent ⼏乎相等的alternating group 三次交代群annihilator 零化⼦antecedent 前件anti symmetry 反对称性anti-isomorphism 反同构arboricity 荫度arc set 弧集arity 元数arrangement problem 布置问题associate 相伴元associative algebra 结合代数associator 结合⼦asymmetric 不对称的(⾮对称的)atom 原⼦atomic formula 原⼦公式augmenting digeon hole principle 加强的鸽⼦笼原理augmenting path 可增路automorphism ⾃同构automorphism group of graph 图的⾃同构群auxiliary symbol 辅助符号axiom of choice 选择公理axiom of equality 相等公理axiom of extensionality 外延公式axiom of infinity ⽆穷公理axiom of pairs 配对公理axiom of regularity 正则公理axiom of replacement for the formula Ф关于公式Ф的替换公式axiom of the empty set 空集存在公理axiom of union 并集公理Bbalanced imcomplete block design 平衡不完全区组设计barber paradox 理发师悖论base 基Bell number Bell 数Bernoulli number Bernoulli 数Berry paradox Berry 悖论bijective 双射bi-mdule 双模binary relation ⼆元关系binary symmetric channel ⼆进制对称信道binomial coefficient ⼆项式系数binomial theorem ⼆项式定理binomial transform ⼆项式变换bipartite graph ⼆分图block 块block 块图（区组）block code 分组码block design 区组设计Bondy theorem Bondy 定理Boole algebra Boole 代数Boole function Boole 函数Boole homomorophism Boole 同态Boole lattice Boole 格bound occurrence 约束出现bound variable 约束变量bounded lattice 有界格bridge 桥Bruijn theorem Bruijn 定理Burali-Forti paradox Burali-Forti 悖论Burnside lemma Burnside 引理Ccage 笼canonical epimorphism 标准满态射Cantor conjecture Cantor 猜想Cantor diagonal method Cantor 对⾓线法Cantor paradox Cantor 悖论cardinal number 基数Cartesion product of graph 图的笛卡⼉积Catalan number Catalan 数category 范畴Cayley graph Cayley 图Cayley theorem Cayley 定理center 中⼼characteristic function 特征函数characteristic of ring 环的特征characteristic polynomial 特征多项式check digits 校验位Chinese postman problem 中国邮递员问题chromatic number ⾊数chromatic polynomial ⾊多项式circuit 回路circulant graph 循环图circumference 周长class 类classical completeness 古典完全的classical consistent 古典相容的clique 团clique number 团数closed term 闭项closure 闭包closure of graph 图的闭包code 码code element 码元code length 码长code rate 码率code word 码字coefficient 系数coimage 上象co-kernal 上核coloring 着⾊coloring problem 着⾊问题combination number 组合数combination with repetation 可重组合common factor 公因⼦commutative diagram 交换图commutative ring 交换环commutative seimgroup 交换半群complement 补图(⼦图的余) complement element 补元complemented lattice 有补格complete bipartite graph 完全⼆分图complete graph 完全图complete k-partite graph 完全k-分图complete lattice 完全格composite 复合composite operation 复合运算composition (molecular proposition) 复合（分⼦）命题composition of graph (lexicographic product)图的合成（字典积）concatenation (juxtaposition) 邻接运算concatenation graph 连通图congruence relation 同余关系conjunctive normal form 正则合取范式connected component 连通分⽀connective 连接的connectivity 连通度consequence 推论（后承）consistent (non-contradiction) 相容性（⽆⽭盾性）continuum 连续统contraction of graph 图的收缩contradiction ⽭盾式（永假式）contravariant functor 反变函⼦coproduct 上积corank 余秩correct error 纠正错误corresponding universal map 对应的通⽤映射countably infinite set 可列⽆限集（可列集）covariant functor (共变)函⼦covering 覆盖covering number 覆盖数Coxeter graph Coxeter 图crossing number of graph 图的叉数cuset 陪集cotree 余树cut edge 割边cut vertex 割点cycle 圈cycle basis 圈基cycle matrix 圈矩阵cycle rank 圈秩cycle space 圈空间cycle vector 圈向量cyclic group 循环群cyclic index 循环（轮转）指标cyclic monoid 循环单元半群cyclic permutation 圆圈排列cyclic semigroup 循环半群DDe Morgan law De Morgan 律decision procedure 判决过程decoding table 译码表deduction theorem 演绎定理degree 次数,次(度)degree sequence 次(度)序列derivation algebra 微分代数Descartes product Descartes 积designated truth value 特指真值detect errer 检验错误deterministic 确定的diagonal functor 对⾓线函⼦diameter 直径digraph 有向图dilemma ⼆难推理direct consequence 直接推论（直接后承）direct limit 正向极限direct sum 直和directed by inclution 被包含关系定向discrete Fourier transform 离散 Fourier 变换disjunctive normal form 正则析取范式disjunctive syllogism 选⾔三段论distance 距离distance transitive graph 距离传递图distinguished element 特异元distributive lattice 分配格divisibility 整除division subring ⼦除环divison ring 除环divisor (factor) 因⼦domain 定义域Driac condition Dirac 条件dual category 对偶范畴dual form 对偶式dual graph 对偶图dual principle 对偶原则(对偶原理) dual statement 对偶命题dummy variable 哑变量（哑变元）Eeccentricity 离⼼率edge chromatic number 边⾊数edge coloring 边着⾊edge connectivity 边连通度edge covering 边覆盖edge covering number 边覆盖数edge cut 边割集edge set 边集edge-independence number 边独⽴数eigenvalue of graph 图的特征值elementary divisor ideal 初等因⼦理想elementary product 初等积elementary sum 初等和empty graph 空图empty relation 空关系empty set 空集endomorphism ⾃同态endpoint 端点enumeration function 计数函数epimorphism 满态射equipotent 等势equivalent category 等价范畴equivalent class 等价类equivalent matrix 等价矩阵equivalent object 等价对象equivalent relation 等价关系error function 错误函数error pattern 错误模式Euclid algorithm 欧⼏⾥德算法Euclid domain 欧⽒整环Euler characteristic Euler 特征Euler function Euler 函数Euler graph Euler 图Euler number Euler 数Euler polyhedron formula Euler 多⾯体公式Euler tour Euler 闭迹Euler trail Euler 迹existential generalization 存在推⼴规则existential quantifier 存在量词existential specification 存在特指规则extended Fibonacci number ⼴义 Fibonacci 数extended Lucas number ⼴义Lucas 数extension 扩充（扩张）extension field 扩域extension graph 扩图exterior algebra 外代数Fface ⾯factor 因⼦factorable 可因⼦化的factorization 因⼦分解faithful (full) functor 忠实（完满）函⼦Ferrers graph Ferrers 图Fibonacci number Fibonacci 数field 域filter 滤⼦finite extension 有限扩域finite field (Galois field ) 有限域（Galois 域）finite dimensional associative division algebra有限维结合可除代数finite set 有限（穷）集finitely generated module 有限⽣成模first order theory with equality 带符号的⼀阶系统five-color theorem 五⾊定理five-time-repetition 五倍重复码fixed point 不动点forest 森林forgetful functor 忘却函⼦four-color theorem(conjecture) 四⾊定理（猜想）F-reduced product F-归纳积free element ⾃由元free monoid ⾃由单元半群free occurrence ⾃由出现free R-module ⾃由R-模free variable ⾃由变元free-?-algebra ⾃由?代数function scheme 映射格式GGalileo paradox Galileo 悖论Gauss coefficient Gauss 系数GBN (G?del-Bernays-von Neumann system)GBN系统generalized petersen graph ⼴义 petersen 图generating function ⽣成函数generating procedure ⽣成过程generator ⽣成⼦（⽣成元）generator matrix ⽣成矩阵genus 亏格girth （腰）围长G?del completeness theorem G?del 完全性定理golden section number 黄⾦分割数（黄⾦分割率）graceful graph 优美图graceful tree conjecture 优美树猜想graph 图graph of first class for edge coloring 第⼀类边⾊图graph of second class for edge coloring 第⼆类边⾊图graph rank 图秩graph sequence 图序列greatest common factor 最⼤公因⼦greatest element 最⼤元（素）Grelling paradox Grelling 悖论Gr?tzsch graph Gr?tzsch 图group 群group code 群码group of graph 图的群HHajós conjecture Hajós 猜想Hamilton cycle Hamilton 圈Hamilton graph Hamilton 图Hamilton path Hamilton 路Harary graph Harary 图Hasse graph Hasse 图Heawood graph Heawood 图Herschel graph Herschel 图hom functor hom 函⼦homemorphism 图的同胚homomorphism 同态（同态映射）homomorphism of graph 图的同态hyperoctahedron 超⼋⾯体图hypothelical syllogism 假⾔三段论hypothese (premise) 假设(前提)Iideal 理想identity 单位元identity natural transformation 恒等⾃然变换imbedding 嵌⼊immediate predcessor 直接先⾏immediate successor 直接后继incident 关联incident axiom 关联公理incident matrix 关联矩阵inclusion and exclusion principle 包含与排斥原理inclusion relation 包含关系indegree ⼊次（⼊度）independent 独⽴的independent number 独⽴数independent set 独⽴集independent transcendental element 独⽴超越元素index 指数individual variable 个体变元induced subgraph 导出⼦图infinite extension ⽆限扩域infinite group ⽆限群infinite set ⽆限（穷）集initial endpoint 始端initial object 初始对象injection 单射injection functor 单射函⼦injective (one to one mapping) 单射（内射）inner face 内⾯inner neighbour set 内（⼊）邻集integral domain 整环integral subdomain ⼦整环internal direct sum 内直和intersection 交集intersection of graph 图的交intersection operation 交运算interval 区间invariant factor 不变因⼦invariant factor ideal 不变因⼦理想inverse limit 逆向极限inverse morphism 逆态射inverse natural transformation 逆⾃然变换inverse operation 逆运算inverse relation 逆关系inversion 反演isomorphic category 同构范畴isomorphism 同构态射isomorphism of graph 图的同构join of graph 图的联JJordan algebra Jordan 代数Jordan product (anti-commutator) Jordan乘积（反交换⼦）Jordan sieve formula Jordan 筛法公式j-skew j-斜元juxtaposition 邻接乘法Kk-chromatic graph k-⾊图k-connected graph k-连通图k-critical graph k-⾊临界图k-edge chromatic graph k-边⾊图k-edge-connected graph k-边连通图k-edge-critical graph k-边临界图kernel 核Kirkman schoolgirl problem Kirkman ⼥⽣问题Kuratowski theorem Kuratowski 定理Llabeled graph 有标号图Lah number Lah 数Latin rectangle Latin 矩形Latin square Latin ⽅lattice 格lattice homomorphism 格同态law 规律leader cuset 陪集头least element 最⼩元least upper bound 上确界（最⼩上界）left (right) identity 左（右）单位元left (right) invertible element 左（右）可逆元left (right) module 左（右）模left (right) zero 左（右）零元left (right) zero divisor 左（右）零因⼦left adjoint functor 左伴随函⼦left cancellable 左可消的left coset 左陪集length 长度Lie algebra Lie 代数line- group 图的线群logically equivanlent 