蒙娜丽莎的微笑

合集下载

蒙娜丽莎的微笑课件

蒙娜丽莎的微笑课件

03
促进艺术观念的变革
蒙娜丽莎的出现挑战了当时传统的艺术观念,推动了艺术领域的创新和
变革,为现代艺术的发展奠定了基础。
在现代文化中的引用
电影、电视剧中的引用
蒙娜丽莎作为世界名画,经常被引用在电影、电视剧等影视作品中,作为情节、背景或道 具出现,增加了作品的艺术氛围和观赏性。
商业广告中的运用
蒙娜丽莎的形象也被广泛运用于商业广告中,如时尚、化妆品等品牌常将其作为宣传素材 ,以突显产品的高端、优雅品质。
历史上蒙娜丽莎的原作曾失踪数百年,关于它的下落有许多猜测和传说。有人认为它被隐藏起来以保护免受战争破坏 ,也有人认为它被毁坏或流失海外。
揭秘与解释
近年来,一些专家和学者试图揭开蒙娜丽莎微笑的秘密,通过研究达芬奇的创作过程、历史背景等,试 图解释这一神秘微笑背后的含义和故事。
05
结语
对蒙娜丽莎的总结和评价
THANKS
感谢观看
微笑的象征意义
01
02
03
母性与爱的象征
蒙娜丽莎的微笑被视为母 爱ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ慈祥的象征,它传达 了一种温暖和包容的情感。
女性美的标准
蒙娜丽莎的微笑代表了文 艺复兴时期对女性美的标 准,它展现了女性的优雅、 温柔和魅力。
对现实的逃避
蒙娜丽莎的微笑也可能被 解读为对现实世界的逃避, 她通过微笑来掩饰内心的 痛苦和挣扎。
要点一
蒙娜丽莎的神秘微笑
蒙娜丽莎的微笑被认为是世界上最神 秘的微笑之一,它既温柔又神秘,让 人难以捉摸。这幅画作以其独特的艺 术风格和表现手法,成为了世界艺术 史上的经典之作。
要点二
达芬奇的卓越技巧
达芬奇以其卓越的绘画技巧和独特的 艺术风格,将蒙娜丽莎的微笑表现得 淋漓尽致。他运用了渐变和阴影的技 法,使得画面更加立体,让人仿佛能 够感受到蒙娜丽莎内心的情感。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析《蒙娜丽莎》是最早、最完整的油画作品,也就是说它画面当中,大量地用亚麻仁油造成用油过渡的效果,色彩、材料,用不同的媒介来调粉,就产生了不同的画种。

达?芬奇之前很多人都是用淡彩,或者是湿壁画,这样它的衔接是很不周到的,所以他大量地用亚麻仁油就造成了层次过渡非常地细腻丰富,以至于丰富到比我们看到张三李四的脸上的过渡好像还要玄妙,因而这种神秘感与它这种特殊的材料语言是离不开的,所以我们看到它既很真实可信,但又好像像大理石雕塑般地是我们生活当中某个形象的一种升华,包括它的背景处理,它的背景处理就像中国国画当中的很多山水画那样,因为西方的绘画是讲究透视,在它的这个背景当中,这种透视弱化了,所以它产生了一种既可信又非真实的这样一个画面,这种画面太神奇了。

人的表情所给人传递的这种信息是第一直观的,那么她这种表情是非常微妙,你看如果我们把她的嘴挡住,你发现这个表情非常冷峻,但是有了这个嘴角的微笑,她就是目光的这种冷峻,这种最捉摸不定的表情和她恰到好处的一点微笑的这个嘴角,形成的这种既有美感但又深邃,还有一点就是大家注意画面没有眉毛,达?芬奇他确实好像不是太喜欢画眉毛,因为我们看到他的好多画把眉毛都画得很淡,但这张画我觉得他肯定当初是画了眉毛,他可能是用一种透明的赭色,再加上用油这样画的,色粉含量比较少,透明赭色时间长了是褪色的,但是消失之后的结果是什么,女性特征弱化了,因为最能有表情的东西,你们注意一下,一定是人的嘴角和眉头,眉毛已经没了,好像更庄重了,更不像人了。

