考研翻译真题1990-2012
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译(1994-2012年)
根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现：
[A] a supplement to the social cure
对于社会治疗的补充
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是：
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to
作者认为Rosenberg未能：
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
足够的探究社会和生物因素
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
2012年河南大学翻译硕士专业考研真题及答案解析
翻译硕士英语一、选择题1. backyard chat2.问Bob, Tom, Gray, Christine 哪一个是"she"3.写了一个句子，让你选择美国总统任期几年4. cancer （）选择 doctor, physician, oculist，surgeon5. Whatever you do, do not tell( ) 选择 US Petroleum , UK Petroleum , CN Petroleum 等二、阅读题：共三篇，篇幅较长，内容均是news。
第一篇讲巴以问题 5选择第二篇讲杭州和台湾旅游 5选择第三篇讲美国，欧洲应对潜在恐怖袭击 5回答三、作文：Which will you select, MTI or MA in Translational Studies? 400字英语翻译基础一、翻译词语：共30个WTO FIT punch The New York Review of Books spinster defendant lump-sum contract economic giant sex worker港龙航空中国国际航空公司中国人民广播电台保税工厂进口税美食家《石头记》《阿Q正传》东汉吐鲁番市道家二、翻译：英翻汉——讲的是中国与葡萄牙外交的事情长度一面汉翻英——福建闽地的特色建筑"土楼" “客家人”长度半面汉语写作与百科知识一、百科知识：25个选择1.民贵君轻2.献给爱丽丝创作者3.最大的热带雨林4.意大利文艺复兴代表人物5.川端康成作品6.《登高》诗句7.谁的“移情说”8. “吾爱吾师，吾更爱真题”谁说的9. 丝绸之路10. “现代电影的里程碑”是哪部电影11. 古兰经12. 给了一幅画，问是谁画的二、应用文：以某学校化学系名义给某化工研究所写一份公函，说明该校大四化学系学生打算前往该研究所参观，说明情况。
450字。
考研英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编14.doc
考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编14(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 科学研究不应寻求绝对的普遍真理——2012年英译汉及详解Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton"s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework. 【F1】In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.【F2】 Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world"s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.【F3】 To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innatelanguage-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. 【F4】 The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many languages, which are considered torepresent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2, 000 languages.【F5】 Chomsky"s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).【F5】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 行为科学的建立——2002年英译汉及详解Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.【F1】 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.【F2】The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.【F3】The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.【F4】They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who will use a technology and to what ends?【F5】Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).【F5】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 科学技术影响人类的未来生活——2001年英译汉及详解 In less than 30 years" time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain" s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 【F1】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 【F2】 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. According to BT"s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1, 000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 【F3】 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system,computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says.【F4】But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century." Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.【F5】 And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder— kitchen rage.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).【F5】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________关于宇宙起源的科学发现——1998年英译汉及详解 They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth.【F1】 But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration"s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy). 【F2】The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans. Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn"t have long to wait.【F3】 Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 【F4】 If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.【F5】Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).【F5】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译标准答案超详解析
20１2年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二）试题答案与解析Seｃtion I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了G．I. Joe由普通人成长为英雄,是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。
二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题:Ｇ. I. Jｏe 这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。
空格中需要填动词,在定语从句中做谓语,其主语是ｗho(指代meｎａnｄwoｍｅｎ)，动作发生的地点是ｉn ＷorlｄWar IＩ；空后的句子“theｐeoｐle they ｌiｂｅｒaｔed”中ｔhey也指代men and ｗoｍeｎ，他们有ｌiｂeratｅ的动作,由此推断“ｔhe men ａnd woｍｅｎ”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人,即服役的军人。
只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思,所以选B。
A 项peｒfｏrｍ意为“表现;执行;表演”;C 项rebel 意为“造反，反抗”;Ｄ项beｔｒay意为”背叛,出卖”,皆不符合文意，为干扰项。
２．【答案】Ｂ【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的ｔhe poor farm kiｄ和tｈe ｇuy在含义上呼应,同时与空格后的“ｇrown intoherｏ”逻辑含义应保持一致,因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对,后面的分句说他背井离乡,经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（commoｎman）成长为英雄,所以选B。
A 项actual 意为“实际上,事实上的”；C 项ｓpeｃｉａl 意为“特殊的,专门的”;Ｄ项normaｌ意为“正常的,常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意,为干扰项。
３．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是ｗho（the gｕy)，宾语是aｌl thｅburdeｎs of baｔtle，要表达“承担战争带来的负担,应该用动词beaｒ或ｓｈｏｕldeｒ,所以这里选A，boｒe。
浙江工商大学_翻译与写作2012年_考研专业课真题试卷
浙江工商大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（A）卷招生专业：外国语言学及应用语言学/英语语言文学考试科目：820 翻译与写作总分：150分考试时间：3小时题号项目分数得分阅卷人P1/ 1Translate the Following English into Chinese20分2Translate the Following into English 25分3Translate Business English into20分Chinese425分Translate the FollowingChinese into EnglishP2/ 120分Read and Write A Commentary240分Write An Essay总分150(请在答题纸上答题，写在本试卷上无效)Part One Translation (90分/150)1.Translate the Following English into Chinese (20分):Let me come to the point boldly; what governs the Englishman is his inner atmosphere, the weather in his soul. It is nothing particularly spiritual or mysterious. When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer and lighting his pipe; when, in his garden or his fire, he sprawls in an aggressively comfortable chair; when well-washed and well-brushed, he resolutely turns in church to the east and recites the Creed without in the least implying that he believes one word of it. When he makes up his mind who is his best friend or his favorite poet; when he adopts a party or a sweetheart; — never is it a precise reason, or purpose, or outer fact that determines him; it is always the atmosphere of his inner man.2. Translate the Following into English (25分):从心所欲，不是说可以倚老卖老，我行我素，予取予求，惹人生厌。
考研英语历年翻译真题
一. 1980考研英语翻译真题及答案Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)1.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。
1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。
2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。
3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。
4. The result is much (far) better than we expected.5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。
6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。
2012年考研英语真题及解析
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The courtcannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves19 to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D]recognize2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D]unless3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D]eliminated4.[A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D]accepted5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7.[A]resorts [B]sticks [C]leads [D]applies8.[A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9.[A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10.[A]by [B]as [C]through [D]towards11.[A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12.[A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conventions16.[A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18.[A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on —Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypublic-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers — teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits — as well as negative ones — spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a socia l cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as __________.[A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to social progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should _________.[A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to __________.[A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D] produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors __________.[C] occurs without our realizing it [D]can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is __________.