麦洛克菲内核开发第九课
Klocwork培训手册K9.1
4.2 命令行分析 ........................................................................................................................... 11 4.3 KMC 分析步骤.......................................................................................................................12 4.4 TORNADO 程序分析 .................................................................................................................14
009《麦肯锡方法》+《麦肯锡工具》等书的蜜蜂笔记(ppt文档)
PART 1
蜜蜂学堂
麦肯锡工作术
理论基础 实务应用
理论 内隐 MECE 基础
实务
思考
应用
逻辑树
问题 实务 解决 应用
金字塔原理 简报 图解
前面主要讲了理论基础的内隐部分，那么其他理论部分是 什么呢？
他们分别是7种工具中的：MECE、逻辑树 以及金字塔原理
蜜蜂学堂
MECE
4个步骤 实现MECE
步骤一：确认【问题是什么】 知道有什么问题，又要达成什么样的目的，才能着手收集所需资料 步奏二：寻找符合MECE的【切入点】 寻找切入点的最佳方式就是分析【问题】和【目的】。要是始终想不 出明确的切入点时，可以用【A】与【A之外】这种分类来作为开始。 步骤三：找出大分类之后，继续思考能否以MECE【再细分】 例如第一次MECE时的分类为【男/女】，但企业无法从中获得有意义 的资讯。依据【年龄】【职业】【收入】【居住地】等进行细分之后， 才能使资料做出实际运用。 步骤四：确认有无遗漏，或同一项目可分属不同类别 检查是否有资料被归属到多个分类
蜜蜂学堂
80/20法则分析
蜜蜂学堂
耕耘强化【关键20%】重分配【低生产力80%】
耕耘强化关键20%，增加报酬
你可知道那最单纯、最关键的20%在哪里？ 即使找到了最关键的20%，可以让你不用瞎忙，能够把力气和资源用在对的地方；更重要的 在于，你必须花费更多心力、时间和资源在这少数的关键要素上。
---【80/20法则】只是思 考法，更重要的是把思考得出来的东西运用到正确的地方。（切忌【只想不做】）
事实为什么重要？
①事实元素，可弥补直觉猜测的不足 ②事实资料，能补强分析的可信度
NORMA 4000 5000 Power Analyzer 用户说明手册说明书
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Nicergoline enhances glutamate uptake via glutamate transporters in rat cortical synaptosomes
G lutamate transporters limit the extracellular concentra-tion of glutamate ([Glu]o ) utilizing Na ϩelectrochemical gra-dient as a driving force. Under physiological conditions, re-leased glutamate in the synaptic cleft is transported into in-tracellular space by the glutamate transporters.1—8)Substan-tial loss of glutamate uptake activity has been reported in some chronic neurodegenerative disorders including amy-otrophic lateral sclerosis 9)and Alzheimer’s disease.10,11)When the intracellular Na ϩmilieu is disturbed upon cerebral ischemia, the transporter functions in a reverse direction to release glutamate to neurotoxic levels.1,12—14)Therefore, con-trolling the function of glutamate transporter is a potential therapeutic strategy for neuronal diseases.15)Nicergoline, a derivative of ergot alkaloid, is an ameliora-tor of cerebral circulation and metabolism.16—24)In addition to enhancement of cholinergic 25—28)and dopaminergic trans-missions in the brain,29)protective actions of nicergoline against anoxic and/or ischemic brain damage and neuronal cell death are reported in several cerebral ischemic ani-mals.18—20,30)A recent study showed the neuroprotective ac-tion and the reduction of [G lu]o by nicergoline in ischemic rat brains.31)Another ergort alkaloid, bromocriptine, was shown to enhance the glutamate transport activity.11)In order to examine the effects of drugs on the uptake and reversed transport mediated by glutamate transporters, we previously developed an assay system in which extracellular glutamate concentration was measured in the synaptosome prepa-ration.32)In the present study, in order to understand the mecha-nisms of action of nicergoline to reduce [Glu]o , we examined its effect on the glutamate transport activity in rat cortical synaptosomes as well as on cloned glutamate transporters.MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimals All experiments were performed in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee ofTANABE Seiyaku Co., Ltd. Male Wistar strain rats weighing 200—400g were used for preparation of crude synaptosomal fractions. Xenopus laevis (20—30months old) were used for preparation of oocytes.Synaptosomal Preparation Crude synaptosomal frac-tions were prepared following the standard procedures.33)Rats were anesthetized with ether, and whole brains were re-moved after decapitation. The cerebral cortex, isolated under an ice-cold condition, was homogenized in a 5-fold volume of 0.32M sucrose. The homogenate was centrifuged at 1500ϫg for 10min, and the supernatant was centrifuged at 9000ϫg for 20min. The pellet (P2 fraction) was suspended in 0.32M sucrose solution again and centrifuged at 9000ϫg for 20min. The above procedures were carried out at 4°C.The pellet was resuspended in 0.32M sucrose, and used as a crude synaptosome preparation in the following experiments after determining the protein content. Protein content of the crude synaptosome preparation was 5.71Ϯ0.18mg/ml (mean ϮS.E., n ϭ15). This preparation contained not only intra-synaptosomal glutamate, but also a small amount of ex-tracellular glutamate. The glutamate in the synaptosomal preparation was of intrinsic origin.Determination of Extracellular Glutamate in Synapto-somal Preparation Glutamate transporters mediate the up-take and the reversed transport of glutamate depending on both the electrochemical gradient of co-transported Na ϩ/counter-transported K ϩand the temperature.34)Synapto-somes were incubated at 37°C in standard HEPES buffered saline (HBS) medium containing 140.0m M NaCl, 5m M KCl,5.0m M NaHCO 3, 1m M MgCl2, 0.12m M Na 2SO 4, 10m M glu-cose, and 20m M HEPES (pH 7.4). Fifty microliters of the crude synaptosome preparation was added to 1ml of HBS or low Na ϩmedium prepared by substituting Na ϩwith choline.The synaptosomes in each medium with or without drugs were kept on ice until the start of the reaction. After incuba-tion at 37°C for up to 6min, the transport reaction was ter-minated by immediately transferring the incubation tube into∗To whom correspondence should be addressed.e-mail: bon@tanabe.co.jp© 2004 Pharmaceutical Society of JapanNicergoline Enhances Glutamate Uptake via Glutamate Transporters in Rat Cortical SynaptosomesAtsushi N ISHIDA ,*,a Hiroshi I W ATA ,b Yukitsuka K UDO ,c Tsutomu K OBA Y ASHI ,a Yuzo M ATSUOKA ,a Y oshikatsu K ANAI ,d and Hitoshi E NDOU daDiscovery and P harmacology Research Laboratories, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.; 2–2–50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335–8505, Japan: b P roduct Management Department, P harmaceuticals Marketing Headquarters, Tanabe Seiyaku Co.,Ltd.; 3–2–10 Dosho-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541–8505, Japan: c Brain Function Research Institute, Inc., c/o National Cardiovascular Center; 5–7–1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565–0873, Japan: and d Department of P harmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine; 6–20–2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181–8611, Japan.Received November 28, 2003; accepted February 18, 2004To elucidate the mechanisms of neuroprotective action of nicergoline, we examined its effect on glutamate transport in rat cortical synaptosomes and cloned glutamate transporters. In synaptosomes, nicergoline en-hanced the glutamate uptake at 1—10m M in standard medium and suppressed the increase of extracellular glu-tamate by reversed transport in low Na ؉medium. Apparent increase of extracellular glutamate concentration by dihydrokinate, an inhibitor of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1, was antagonized by nicergoline. In Xenopus oocytes expressing mouse neuronal glutamate transporter (mEAAC1), the glutamate-induced inward current was enhanced by nicergoline. These results suggest that nicergoline reduces the extracellular glutamate concen-tration through its effect on glutamate transporters.Key wordsglutamate transporter; nicergoline; glutamate uptake; glutamate reversed transport; synaptosome; Xenopus oocytean ice-cold water bath. Then, the synaptosomes were cen-trifuged at 9000ϫg for 20min at 4°C, and the supernatants were stocked at Ϫ80°C until the measurement of glutamate contents. The concentration of glutamate in the supernatants was determined using the glutamate dehydrogenase-NADP method.35)Xenopus Oocytes mRNA was in vitro transcribed from linearized pBluescript II SK (Ϫ) vector or pSP64poly(A)vector (Stratagene) containing the coding region of mEAAC1 (mouse EAAT -3) using T7 RNA polymerase (Stratagene). The Xenopus laevis oocytes were isolated by partial ovariectomy. After mild digestion with collagenase and defolliculation, oocytes were injected with cRNA solu-tions using a Drummond automatic injector Nanoject 203-VX (Drummond Scientific Company, U.S.A.). The injected volume was 50nl/oocyte containing 30—80ng of the cRNA.The oocytes were incubated at 18°C in ND 96 solution (96m M NaCl, 2m M KCl, 1.8m M CaCl 2, 1m M MgCl 2, 5m M HEPES, 2.5m M Na-pyruvate, 0.5m M theophylline, pH 7.5with NaOH) containing penicillin (100U/ml), streptomycin (100m g/ml) and gentamicin (50m g/ml).Electrophysiology Two to 10days after injection, oocytes were immersed in a normal external solution (NES) contain-ing 96m M NaCl, 2m M KCl, 1.8m M CaCl 2, 1m M MgCl 2, and 5m M HEPES, pH 7.5, and analyzed using the two-microelec-trode voltage-clamp method at room temperature (22—23°C). The microelectrodes were filled with a 3M KCl solu-tion, and their resistances were 0.5—2M W . The membrane potential of an oocyte placed in a tissue chamber was clamped at Ϫ60mV . Glutamate was applied to the bath, and the substrate-evoked inward current was recorded by a recording amplifier (GeneClamp 500, Axon Instruments Inc.,U.S.A.). The effect of nicergoline was studied on the inward current induced by 10m M glutamate in mEAAC1-expressing oocytes. The response of currents to a high concentration of glutamate (30m M ) was determined in each oocyte before-hand.Chemicals The following materials were of reagent grade and obtained from commercial sources: HEPES (Nacalai Tesque Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), glutamate dehydro-genase, NADP , collagenase, theophylline, penicillin, strepto-mycin, gentamicin (Sigma Chemicals Co., Ltd., St. Louis,MO, U.S.A.), dihydrokainic acid (DHK), bromocriptine (Tocris Cookson Inc., St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Nicergoline was provided by Pharmacia & Upjohn (Tokyo, Japan).RESULTSIn synaptosome preparations, [Glu]o was reduced in stan-dard HBS medium ([Na ϩ]o ϭ145.2m M ) and increased in low Na ϩmedium by incubation for 6min at 37°C. The difference of the glutamate concentration before and after 37°C incuba-tion was expressed as D [Glu]o (m M ) {([G lu]o after incuba-tion)Ϫ([Glu]o before incubation)}. “Positive” values of D [Glu]o represent the increase whereas “negative” values represent the decrease of glutamate outside of synaptosomes.The [Na ϩ]o ϪD [Glu]o curve was shifted downwardly by nicergoline (Fig. 1). Namely, nicergoline enhanced the reduc-tion of [Glu]o in standard HBS medium and reduced the ele-vation of [Glu]o in low Na ϩmedium. However, the effect at the lowest Na ϩconcentration ([Na ϩ]o ϭ5.24m M ) was not sig-nificant (Fig. 1).The reduction of [G lu]o by nicergoline in the standard HBS medium was concentration-dependent at doses between 1 and 10m M . In contrast, the concentration–response rela-tions in the low Na ϩmedium ([Na ϩ]o ϭ16.4m M ) were statis-tically significant only at 1m M , and formed a bell shaped curve (Fig. 2). In the same preparations, bromocriptine, an ergot alkaloid, had not effect [Glu]o (Fig. 3).DHK, a selective inhibitor of glial glutamate transporter GLT -1,32,33)suppressed the reduction of [Glu]o in a standard HBS medium and enhanced the elevation of [G lu]o in low Na ϩmedium ([Na ϩ]o ϭ16.4m M ). Nicergoline at 1m M antago-nized both effects of DHK (Fig. 4).In oocytes expressing mEAAC1, inward current was evoked by perfusion of glutamate in the recording chamber.818V ol. 27, No. 6Fig.2.Effects of Nicergoline on D [Glu]o in Standard HBS Medium and Low Na ϩMediumLow Na ϩmedium was prepared by substitution of Na ϩwith choline from 145.2 to 16.4m M . Each point represents the mean ϮS.E. of 6 experiments. ∗∗p Ͻ0.01 vs.con-trol, comparison by one-way ANOV A with randomized complete block, followed by multiple comparison (Tukey–Kramer’s method).parison of the Effects of Nicergoline and Bromocriptine on D [Glu]oLow Na ϩmedium was prepared by substitution of Na ϩwith choline from 145.2 to 16.4m M . Each column represents the mean ϮS.E. of 6 experiments. ∗p Ͻ0.05,∗∗p Ͻ0.01 vs.control, comparison by one-way ANOV A with randomized complete block, followed by multiple comparison (Tukey–Kramer’s method).Fig.1.Effects of Nicergoline on [Na ϩ]o ϪD [Glu]o CurveEach point represents the mean ϮS.E. of 5 experiments. ∗p Ͻ0.05, ∗∗p Ͻ0.01 vs.control by paired t -test.DISCUSSIONIncubating a synaptosome preparation at 37°C decreased or increased the [G lu]o depending on the concentration of Na ϩin the medium. D [Glu]o is reversed from negative to positive values when the extracellular Na ϩconcentration is decreased to ϳ30m M .32)Because these processes are highly sensitive to temperature but not dependent on Ca 2ϩ, it is pro-posed that the reduction and the elevation mainly reflect the uptake into and reversed transport from synaptosomes, re-spectively. The uptake of glutamate by the transporters re-quires sufficient concentration of Na ϩ, whereas the reversed transport becomes dominant in low Na ϩmedium. The direc-tion and the magnitude of D [Glu]o appeared to be determined by a balance of the uptake and reversed transport. D [Glu]o was reduced by nicergoline under both standard and low Na ϩconditions.Both neuronal and glial transporters participate in the con-trol of extracellular glutamate concentration. [Glu]o was de-creased due to the uptake by both transporters in the standard HBS medium. Because the intracellular concentration of glu-tamate is high (1m M ) in neurons, neuronal glutamate trans-porters are assumed to function in the reverse direction be-fore glial transporters do when Na ϩhomeostasis is disruptedin brain ischemia or under anoxic conditions. DHK, a selec-tive inhibitor of glial G LT -1 glutamate transporter,36,37)sup-pressed the decrease of [Glu]o in standard HBS medium and enhanced the elevation of [Glu]o in low Na ϩmedium.32)The increase of D [Glu]o by DHK in low Na ϩmedium indicates the existence of uptake via glial glutamate transporter GLT -1even under the low Na ϩcondition.The DHK-induced increase of [G lu]o is suppressed by nicergoline in both standard HBS and low Na ϩmedia. Gluta-mate transporters work mainly in the forward direction (up-take) in the standard HBS medium and in the reverse direc-tion in the low Na ϩmedium. The concentration-dependent effect of nicergoline was more pronounced in standard HBS medium than in low Na ϩmedium. However, there was no re-duction of D [Glu]o by nicergoline at the lowest Na ϩconcen-tration. When Na ϩconcentration is 5.24m M GLT -1 does not uptake extracellular glutamate. Thus, nicergoline reduces [Glu]o by enhancing the uptake rather than inhibiting the re-versed transport of glutamate.Bromocriptine was reported to enhance the uptake of glu-tamate by human G luT -115,38)stably expressed in HeLaS3cells. GluT -1 is a subtype of glutamate transporters expressed predominantly in cerebellum 39)among brain regions. We used synaptosome from rat cerebral cortex without cerebel-lum. In this study, bromocriptine failed to enhance the uptake of glutamate; this lack of effect may have been due to low abundance of GluT -1 in the preparation.In order to further confirm the effect of nicergoline on glu-tamate transporters, we determined the effect on cloned neu-ronal transporter EAAC1. We used mouse EAAC1 that was 97% homologous at the amino acid level with rat EAAC1.Nicergoline increased the glutamate-induced current medi-ated by EAAC1. Although we also attempted to examine the effect of nicergoline on cloned glial transporter encoded by G LT -1, the glutamate-induced current mediated by G LT -1was too small to make this evaluation. It has been reported that glutamate transporter is regulated by transporter-associ-ated proteins.40)Thus, inhibition of the function of the asso-ciating protein may result in the enhancement of the gluta-mate transport. Although the mechanisms behind the action of nicergoline remain unclear at this moment, it is possible that nicergoline acts on the transporter-associated protein to enhance the transport function.In this study, we showed the enhancement of neuronal glu-tamate transport by nicergoline in both oocytes expressing