我们观察很多人画眼睛,或睁得大大的,或稍稍眯一点,而这张画她既不睁大也不微阖,她恰到好处,就是以一个最平实的方式注视着你,就是一种冷静的凝视,我们想如果一个人没有表情地凝视着你,就给你看毛了,其实是挺让人紧张的一种表情,所以这时候她嘴角微笑一下,给人们往这种美好的空间带,所以这是作者的一个意图,眼睛专注于你,其实她是给你的这种注目的凝聚感,凝视的效果是重要的。

欧美励志电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》简介和职场启示

欧美励志电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》简介和职场启示

欧美励志电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》简介和职场启示
欧美励志电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》简介和职场启示2-11-1516:48:脑筋急转弯:励志电影
《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》MonaLisaSmile
剧情简介:
上世纪中叶,美国马萨诸塞州被誉为没有男子的常青藤的威斯理女子学院,新来了位名叫凯瑟琳沃森的艺术史老师,她美丽、成熟、自信,拥有开放的自由思想,立志要把新思想传授给学生们。

但在当时,美国封建保守思想仍非常严重。

威斯理的教育不是教她们如何获得知识和智慧,而是把学生今后的婚姻定义为教育是否成功的标准。

凯瑟琳来到这里后,没有像其他老师那样沿袭该校的传统教学风格,而是大胆地去挑战传统,鼓励学生发掘自己的兴趣,并且支持他们去实践自己的想法。

她的做法不仅受到了一些大户人家女儿的挑战,而且受到家长、学校各方的质疑和责难。

但是她凭借坚定的信念顽强地坚持了下来,最终赢得了学生们的尊敬和爱戴。

职场启示:只有坚持到底,才能笑到最后。

世界上所有那些看似不可能的改变,都是由人促成的。

只要你坚持自己的目标不放弃,就可能看到奇迹的发生。

严格地说,我们每个人都没有发挥出自身的各种极限。

限于习惯、主观认知等原因,我们每个人一生中都可能浪费掉自己这样或那样的一些潜能。

很多时候我
们觉得挺不过去了,其实那并不是真实的状态。

只要咬咬牙坚持下去,你会发现多数情况我们都能够挺过去,我们其实比自己想象得要强大得多!只有坚持到底,我们才能最大限度地发现我们自己的潜能,才能笑到最后。

励志电影在线观看:蒙娜丽莎的微笑。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑的歌词

蒙娜丽莎的微笑的歌词

林志炫的《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》歌词
在浪漫之都你看到了蒙娜丽莎的微笑
你说这对你很好
这次旅行让你渡过了感情的低潮
你觉得曾经爱的太苦
感谢我听你倾诉温柔的痛苦
在我的梦里因为可以和你相爱而骄傲
然而你都不知道
我期待在你爱的世界里变得重要
你要把爱人慢慢寻找
对你付出的一切只换来我对自己苦苦的嘲笑蒙娜丽莎她是谁
她是否也曾为爱争论错与对
为什么你总留给我失恋的泪水
却把你的感情付给别人去摧毁
蒙娜丽莎她是谁
她是否也曾为爱寻觅好几回
她的微笑那么神秘那么美
或许她也过感情的千山万水
才发现爱你的人
不会让他的蒙娜丽莎流眼泪
在我的梦里因为可以和你相爱而骄傲
然而你都不知道
我期待在你爱的世界里变得重要
你要把爱人慢慢寻找
对你付出的一切只换来我对自己苦苦的嘲笑蒙娜丽莎她是谁
她是否也曾为爱争论错与对
为什么你总留给我失恋的泪水
却把你的感情付给别人去摧毁
蒙娜丽莎她是谁
她是否也曾为爱寻觅好几回
她的微笑那么神秘那么美
或许她也过感情的千山万水
才发现爱你的人
不会让他的蒙娜丽莎流眼泪蒙娜丽莎她是谁
她是否也曾为爱争论错与对为什么你总留给我失恋的泪水却把你的感情付给别人去摧毁蒙娜丽莎她是谁
她是否也曾为爱寻觅好几回她的微笑那么神秘那么美
或许她也过感情的千山万水才发现爱你的人
不会让他的蒙娜丽莎流眼泪。