[A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal — except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporat ion bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management —especially after the company made mis leading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing leftto lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to _________.[A] condemning [B] reaffirming [C] dishonoring [D] securing27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to __________.[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators [B] seek favor from the federal legislature[C] acquire an extension of its business license [D] get permission to purchase a power plant28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its ___________.[A] managerial practices [B] technical innovativeness [C] financial goals [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test ___________.[A] Entergy’s capacity to f ulfill all its promises [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.[A] Entergy’s busine ss elsewhere might be affected [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damagedText 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibi lity process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ______.[A] uncertainty and complexity [B] misconception and deceptiveness[C] logicality and objectivity [D] systematicness and regularity32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires _________.[A] strict inspection [B] shared efforts [C] individual wisdom [D] persistent innovation33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it _________.[A] has attracted the attention of the general public [B] has been examined by the scientific community34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that _________.[A] scientific claims will survive challenges [B] discoveries today inspire future research[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development [B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science [D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to ScienceText 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’spublic-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university spo rts coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that _________.[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is _________.[A] illegally secured [B] indirectly augmented [C] excessively increased [D] fairly adjusted39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions __________.[A] often run against the current political system [B] can change people’s political attitudes[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms [D] are dominant in the government40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of _________.[A] disapproval [B] appreciation [C] tolerance [D] indifferencePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)___________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st ce ntury’s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. (42) ___________. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods— paintings, sculpture and architecture — and superfluous experiences —music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) ___________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.(44) ___________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) ___________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” — creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secretwar between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearlyon ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seemsto offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and ev en history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change tha t are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestio ns for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics, Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。
1990年考研英语真题及解析
1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］,and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the wholepassage before making your choice. (10 points)①No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. ②Many books havebeen written 1 the future. ③But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be calleda futurologist in the fullest 2 of the word. ④In his fantastic novels “A Trip to the Moon” and “80 Days Around the World,” he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter.⑤These novels still have a great attraction 3 young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.⑥Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a 4 writer.⑦In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.⑧Television will provide information on prices at the 5 shops as well as news and entertainment. ⑨Videophones will bring pictures as well as 6 to telephone conversations.⑩Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry and gardening.○11Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.○12At work, robots will take 7 most jobs in the manufacturing industries. ○13Working hours14Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normalwill fall to under 30 hours a week. ○annual holiday. ○15Men and women will retire at the same age.○16Our leisure will be different too. ○17The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games. ○18More people will eat out in restaurants 8 they do today;also they will have a much wider variety of food available. ○19There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu. ○20New synthetic foods will form a 9 part of people’ｓdiets.○21Foreign travel will 10 ; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones. ○22Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cheaper. ○23Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.（321 words）1. ［A］in ［B］of ［C］about ［D］for2. ［A］sense ［B］meaning ［C］detail ［D］implication3. ［A］for ［B］of ［C］on ［D］towards4. ［A］today ［B］nowadays ［C］present-day ［D］present5. ［A］near ［B］nearby ［C］nearly ［D］nearer6. ［A］noise ［B］sound ［C］tone ［D］tune7. ［A］to ［B］away ［C］off ［D］over8. ［A］than ［B］as ［C］when ［D］while9. ［A］usual ［B］popular ［C］daily ［D］regular10.［A］add ［B］increase ［C］raise ［D］arise一、文章结构分析本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在一位现代作家眼中，2001年的世界将会变成什么样子。
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1990 •61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.
•62) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior
patterns are largely determined by biological factors. •63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior
is central to this theory. •64）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli
which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. •65) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often
deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
1991 •71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all
run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. •72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any
situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. •73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading
into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. •74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in
the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. •75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can
provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
1992 • 71) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how
to interpret or classify them. •72) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not
measuring wind velocity. •73）Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale
with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. •74) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of
intelligence is to be made. •75) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the
child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
1993 •71) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of
working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. •72) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of
their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. •73) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and
deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. •74）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means
compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. •75) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion
a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
1994 •71）Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as
because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. •72) “In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was
largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” •73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have
largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. •74）Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented