高三英语语法知识--英语知识体系简介

2009年语法知识--英语知识体系简介

十大词类：noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, numeral, verb, article, preposition, conjunction, Interjection

九种句子成分

主语（subject）: 是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。(n., pron.,to do, doing and that-clause)

谓语（predicate）: 说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。(verbs)

表语（predicative）: 放在连系动词之后，表示主语的身分、状态或特征。(n., pron., adj., adverbs for places, prepositional phrases, to do doing, done and that-clause.)

宾语（object）: 在及物动词或介词之后。(n, pron, to do, doing and that-clause.)

定语（attribute）: 限定或修饰名词或代词。

adj., adverbs for places, pron, n., prepositional phrases, to do, doing, done and that-clauses.

状语(adverbial) : 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。adv., prepositional phrases, to do, doing done and that-clauses.

宾语补足语（object complement）: 说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或宾语发出的动作。（adj., n, adverbs for places, to do, doing and done）

同位语: 补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。（n. or that-clauses）e.g. My father, a doctor, is very kind.

主语补足语: 是对一句话的主语进行补充说明。

eg: 1.Jessica, the best student of our class, won the game.2.Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 3. He died young.

练习一：分析下列句子的成分

1.The farmers don’t stay long in the same places.

2.We are having a wonderful time.

3.It’s dangerous to swim in the river.

4.I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor.

5.I’m going to move to another city next month.

6.Thank you for writing to me.

7.It was lovely to hear from you.

8.Have you anything to say about this question?

9.It’s getting dark.

短语、句子、从句

短语：具有一定意义的一组词，可作为句子的一个成分。

英语中有下列几种短语：

1. 不定式短语e.g. He likes to watch TV while having lunch.

2. –ing 短语e.g. I saw many people standing by the lake.

3. 过去分词短语e.g. Given more time ,I would do it better.

4. 介词短语e.g. With his help, I have finished writing the poem.

5. 名词短语e.g. dark blue sky / a true story/ the most wonderful moment

从句(clause): 含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分，一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。

e.g. If you want to say something, say it clearly.

名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

形容词性从句：定语从句

副词性从句：状语从句

句子：sentence含有主谓结构的一组词，有比较完整的意义。

句子的类型

从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：

简单句：只有一个主谓结构的句子。

e.g. This kind of computer could be made in China even in the seventies.

并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

e.g. I asked Dick for some help, but he couldn’t do it , either.

复合句：含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。

e.g. They were deeply moved by what they saw and heard there.

练习二：判断下面哪一个是句子

1.The first thing we should do is to solve the problem at once.

2.His returning to our country.

s of villages and small towns.

4.Take care of yourself when you are away from home.

5.To discover the secret of the nature.

6.In this restaurant the food is good , but the service is poor.

7.The thought of her own plan

8.Bought a ticket from the conductor.

9.Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect

on our lives?

练习三：说出下列句子的类型

1.Let him have a rest.

2.The boy is clever yet he is not diligent.

3.Either you are right or I am .

4.My classmates and I study and play together.

5.He once lived and worked there.

6.No one can reply whether it will rain tomorrow.

7.It seemed that they had lost something.

8.The lessons he taught were important.

9.Don’t miss the chance, or you will regret it.

10.I began to go to school at the age of six.

句子的种类

从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：

陈述句：陈述一项事实。

疑问句：提出问题。

祈使句：表示请求、建议和命令。

感叹句：表示强烈的情感。

e.g. What a lovely day! How stupid you are!

练习四：说出下列句子的种类

1.Be quiet. Let’s begin our meeting.

2.I enjoy the quietness of the country.

3.What a wonderful birthday I am having!