格非的中篇小说《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》

格非的中篇小说《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》

浅析格非的中篇小说《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》摘要:抓住典型,以一个人写出了一代人。

胡惟丏挣扎一生的命运是极具典型性的,他的命运历程代表着二十世纪八十年代那一群中国知识分子的心路历程。

同时,时代还往往给那些生活在它的世界里的人打上深深的烙印,让很多人既做了时代的“催生儿”,又做了时代的“亡灵儿”。

关键词:知识界;80年代;缩影;追求个性;时代局限;神秘色彩;批判在社会历史中,抓取典型,经过艺术加工,达到审美效果,是这篇小说的成功之一,用一个人写出了一代人的特质。

《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》中的胡惟丏就是这样一个具有时代特色的人物,他是那一代人的缩影。

他挣扎一生的命运是极具典型性的,他命运历程也折射出二十世纪八十年代中国知识分子的心路历程。

胡惟丏是一个时代催生的“产儿”。

上世纪八十年代,随着改革开放的时代潮流,人们的思想也相应的“改革开放”。

很多人,尤其是知识分子都注重寻求思想的解放,个性的独立,胡惟丏正是这一批人的真实写照。

在学术沙龙上,大家对胡惟丏的格外尊重,同学宋建军对他的膜拜跟踪,他住在神秘的花园洋房里,他对“我”的习作的批评修改,以及他“话是这么说,可我不是这个意思”和“是这个意思,可话不能这么说”一类的语言,同学邓海云因为写了一篇时文而收到胡惟丏的绝交信,他不用去上课,但到了期末,“只要他肯来参加考试,成绩一律全优”等诸如此类的反常现象,以及胡惟丏的反常习惯——他平常若不看书,很少点灯——他的说法是“只有在黑暗中,人的灵魂才会安逸。

”等等。

他就是这样一个神秘莫测的人物,也许用我们今天的眼光去看待他的种种行为,会觉得他是一个“异类”。

但就在他生长的那个年代,这一切都属于正常行为,甚至还有可能受到种种追捧。

像他这样一个特立独行的人,是上世纪八十年代的产物。

他们的思想、行为、性格都追求个性,而这种个性却常常喜欢用“神秘”来装饰,借此来引起外界对他们的关注,也或许他们的初衷并不想引起关注,只是外界的人处于一种好奇心理而乐于关注、打探他们的“神秘个性”。

《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》高考文学类文本阅读练习及答案

《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》高考文学类文本阅读练习及答案

阅读下面的文字,完成4~6题。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑【俄罗斯】诺里斯塔夫女孩说,我叫蒙娜丽莎。

凯莉便笑了,有种想要接近女孩的冲动。

凯莉是一名画家,去拉马拉本是看望男友,却没想到刚踏上这片土地便遇到这样一个女孩,傻傻地朝着你笑,但那张脸上却有很多疤痕,显然与真正的“蒙娜丽莎”扯不上半点关系。

“蒙娜丽莎,你家住在哪呀?”凯莉蹲下身子问道。

可女孩却不说话了,一双眼大概是被大风刮久了,红通通浸着泪水,勉强才吐出三个字:“杜米斯。

”杜米斯经常出现在国内各大报刊上,那是这个地区最大的一座难民营。

凯莉的脑海瞬间出现一幅图画:眼前的女孩躺在一堵烂墙下,空气中弥漫着血腥的味道,一只苍蝇停在她的脸上,但她却一动不动。

女孩一定饿了,凯莉把包里所有的压缩饼干都拿出来,塞在对方手里,想了想,又把脖子上的围巾取下,紧紧地裹在女孩身上,然后满意地点点头,看着女孩幸福的样子,忍不住当场拿出画架,刷刷几笔,一幅凯莉版《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》便完成了。