逻辑等价logically implies 逻辑蕴涵logically valid 逻辑有效的（普效的）loop 环Lucas number Lucas 数Mmagic 幻⽅many valued proposition logic 多值命题逻辑matching 匹配mathematical structure 数学结构matrix representation 矩阵表⽰maximal element 极⼤元maximal ideal 极⼤理想maximal outerplanar graph 极⼤外平⾯图maximal planar graph 极⼤平⾯图maximum matching 最⼤匹配maxterm 极⼤项（基本析取式）maxterm normal form(conjunctive normal form) 极⼤项范式（合取范式）McGee graph McGee 图meet 交Menger theorem Menger 定理Meredith graph Meredith 图message word 信息字mini term 极⼩项minimal κ-connected graph 极⼩κ-连通图minimal polynomial 极⼩多项式Minimanoff paradox Minimanoff 悖论minimum distance 最⼩距离Minkowski sum Minkowski 和minterm (fundamental conjunctive form) 极⼩项（基本合取式）minterm normal form(disjunctive normal form)极⼩项范式（析取范式）M?bius function M?bius 函数M?bius ladder M?bius 梯M?bius transform (inversion) M?bius 变换（反演）modal logic 模态逻辑model 模型module homomorphism 模同态(R-同态)modus ponens 分离规则modus tollens 否定后件式module isomorphism 模同构monic morphism 单同态monoid 单元半群monomorphism 单态射morphism (arrow) 态射（箭）M?bius function M?bius 函数M?bius ladder M?bius 梯M?bius transform (inversion) M?bius 变换（反演）multigraph 多重图multinomial coefficient 多项式系数multinomial expansion theorem 多项式展开定理multiple-error-correcting code 纠多错码multiplication principle 乘法原理mutually orthogonal Latin square 相互正交拉丁⽅Nn-ary operation n-元运算n-ary product n-元积natural deduction system ⾃然推理系统natural isomorphism ⾃然同构natural transformation ⾃然变换neighbour set 邻集next state 下⼀个状态next state transition function 状态转移函数non-associative algebra ⾮结合代数non-standard logic ⾮标准逻辑Norlund formula Norlund 公式normal form 正规形normal model 标准模型normal subgroup (invariant subgroup) 正规⼦群（不变⼦群）n-relation n-元关系null object 零对象nullary operation 零元运算Oobject 对象orbit 轨道order 阶order ideal 阶理想Ore condition Ore 条件orientation 定向orthogonal Latin square 正交拉丁⽅orthogonal layout 正交表outarc 出弧outdegree 出次(出度)outer face 外⾯outer neighbour 外（出）邻集outerneighbour set 出(外)邻集outerplanar graph 外平⾯图Ppancycle graph 泛圈图parallelism 平⾏parallelism class 平⾏类parity-check code 奇偶校验码parity-check equation 奇偶校验⽅程parity-check machine 奇偶校验器parity-check matrix 奇偶校验矩阵partial function 偏函数partial ordering (partial relation) 偏序关系partial order relation 偏序关系partial order set (poset) 偏序集partition 划分,分划,分拆partition number of integer 整数的分拆数partition number of set 集合的划分数Pascal formula Pascal 公式path 路perfect code 完全码perfect t-error-correcting code 完全纠-错码perfect graph 完美图permutation 排列（置换）permutation group 置换群permutation with repetation 可重排列Petersen graph Petersen 图p-graph p-图Pierce arrow Pierce 箭pigeonhole principle 鸽⼦笼原理planar graph （可）平⾯图plane graph 平⾯图Pólya theorem Pólya 定理polynomail 多项式polynomial code 多项式码polynomial representation 多项式表⽰法polynomial ring 多项式环possible world 可能世界power functor 幂函⼦power of graph 图的幂power set 幂集predicate 谓词prenex normal form 前束范式pre-ordered set 拟序集primary cycle module 准素循环模prime field 素域prime to each other 互素primitive connective 初始联结词primitive element 本原元primitive polynomial 本原多项式principal ideal 主理想principal ideal domain 主理想整环principal of duality 对偶原理principal of redundancy 冗余性原则product 积product category 积范畴product-sum form 积和式proof (deduction) 证明（演绎）proper coloring 正常着⾊proper factor 真正因⼦proper filter 真滤⼦proper subgroup 真⼦群properly inclusive relation 真包含关系proposition 命题propositional constant 命题常量propositional formula(well-formed formula,wff)命题形式（合式公式）propositional function 命题函数propositional variable 命题变量pullback 拉回(回拖) pushout 推出Qquantification theory 量词理论quantifier 量词quasi order relation 拟序关系quaternion 四元数quotient (difference) algebra 商（差）代数quotient algebra 商代数quotient field (field of fraction) 商域（分式域）quotient group 商群quotient module 商模quotient ring (difference ring , residue ring) 商环（差环，同余类环）quotient set 商集RRamsey graph Ramsey 图Ramsey number Ramsey 数Ramsey theorem Ramsey 定理range 值域rank 秩reconstruction conjecture 重构猜想redundant digits 冗余位reflexive ⾃反的regular graph 正则图regular representation 正则表⽰relation matrix 关系矩阵replacement theorem 替换定理representation 表⽰representation functor 可表⽰函⼦restricted proposition form 受限命题形式restriction 限制retraction 收缩Richard paradox Richard 悖论right adjoint functor 右伴随函⼦right cancellable 右可消的right factor 右因⼦right zero divison 右零因⼦ring 环ring of endomorphism ⾃同态环ring with unity element 有单元的环R-linear independence R-线性⽆关root field 根域rule of inference 推理规则Russell paradox Russell 悖论Ssatisfiable 可满⾜的saturated 饱和的scope 辖域section 截⼝self-complement graph ⾃补图semantical completeness 语义完全的（弱完全的）semantical consistent 语义相容semigroup 半群separable element 可分元separable extension 可分扩域sequent ⽮列式sequential 序列的Sheffer stroke Sheffer 竖（谢弗竖）simple algebraic extension 单代数扩域simple extension 单扩域simple graph 简单图simple proposition (atomic proposition) 简单（原⼦）命题simple transcental extension 单超越扩域simplication 简化规则slope 斜率small category ⼩范畴smallest element 最⼩元（素）Socrates argument Socrates 论断（苏格拉底论断）soundness (validity) theorem 可靠性（有效性）定理spanning subgraph ⽣成⼦图spanning tree ⽣成树spectra of graph 图的谱spetral radius 谱半径splitting field 分裂域standard model 标准模型standard monomil 标准单项式Steiner triple Steiner 三元系⼤集Stirling number Stirling 数Stirling transform Stirling 变换subalgebra ⼦代数subcategory ⼦范畴subdirect product ⼦直积subdivison of graph 图的细分subfield ⼦域subformula ⼦公式subdivision of graph 图的细分subgraph ⼦图subgroup ⼦群sub-module ⼦模subrelation ⼦关系subring ⼦环sub-semigroup ⼦半群subset ⼦集substitution theorem 代⼊定理substraction 差集substraction operation 差运算succedent 后件surjection (surjective) 满射switching-network 开关⽹络Sylvester formula Sylvester公式symmetric 对称的symmetric difference 对称差symmetric graph 对称图symmetric group 对称群syndrome 校验⼦syntactical completeness 语法完全的（强完全的）Syntactical consistent 语法相容system ?3 , ?n , ??0 , ??系统?3 , ?n , ??0 , ??system L 公理系统 Lsystem ?公理系统?system L1 公理系统 L1system L2 公理系统 L2system L3 公理系统 L3system L4 公理系统 L4system L5 公理系统 L5system L6 公理系统 L6system ?n 公理系统?nsystem of modal prepositional logic 模态命题逻辑系统system Pm 系统 Pmsystem S1 公理系统 S1system T (system M) 公理系统 T(系统M)Ttautology 重⾔式（永真公式）technique of truth table 真值表技术term 项terminal endpoint 终端terminal object 终结对象t-error-correcing BCH code 纠 t -错BCH码theorem (provable formal) 定理（可证公式）thickess 厚度timed sequence 时间序列torsion 扭元torsion module 扭模total chromatic number 全⾊数total chromatic number conjecture 全⾊数猜想total coloring 全着⾊total graph 全图total matrix ring 全⽅阵环total order set 全序集total permutation 全排列total relation 全关系tournament 竞赛图trace (trail) 迹tranformation group 变换群transcendental element 超越元素transitive 传递的tranverse design 横截设计traveling saleman problem 旅⾏商问题tree 树triple system 三元系triple-repetition code 三倍重复码trivial graph 平凡图trivial subgroup 平凡⼦群true in an interpretation 解释真truth table 真值表truth value function 真值函数Turán graph Turán 图Turán theorem Turán 定理Tutte graph Tutte 图Tutte theorem Tutte 定理Tutte-coxeter graph Tutte-coxeter 图UUlam conjecture Ulam 猜想ultrafilter 超滤⼦ultrapower 超幂ultraproduct 超积unary operation ⼀元运算unary relation ⼀元关系underlying graph 基础图undesignated truth value ⾮特指值undirected graph ⽆向图union 并(并集)union of graph 图的并union operation 并运算unique factorization 唯⼀分解unique factorization domain (Gauss domain) 唯⼀分解整域unique k-colorable graph 唯⼀k着⾊unit ideal 单位理想unity element 单元universal 全集universal algebra 泛代数（Ω代数）universal closure 全称闭包universal construction 通⽤结构universal enveloping algebra 通⽤包络代数universal generalization 全称推⼴规则universal quantifier 全称量词universal specification 全称特指规则universal upper bound 泛上界unlabeled graph ⽆标号图untorsion ⽆扭模upper (lower) bound 上（下）界useful equivalent 常⽤等值式useless code 废码字Vvalence 价valuation 赋值Vandermonde formula Vandermonde 公式variery 簇Venn graph Venn 图vertex cover 点覆盖vertex set 点割集vertex transitive graph 点传递图Vizing theorem Vizing 定理Wwalk 通道weakly antisymmetric 弱反对称的weight 重（权）weighted form for Burnside lemma 带权形式的Burnside引理well-formed formula (wff) 合式公式(wff) word 字Zzero divison 零因⼦zero element (universal lower bound) 零元（泛下界）ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel-Cohen) system ZFC系统form)normal(Skolemformnormalprenex-存在正则前束范式(Skolem 正则范式)3-value proposition logic 三值命题逻辑。
转载 NLP术语中英对照表M Z
转载NLP术语中英对照表M Z原文地址：NLP术语中英对照表M-Z作者：笨蛋二号匪machine dictionary机器词典machine language机器语言machine learning机器学习machine translation机器翻译machine-readable dictionary(MRD)机读辞典Macrolinguistics宏观语言学Markov chart马可夫图Mathematical Linguistics数理语言学maximum entropy最大熵M-D(modifier-head)construction偏正结构mean length of utterance(MLU)语句平均长度measure of information讯习测度[信息测度]memory based根据记忆的mental lexicon心理词汇库mental model心理模型mental process心理过程[智力过程；智力处理]metalanguage超语言metaphor隐喻metaphorical extension隐喻扩展metarule律上律[元规则]metathesis语音易位Microlinguistics微观语言学middle structure中间式结构minimal pair最小对Minimalist Program微言主义MLU(mean length of utterance)语句平均长度modal情态词modal auxiliary情态助动词modal logic情态逻辑modifier修饰语Modular Logic Grammar模组化逻辑语法modular parsing system模组化句法剖析系统modularity模组性(理论)module模组monophthong单元音monotonic单调monotonicity单调性Montague Grammar蒙泰究语法[蒙塔格语法]mood语气morpheme词素morphological affix构词词缀morphological decomposition语素分解morphological pattern词型morphological processing词素处理morphological rule构词律[词法规则] morphological segmentation语素切分Morphology构词学Morphophonemics词音学[形态音位学；语素音位学] morphophonological rule形态音位规则Morphosyntax词句法Motor Theory肌动理论movement移位MRD(machine-readable dictionary)机读辞典MT(machine translation)机器翻译multilingual processing system多语讯息处理系统multilingual translation多语翻译multimedia多媒体multi-media communication多媒体通讯multiple inheritance多重继承multistate logic多态逻辑mutation语音转换mutual exclusion互斥mutual information相互讯息nativist position语法天生假说natural language自然语言natural language processing(NLP)自然语言处理natural language understanding自然语言理解negation否定negative sentence否定句neologism新词语nested structure套结构network网路neural network类神经网路Neurolinguistics神经语言学neutralization中立化n-gram n-连词n-gram modeling n-连词模型NLP(natural language processing)自然语言处理node节点nominalization名物化nonce暂用的non-finite非限定non-finite clause非限定式子句non-monotonic reasoning非单调推理normal distribution常态分布noun名词noun phrase名词组NP(noun phrase)completeness名词组完全性object宾语{语言学}/物件{资讯科学}object oriented programming物件导向程式设计[面向对向的程序设计] official language官方语言one-place pre dicate一元述语on-line dictionary线上查询词典[联机词点]onomatopoeia拟声词onset节首音ontogeny个体发生Ontology本体论open set开放集operand运算元[操作对象]optimization最佳化[最优化]overgeneralization过度概化overgeneration过度衍生paradigmatic relation聚合关系paralanguage附语言parallel construction并列结构Parallel Corpus平行语料库parallel distributed processing(PDP)平行分布处理paraphrase转述[释意；意译；同意互训]parole言语parser剖析器[句法剖析程序]parsing剖析part of speech(POS)词类particle语助词PART-OF relation PART-OF关系part-of-speech tagging词类标注pattern recognition型样识别P-C(predicate-complement)insertion述补中插PDP(parallel distributed processing)平行分布处理perception知觉perceptron感觉器[感知器]perceptual strategy感知策略performative行为句periphrasis用独立词表达perlocutionary语效性的permutation移位Petri Net Grammar Petri网语法philology语文学phone语音phoneme音素phonemic analysis因素分析phonemic stratum音素层Phonetics语音学phonogram音标Phonology声韵学[音位学；广义语音学] Phonotactics音位排列理论phrasal verb词组动词[短语动词]phrase词组[短语]phrase marker词组标记[短语标记]pitch音调pitch contour调形变化Pivot Grammar枢轴语法pivotal construction承轴结构plausibility function可能性函数PM(phrase marker)词组标记[短语标记] polysemy多义性POS-tagging词类标记postposition方位词PP(preposition phrase)attachment介词依附Pragmatics语用学Precedence Grammar优先顺序语法precision精确度predicate述词predicate calculus述词计算predicate logic述词逻辑[谓词逻辑]predicate-argument structure述词论元结构prefix前缀premodification前置修饰preposition介词Prescriptive Linguistics规定语言学[规范语言学] presentative sentence引介句presupposition前提Principle of Compositionality语意合成性原理privative二元对立的probabilistic parser概率句法剖析程式problem solving解决问题program程式programming language程式设计语言[程序设计语言] proofreading system校对系统proper name专有名词prosody节律prototype原型pseudo-cleft sentence准分裂句Psycholinguistics心理语言学punctuation标点符号pushdown automata下推自动机pushdown transducer下推转换器qualification后置修饰quantification量化quantifier范域词Quantitative Linguistics计量语言学questio nanswering system问答系统queue伫列radical字根[词干；词根；部首；偏旁]radix of tuple元组数基random access随机存取rationalism理性论rationalist(position)理性论立场[唯理论观点] reading laboratory阅读实验室real time即时real time control即时控制[实时控制]recursive transition network递回转移网路reduplication重迭词[重复]reference指涉referent指称对象referential indices指标referring expression指涉词[指示短语]register暂存器[寄存器]{资讯科学}/调高{语音学}/语言的场合层级{社会语言学}regular language正规语言[正则语言]relational database关联式资料库[关系数据库]relative clause关系子句relaxation method松弛法relevance相关性Restricted Logic Grammar受限逻辑语法resumptive pronouns复指代词retroactive inhibition逆抑制rewriting rule重写规则rheme述位rhetorical structure修辞结构rhetorics修辞学robust强健性robust processing强健性处理robustness强健性schema基朴school grammar教学语法scope范域[作用域；范围]script脚本search mechanism检索机制search space检索空间searching route检索路径[搜索路径] second order predicate二阶述词segmentation分词segmentation marker分段标志selectional restriction选择限制semantic field语意场semantic frame语意架构semantic network语意网路semantic representation语意表征[语义表示]semantic representation language语意表征语言semantic restriction语意限制semantic structure语意结构Semantics语意学sememe意素Semiotics符号学sender发送者sensorimotor stage感觉运动期sensory information感官讯息[感觉信息]sentence句子sentence generator句子产生器[句子生成程序]sentence pattern句型separation of homonyms同音词区分sequence序列serial order learning顺序学习serial verb construction连动结构set oriented semantic network集合导向型语意网路[面向集合型语意网路]SGML(Standard Generalized Markup Language)结构化通用标记语言shift-reduce parsing替换简化式剖析short term memory短程记忆sign信号signal processing technology信号处理技术simple word单纯词situation情境Situation Semantics情境语意学situational type情境类型social context社会环境sociolinguistics社会语言学software engineering软体工程[软件工程]sort排序speaker-independent spee ch recognition非特定语者语音识别spectrum频谱speech口语speech act assignment言语行为指定speech continuum言语连续体speech disorder语言失序[言语缺失]speech recognition语音辨识speech retrieval语音检索speech situation言谈情境[言语情境]speech synthesis语音合成speech translation system语音翻译系统speech understanding system语音理解系统spreading activation model扩散激发模型standard deviation标准差Standard Generalized Markup Language标准通用标示语言start-bound complement接头词state of affairs algebra事态代数state transition diagram状态转移图statement kernel句核static attribute list静态属性表statistical analysis统计分析Statistical Linguistics统计语言学statistical significance统计意义stem词干stimulus-response theory刺激反应理论stochastic approach to parsing概率式句法剖析[句法剖析的随机方法]stop爆破音Stratificational Grammar阶层语法[层级语法] string字串[串；字符串]string manipulation language字串操作语言string matching字串匹配[字符串]structural ambiguity结构歧义Structural Linguistics结构语言学structural relation结构关系structural transfer结构转换structuralism结构主义structure结构structure sharing representation结构共享表征subcategorization次类划分[下位范畴化] subjunctive假设的sublanguage子语言subordinate从属关系subordinate clause从属子句[从句；子句] subordination从属substitution rule代换规则[置换规则]substrate底层语言suffix后缀superordinate上位的superstratum上层语言suppletion异型[不规则词型变化] suprasegmental超音段的syllabification音节划分syllable音节syllable structure constraint音节结构限制symbolization and verbalization符号化与字句化synchronic同步的synonym同义词syntactic category句法类别syntactic constituent句法成分syntactic rule语法规律[句法规则]Syntactic Semantics句法语意学syntagm句段syntagmatic组合关系[结构段的；组合的]Syntax句法Systemic Grammar系统语法tag标记target language目的语言[目标语言]task sharing课题分享[任务共享]tautology套套逻辑[恒真式；重言式；同义反复] taxonomical hierarchy分类阶层[分类层次] telescopic compound套装合并template模板temporal inference循序推理[时序推理] temporal logic时间逻辑[时序逻辑]temporal marker时貌标记tense时态terminology术语text文本text analyzing文本分析text coherence文本一致性text generation文本生成[篇章生成]Text Linguistics文本语言学text planning文本规划text proofreading文本校对text retrieval文本检索text structure文本结构[篇章结构]text summarization文本自动摘要[篇章摘要] text understanding文本理解text-to-speech文本转语音thematic role题旨角色thematic structure题旨结构theorem定理thesaurus同义词辞典theta role题旨角色theta-grid题旨网格token实类[标记项]tone音调tone language音调语言tone sandhi连调变换top-down由上而下[自顶向下]topic主题topicalization主题化[话题化]trace痕迹Trace Theory痕迹理论training训练transaction异动[处理单位]transcription转写[抄写；速记翻译]transducer转换器transfer转移transfer approach转换方法transfer framework转换框架transformation变形[转换]Transformational Grammar变形语法[转换语法] transitional state term set转移状态项集合transitivity及物性translation翻译translation equivalence翻译等值性translation memory翻译记忆transparency透明性tree树状结构[树]Tree Adjoining Grammar树形加接语法[树连接语法]treebank树图资料库[语法关系树库]trigram三连词t-score t-数turing machine杜林机[图灵机]turing test杜林测试[图灵试验]type类型type/token node标记类型/实类节点type-feature structure类型特征结构typology类型学ultimate constituent终端成分unbounded dependency无界限依存underlying form基底型式underlying structure基底结构unification连并[合一]Unification-based Grammar连并为本的语法[基于合一的语法] Universal Grammar普遍性语法universal instantiation普遍例式universal quantifier全称范域词unknown word未知词[未定义词]unrestricted grammar非限制型语法usage flag使用旗标user interface使用者界面[用户界面] Valence Grammar结合价语法Valence Theory结合价理论valency结合价variance变异数[方差]verb动词verb phrase动词组[动词短语]verb resultative compound动补复合词verbal association词语联想verbal phrase动词组ve rbal production言语生成vernacular本地话V-O construction(verb-object)动宾结构vocabulary字汇vocabulary entry词条vocal track声道vocative呼格voice recognition声音辨识[语音识别]vowel母音vowel harmony母音和谐[元音和谐]waveform波形weak verb弱化动词Whorfian hypothesis Whorfian假说word词word frequency词频word frequency distribution词频分布word order词序word segmentation分词word segmentation standard for Chinese中文分词规范word segmentation unit分词单位[切词单位]word set词集working memory工作记忆[工作存储区]world knowledge世界知识writing system书写系统X-Bar Theory X标杠理论["x"阶理论]Zipf's Law利夫规律[齐普夫定律]MSN空间完美搬家到新浪博客！。