mEAAC1 and synaptosomes in the presence of DHK. Al-though the function of EAAC1 was changed from uptake to reversed transport in lower Na ϩcondition, the uptake was en-hanced by nicergoline except for the lowest Na ϩconcentra-tion. Therefore, we propose that nicergoline acts on both glial and neuronal glutamate transporters.Extracellular concentration of glutamate is crucial for the development of neuronal damage following ischemia.1,12—14)Enhancement of glutamate uptake by nicergoline may, at least in part, contribute to the reduction of glutamate concen-tration in the brain which results in ischemia. The synapto-some prepared from rat cerebral cortex includes at least two subtypes of glutamate transporters, EAAC1 and G LT -1.Human EAAC1 and human GLT -1 are 90% and 91% homol-ogous at the amino acid level with rat EAAC1 and rat GLT -1,respectively. Thus it is reasonable to speculate that a similarJune 2004819Fig.4.Effects of Nicergoline and DHK on D [Glu]oLow Na ϩmedium was prepared by substitution of Na ϩwith choline from 145.2 to 16.4m M . Each column represents the mean ϮS.E. of 4 experiments. ∗p Ͻ0.05,∗∗p Ͻ0.01 vs.control, ##p Ͻ0.01 vs.DHK-treatment, comparison by one-way ANOV A with randomized complete block, followed by multiple comparison (Tukey–Kramer’s method).Fig.5.Effects of Nicergoline on the Inward Currents Induced by 10m M Glutamate in Xenopus Oocytes Expressed EAAC1(A) T ypical current trace recorded from an EAAC1-expressing oocyte at a holding potential of Ϫ60mV in the presence of various concentrations of nicergoline. The ratio of effects by vehicle, 30m M and 100m M nicergoline were 98.0%, 109.9% and 124.2%,respectively. (B) The current after application of nicergoline is expressed relative to the current evoked by glutamate alone. For a concentration of 0m M , only the vehicle (5ϫ10Ϫ4N HCl) was applied. Each column represents the mean ϮS.E. of the numbers indicated in parentheses. ∗p Ͻ0.05, ∗∗p Ͻ0.01 vs.control by Student’s t -test. The sol-vent (HCl 5ϫ10Ϫ4N ) only slightly reduced the inward current. Nicergoline significantly increased the glutamate-induced inward current in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 5).effect of nicergoline can be expected in both rodents and hu-mans.The concentration of nicergoline in the central nervous system at a clinical dosage (15mg/day) is expected to reach sub microM order, which is comparable to the effective con-centration in the present study. Nicergoline reduces [Glu]o inthe brain and protects brain damage by ischemia in rats.31) Thus, the demonstration of transporter-modulating activity warrants consideration of a clinical neuroprotective effect of nicergoline.Acknowledgments We thank Professor Shigenobu Nakamura and Dr. Hideshi Kawakami, Hiroshima University, for their valuable advice on this work. We also thank Dr. Akira Saito for valuable discussions during the preparation of this article.REFERENCES1)Bouvier M., Szatkowski M., Amato A., Attwell D., Nature(London),360, 471—474 (1992).2)Kanai Y., Hediger M. A., Nature(London), 360, 467—471 (1992).3)Kanai Y., Smith C. P., Hediger M. A., Trends Neurosci., 16, 365—370(1993).4)Kawakami H., Tanaka K., Nakayama T., Inoue K., Nakamura S.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 199, 171—176 (1994).5)Pines G., Danbolt N. C., Bjoras M., Zhang Y., Bendahan A., Eide L.,Koepsell H., Storm-Mathisen J., Seeberg E., Kanner B. I., Nature (London), 360, 464—467 (1992).6)Robinson M. B., Hunter-Ensor M., Sinor J., Brain Res., 544, 196—202(1991).7)Tanaka K., Neurosci. Res., 16, 149—153 (1993).8)Tanaka K., Neurosci. Lett., 159, 183—186 (1993).9)Rothstein J. D., Martin L. J., Kuncl R. W., New Engl. J. Med., 326,1464—1468 (1992).10)Li S., Mallory M., Alford M., Tanaka S., Masliah E., J. Neuropathol.Exp. Neurol., 56, 901—911 (1997).11)Palmer A. M., Proctor A. W., Stratmann G. C., Bowen D. M., Neu-rosci. Lett., 66, 199—204 (1986).12)Attwell D., Barbour B., Szatkowski M., Neuron, 11, 401—407 (1993).13)Kanai Y., Stelzner M., Nussberger S., Khawaja S., Hebert S. C., SmithC. P., Hediger M. A., J. Biol. Chem., 269, 20599—20606 (1994).14)Levi G., Raiteri M., Trends Neurosci., 16, 415—419 (1993).15)Y amashita H., Kawakami H., Zhang Y., Tanaka K., Nakamura S.,Lancet, 346, 1305 (1995).16)Heitz C., Descombes J. J., Miller R. C., Stoclet J. C., Eur. J. Pharma-col., 123, 279—285 (1986).17)Iwata E., Miyazaki I., Asanuma M., Iida A., Ogawa N., Neurosci.Lett., 251, 49—52 (1998).18)LePoncin-Lafitte M., Grosdemouge C., Duterte D., Rapin J. R., Geron-tology, 30, 109—119 (1984).19)Shintomi K., Egou H., Tanaka T., Itakura T., Y oshimoto K., Matsu-moto M., Matsuoka Y., Folia Pharmacol. Japon, 87, 445—456 (1986).20)Shintomi K., Itakura T., Y oshimoto K., Ogawa Y., Fukushima T.,Matsuoka Y., Folia Pharmacol. 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Native Instruments MASCHINE MIKRO MK3用户手册说明书
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Native Instruments GmbH. The software described by this docu-ment is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Native Instruments GmbH, hereinafter referred to as Native Instruments.“Native Instruments”, “NI” and associated logos are (registered) trademarks of Native Instru-ments GmbH.ASIO, VST, HALion and Cubase are registered trademarks of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.All other product and company names are trademarks™ or registered® trademarks of their re-spective holders. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them.Document authored by: David Gover and Nico Sidi.Software version: 2.8 (02/2019)Hardware version: MASCHINE MIKRO MK3Special thanks to the Beta Test Team, who were invaluable not just in tracking down bugs, but in making this a better product.NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH Schlesische Str. 29-30D-10997 Berlin Germanywww.native-instruments.de NATIVE INSTRUMENTS North America, Inc. 6725 Sunset Boulevard5th FloorLos Angeles, CA 90028USANATIVE INSTRUMENTS K.K.YO Building 3FJingumae 6-7-15, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001Japanwww.native-instruments.co.jp NATIVE INSTRUMENTS UK Limited 18 Phipp StreetLondon EC2A 4NUUKNATIVE INSTRUMENTS FRANCE SARL 113 Rue Saint-Maur75011 ParisFrance SHENZHEN NATIVE INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Limited 5F, Shenzhen Zimao Center111 Taizi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChina© NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH, 2019. All rights reserved.Table of Contents1Welcome to MASCHINE (23)1.1MASCHINE Documentation (24)1.2Document Conventions (25)1.3New Features in MASCHINE 2.8 (26)1.4New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.10 (28)1.5New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.8 (29)1.6New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.7 (29)1.7New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.4 (31)1.8New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.3 (33)2Quick Reference (35)2.1MASCHINE Project Overview (35)2.1.1Sound Content (35)2.1.2Arrangement (37)2.2MASCHINE Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1MASCHINE MIKRO Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1.1Browser Section (41)2.2.1.2Edit Section (42)2.2.1.3Performance Section (43)2.2.1.4Transport Section (45)2.2.1.5Pad Section (46)2.2.1.6Rear Panel (50)2.3MASCHINE Software Overview (51)2.3.1Header (52)2.3.2Browser (54)2.3.3Arranger (56)2.3.4Control Area (59)2.3.5Pattern Editor (60)3Basic Concepts (62)3.1Important Names and Concepts (62)3.2Adjusting the MASCHINE User Interface (65)3.2.1Adjusting the Size of the Interface (65)3.2.2Switching between Ideas View and Song View (66)3.2.3Showing/Hiding the Browser (67)3.2.4Showing/Hiding the Control Lane (67)3.3Common Operations (68)3.3.1Adjusting Volume, Swing, and Tempo (68)3.3.2Undo/Redo (71)3.3.3Focusing on a Group or a Sound (73)3.3.4Switching Between the Master, Group, and Sound Level (77)3.3.5Navigating Channel Properties, Plug-ins, and Parameter Pages in the Control Area.773.3.6Navigating the Software Using the Controller (82)3.3.7Using Two or More Hardware Controllers (82)3.3.8Loading a Recent Project from the Controller (84)3.4Native Kontrol Standard (85)3.5Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.1Differences between Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.2Switching Instances (88)3.6Preferences (88)3.6.1Preferences – General Page (89)3.6.2Preferences – Audio Page (93)3.6.3Preferences – MIDI Page (95)3.6.4Preferences – Default Page (97)3.6.5Preferences – Library Page (101)3.6.6Preferences – Plug-ins Page (109)3.6.7Preferences – Hardware Page (114)3.6.8Preferences – Colors Page (114)3.7Integrating MASCHINE into a MIDI Setup (117)3.7.1Connecting External MIDI Equipment (117)3.7.2Sync to External MIDI Clock (117)3.7.3Send MIDI Clock (118)3.7.4Using MIDI Mode (119)3.8Syncing MASCHINE using Ableton Link (120)3.8.1Connecting to a Network (121)3.8.2Joining and Leaving a Link Session (121)4Browser (123)4.1Browser Basics (123)4.1.1The MASCHINE Library (123)4.1.2Browsing the Library vs. Browsing Your Hard Disks (124)4.2Searching and Loading Files from the Library (125)4.2.1Overview of the Library Pane (125)4.2.2Selecting or Loading a Product and Selecting a Bank from the Browser (128)4.2.3Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank (133)4.2.3.1Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank on theController (137)4.2.4Selecting a File Type (137)4.2.5Choosing Between Factory and User Content (138)4.2.6Selecting Type and Character Tags (138)4.2.7Performing a Text Search (142)4.2.8Loading a File from the Result List (143)4.3Additional Browsing Tools (148)4.3.1Loading the Selected Files Automatically (148)4.3.2Auditioning Instrument Presets (149)4.3.3Auditioning Samples (150)4.3.4Loading Groups with Patterns (150)4.3.5Loading Groups with Routing (151)4.3.6Displaying File Information (151)4.4Using Favorites in the Browser (152)4.5Editing the Files’ Tags and Properties (155)4.5.1Attribute Editor Basics (155)4.5.2The Bank Page (157)4.5.3The Types and Characters Pages (157)4.5.4The Properties Page (160)4.6Loading and Importing Files from Your File System (161)4.6.1Overview of the FILES Pane (161)4.6.2Using Favorites (163)4.6.3Using the Location Bar (164)4.6.4Navigating to Recent Locations (165)4.6.5Using the Result List (166)4.6.6Importing Files to the MASCHINE Library (169)4.7Locating Missing Samples (171)4.8Using Quick Browse (173)5Managing Sounds, Groups, and Your Project (175)5.1Overview of the Sounds, Groups, and Master (175)5.1.1The Sound, Group, and Master Channels (176)5.1.2Similarities and Differences in Handling Sounds and Groups (177)5.1.3Selecting Multiple Sounds or Groups (178)5.2Managing Sounds (181)5.2.1Loading Sounds (183)5.2.2Pre-listening to Sounds (184)5.2.3Renaming Sound Slots (185)5.2.4Changing the Sound’s Color (186)5.2.5Saving Sounds (187)5.2.6Copying and Pasting Sounds (189)5.2.7Moving Sounds (192)5.2.8Resetting Sound Slots (193)5.3Managing Groups (194)5.3.1Creating Groups (196)5.3.2Loading Groups (197)5.3.3Renaming Groups (198)5.3.4Changing the Group’s Color (199)5.3.5Saving Groups (200)5.3.6Copying and Pasting Groups (202)5.3.7Reordering Groups (206)5.3.8Deleting Groups (207)5.4Exporting MASCHINE Objects and Audio (208)5.4.1Saving a Group with its Samples (208)5.4.2Saving a Project with its Samples (210)5.4.3Exporting Audio (212)5.5Importing Third-Party File Formats (218)5.5.1Loading REX Files into Sound Slots (218)5.5.2Importing MPC Programs to Groups (219)6Playing on the Controller (223)6.1Adjusting the Pads (223)6.1.1The Pad View in the Software (223)6.1.2Choosing a Pad Input Mode (225)6.1.3Adjusting the Base Key (226)6.2Adjusting the Key, Choke, and Link Parameters for Multiple Sounds (227)6.3Playing Tools (229)6.3.1Mute and Solo (229)6.3.2Choke All Notes (233)6.3.3Groove (233)6.3.4Level, Tempo, Tune, and Groove Shortcuts on Your Controller (235)6.3.5Tap Tempo (235)6.4Performance Features (236)6.4.1Overview of the Perform Features (236)6.4.2Selecting a Scale and Creating Chords (239)6.4.3Scale and Chord Parameters (240)6.4.4Creating Arpeggios and Repeated Notes (253)6.4.5Swing on Note Repeat / Arp Output (257)6.5Using Lock Snapshots (257)6.5.1Creating a Lock Snapshot (257)7Working with Plug-ins (259)7.1Plug-in Overview (259)7.1.1Plug-in Basics (259)7.1.2First Plug-in Slot of Sounds: Choosing the Sound’s Role (263)7.1.3Loading, Removing, and Replacing a Plug-in (264)7.1.4Adjusting the Plug-in Parameters (270)7.1.5Bypassing Plug-in Slots (270)7.1.6Using Side-Chain (272)7.1.7Moving Plug-ins (272)7.1.8Alternative: the Plug-in Strip (273)7.1.9Saving and Recalling Plug-in Presets (273)7.1.9.1Saving Plug-in Presets (274)7.1.9.2Recalling Plug-in Presets (275)7.1.9.3Removing a Default Plug-in Preset (276)7.2The Sampler Plug-in (277)7.2.1Page 1: Voice Settings / Engine (279)7.2.2Page 2: Pitch / Envelope (281)7.2.3Page 3: FX / Filter (283)7.2.4Page 4: Modulation (285)7.2.5Page 5: LFO (286)7.2.6Page 6: Velocity / Modwheel (288)7.3Using Native Instruments and External Plug-ins (289)7.3.1Opening/Closing Plug-in Windows (289)7.3.2Using the VST/AU Plug-in Parameters (292)7.3.3Setting Up Your Own Parameter Pages (293)7.3.4Using VST/AU Plug-in Presets (298)7.3.5Multiple-Output Plug-ins and Multitimbral Plug-ins (300)8Using the Audio Plug-in (302)8.1Loading a Loop into the Audio Plug-in (306)8.2Editing Audio in the Audio Plug-in (307)8.3Using Loop Mode (308)8.4Using Gate Mode (310)9Using the Drumsynths (312)9.1Drumsynths – General Handling (313)9.1.1Engines: Many Different Drums per Drumsynth (313)9.1.2Common Parameter Organization (313)9.1.3Shared Parameters (316)9.1.4Various Velocity Responses (316)9.1.5Pitch Range, Tuning, and MIDI Notes (316)9.2The Kicks (317)9.2.1Kick – Sub (319)9.2.2Kick – Tronic (321)9.2.3Kick – Dusty (324)9.2.4Kick – Grit (325)9.2.5Kick – Rasper (328)9.2.6Kick – Snappy (329)9.2.7Kick – Bold (331)9.2.8Kick – Maple (333)9.2.9Kick – Push (334)9.3The Snares (336)9.3.1Snare – Volt (338)9.3.2Snare – Bit (340)9.3.3Snare – Pow (342)9.3.4Snare – Sharp (343)9.3.5Snare – Airy (345)9.3.6Snare – Vintage (347)9.3.7Snare – Chrome (349)9.3.8Snare – Iron (351)9.3.9Snare – Clap (353)9.3.10Snare – Breaker (355)9.4The Hi-hats (357)9.4.1Hi-hat – Silver (358)9.4.2Hi-hat – Circuit (360)9.4.3Hi-hat – Memory (362)9.4.4Hi-hat – Hybrid (364)9.4.5Creating a Pattern with Closed and Open Hi-hats (366)9.5The Toms (367)9.5.1Tom – Tronic (369)9.5.2Tom – Fractal (371)9.5.3Tom – Floor (375)9.5.4Tom – High (377)9.6The Percussions (378)9.6.1Percussion – Fractal (380)9.6.2Percussion – Kettle (383)9.6.3Percussion – Shaker (385)9.7The Cymbals (389)9.7.1Cymbal – Crash (391)9.7.2Cymbal – Ride (393)10Using the Bass Synth (396)10.1Bass Synth – General Handling (397)10.1.1Parameter Organization (397)10.1.2Bass Synth Parameters (399)11Working with Patterns (401)11.1Pattern Basics (401)11.1.1Pattern Editor Overview (402)11.1.2Navigating the Event Area (404)11.1.3Following the Playback Position in the Pattern (406)11.1.4Jumping to Another Playback Position in the Pattern (407)11.1.5Group View and Keyboard View (408)11.1.6Adjusting the Arrange Grid and the Pattern Length (410)11.1.7Adjusting the Step Grid and the Nudge Grid (413)11.2Recording Patterns in Real Time (416)11.2.1Recording Your Patterns Live (417)11.2.2Using the Metronome (419)11.2.3Recording with Count-in (420)11.3Recording Patterns with the Step Sequencer (422)11.3.1Step Mode Basics (422)11.3.2Editing Events in Step Mode (424)11.4Editing Events (425)11.4.1Editing Events with the Mouse: an Overview (425)11.4.2Creating Events/Notes (428)11.4.3Selecting Events/Notes (429)11.4.4Editing Selected Events/Notes (431)11.4.5Deleting Events/Notes (434)11.4.6Cut, Copy, and Paste Events/Notes (436)11.4.7Quantizing Events/Notes (439)11.4.8Quantization While Playing (441)11.4.9Doubling a Pattern (442)11.4.10Adding Variation to Patterns (442)11.5Recording and Editing Modulation (443)11.5.1Which Parameters Are Modulatable? (444)11.5.2Recording Modulation (446)11.5.3Creating and Editing Modulation in the Control Lane (447)11.6Creating MIDI