“这是我来拉马拉的第一幅作品。

”凯莉在男友面前炫耀,但男友却不置可否,不断叮嘱她要小心,拉马拉城的小孩比大人更危险。

凯莉认真地点点头,毕竟男友是真正为自己着想的人。

但第二天,凯莉便改变了看法,因为在比瑞德街头,她再次看到了蒙娜丽莎,她捧着那条围巾,就像捧着圣物一样,看到凯莉便奔过来说:“真主保佑你。

”接着便把围巾交还给凯莉。

蒙娜丽莎很丑,但却是一个特别的女孩,望着前面飞奔的背影,凯莉再次陷入沉思,第二幅微笑图瞬间在脑海里成形。

这就是收获,一个画家最想要的便是这种灵感。

她就地创作,完成以后,随手把围巾套在脖子上,却突然觉得脖颈一阵刺痛。

⑻被一滴鲜血染红了的围巾里,竟然包裹着一个尖利的铜钉。

太可恶了,早就在报纸上看过报道,艾滋病患者为了报复这个世界,常常把沾满自己血液的钉子放在路边的凳子上,很多行人都平白无辜受害。

没想到这样的悲剧竟然降临到自己头上,而且对方还以怨报德,太可恨了。

这世界疯了,连小孩都干这种勾当。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑简介

蒙娜丽莎的微笑简介

《蒙娜丽莎》 - 简介《蒙娜丽莎》名称:《蒙娜丽莎》(英文:Mona Lisa)作者:列奥纳多·达·芬奇(意大利)类型:油画(木板)尺寸:77×53厘米收藏:卢浮宫《蒙娜丽莎》是一幅享有盛誉的肖像画杰作。

它代表达·芬奇的最高艺术成就,成功地塑造了资本主义上升时期一位城市有产阶级的妇女形象。

画中人物坐姿优雅,笑容微妙,背景山水幽深茫茫,淋漓尽致地发挥了画家那奇特的烟雾状“无界渐变着色法”般的笔法。

画家力图使人物的丰富内心感情和美丽的外形达到巧妙的结合,对于人像面容中眼角唇边等表露感情的关键部位,也特别着重掌握精确与含蓄的辩证关系,达到神韵之境,从而使蒙娜丽莎的微笑具有一种神秘莫测的千古奇韵,那如梦似的妩媚微笑,被不少美术史家称为“神秘的微笑”。