数学专业英语词汇（S）_数学物理英语词汇
s admissible s容许的s matrix s矩阵saddle point 鞍点saddle point method 鞍点法salient angle 凸角salient point 折点saltusfunction 跳跃函数sample 样本sample correlation coefficient 样本相关系数sample correlation matrix 样本相关阵sample covariance 样本协方差sample covariance matrix 样本协方差阵sample dispersion 样本方差sample function 样本函数sample mean 样本均值sample median 样本中位数sample moment 样本矩sample point 样本点sample quartile 样本四分位数sample size 样本的大小sample space 样本空间sample survey 样本甸sample unit 抽样单位sample variable 样本变量sample variance 样本方差sampling 抽样sampling distribution 样本分布sampling error 抽样误差sampling fraction 抽样比sampling inspection 抽样检查sampling method 抽样法sampling moment 样本矩sampling ratio 抽样比sampling survey 样本甸sampling unit 抽样单位sarrus rule 萨律法satisfiable 可满足的satisfy 满足saturated set 浸润集saturated subset 浸润子集saturated vertex 饱和顶点saturation curve 饱和曲线scalar 纯量scalar curvature 纯量曲率scalar density 纯量密度scalar field 纯量场scalar flow of vector field 向量场的纯量流scalar matrix 纯量阵scalar multiplication 纯量乘法scalar product 纯量积scalar quantity 纯量scalar triple product 纯量三重积scalar valued function 纯量值函数scalar valued map 纯量值映射scale 图度scale factor 标度因子scale mark 分核度scale parameter 尺度参数scale transformation 标度变换法scalene triangle 不规则三角形scalenohedron 偏三角面体scalenous triangle 不规则三角形scatter 散布scatter diagram 散布图scattered set 无核集scattergram 点状图scattering theory 散射理论schauder theorem 肖德不动点定理scheduling and production planning 生产计划理论scheduling problem 日程计划问题schematic diagram 简图scheme 模式schlicht 单叶的schlicht domain 单叶域schlicht function 单叶函数schlicht mapping 单叶映射schlicht surface 单叶曲面schmidt orthogonalization 施密特正交化法schwartz space 施瓦尔兹空间schwarz formula 施瓦尔兹公式schwarz inequality 施瓦尔兹不等式scope 辖域screw 螺旋体search process 搜她程secant 正割secant curve 正割曲线second axiom of countability 第二可数公理second boundary condition 诺伊曼边界条件second boundary value problem 诺伊曼问题second comparison test 第二比较检验second component 第二分量second countability axiom 第二可数公理second derivative 二次导数second factor 第二因子second fundamental form 第二基本形式second limit theorem 第二极限定理second variation 第二变分secondary diagonal 次对角线secondary extremal 配连极值secondary obstruction 第二障碍section 截口section functor 截面函子section graph 部分等距算子sectional area 截面积sectional curvature 截面曲率sector 扇形sectorial harmonic 扇低函数secular equation 长期方程sedenion 十六元数segment 线段segment of a circle 弓形segment of a curve 弧段segmentation 分割selection 选择self adjoint boundary value problem 自伴边值问题self adjoint differential equation 自伴微分方程self adjoint eigenvalue problem 自伴特盏问题self adjoint element 自伴元self adjoint linear mapping 自伴线性映射self adjointness 自伴性self checking code 自校验代吗self complementary graph 自补图self conjugate 自共轭的self conjugate partition 自共轭分拆self dual 自对偶的self dual category 自对偶范畴self dual group 自对偶群self intersection number 自交数self loop 自身环self orthogonal submodule 自成正交子模self polar curve 自配极曲线self polar tetrahedron 自配极四面形self polar triangle 自配极三角形self tangency 自切self weighting sample 自加权样本selfadjoint linear subspace 自伴线性子空间selfadjoint operator 自伴算子selfconjugate latin square 自共轭拉丁方selfosculating point of curve 曲线的自密切点semantic equivalence 语义等价semantical decision problem 语义判定问题semantical paradox 语义悖论semantics 语义学semi exact 半正合的semi interquartile 半内四分位数间距semi invariant 半不变式semi invariant exterior derivative 半不变外微分semi logarithmic representation 半对数表示semiadditive category 半加性范畴semianalytic set 半解析集合semiangle 半角semiaxis 半轴semibounded 半有界的semibounded operator 半有界算子semicircle 半圆semicircular 半圆的semicircular domain 半圆域semicircular protractor 量角器分度规semicontinuity 半连续性semicontinuous 半连续的semicontinuous function 半连续函数semicontinuum 半连续统semiconvergent series 半收敛级数semicubical parabola 半三次抛物线semidefinite eigenvalue problem 半定特盏问题semidefinite kernel 半定核semidefinite operator 半定算子semidefinite quadratic form 半定二次形式semidefinite variational problem 半定变分问题semidiameter 半径semidirect product 半直积semidiscretization 半离散化semifinite 半有限的semifinite trace 半有限迹semigroup 半群semigroup algebra 半群代数semigroup of operators 算子半群semihereditary ring 半遗传环semilinear 半线性的semilinear mapping 半线性映射semilinear substitution 半线性代换semilinear transformation 半线性变换semilocal ring 半局部环semilogarithmic diagram 半对数图semilogarithmic paper 半对数坐标纸semimagic square 半幻方semimajor axis 半长轴semimajorant 半强函数semimartingale 半semimean axis 半中轴semimetric 半度量semiminor axis 半短轴semiminorant 半弱函数semimodular lattice 半模格semimodularity 半模性seminorm 半范数semiorder 半有序semiordered banach space 半有序巴拿赫空间semiordered set 半有序集semipath 半通路semiperiod 半周期semipolar set 半极集semiprimary ring 半准素环semiprime ideal 半素理想semiprimitive ring 半本原环semiquaternion 半四元数semireductive 半可简约的semireflexive 半自反的semireflexive space 半自反空间semireflexivity 半自反性semiregular point 半正则点semiregular space 半正则空间semiregular topology 半正则拓扑semiscalar product 半纯量积semisimple algebra 半单代数semisimple group 半单群semisimple module 半单模semisimple representation 半单表示semisimple ring 半单环semisimplicial complex 半单纯复形semisimplicial map 半单纯映射semisphere 半球semispherical 半球的semitangent 半切线semitransverse axis 半贯轴semiuniform space 半一致空间sense of rotation 旋转指向senseclass 指向类sensepreserving mapping 保向映射sensitivity analysis 灵敏度分析sentence 命题sentential calculus 命题演算sentential connective 命题联结词sentential function 谓词separability 可分离性separable closure 可分闭包separable degree 分离度separable element 可分元separable extension 可分扩张separable field 可分域separable game 可分对策separable graph 可分图separable polynomial 可分多项式separable sets 可分集separable space 可分空间separable stochastic process 可分随机过程separable topological space 可分拓扑空间separable transcendental extension 可分超越扩张separate 分离separated equation 分离变数方程separated sets 隔离集separated space 分离空间separating edge 分离棱separating plane 分离平面separating transcendence basis 可分超越基separation 分离separation axiom 分离公理separation of the zeros 零点分离separation of variables 分离变量separation principle 分离原理separation relation 分离关系separation theorem 分离定理separator 分隔符sequence 序列sequence convergent almost everywhere 几乎处处收敛列sequence of arcs 弧序列sequence of complex numbers 复数序列sequence of differences 差分序列sequence of distinct points 一一序列sequence of functions 函数序列sequence of iterations 迭代序列sequence of numbers 数列sequence of partial sums 部分和列sequence of points 点序列sequence of sets 集序列sequence of signs 符号序列sequence space 序列空间sequencing 排序sequencing problem 日程计划问题sequent 串联的sequential analysis 序贯分析sequential compactness 列紧性sequential control 顺序控制sequential estimation 序列估计sequential likelihood ratio test 序贯似然比值检验sequential programming 顺序规划sequential sampling 序贯抽样sequential sampling plan 序列抽样法sequential switching circuit 依次转接电路sequential test 序贯检定sequential word function 序贯字函数sequentially compact set 列紧集sequentially complete space 序列完备空间serial correlation 自相关serial correlation coefficient 序列相关系数series 级数series development 级数展开series expansion 级数展开series of functions 函数级数series solution 级数解serpentine 蛇形线service model 服务模型sesquilinear form 半双线性形式set 集set algebra 集代数set function 集函数set of condensation points 凝聚点集set of continuum power 连续统势的集set of limit 极限集合set of lower bounds 下界集set of measure zero 零测度集set of numbers 数集set of points 点集set of sets 集的集set of strategies 策略集set of ternary numbers 三进制数集set of upper bounds 上界集set theoretic addition 集论的加法set theoretic image 集合论的象set theoretic intersection 集论的交set theoretic operation 集论的运算set theoretic proof 集论的证set theoretic union 集论的并集set theoretical 集论的set theory 集论set topology 集论拓扑set valued functor 集值函子set valued mapping 集值映射sexadecimal digit 十六进制数字sexadecimal notation 十六进记法sexadecimal number system 十六进制数系sexagesimal arithmetic 六十进算术sexagesimal system 六十进制sextant 六分仪sextic 六次曲线sextic equation 六次方程shadow 影shadow price 影子价格shape 形状shape theory 形状理论sheaf 层sheaf homomorphism 层同态sheaf of germs of continuous functions 连续函数的芽层sheaf of planes 平面束sheaf theoretic 层理论的shear 剪切shearing modulus 刚性模量shearing strain 切应变shearing stress 切应力sheet 叶sheets of rieman surface 黎曼曲面的叶shell 壳层shift 移动shift operator 位移算子shift register 移位寄存器shilov boundary 希洛夫边界short division 短除法shorten 缩短shortening 缩短shortest 最短线shortest confidence interval 最短置信区间shortest distance 最短距离shortest path 最短道路shortest path problem 最短道路问题shortest route 最短道路shortest route problem 最短道路问题side 边side condition 边条件side elevation 侧视图sieve 筛sieve method 筛法sieve of eratosthenes 厄拉多塞筛sigma additivity 可列可加性sigma algebra 代数sigma compact space 紧空间sigma compactness 紧性sigma complete filter 完备滤子sigma complete lattice 完全铬sigma complete lower semilattice 完备下半格sigma complete semilattice 完备半格sigma discrete family