Tracks from Scratch in MASCHINE (452)11.7Managing Patterns (454)11.7.1The Pattern Manager and Pattern Mode (455)11.7.2Selecting Patterns and Pattern Banks (456)11.7.3Creating Patterns (459)11.7.4Deleting Patterns (460)11.7.5Creating and Deleting Pattern Banks (461)11.7.6Naming Patterns (463)11.7.7Changing the Pattern’s Color (465)11.7.8Duplicating, Copying, and Pasting Patterns (466)11.7.9Moving Patterns (469)11.8Importing/Exporting Audio and MIDI to/from Patterns (470)11.8.1Exporting Audio from Patterns (470)11.8.2Exporting MIDI from Patterns (472)11.8.3Importing MIDI to Patterns (474)12Audio Routing, Remote Control, and Macro Controls (483)12.1Audio Routing in MASCHINE (484)12.1.1Sending External Audio to Sounds (485)12.1.2Configuring the Main Output of Sounds and Groups (489)12.1.3Setting Up Auxiliary Outputs for Sounds and Groups (494)12.1.4Configuring the Master and Cue Outputs of MASCHINE (497)12.1.5Mono Audio Inputs (502)12.1.5.1Configuring External Inputs for Sounds in Mix View (503)12.2Using MIDI Control and Host Automation (506)12.2.1Triggering Sounds via MIDI Notes (507)12.2.2Triggering Scenes via MIDI (513)12.2.3Controlling Parameters via MIDI and Host Automation (514)12.2.4Selecting VST/AU Plug-in Presets via MIDI Program Change (522)12.2.5Sending MIDI from Sounds (523)12.3Creating Custom Sets of Parameters with the Macro Controls (527)12.3.1Macro Control Overview (527)12.3.2Assigning Macro Controls Using the Software (528)13Controlling Your Mix (535)13.1Mix View Basics (535)13.1.1Switching between Arrange View and Mix View (535)13.1.2Mix View Elements (536)13.2The Mixer (537)13.2.1Displaying Groups vs. Displaying Sounds (539)13.2.2Adjusting the Mixer Layout (541)13.2.3Selecting Channel Strips (542)13.2.4Managing Your Channels in the Mixer (543)13.2.5Adjusting Settings in the Channel Strips (545)13.2.6Using the Cue Bus (549)13.3The Plug-in Chain (551)13.4The Plug-in Strip (552)13.4.1The Plug-in Header (554)13.4.2Panels for Drumsynths and Internal Effects (556)13.4.3Panel for the Sampler (557)13.4.4Custom Panels for Native Instruments Plug-ins (560)13.4.5Undocking a Plug-in Panel (Native Instruments and External Plug-ins Only) (564)14Using Effects (567)14.1Applying Effects to a Sound, a Group or the Master (567)14.1.1Adding an Effect (567)14.1.2Other Operations on Effects (574)14.1.3Using the Side-Chain Input (575)14.2Applying Effects to External Audio (578)14.2.1Step 1: Configure MASCHINE Audio Inputs (578)14.2.2Step 2: Set up a Sound to Receive the External Input (579)14.2.3Step 3: Load an Effect to Process an Input (579)14.3Creating a Send Effect (580)14.3.1Step 1: Set Up a Sound or Group as Send Effect (581)14.3.2Step 2: Route Audio to the Send Effect (583)14.3.3 A Few Notes on Send Effects (583)14.4Creating Multi-Effects (584)15Effect Reference (587)15.1Dynamics (588)15.1.1Compressor (588)15.1.2Gate (591)15.1.3Transient Master (594)15.1.4Limiter (596)15.1.5Maximizer (600)15.2Filtering Effects (603)15.2.1EQ (603)15.2.2Filter (605)15.2.3Cabinet (609)15.3Modulation Effects (611)15.3.1Chorus (611)15.3.2Flanger (612)15.3.3FM (613)15.3.4Freq Shifter (615)15.3.5Phaser (616)15.4Spatial and Reverb Effects (617)15.4.1Ice (617)15.4.2Metaverb (619)15.4.3Reflex (620)15.4.4Reverb (Legacy) (621)15.4.5Reverb (623)15.4.5.1Reverb Room (623)15.4.5.2Reverb Hall (626)15.4.5.3Plate Reverb (629)15.5Delays (630)15.5.1Beat Delay (630)15.5.2Grain Delay (632)15.5.3Grain Stretch (634)15.5.4Resochord (636)15.6Distortion Effects (638)15.6.1Distortion (638)15.6.2Lofi (640)15.6.3Saturator (641)15.7Perform FX (645)15.7.1Filter (646)15.7.2Flanger (648)15.7.3Burst Echo (650)15.7.4Reso Echo (653)15.7.5Ring (656)15.7.6Stutter (658)15.7.7Tremolo (661)15.7.8Scratcher (664)16Working with the Arranger (667)16.1Arranger Basics (667)16.1.1Navigating Song View (670)16.1.2Following the Playback Position in Your Project (672)16.1.3Performing with Scenes and Sections using the Pads (673)16.2Using Ideas View (677)16.2.1Scene Overview (677)16.2.2Creating Scenes (679)16.2.3Assigning and Removing Patterns (679)16.2.4Selecting Scenes (682)16.2.5Deleting Scenes (684)16.2.6Creating and Deleting Scene Banks (685)16.2.7Clearing Scenes (685)16.2.8Duplicating Scenes (685)16.2.9Reordering Scenes (687)16.2.10Making Scenes Unique (688)16.2.11Appending Scenes to Arrangement (689)16.2.12Naming Scenes (689)16.2.13Changing the Color of a Scene (690)16.3Using Song View (692)16.3.1Section Management Overview (692)16.3.2Creating Sections (694)16.3.3Assigning a Scene to a Section (695)16.3.4Selecting Sections and Section Banks (696)16.3.5Reorganizing Sections (700)16.3.6Adjusting the Length of a Section (702)16.3.6.1Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Software (703)16.3.6.2Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Controller (705)16.3.7Clearing a Pattern in Song View (705)16.3.8Duplicating Sections (705)16.3.8.1Making Sections Unique (707)16.3.9Removing Sections (707)16.3.10Renaming Scenes (708)16.3.11Clearing Sections (710)16.3.12Creating and Deleting Section Banks (710)16.3.13Working with Patterns in Song view (710)16.3.13.1Creating a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.2Selecting a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.3Clearing a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.4Renaming a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.5Coloring a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.6Removing a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.7Duplicating a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.14Enabling Auto Length (713)16.3.15Looping (714)16.3.15.1Setting the Loop Range in the Software (714)16.3.15.2Activating or Deactivating a Loop Using the Controller (715)16.4Playing with Sections (715)16.4.1Jumping to another Playback Position in Your Project (716)16.5Triggering Sections or Scenes via MIDI (717)16.6The Arrange Grid (719)16.7Quick Grid (720)17Sampling and Sample Mapping (722)17.1Opening the Sample Editor (722)17.2Recording Audio (724)17.2.1Opening the Record Page (724)17.2.2Selecting the Source and the Recording Mode (725)17.2.3Arming, Starting, and Stopping the Recording (729)17.2.5Checking Your Recordings (731)17.2.6Location and Name of Your Recorded Samples (734)17.3Editing a Sample (735)17.3.1Using the Edit Page (735)17.3.2Audio Editing Functions (739)17.4Slicing a Sample (743)17.4.1Opening the Slice Page (743)17.4.2Adjusting the Slicing Settings (744)17.4.3Manually Adjusting Your Slices (746)17.4.4Applying the Slicing (750)17.5Mapping Samples to Zones (754)17.5.1Opening the Zone Page (754)17.5.2Zone Page Overview (755)17.5.3Selecting and Managing Zones in the Zone List (756)17.5.4Selecting and Editing Zones in the Map View (761)17.5.5Editing Zones in the Sample View (765)17.5.6Adjusting the Zone Settings (767)17.5.7Adding Samples to the Sample Map (770)18Appendix: Tips for Playing Live (772)18.1Preparations (772)18.1.1Focus on the Hardware (772)18.1.2Customize the Pads of the Hardware (772)18.1.3Check Your CPU Power Before Playing (772)18.1.4Name and Color Your Groups, Patterns, Sounds and Scenes (773)18.1.5Consider Using a Limiter on Your Master (773)18.1.6Hook Up Your Other Gear and Sync It with MIDI Clock (773)18.1.7Improvise (773)18.2Basic Techniques (773)18.2.1Use Mute and Solo (773)18.2.2Create Variations of Your Drum Patterns in the Step Sequencer (774)18.2.3Use Note Repeat (774)18.2.4Set Up Your Own Multi-effect Groups and Automate Them (774)18.3Special Tricks (774)18.3.1Changing Pattern Length for Variation (774)18.3.2Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (775)18.3.3Load Long Audio Files and Play with the Start Point (775)19Troubleshooting (776)19.1Knowledge Base (776)19.2Technical Support (776)19.3Registration Support (777)19.4User Forum (777)20Glossary (778)Index (786)1Welcome to MASCHINEThank you for buying MASCHINE!MASCHINE is a groove production studio that implements the familiar working style of classi-cal groove boxes along with the advantages of a computer based system. MASCHINE is ideal for making music live, as well as in the studio. It’s the hands-on aspect of a dedicated instru-ment, the MASCHINE hardware controller, united with the advanced editing features of the MASCHINE software.Creating beats is often not very intuitive with a computer, but using the MASCHINE hardware controller to do it makes it easy and fun. You can tap in freely with the pads or use Note Re-peat to jam along. Alternatively, build your beats using the step sequencer just as in classic drum machines.Patterns can be intuitively combined and rearranged on the fly to form larger ideas. You can try out several different versions of a song without ever having to stop the music.Since you can integrate it into any sequencer that supports VST, AU, or AAX plug-ins, you can reap the benefits in almost any software setup, or use it as a stand-alone application. You can sample your own material, slice loops and rearrange them easily.However, MASCHINE is a lot more than an ordinary groovebox or sampler: it comes with an inspiring 7-gigabyte library, and a sophisticated, yet easy to use tag-based Browser to give you instant access to the sounds you are looking for.What’s more, MASCHINE provides lots of options for manipulating your sounds via internal ef-fects and other sound-shaping possibilities. You can also control external MIDI hardware and 3rd-party software with the MASCHINE hardware controller, while customizing the functions of the pads, knobs and buttons according to your needs utilizing the included Controller Editor application. We hope you enjoy this fantastic instrument as much as we do. Now let’s get go-ing!—The MASCHINE team at Native Instruments.MASCHINE Documentation1.1MASCHINE DocumentationNative Instruments provide many information sources regarding MASCHINE. The main docu-ments should be read in the following sequence:1.MASCHINE MIKRO Quick Start Guide: This animated online guide provides a practical ap-proach to help you learn the basic of MASCHINE MIKRO. The guide is available from theNative Instruments website: https:///maschine-mikro-quick-start/2.MASCHINE Manual (this document): The MASCHINE Manual provides you with a compre-hensive description of all MASCHINE software and hardware features.Additional documentation sources provide you with details on more specific topics:►Online Support Videos: You can find a number of support videos on The Official Native In-struments Support Channel under the following URL: https:///NIsupport-EN. We recommend that you follow along with these instructions while the respective ap-plication is running on your computer.Other Online Resources:If you are experiencing problems related to your Native Instruments product that the supplied documentation does not cover, there are several ways of getting help:▪Knowledge Base▪User Forum▪Technical Support▪Registration SupportYou will find more information on these subjects in the chapter Troubleshooting.Document Conventions1.2Document ConventionsThis section introduces you to the signage and text highlighting used in this manual. This man-ual uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of potential issues.The icons introducing these notes let you see what kind of information is to be expected:This document uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of poten-tial issues. The icons introducing the following notes let you see what kind of information canbe expected:Furthermore, the following formatting is used:▪Text appearing in (drop-down) menus (such as Open…, Save as… etc.) in the software andpaths to locations on your hard disk or other storage devices is printed in italics.▪Text appearing elsewhere (labels of buttons, controls, text next to checkboxes etc.) in thesoftware is printed in blue. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find thesame text appearing somewhere on the screen.▪Text appearing on the displays of the controller is printed in light grey. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on a controller display.▪Text appearing on labels of the hardware controller is printed in orange. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on the controller.▪Important names and concepts are printed in bold.▪References to keys on your computer’s keyboard you’ll find put in square brackets (e.g.,“Press [Shift] + [Enter]”).►Single instructions are introduced by this play button type arrow.→Results of actions are introduced by this smaller arrow.Naming ConventionThroughout the documentation we will refer to MASCHINE controller (or just controller) as the hardware controller and MASCHINE software as the software installed on your computer.The term “effect” will sometimes be abbreviated as “FX” when referring to elements in the MA-SCHINE software and hardware. These terms have the same meaning.Button Combinations and Shortcuts on Your ControllerMost instructions will use the “+” sign to indicate buttons (or buttons and pads) that must be pressed simultaneously, starting with the button indicated first. E.g., an instruction such as:“Press SHIFT + PLAY”means:1.Press and hold SHIFT.2.While holding SHIFT, press PLAY and release it.3.Release SHIFT.1.3New Features in MASCHINE2.8The following new features have been added to MASCHINE: Integration▪Browse on , create your own collections of loops and one-shots and send them directly to the MASCHINE browser.Improvements to the Browser▪Samples are now cataloged in separate Loops and One-shots tabs in the Browser.▪Previews of loops selected in the Browser will be played in sync with the current project.When a loop is selected with Prehear turned on, it will begin playing immediately in-sync with the project if transport is running. If a loop preview starts part-way through the loop, the loop will play once more for its full length to ensure you get to hear the entire loop once in context with your project.▪Filters and product selections will be remembered when switching between content types and Factory/User Libraries in the Browser.▪Browser content synchronization between multiple running instances. When running multi-ple instances of MASCHINE, either as Standalone and/or as a plug-in, updates to the Li-brary will be synced across the instances. For example, if you delete a sample from your User Library in one instance, the sample will no longer be present in the other instances.Similarly, if you save a preset in one instance, that preset will then be available in the oth-er instances, too.▪Edits made to samples in the Factory Libraries will be saved to the Standard User Directo-ry.For more information on these new features, refer to the following chapter ↑4, Browser. Improvements to the MASCHINE MIKRO MK3 Controller▪You can now set sample Start and End points using the controller. For more information refer to ↑17.3.1, Using the Edit Page.Improved Support for A-Series Keyboards▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can now jump quickly to the results list by holding SHIFT and pushing right on the 4D Encoder.▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can fast scroll through the Browser results list by holding SHIFT and twisting the 4D Encoder.▪Mute and Solo Sounds and Groups from A-Series keyboards. Sounds are muted in TRACK mode while Groups are muted in IDEAS.。
viewme-um004_-zh-e说明书
ppic9k操作流程
ppic9k操作流程下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!PPIC9K 是一种蛋白质相互作用分析技术，以下是其一般的操作流程：1. 细胞培养和处理：培养细胞至适当的密度。
精选6Sigma培训教程PPT64页ghz
改善流程（DMAIC）
定义业务改善机会
衡量目前表现
分析目前表现的根本原因
目的
主要活动
潜在工具和方法
主要成果
1.0 定义 机会
2.0 衡量表现
3.0 分析机会
4.0 改善表现
5.0控制表现
确定关键衡量，这种衡量对评价满足客户关键要求是否成功并提出有效的数据收集方法以衡量流程表现必不可少。 了解6 Sigma 的计算要素，建立团队正在分析的流程基线Sigma。
输入、流程和输出指标操作定义数据收集形式和计划基线表现 高输出的团队环境
“定义机会”概要
1.4改革管理介绍改革管理1.5记录和分析流程识别和绘制团队工作流程的关键要素绘制详细的、从上到下的和功能性的展开流程图进行流程定性评审，识别和实施速赢的改善机会1.6业务风险管理（BRM）介绍BRM
“定义机会”概要
1.7定义客户要求定义流程中的客户要求，制定验证和说明客户声音的计划识别与团队流程相联系的客户关键要求1.8建立高效团队理解流程改善中高效团队的任务学会并应用团队的评估工具来识别机会以改进团队的效率
专职促进问题的解决培训并指导项目组1％-4％
参与黑带项目组兼职项目20％-25％
验证项目的财务影响
专职（或专注于小规模的机构）实施指导制定业务推广计划
支持黑带和项目发起人可以是项目发起人保持并发挥收益
了解目标在其工作领域应用概念
全体职员
贡献者项目兼职通常是全体职员
SIMATIC Energy Manager PRO V7.2 - Operation Operat