of subsets 子集的离散族sigma finite measure 有限测度sigma function 函数sigma locally finite family of subsets 子集的局部有限族sigma monogenic function 单演函数sigma space 空间sigmacompleteness 完备性sigmafield of sets 集的域sigmalattice 格sigmoid s形曲线sign 符号sign digit 符号数字sign of equality 等号sign of inclusion 包含记号sign of inequality 不等号sign of intersection 相交记号sign of multiplication 乘号sign of permutation 置换的符号sign of subtraction 减法sign of summation 连加号sign of the membership relation 从属关系记号sign of union 并号signal 信号signature of permutation 置换的符号signed numbers 带符号数signed rank test 符号秩检验signed tree 指定符号的树significance level 显著性水平significance of a deviation 偏差的显著性significance test 显著性检定significant 有效的significant digit 有效数字significant figure 有效数字signum 正负号函数similar figures 相似形similar function 相似函数similar matrix 相似矩阵similar ordered set 相似有序集similar region 相似域similar test 相似检验similar triangles 相似三角形similarity 相似similarity principle 相似性原理similarity theorem 相似性定理similarity transformation 相似变换similitude 相似similitude transformation 相似变换simple 单的simple abelian variety 单阿贝耳簇simple algebra 单代数simple arc 简单弧simple branch point 单分枝点simple broken line 单折曲线simple chain 简单链simple character 简单特贞simple circuit 简单围道simple closed curve 简单闭曲线simple component 单分量simple compression 单压缩simple connectedness 单连通性simple connectivity 单连通性simple continued fraction 正则连分数simple continued fraction expansion 简单连分数展开simple convergence 点态收敛simple correlation coefficient 单相关系数simple cycle 简单循环simple domain 单叶域simple eigenvalue 简单特盏simple elongation 单伸长simple event 简单事件simple extension 单扩张simple extension field 单扩张域simple fixed point 单纯不动点simple fraction 普通分数simple function 单叶函数simple graph 简单图simple group 单群simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple hypothesis 简单假设simple integral 单积分simple intersection point 单纯交点simple iterative method 单迭代法simple lattice 单格simple lie algebra 单李代数simple module 单模simple object 简单对象simple path 简单道路simple pendulum 单摆simple point 单点simple polygon 简单多边形simple polyhedron 简单多面体simple product 简单积simple proper value 简单特盏simple quadrilateral 简单四边形simple random sampling 简单随机样本simple regression 简单回归simple regression coefficient 单回归系数simple ring 单环simple root 单根simple sample 简单样本simple sampling 简单抽样simple series 简单级数simple set 单集simple spectrum 单谱simple surface 简单曲面simple tangent 单切线simple theory of types 简单类型论simple transcendental extension 单超越扩张simplex 单形simplex method 单形法simplex multiplier 单形乘数simplex tableau 单形表simplex theorem 单形定理simplicial approximation 单纯逼近simplicial cell 单纯胞腔simplicial chainmapping 单纯链映射simplicial cochain complex 单纯上链复形simplicial cohomology group 单纯上同岛simplicial complex 单纯复形simplicial homology 单纯同调simplicial map 单形映射simplicial mapping cylinder 单形映射柱simplicial pair 单形对simplicialapproximation theorem 单纯逼近定理simplification 简化simplified fraction 简化分数simplified newton method 简化牛顿法simply connected group 单连通群simply connected region 单连通区域simply connected spatial domain 单连通空间域simply convergent filter 单收敛滤子simply ordered group 全有序群simply periodic function 单周期函数simplyconnected domain 单连通域simpson rule 辛卜生法则simulation 模拟simultaneity 同时性simultaneous confidence intervals 联合置信区间simultaneous diagonalization 同时对角化simultaneous differential equation 联立微分方程simultaneous differential equations 联立微分方程simultaneous equations 方程组simultaneous estimation 联立估计simultaneous invariant 联立不变式simultaneous substitution 同时代入sine 正弦函数sine curve 正弦曲线sine function 正弦函数sine integral 正弦积分sine integral function 正弦积分函数sine law 正弦定律sine spiral 正弦螺线sine theorem 正弦定理sine wave 正弦波single 单的single address 单地址的single address code 一地址代码single address instruction 单地址指令single address system 单地址系统single factor method 单因子法single step method 单步法single step process 单步法single valued 单值的single valued analytic function 单值解析函数single valued correspondence 单值对应single valued function 单值函数single valued operation 单值运算single valued relation 单值关系single valuedness 单值性singlevalued mapping 单值映射singly periodic function 单周期函数singular 奇异的singular automorphism 奇异自同构singular bivariate normal distribution 奇异二元正态分布singular boundary 奇异边界singular boundary point 奇异边界点singular chain 奇异链singular chain complex 奇异链复形singular cohomology group 奇异上同岛singular complex 奇异复形singular conic 奇二次曲线singular correspondence 奇对应singular cycle 连续循环singular distribution 退化分布singular element 奇元素singular elliptic function 奇异椭圆函数singular function 奇异函数singular function of bounded variation 有界变差奇异函数singular graph 奇异图singular homology 奇异下同调singular homology class 奇异同掂singular homology group 连续同岛singular integral 奇解singular integral element 奇异积分元素singular integral equation 奇异积分方程singular kernel 奇核singular line element 奇异线素singular linear operator 奇异线性算子singular linear transformation 奇异线性变换singular locus 奇轨迹singular mapping 奇异映射singular matrix 退化阵singular operator 奇异算子singular ordinal 特异序数singular part 奇异部分singular plane 奇异平面singular point 奇点singular proposition 特称命题singular quadric 奇异二次曲面singular series 奇异级数singular solution 奇解singular space 奇异空间singular submodule 奇子模singular subspace 奇异子空间singular surface 奇曲面singular transformation 奇异变换singular value 奇异值singular variational problem 奇异变分问题singular vector 奇异向量singularity 奇点sink 收点sinusoid 正弦摆线sinusoidal 正弦的sinusoidal function 正弦函数sinusoidal law 正弦定律sinusoidal spiral 正弦螺线situation 情况size 样本的大小skeleton 骨架skew curve 空间曲线skew derivation 斜微分skew determinant 斜对称行列式skew distribution 偏斜分布skew field 非交换域skew hermitian form 斜埃尔米德型skew hermitian matrix 斜埃尔米德矩阵skew lines 偏斜线skew position 歪扭位置skew quadrilateral 挠四边形skew surface 非可展直纹曲面skew symmetric 反对称的skew symmetric determinant 斜对称行列式skew symmetric matrix 斜对称矩阵skew symmetric tensor 斜对称张量slack variable 松弛变量slide rule 计算尺sliding vector 滑动向量slitregion 裂纹区域slope 斜率slope function 斜率函数slope intercept form 斜截式slope line 倾斜线slope of a curve 曲线的斜率slowly increasing sequence 缓增序列small circle 小圆small inductive dimension 小归纳维数small sample 小样本small set 小集smallest element 最小元smash 收缩smooth curve 平滑曲线smooth map 光滑映射smooth morphism 光滑射smooth projective plane curve 光滑射影平面曲线smoothing 光滑化smoothness 光滑度sobolev embedding theorem 水列夫嵌入定理sobolev space 水列夫空间sojourn time 逗留时间solenoidal group 螺线群solenoidal vector field 螺线向量场solid 立体;固体solid angle 立体角solid geometry 立体几何solid n sphere n维球体solid of revolution 旋转体soliton 孤立子soluble 可解的solution 解solution curve 积分曲线solution domain 解域solution formula 解公式solution set of equation 方程的解集solution space 解空间solution surface 积分曲面solution tree 解树解答树solution vector 解向量solvability 可解性solvable 可解的solvable equation 可解方程solvable group 可解群solvable ideal 可解理想solve 解sorter 分类器source 发点source free vector field 无源向量场source function 格林函数source of field 场源source program 源程序space 空间space coordinates 空间坐标space curve 空间曲线space integral 体积积分space like manifold 类空廖space of left cosets 左傍系空间space of matrices 矩阵空间space of quaternions 四元数空间space of right cosets 右傍系空间space quadratic transformation 空间二次变换space region 空间区域span 生成spanning tree 最大树生成树sparse matrix 稀巯阵spatial 空间的spatial co ordinate 空间坐标spatial isomorphism 空间同构spatial point 空间点special divisor class 特殊除子类special functional equations 特殊函数方程special functions 特殊函数special group 特殊群special homology manifold 特殊同滴special jordan algebra 特殊约当代数special linear group 特殊线性群special linear homogeneous group 特殊线性齐次群special orthogonal group 特殊正交群special purpose computer 专用计算机special representation 特殊表示special unitarian group 特殊酉群special valuation 特殊赋值specialization 特定化specific 特殊的specific address 绝对地址specific heat 比热specificity 特性spectral analysis of operators 算子的谱分析spectral decomposition 谱表示spectral density 谱线密度spectral distribution 谱分布spectral distribution curve 光谱分布曲线spectral function 谱函数spectral functor 谱函子spectral geometry 谱几何spectral integral 谱积分spectral invariant 谱不变量spectral line 谱线spectral mapping theorem 谱映射定理spectral measure 谱测度spectral multiplicity 谱重度spectral norm 谱模spectral point 谱点spectral property 谱性质spectral radius 谱半径spectral representation 谱表示spectral sequence 谱序列spectral set 谱集spectral space 谱空间spectral subspace 谱子空间spectral synthesis 谱综合spectral theorem 谱定理spectrum 谱spectrum of a matrix 阵的谱speed 速度sphere 球sphere bundle 球丛sphere of contact 相切球面sphere of the inversion 反演球spherical 球形的spherical angle 球面角spherical astronomy 球面天文学spherical asymptote 球面渐近线spherical bessel function 球贝塞耳函数spherical cap 球冠spherical cohomology class 球上同掂spherical coordinates 球极坐标spherical curvature 球面曲率spherical curve 球面曲线spherical cyclic curve 球面循环曲线spherical derivative 球面导数spherical domain 球面域spherical epicycloid 球面外摆线spherical excess 球面角盈spherical fiber 球面纤维spherical function 球函数spherical geometry 球面几何学spherical harmonic function 球面低函数spherical harmonics 球面低函数spherical helix 球面螺旋线spherical homology class 球面同掂spherical image 球面象spherical indicatrix 球面指标spherical indicatrix of binormal 副法线球面指标spherical indicatrix of principal normal 吱线球面指标spherical indicatrix of tangents 切线球面指标spherical mean 球中值spherical neighborhood 球形邻域spherical parallelogram 球面平行四边形spherical polar coordinates 球极坐标spherical polygon 球面多边形spherical pyramid 球面棱锥spherical sector 球心角体spherical segment 球截形spherical shell 球壳spherical space 球面空间spherical surface 球面spherical triangle 球面三角形spherical triangular coordinates 球面三角坐标spherical trigonometry 球面三角学spherical zone 球带spherics 球面几何学sphero quartic 球面四次曲线spheroid 回转椭圆面spheroidal coordinates 球体坐标spheroidal function 球体低函数spheroidal harmonic 球体低函数spheroidal wave function 球体波函数spinode 第一类尖点spinor 旋子spinor field 旋量场spinor genus 旋量狂spinor group 旋子群spinor representation 旋量表示spiral 螺线spiral point 螺线极点spiral surface 螺面spline 样条spline function 样条函数spline interpolation 样条内插splitting 分裂splittingfield 分裂域spur 迹squarable 可平方的square 正方形square bracket 方括弧square contingency 平方列联square deviation 平方偏差square matrix 方阵square measure 平方测度square mesh 正方网格square root 平方根square root transformation 平方根变换square summable function 平方可积函数squareintegrable function 平方可积函数stability 稳定性stability conditions 稳定条件stability criterion 稳定性判据stability group 稳定群stability number 稳定数stability region 稳定区stabilization 稳定stabilization method 稳定法stabilizer 迷向群stable convergence 稳定收敛stable equilibrium 稳定平衡stable homotopy group 稳定同伦群stable manifold 稳定廖stable orbit 稳定轨道stable point 稳定点stable process 稳定过程stable set 稳定集合stable solution 稳定解stable state 稳定状态stalk 茎standard complex 标准复形standard deviation 标准差standard equation 标准方程standard form 标准型standard isobaric surfaces 标准等压面standard n simplex 标准n单形standard regression coefficient 标准回归系数standard simplex 标准单形standard topology 标准拓扑standardization 标准化standardize 使标准化standardized normal distribution 标准化正态分布standardized normal variate 标准化正态变量standardized variable 标准化变量standardized variate 标准化变量star body 星形体star covering 星形覆盖star neighborhood 星形邻域star of a simplex 单形的星形star region 拟星形域star shaped domain 拟星形域starlike domain 拟星形域starlike mapping 拟星形映射starlike set 拟星集starrefinement 星型加细start time 开始时间state 状态state coordinates 状态坐标state function 状态函数state of equilibrium 平衡状态state region 状态区域state space 状态空间state variable 状态变数state vector 状态向量statement 命题static model 静态模型statics 静力学stationary 平稳的stationary curve 平稳曲线stationary distribution 平稳分布stationary flow 平稳流定常流stationary function 平稳函数stationary osculating plane 平稳密切面stationary point 平稳点stationary point process 平稳点过程stationary process 平稳随机过程stationary state 定态stationary time series 平稳时间序列stationary value 平稳值statistic 统计量statistical 统计的statistical accuracy 统计精确度statistical analysis 统计分析statistical data analysis 统计数据分析statistical decision function 统计判决函数statistical decision problem 统计判决问题statistical decision procedure 统计判决程序statistical decision process 统计判决过程statistical distribution 统计分布statistical ergodic theorem 平均遍历定理statistical error 统计误差statistical estimate 估计statistical estimation 统计估计statistical hypothesis 统计假设statistical hypothesis testing 统计假设检验statistical inference 统计推断statistical mechanics 统计力学statistical method 平均法statistical model 随机性模型statistical optimization 统计最佳化statistical quality control 统计质量管理statistical thermodynamics 统计热力学statistics 统计学statistics of extreme values 极值统计statistics of extremes 极值统计steady 平稳的steady state 定态steenrod algebra 斯丁洛特代数steenrod operation 斯丁洛特运算steepest descent method 最速下降法steering program 痔序steering routine 痔序steinberg group 斯坦因伯格群step 步长step function 阶梯函数step length 步长stepping stone method 起脚石法steradian 球面度stereoangle 立体角stereogram 立体频数stereographic projection 球极平面射影stereography 立体平画法stereometry 立体几何stiefel whitney class 斯蒂费尔惠特尼类stieltjes integral 斯蒂尔吉斯积分stirling formula 斯特林公式stochastic 随机的stochastic approximation 随机逼近stochastic automaton 随机自动机stochastic connection 随机联络stochastic control 随机控制stochastic dependence 随机相依stochastic differential equation 随机微分方程stochastic differentiation 随机微分法stochastic dynamic model 随机动态模型stochastic dynamic programming 随机动态规划stochastic filtering 随机滤波stochastic game 随机对策stochastic independence 随机独立stochastic integral 随机积分stochastic integral equation 随机积分方程stochastic integration 随机积分stochastic matrix 随机阵stochastic maximum principle 随机极大原理stochastic model 随机性模型stochastic optimization 随机规划法stochastic process 随机过程stochastic programming 随机规划法stochastic variable 随机变数stochastically dependent event 随机相依事件stochastically independent event 随机独立事件stokes integral theorem 斯托克斯定理stokes theorem 斯托克斯定理stop time 停止时间stopped process 停止过程stopping rule 停止规则storage 存储store 存储器store capacity 存储容量store cell 存储单元straight 直的straight angle 平角straighten 弄平straightline 直线strain 应变strain tensor 应变张量strategic equivalence 策略等价性strategic model 策略模型strategy 策略strategy of a game 对策的策略strategy polygon 策略多角形stratification 层化stratified sample 分层样本stratified sampling 分层抽样stratified selection 分层抽样stratum 层stream function 怜数streamline 吝strength 强度stress 应力stress ellipsoid 应力椭球stress function 应力函数stress of a body 体应力stress tensor 应力张量stretching transformation 伸缩变换strict convexity 严格凸性strict decreasing 严格递减strict epimorphism 严格满射strict extremum 严格极值strict implication 严格蕴涵strict increasing 严格递增strict inductive limit 严格归纳极限strict inequality 严格不等式strict isotonicity 严格保序性strict isotony 严格保序性strict minimum 严格极小strict morphism 严格射strict solution 严格解strict upper bound 严格上界strictly concave function 严格凹函数strictly convex function 严格凸函数strictly convex space 严格凸空间strictly decreasing 严格减少的strictly dominant strategy 严格优策略strictly finer topology 严格较细拓扑strictly increasing 严格递增的strictly increasing mapping 严格递增映射strictly lower triangular matrix 严格下三角矩阵strictly monotone decreasing 严格单递减的strictly monotone increasing 严格单递增的strictly monotonic function 严格单弹数strictly monotonic mapping 严格单党射strictly monotonic sequence 严格单凋列strictly normed linear space 严格赋范线性空间strictly positive measure 严格正测度strictly upper triangular matrix 严格上三角矩阵strip 带strip of conditional convergence 条件收敛带strip region 带形区域strong component 强分支strong convergence 强收敛strong convergent operator 强收敛算子strong deformation retract 强形变收缩核strong discontinuity 强间断strong dual 强对偶strong ellipticity 强椭圆型strong epimorphism 强满射strong extremum 强相对极值strong inequality 严格不等式strong law of large numbers 强大数定律strong markov process 强马尔可夫过程strong monomorphism 强单射strong operator topology 强算子拓扑strong solution 强解strong summability 强可和性strong topology 强拓扑strongly coercive 强强制的strongly connected compactum 强连通紧统strongly connected graph 强连通图strongly continuous map 强连续映射strongly elliptic operator 强椭圆算子strongly inaccessible cardinal 强不可达基数strongly inaccessible ordinal 强不可达序数strongly mixing transformation 强混合变换strongly paracompact space 强仿紧空间strongly plurisubharmonic function 强多重次低函数strongly pseudoconvex domain 强伪凸域strophoid 环诉structural morphism 结构射structural stability 构造稳定性structure 结构structure constant 构造常数structure equations 结构方程structure formula 结构公式structure function 结构函数structure group 结构群structure morphism 结构射structure sheaf 结构层structure theorem 结构定理structured complex 结构复形student t distribution 学生t分布sturm chain 斯图谟链sturm liouville eigenvalue problem 斯图谟刘维尔特盏问题subadditive function 次加性函数subadditive functional 次加性泛函subadditive interval function 次加性区间函数subadditive set function 次加性集函数subadditivity 次可加性subalgebra 子代数subautomaton 子自动机subbase 子基subbundle 子丛subcategory 子范畴subchain 子链subclass 子类subcoalgebra 子上代数subcomplex 子复形subcontinuum 子连续统subcovering 子覆盖subdeterminant 子行列式subdifferential 次微分subdirect sum 次直和subdivide 细分subdivision 重分subdivision chain 剖分链subdomain 子域subfamily 子族subfield 子域subformula 子公式subgradient 次梯度subgraph 子图subgroup 子群subgroupoid 子群化subharmonic 次低的subharmonic function 次低函数subideal 子理想subinterval 子区间subject 质subjective probability 诸概率sublattice 子格sublinear functional 次线性泛函submanifold 子簇submartingale 半submatrix 子阵submersion 浸没submodel 子模型submodule 子模submultiple 因数subnet 子网subnormal 次法线subobject 子对象subordinate category 从属范畴subordinate construction 从属构造subordinate partition of unity 从属单位分解subpolyhedron 子多面体subpresheaf 子预层subproduct 子积subprojective manifold 次射影廖subquasigroup 子拟群subquotient of a module 模的子商subreflexive 子反射的subregion 子域subrelation 子关系subrepresentation 子表示subring 子环subroutine 子程序subsample 子样本。
计量经济学英语词汇