2 Energy Manager PRO Client................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.6
Basics ................................................................................................................................ 19 Start Energy Manager ........................................................................................................ 19 Client as navigation tool..................................................................................................... 23 Basic configuration ............................................................................................................ 25 Search for object................................................................................................................ 31 Quicklinks.......................................................................................................................... 33 Create Quicklinks ............................................................................................................... 33 Editing Quicklinks .............................................................................................................. 35 Help .................................................................................................................................. 38
麦洛克菲内核开发试讲讲义
应用层
XP
Vista WFP
WIN7 WFP
TDI传输驱动程序 网络协议驱动程序 （TCP/IP，SPX/IPX） NDIS包 NDIS驱动 中间驱动程 (Ethernet, ATM, WIFI) 物理设备 硬件层
NDIS Filter
WFP
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
努力一万小时理论
著名作家Malcolm Gladwell在《异类》一书中指出：“人们眼 中的天才之所以卓越非凡，并非天资超人一等，而是付出了持 续不断的努力。只要经过1万小时的锤炼，任何人都能从平凡变 成超凡。” 麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
各位老师演讲
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
多写代码多调试（Coding first, question second) 忌浮躁和功利
既想成为大牛，又不想动手写代码 既想拿高薪，又不想静心学习技术 既想学NB的技术，又基础很差不补基础 既想学NB技术，又不自信
打好基础，形成体系，多交流
哪些是基础？哪方面差，哪方面就是基础
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
沙盘（Sandbox）技术
文件系统：minifilter 注册表：CmRegisterCallbackEx
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
网络防火墙技术 (TDI/NDIS/WFP)
网络程序 Application Networking API TDI Client驱动程序 TDI驱动
教学质量保证
质量与口碑是生命 入学测试 课后练习，按时提交作业 除上课时间之外，一周额外安排辅导时间 建立学员交流QQ群 课后意见立即反馈 毕业项目
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
主要内核技术领域介绍
麦洛克菲 麦洛克菲
主动防御(HIPS)
麦洛克菲内核驱动开发第七课
1.在注册的时候把要注 册的函数放到全局链表 里
2.在调用的时候，先判 断是否注册，如果注册， 调用函数
Callback 原理
NTSTATUS
CmRegisterCallback(__in PEX_CALLBACK_FUNCTION Function, __in_opt PVOID Context,__out PLARGE_INTEGER Cookie)
主要用来在vista以后得到key 的名字
PVOID CmGetBoundTransaction( in PLARGE_INTEGER Cookie, in PVOID Object );
VOID CmGetCallbackVersion( OUT OPTIONAL PULONG Major, OUT OPTIONAL PULONG Minor );
PVOID Reserved;
}
REG_POST_OPERATION_INFORMATION,*PREG_POST_OPERATION_INFORUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath)
面的然后 Callback 函数返回 STATUS_SUCCESS 2. 修改 REG_POST_OPERATION_INFORMATION 结构里的ReturnStatus,然后Callback 函数返 回STATUS_CALLBACK_BYPASS
Callback 设计核心思想
Window 操作系统的设计核心 消息分发：应用层
case RegNtPreRenameKey:
CFX_Intro_12.0_WS9_Scripting
April 28, 2009 Inventory #002599
WS9: Scripting and Batch Processing
Preparing CCL Files
Workshop Supplement
The next step is to prepare CCL files that change the turbulence model and can be passed to the solver at run-time. You can use the existing CCL as a template. One way to extract the existing CCL is through the Command Editor in CFX-Pre.
WS9: Scripting and Batch Processing
Introduction
Workshop Supplement
This workshop models flow over a backwards facing step with heat transfer through the lower wall. The quantities of interest are the Skin Friction Coefficient and the Stanton Number on the lower wall. The choice of turbulence model can influence these results, so you will use session files and scripts to run three simulations, each with a different turbulence model, and then compare the results.
COA 09
D E I
E I
E
D
I
E I
D E I
D E I
D E
Homework
Problem 13.3
I
E I
D E
Stable Write to register Write to register
E
data bus Must stable Read from two registers ALU operation
NOOP * Why? * Who? Data dependency
Branch dependency
A,B,C: registers
unconditional
Access memory once per cycle 1
2 3 2
Write to B
2
Read from B
Access memory twice per cycle
1
E1 and E2
register to register E: Execute, ALU operation with two register inputs and one output CA+B E phase may be longer than I and D phases. Two subphases: • E1: two register inputs Benefit? • E2: ALU operation and one output load and store: E1, E2
Mikroelektronika MPU 9DOF Click
23ver. 1.00MPU 9DOF click manaul0100000027325click™BOARD2. Soldering the headers1. Introduction3. Plugging the board inOnce you have soldered the headers your board is ready to be placed into the desired mikroBUS ™ socket. Make sure to align the cut in the lower-right part of the board withthe markings on the silkscreen at themikroBUS ™ socket. If all the pins are aligned correctly, push the board all the way into the socket.Turn the board upward again. Make sure to align the headers so that they are perpendicular to the board, then solder the pins carefully.Turn the board upside down so that the bottom side is facing you upwards. Place shorter pins of the header into the appropriate soldering pads.Before using your click ™ board, make sure to solder 1x8 male headers to both left and right side of the board. Two 1x8 male headers are included with the board in the package.4. Essential featuresThe MPU–9150 aboard MPU 9DOF click ™ is designed for the low power, low cost and high performance requirements of consumer electronics equipment and wearable sensors. The ability to track motion in free space also makes MPU 9DOF click ™ a suitable sensor when designing remote controlled quadcopters. The Tri-Axis gyro has a sensitivity up to 131 LSBs/dps and a full-scale range of ±250, ±500, ±1000, and ±2000dps; the Tri-Axis accelerometer with a programmable full scale range of ±2g, ±4g, ±8g and ±16g; and the tri-axis compass has a full scale range of ±1200µT.1MPU 9DOFclick™MPU 9DOF click ™ carries the MPU–9150 SiP (System in Package), which is the world’s first 9-axis MotionTracking device. The device comprises two chips: one is the MPU–6050 that contains a 3-axis accelerometer, a 3-axis gyroscope, and a DMP (digital motion processor); the other is AK8975, a 3-axis digital compass. MPU 9DOF click ™ communicates with the target board through mikroBUS ™ I2C (SCL, SDA), INT and RST (FSYNC) lines. It’s designed to use a 3.3V power supply only.MikroElektronika assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in the present document.Specification and information contained in the present schematic are subject to change at any time without notice. Copyright © 2014 MikroElektronika. All rights reserved.5. MPU 9DOF click ™board schematic8. Support7. Code examplesMikroElektronika offers free tech support (/support) until the end of the product’s lifetime, so if something goes wrong, we’re ready and willing to help!Once you have done all the necessary preparations, it’s time to get your click ™ board up and running. We have provided examples for mikroC ™, mikroBasic™ and mikroPascal ™ compilers on our Libstock website. Just download them and you are ready to start.VCC3.3R12K2LD1AN RST CS SCK MOSI MISO +3.3V GNDPWM INT RX TX SCL SDA +5V GNDMIKROBUS DEVICE CONN.C3100nF J2AR34K7R44K7VCC3.3SA0VCC3.3SCL SDAFSYINT VCC3.3C12.2nF C2100nF VCC3.3VCC3.3REGOUT R E G O U T I N TS C LS D A F S Y N C S A 0R2100KC410uF23456710981111213141516CLKIN NC VDD NC A U X _C L V L O G I C A D 0/S D O R E G O U T NC GND NC GND C P O U T N C S C L N C NCAUX_DA F S Y N C I N T1718VDDGND 192021222324S D A N CMPU-9150U1VCC3.3ADDR SEL J1AFSYNCFSY EN/DISFSY VCC3.3.com6. Zero-Ohm jumpersMPU 9DOF click ™ has two jumpers (zero-Ohm resistors). FSYNC enables or disables the interrupt function on the FSYNC (RST) mikroBUS ™ pin. I 2C ADD allows you to select between the available I 2C addresses.。
课件：OB-09
Exchange information Develop new ideas and solve problems Coordinate complex projects Development may be time-consuming due
Interdependence:
Are the members of the group interdependent?