计量经济学英语词汇Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Collinearity, 共线性Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation, 相关性Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差）Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Image factoring,, 多元回归法Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart,Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal 及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H 检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显着差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显着差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC（多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图（又称佩尔托图）Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA（主成分分析）Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS（偏最小二乘法）Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差) Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显着水平Significance test, 显着性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Unweighted least squares, 未加权最小平方法Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换Z-transformation, Z变换。
格子类英语模板作文
格子类英语模板作文英文回答：What is a lattice?A lattice is a partially ordered set in which everypair of elements has a unique least upper bound (alsocalled a supremum) and a unique greatest lower bound (also called an infimum). Lattices are used in many areas of mathematics, including order theory, algebra, and topology.What are the different types of lattices?There are many different types of lattices, including:Complete lattices: A complete lattice is a lattice in which every subset has a least upper bound and a greatest lower bound.Distributive lattices: A distributive lattice is alattice in which the distributive law holds for any three elements a, b, and c:```。
a ∨ (b ∧ c) = (a ∨ b) ∧ (a ∨ c)。
```。
Modular lattices: A modular lattice is a lattice in which the following condition holds for any four elements a, b, c, and d:```。
数学英语词汇（f字表）
数学英语词汇（f字表）face 面factor 因子；因式；商factor method 因式分解法factor theorem 因子定理；因式定理factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial 多项式因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的)falsehood 假值family 族family of circles 圆族family of concentric circles 同心圆族family of straight lines 直线族feasible solution 可行解；容许解Fermat′s last theorem 费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number 斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fictitious mean 假定平均数figure (1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity 末速度finite 有限finite dimensional vector space 有限维向量空间finite population 有限总体finite probability space 有限概率空间finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集first approximation 首近似值first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程first projection 第一投影; 第一射影first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项fixed deposit 定期存款fixed point 定点fixed point iteration method 定点迭代法fixed pulley 定滑轮flow chart 流程图focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal length 焦距focus(foci) 焦点folium of Descartes 笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular 垂足for all X 对所有Xfor each /every X 对每一Xforce 力forced oscillation 受迫振动form 形式；型formal proof 形式化的证明format 格式；规格formula(formulae) 公式four leaved rose curve 四瓣玫瑰线four rules 四则four-figure table 四位数表fourth root 四次方根fraction 分数；分式fraction in lowest term 最简分数fractional equation 分式方程fractional index 分数指数fractional inequality 分式不等式free fall 自由下坠free vector 自由向量; 自由矢量frequency 频数；频率frequency distribution 频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table 频数分布表frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形friction 摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动frustum 平截头体fulcrum 支点function 函数function of function 复合函数；迭函数functional notation 函数记号fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理。
模糊数学清晰易懂PPT学习教案
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四、模糊关系与模糊矩阵
1.模糊关系的定义 所谓A，B两集合的直积
A B (a ,b) a A ,b B
中的一个模糊关系R，是指以 A B 为论域的一个模糊子
集，序偶(a , b) 的隶属度为 R (a , b) 。
一般地，若论域为n个集合的直积 A1 A2 An ，则它所 对应的是n元模糊关系R，其隶属度函数为n个变量的函数
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模糊彩色电视机——可根据 室内的光线、距离屏幕 的远近来 自动调节屏幕的亮度和音量的大 小。
模糊空调器——由于用微机进 行模糊控制，到了设定时刻，空 调器能够根据室温需要，采用经 济的工作状态，第3调页/共1节06页 合适的房间 温度，既省电又省事。
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下面我们正式走进 模糊的世界
~
A( x) ＝0.5, 最具有模糊性，过渡点 ~
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模糊子集通常简称模糊集，其表示方法有： （1）Zadeh表示法
A A( x1 ) A( x2 ) A( xn )
x1
x2
xn
这里
A( xi ) xi
表示 xi
对模糊集A的隶属度是A( xi )
。
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（2）序偶表示法 A {( x1, A( x1)),( x2, A( x2 )),,( xn, A( xn ))}
0.7 1.0 0 0.9 0.4 0.5
0
0 1.0 0 0 0
0.7 0.9 0 1.0 0.4 0.5
0.5 0.4 0 0.4 1.0 0.4
0.6 0.5 0 0.5 0.4 1.0
0
0 0.1 0 0 0
第3章 模糊逻辑
为什么需要模糊逻辑
著名的沙堆问题： “从一个沙堆里拿走一粒沙子，这还是一个沙堆吗？”
常识告诉我们应该回答“是”。然而，如果回答 “是”，这样顺推下去就会掉入陷阱：从上次剩下的 沙堆里再拿走一粒沙子，剩下的还是一个沙堆，那么， 如此反复，直到只剩下两三粒沙子甚至没有一粒沙子 时，这也还是一个沙堆了。
为什么需要模糊逻辑
• 在人类的思维中，有许多模糊的概念，如大、小、冷、 热等，都没有明确的内涵和外延，只能用模糊集合来描 述；有的概念具有清晰的内涵和外延，如男人和女人。 我们把前者叫做模糊集合，而后者叫做普通集合(或经典 集合)。 • 一般而言，在不同程度上具有某种特定属性的所有元素 的总和叫做模糊集合。 • 例如，胖子就是一个模糊集合，它是指不同程度发胖的 那群人，它没有明确的界线，也就是说你无法绝对地指 出哪些人属于这个集合，而哪些人不属于这个集合，类 似这样的概念，在人们的日常生活中随处可见。
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数学专业英语词汇（F）
数学专业英语词汇（F）f distribution f分布f ratio 方差比f space f空间f test f检定face 面face centered 面心的face centered cubic 面心立方体的face of a polyhedron 多面体面face operator 面算子factor 因子factor analysis 因子分析factor combination 因子组合factor group 商群factor groupoid 商广群factor loading 因子载荷factor matrix 因子矩阵factor model 因子模型factor module 商模factor of a polynomial 多项式的因子factor of proportionality 比例系数factor out 提出撰因子factor ring 商环factor set 商集factor space 商空间factor system 因子组factor theorem 因子定理factorability 因子可分解性factorable 可因子分解的factorial 阶乘factorial cumulant 阶乘累积量factorial design 因子设计factorial experiment 析因实验factorial notation 阶乘记号factorial of an integer 整数的阶乘factorial polynomial 阶乘多项式factorial series 阶乘级数thermocouple pyrometer 热电偶高温计factoring 因式分解factorizable 可因子分解的factorization 因式分解factorization method 因子分解方法factorization theorem 因子分解定理factorize 因子分解fair game 适当对策faithful anti representation 一一反表示faithful functor 一一的函子faithful module 一一的模faithful representation 一一表示faithfully flat ring 一一平坦环false 假的false conclusion 假结论family 族family of curves 曲线族family of elements 元素族family of functions 函数族family of orthogonal curves 正交曲线族family of planes 平面族family of sets 集族family of solutions 解族family of surfaces 曲面族fan 扇形farey series 法雷级数fast fourier transformation 快速傅里叶变换fatou lemma 法都引理favorable case 有利情形favorable event 有利事件feasible base 可行基feasible constraint 可行约束feasible control 可行控制feasible direction 可行方向feasible point 可行点feasible region 可行区域feasible restriction 可行约束feasible solution 可行解feeble solution 弱解fermat last theorem 费马最后定理fermat number 费马数fermat spiral 费马螺线fermat theorem 费马定理feynman integral 费曼积分fiber 纤维fiber bundle 纤维丛fiber map 纤维映射fiber preserving mapping 保纤映射fiber space 纤维空间fibonacci number 斐波那契数fibring 纤维空间fiducial distribution 置信分布fiducial estimation 置信估计fiducial inference 置信推理fiducial limit 置信限fiducial probability 置信概率fiducial region 置信区域field 域;场field of algebraic functions 代数函数域field of constants 常数域field of definition 定义域field of events 事件场field of extremals 极值曲线场field of forces 力场field of numbers 数域field of rational functions 有理函数域field of rationals 有理数域field of real numbers 实数域field of scalars 系数域field of sets 集域field theory 域论;场论figure 图形filter 滤子filter base 滤子基filtered category 滤子化范畴filtered degree 滤子化次数filtered group 过滤群filtering 过滤filtration 过滤final decision 最后判决final functor 尾函子final state 终态final topology 终拓扑fine sheaf 强层fine topology 细拓扑fineness 细度finer topology 较细拓扑finish time 终止时间finite automaton 有限自动机finite base 有限基finite cardinal 有限基数finite constructibility 有限可构成性finite continued fraction 有限连分数finite cyclic group 有限循环群finite definability 有限可定义性finite difference approximation 有限差分逼近finite difference equation 有限差分方程finite dimensional 有限维的finite dimensional extension field 有限维扩张域finite dimensional operator 有限维算子finite discontinuity 有限不连续性finite element method 有限元法finite equation 有限方程finite extension 有限维扩张域finite field 有限域finite function 有限函数finite game 有限对策finite group 有限群finite induction 有限归纳法finite mathematics 有限数学finite measure 有限测度finite model 有限模型finite multiplier 有限乘数finite nilpotent group 有限幂零群finite number plane 有限数平面finite ordinal number 有限序数finite part 有限部分finite partition 有限划分finite point 有限点finite presentation 有限表示finite progression 有限级数finite quantity 有限量finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集finite sum 有限和finite valued function 有限值函数finitely additive 有限加性的finitely additive measure 有限加性测度finitely cocomplete category 有限共完全范畴finitely complete category 有限完全范畴finitely generatable vector space 有限可生成向量空间finitely generated abelian group 有限生成阿贝耳群finitely generated algebra 有限生成代数finitely generated extension field 有限生成扩张域finitely generated group 有限生成群finitely generated ideal 有限生成理想finitely generated module 有限生成模finitely presented 有限出现的finitely presented group 有限出现群finitely representable 有限可表示的finitely valued function 有限值函数finiteness 有限性finiteness principle 有限性原理finiteness theorem 有限性原理finsler manifold 芬斯莱廖first approximation 首次近似first axiom of countability 第一可数性公理first boundary condition 狄利克雷边界条件first boundary value problem 狄利克雷问题first class 第一类first comparison test 第一比较检验first derivative 一阶导数first fundamental form 第一基本形式first fundamental form of surface 曲面的第一基本形式first integral 初积分first isomorphism theorem 同态定理first mean value theorem 平均值定理first obstruction 第一障碍类first order theory 一阶理论first quadrant 第一象限first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项first theorem of the mean 第一平均值定理fisher z distribution 费歇耳z分布fitted curve 拟合曲线fitting 拟合five color theorem 五色定理five figure 五位数的five point finite difference scheme 五点有限差分格式five sided 五面的fix 固定fixed element 不变元fixed error 偏倚fixed point 定点fixed point calculation 定点计算fixed point method 不动点法fixed point of mapping 映射的不动点fixed point representation 定点表示法fixed point theorem 不动点定理fixed sample 固定样本fixed vector 固定向量flabby resolution 松弛分解flabby sheaf 散射层flag 旗flag manifold 旗廖flat morphism 平坦射flat point 平坦点flat space 平坦空间flat surface 平面flatness 平坦性flecnode 拐结点flex 拐点floating point 浮点floating point calculation 浮点记数法floating point notation 浮点记数法floating point representation 浮点记数法flow 流flow line 吝flow of scalar field 纯量场的流flow problem 潦题fluctuation 起状fluent 变数fluid 铃fluid dynamics 铃动力学fluid mechanics 铃力学flux 量flux of the vector 量fluxion 导数focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal circle 焦圆focal conic 焦点圆锥曲线focal distance 焦距focal length 焦距focal line 焦线focal plane 焦平面focal point 焦点focal radius 焦半径focal strip 焦带focal surface 焦曲面focus 焦点focus of a parabola 抛物线的焦点fold singularity 折奇性folding 卷积foliated manifold 叶状廖foliation 叶状结构folium 叶形线folium of descartes 笛卡儿叶形线follow 跟foot 垂足foot of a perpendicular 垂足force 力force function 力函数force of gravity 重力force of inertia 惯性力force polygon 力的多角形force triangle 力三角形force vector 力向量forced oscillation 受迫振动forced vibration 受迫振动forcing method 力迫法forecasting 预报form 形式formal 形式的formal derivative 形式导数formal language 形式语言formal logic 形式逻辑formal model 形式模型formal power series 形式幂级数formal system 形式系统formally real field 形式实域formation 形成formation rule 形成规则formless 无形状的formula 公式formula language 公式语言formula of computation 计算公式formula of propositional logic 命题逻辑公式formulate 公式化formulation 用公式表示forward difference 前向差分forward difference operator 前向差分算子forward difference quotient 前向差商forward solution 前向解法foundation 基础foundation of geometry 几何基础foundations of geometry 几何基础foundations of mathematics 数学基础four address 四地址的four address instruction 四地址指令four color conjecture 四色猜想four color problem 四色问题four color theorem 四色定理four digit 四位的four dimensional 四维的four dimensionality 四维性four fold table 四重表four vector 四元向量four vertex theorem 四顶点定理fourier analysis 傅里叶分析fourier analyzer 傅里叶分析仪fourier bessel series 傅里叶贝塞耳级数fourier bessel transformation 汉克尔变换fourier coefficient 傅里叶系数fourier cosine transform 傅里叶余弦变换fourier expansion 傅里叶展开fourier integral 傅里叶积分fourier integral equation 傅里叶积分方程fourier integral theorem 傅里叶积分定理fourier kernel 傅里叶核fourier series 傅里叶级数fourier sine transform 傅里叶正弦变换fourier synthesis 傅里叶综合法fourier transform 傅里叶变换fourierstieltjes transform 傅里叶斯蒂尔吉斯变换fractal 分形fractal dimension 分形维数fraction 分数fraction in lowest terms 最简分数fractional derivative 分数导数fractional equation 分数方程fractional exponent 分式指数fractional function 分数函数fractional ideal 分式理想fractional integral 分数次积分fractional number 分数fractional part 分数部分fractional rational function 分数有理函数fractional replication 分数配置fractionary ideal 分式理想frame 架frechet derivative 弗雷谢导数frechet differentiable function 弗莱谢可微函数frechet differential 弗雷谢微分frechet space f空间fredholm alternative 弗雷德霍姆择一fredholm alternative theorem 弗雷德霍姆择一定理fredholm determinant 弗雷德霍姆行列式fredholm integral equation 弗雷德霍姆积分方程fredholm operator 弗雷德霍姆算子fredholm point 弗雷德霍姆点fredholm radius 弗雷德霍姆半径fredholm type integral equation 弗雷德霍姆型积分方程free decision variable 自由决策变量free end 自由端free group 自由群free groupoid 自由广群free index 自由指标free liberty 自由可动性free mobility 自由可动性free monoid 自由独异点free optimization problem 自由最优化问题free product 自由积free semigroup 自由半群free subscript 自由添标free ultrafilter 自由超滤子free variable 自由变量free vector 自由向量frequency 频率frequency curve 频率曲线frequency diagram 频率图frequency distribution 频率分布frequency function 频率函数frequency polygon 频数多边形frequency theory of probability 概率的频率论fresnel integral 菲涅耳积分friction 摩擦frobenius algebra 弗罗宾尼斯代数frobenius automorphism 弗罗宾尼斯自同构frobenius group 弗罗宾尼斯群front 前面frontier 边界frontier point 边界点frustum of a paraboloid 平截头抛物面体frustum of cone 平截头圆锥体frustum of pyramid 截棱锥fubini theorem 富比尼定理fuchsian function 富克斯函数fuchsian group 富克斯群fulcrum 支点full inhomogeneous lorentz group 完全非齐次洛伦茨群full line 实线full linear group 全线性群full solid angle 完全立体角full subcategory 完全子范畴full unimodular group 完全幺模群fully faithful 完全一一的fully faithful functor 完全一一函子fully normal space 仿紧空间fully reducible star body 完全可约星形体fully transitive group 全可迁群function 函数function algebra 函数代数function chart 函数尺function code 操纂function constant 函数常数function continuous on the right 右连续函数function field 函数域function of bounded variation 有界变差函数function of class 类函数function of complex variable 复变函数function of confluent type 合镣函数function of function 合成函数function of n variables n元函数function of one variable 一元函数function of several real variables 多实元函数function of several variables 多元函数function of third order 三阶函数function of unbounded variation 无界变差函数function representation 函数表示function sequence 函数序列function series 函数级数function space 函数空间function symbol of n arguments n变数函数符号function theoretic 函数论的function theoretic null set 函数论的零集function theory 函数论function value 函数值function variable 函数变数functional 泛函functional analysis 泛函分析functional calculus 函项演算functional constant 函数常数functional dependence 函数相关functional determinant 函数行列式functional differential equation 泛函微分方程functional equation 函数方程functional expression 函数式functional matrix 函数矩阵functional relation 函数关系functional scale 函数尺functional space 函数空间functional symbol 函数符号functional transformation 泛函变换functionelement 函数元素functor 函子fundamental 基本的fundamental class 基本类fundamental cocycle 基本上循环fundamental conjunction 基本合取fundamental constants 基本常数fundamental curve 基本曲线fundamental cycle 基本闭链fundamental determinant 基本行列式fundamental discriminant 基本判别式fundamental domain 基本域fundamental element 基本元素thermocouple pyrometer 热电偶高温计fundamental equations 基本方程fundamental form 基本形式fundamental formulae 基本公式fundamental frequency 基频fundamental function 特寨数fundamental group 基本群fundamental groupoid 基本广群fundamental homology class 基本同掂fundamental identity 基本恒等式fundamental invariant 基本不变量fundamental law 基本律fundamental lemma 基本引理fundamental lemma of calculus of variation 变分法的基本引理fundamental matrix 基本矩阵fundamental net 基本有向点族fundamental parallelepipedon 基本平行六面体fundamental period 基本周期fundamental period parallellogram 基本周期平行四边形fundamental period parallelogram 原始周期平行四边形fundamental point 基本点fundamental polygon 基本多角形fundamental sequence 柯悟列fundamental set 基本集fundamental solution 基本解fundamental surface 基本曲面fundamental system of solutions 基本解组fundamental tensor 基本张量fundamental tetrahedron 基本四面体fundamental theorem 基本定理fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理fundamental transformation 基本变换fundamental unit 基本单位fundamentals 原理fuzzy set 模糊集。
完备Brouwerian格上Fuzzy关系方程极小解存在的一个充分条件
完备Brouwerian格上Fuzzy关系方程极小解存在的一个充
分条件
王学平;张三华;冯山
【期刊名称】《四川师范大学学报：自然科学版》
【年(卷),期】1999(22)6
【摘要】在完备Ｂｒｏｕｗｅｒｉａｎ格上证明如果方程∨ｉ∈Ｊ（ａｉ∧ｘｉ）＝ｂ的解集Ｘ２非空且ｂ有不可约完全并既分解，则Ｘ∈Ｘ２，至少存在Ｘ
２的一个极小元Ｘ＊满足Ｘ＊≤Ｘ．
【总页数】4页(P627-630)
【关键词】Brouwerian格;极小解;完备格;模糊关系方程
【作者】王学平;张三华;冯山
【作者单位】四川师范大学数学系;川北教育学院数学系
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】O159
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3.完备Brouwerian格上@-Fuzzy关系方程有唯一解的判别法 [J], 夏嫦
4.完备Brouwerian格上Fuzzy关系方程极小解的一些性质 [J], 屈小兵;王学平
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