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
9-16
Global Implications
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
9-3
Groups and Teams
Work Group –
A group who interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help one another perform within each member’s area of responsibility
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
9-4
Comparing Work Groups and Work Teams
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
关于“由于目标机器积极拒绝,无法连接”问题的分析处理
金蝶软件（中国）有限公司 客户服务中心
第 7 页 共 10 页
金蝶知识库文档
图-8 通过任务管理器查看对应 PID 的进程
第三步，查询进程 Kingdee.K3.PUBLIC.KDSvrMgrHost.exe 对应系统服务中的“Kingdee K/3 service manager for .NET”服务，分别如图-9 所示。
第二章 【物流条码管理】功能异常分析......................................... 4
2.1 问题分析.................................................................................................................4 2.2 解决方案.................................................................................................................6 第三章 Web 站点访问异常分析 ................................................. 7
图-9 找到进程对应的服务
第四步，通过在正常环境下测试验证，将该服务停止后就会重现以上提到的“由于目标 机器积极拒绝”的报错现象，因此可以断定该问题现象与服务“Kingdee K/3 service manager for .NET”有直接的关联关系。
金蝶软件（中国）有限公司 客户服务中心
第 8 页 共 10 页
?k3主控台出现由于目标机器积极拒绝无法连接报错情况的分析处理方法?k3wen系统出现由于目标机器积极拒绝无法连接报错情况的分析处理方法本文件使用须知著作权人保留本文件的内容的解释权并且仅将本文件内容提供给阁下个人使用
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分发过滤函数-IRP_MJ_INTERNAL_DEVICE_CONTROL
struct tdi_ioctl g_tdi_ioctls[] = { //Minor Control code //对应的处理函数 ENTRY(TDI_ASSOCIATE_ADDRESS, tdi_associate_address), ENTRY(TDI_CONNECT, tdi_connect), ENTRY(TDI_DISASSOCIATE_ADDRESS,tdi_disassociate_address), ENTRY(TDI_SET_EVENT_HANDLER, tdi_set_event_handler), ENTRY(TDI_SEND_DATAGRAM, tdi_send_datagram), ENTRY(TDI_RECEIVE_DATAGRAM, tdi_receive_datagram), ENTRY(TDI_DISCONNECT, tdi_disconnect), ENTRY(TDI_SEND, tdi_send), ENTRY(TDI_RECEIVE, tdi_receive), LAST_ENTRY }; Envents.c Dispatch.c
fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); memset(&addr, 0, sizeof (addr)); addr.sin_family = AF_INET; addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); addr.sin_port = htons(1234); sendto(fd, buf, 80, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof (addr)); close(fd);
网络防火墙技术 (TDI/NDIS/WFP)
网络程序 Application
Networking API TDI Client驱动程序 TDI驱动
IRP包
应用层
XP
Vista WFP
WIN7 WFP
TDI传输驱动程序 网络协议驱动程序 （TCP/IP，SPX/IPX） NDIS包 NDIS驱动 中间驱动程序
客户端： fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); memset(&addr, 0, sizeof (addr)); addr.sin_family = AF_INET; addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); addr.sin_port = htons(1234); rtval = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof (addr)); if (rtval == -1) return write(fd, buff, 80); read(fd, buff, 80); close(fd);
网络数据的传输
协议模型
TCP三次握手与SYN攻击
假设一个A向B发送了SYN后无故消失了，那么B 在发出SYN+ACK应答报文后是无法收到A的ACK 报文的（第三次握手无法完成），这种情况下B一 般会重试（再次发送SYN+ACK给客户端）并等待 一段时间后丢弃这个未完成的连接，这段时间的长 度称为SYN Timeout，一般来说这个时间是分钟的 数量级（大约为30秒-2分钟）；一个A出现异常导 致B的一个线程等待1分钟并不是什么很大的问题 ，但如果有一个恶意的攻击者大量模拟这种情况， B将为了维护一个非常大的半连接列表而消耗非常 多的资源：数以万计的半连接，即使是简单的保存 并遍历也会消耗非常多的CPU时间和内存，何况 还要不断对这个列表中的IP进行SYN+ACK的重试 。实际上如果B的TCP/IP栈不够强大，最后的结果 往往是堆栈溢出崩溃，即使B的系统足够强大，B 也将忙于处理攻击者伪造的TCP连接请求而无暇理 睬客户的正常请求（毕竟C的正常请求比率非常之 小），此时从正常客户的角度看来，B失去响应， 这种情况称作：服务器端受到了SYN Flood攻击（ SYN洪水攻击）。
网络应用层编程示例--UDP
fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); memset(&addr_server, 0, sizeof(addr_server); addr_server.sin_family = AF_INET; addr_server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(INADDR_ANY); addr_server.sin_port = htons(1234); bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr_server, sizeof (addr_server)); while (1) { recvfrom(fd, buf, 100, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &addr_client, sizeof (addr_client)); }
TDI_SEND TDI_RECEIVE TDI_SEND_DATAGRAM TDI_RECEIVE_DATAGRAM 等
分发函数过滤--IRP_MJ_CREATE
本地IP地址与端口，进程的获得
地址对象IP地址 连接对象连接上下文（和地址对象，另外一处获得）
在完成例程里获得地址等信息 tdi_dispatch_complete()：通用IRP下发或终 止函数
[<name>:] ALLOW|DENY TCP|UDP|RawIP|* IN|OUT|* FROM <addr> TO <addr> [NOLOG|COUNT] any: ALLOW * * FROM SELF TO ANY
TDI过滤绑定
绑定API：
IoAttachDevice(*fltobj, &str, oldobj); c_n_a_device(theDriverObject, &g_tcpfltobj, &g_tcpoldobj, L"\\Device\\Tcp"); c_n_a_device(theDriverObject, &g_udpfltobj, &g_udpoldobj, L"\\Device\\Udp"); c_n_a_device(theDriverObject, &g_ipfltobj, &g_ipoldobj, L"\\Device\\RawIp");
内核层
WFP
WFP
网卡驱动程序 (Ethernet, ATM, WIFI) 物理设备 硬件层
NDIS Filter
WFP
TDI
TDI—传输层接口
TDI：一套接口的集合，连接着 socket和协议驱动。 协议驱动生成了一个有名字的 设备，用来接收一组请求： IRP_MJ_CREATE,IRP_MJ_D EVICE_CONTROL,IRP_MJ_I NTERNAL_DEVICE_CONTR OL，用来响应socket, bind,connect,listen,accept,sen d,recv等。 协议驱动设备： \device\tcp \device\udp \device\RawIp
socket tdi tdi tcp udp rawip
ndis
tdifw-1.4.4
tdifw-1.4.4\src\drv
tdi_fw.c dispatch.c event.c 进程连接控制 进程流量监视 等
TDI能做什么？
TDIFW测试方法
测试
Run install.bat Restart Windows Edit %SystemRoot%\system32\drivers\etc\tdifw.conf net stop/net start tdifw 观察%SystemRoot%\system32\LogFiles\tdifw 规则：
IP地址与连接绑定
Socket()： IRP_MJ_CREATE
地址对象 连接对象 将连接对象与地址对象关联 连接上下文与地址对象关联获得连接对象（另一表）
TDI_ASSOCIATE_ADDRESS
这样一来，在处理其它过滤的时候，就可以根据连接 对象或者连接上下文来得到本地地址和端口 IP地址的获得与文件过滤驱动中文件名的获得类似。 都对应一个fileobject。都是在创建的时候获得，然后 在其他时候根据fileobject来直接拿到。 目标IP地址：直接在参数里拿
A SYN(i) ACK(i+1) SYN(k) ACK(k+1)
B
ARP协议与攻击
ARP表： ARP是如何通过IP地址来获得MAC地址的呢？假如某机器A要向主机B发送报文，会 查询本地的ARP缓存表，找到B的IP地址对应的MAC地址后就会进行数据传输。如果 未找到，则广播 A一个ARP请求报文（携带主机A的IP地址Ia——物理地址Pa），请 求IP地址为Ib的主机B回答物理地址Pb。网上所有主机包括B都收到ARP请求，但只 有主机B识别自己的IP地址，于是向A主机发回一个ARP响应报文。其中就包含有B的 MAC地址，A接收到B的应答后，就会更新本地的ARP缓存。接着使用这个MAC地址 发送数据（由网卡附加MAC地址）。因此，本地高速缓存的这个ARP表是本地网络 流通的基础，而且这个缓存是动态的。ARP 表：为了回忆通信的速度，最近常用的 MAC地址与IP的转换不用依靠交换机来进行，而是在本机上建立一个用来记录常用主 机IP－MAC映射表，即ARP 表。 ARP攻击就是通过伪造IP地址和MAC地址实现ARP欺骗，能够在网络中产生大量的 ARP通信量使网络阻塞，攻击者只要持续不断的发出伪造的ARP响应包就能更改目标 主机ARP缓存中的IP-MAC条目，造成网络中断或中间人攻击。