《蒙娜丽莎》 - 名称来源蒙娜丽莎是从英文“Mona Lisa”音译过来的。

这个名称来自于达芬奇死后31年由乔尔乔·瓦萨里(Giorgio Vasari)发表的一部传记——《艺苑名人传》。

在其中,乔尔乔·瓦萨里认为这位模特是佛罗伦萨富商弗朗西斯科·戴尔·吉奥亢多(Francesco del Giocondo)的夫人Lisa Gherardini。

蒙娜在意大利语中翻译为“我的女士”,通常放在女性的名字前,相当于英语中的“Madam”。

所以,蒙娜丽莎的意思是“丽莎夫人”。

这幅画的另一个名称是意大利语“La Gioconda”,这是吉奥亢多(Giocondo)的阴性拼写。

意大利语中,“gioconda”的解释是“轻松的,无忧无虑的”,因此“gioconda”也可以指“无忧无虑的妇人”。

由于她的微笑,此名称便有了两层含义。

法语名称“La Joconde”同样可以这样解释。

19世纪以来,“蒙娜丽莎”(Mona Lisa)和意大利语名称“Giocondo”已经成为了这幅画固定的名称。

在此前很长的一段时间,这幅画有很多描述性的名称,如“某个佛罗伦萨女士”、“带着纱巾的情妇”等。

Mona Lisa smile 蒙娜丽莎的微笑读后感英文版

Mona Lisa smile 蒙娜丽莎的微笑读后感英文版

Name:elsemClass:119Date:2012/11/15Class No:14The review of Mona Lisa SmileThe story in the film Mona Lisa smile took place in 1953,when the second women‟s liberation gradually arisen . all the story happen in Wellesley college ,the most conservative college in the nation .Katherine Watson ,a teacher from Oakland sate ,got a position in the art history department in Wellesley college ,having feminist thought ,Katherine Watson cannot get along well with her students who regarded marrying with a good husband as a final goal of their life .under this circumstance ,Katherine tried to open their mind to the new idea .as far as I‟m concerned ,discrimination is the practice of treating one person or ground of people fairly or less well that other people or groups .in the movie ,we could know that the female in the 1950s is considered lower-grade .the male chauvinism advocated in that time is a kind of discrimination for women .there were many characters in the movie ,four of them were impressing . the first one was the main character Katherine ,who was a independent female with feminist thought she was a forward thinker who was a little bit progressive .different from others in that time ,she thought that the female was equal with male and women were not born to be the wives or mothers .she was a creative teacher ,who never follow the textbook but tried to asked the students to think independently .she‟s also a adamancy teacher who always lived by her own definition .when the headmaster tried to set a list of rules about her teaching ,she choose to leave without hesitation .and then would be Betty . a student in Wellesley who is conservative and stubborn .just like others women in that time ,she thought that the only responsibility for a woman was taking care of her husband and family .besides ,she was a brave girl who always insist on her own opinion and wasn‟t easy to give up her mind .however ,when she faced with her husband ,she was helpless and weak .suffered from a failed marriage ,her change her mind and became a independent woman .another student of Katherine is Connie ,whowas a outgoing girl and eager for love ,there‟s no doubt that she‟s also thought that the marriage is the most important thing of the women .however .I admired her courage to pursuit her love when she realized that she was really love Charlie Stewart. The last one would be Johnnie ,a girl who was hardworking and have her own dream .however she‟s also conservative .though she want to be a lawyer and was accepted by the Y ale law school ,she gave up the chance just because she want to marry Tommy and have her family .There were 3things I considered important in the movie .first one is that at the second class, Katherine showed the picture of carcass in 1925 to the students, which raised the heated discussion about what was art in the class. “there‟s no textbook telling you what to think” Katherine wanted her students know that they should open their mind to the new idea and try to think independently .the second thing is that Katherine introduce the Sunflower, painted by Vincent V an Gogh 1888 to the students, telling the girls that they can conform to what others expected them or chose to be their selves. It showed how deeply Katherine wanted to change the students‟mind ,from which we can know that she‟s a really a good teacher who tried everything she could to make a difference .the third one is that when the headmaster of Wellesley tried to invite Katherine to continue the job ,she set a list of requirements ,including teaching only the syllabus as outlined by the department chair and others .according to this ,we can feel how bad the situation about women at that time ,the conception of women were born to be housewives was to deep to rid .It is also a sign of Katherine‟s final leaving .At that time ,men‟s point of view of women was that women were lower –grade and should listen to men and be obedient .just like it showed in the movie ,when bill talked with Katherine ,he said that :If you are my girl friend ,I will never let you go .and when Katherine‟s boy friend came to find her ,he thought Katherine would be obedient and married him without hesitation .besides ,at that time ,the powerful ,prestigious women also thought that that all the women were born to be the housewives and mothers and what‟s important for women was to find a good husband .just like the headmaster who could n‟t accept the practice of AmandaArmstrong and fired her .what‟s more ,when Betty came back to find her mother in the midnight ,her mother refused just because she thought Betty should be a good wife to wait her husband .however ,Katherine‟s thinking was different from those women .she thought that people should break the traditional rules and women should be independent and pursuit what they want .I think that‟s why she applied for the job far away her boy friend .I can well remember that once she was talking with a man ,the man sais that if she were his girl friend ,he would never let her go and than Katherine said “I don‟t need your permission”. besides ,Katherine thought that women have right to choose their love but not marry just for marry .she refused to married her boy friend when she realized she‟s not love him and apart from the men teacher when she found that he had cheated her. on the contrary ,Betty‟s thinking about women and women‟s role is totally different from Katherine .Betty thought that women was the lower-grade ones who should listen to their men .the only responsibility of a woman was to take care of her husband and family . she thought the women was born to fill the role of a good wife and mother .because of the obvious difference ,there were many conflicts between Katherine and Betty .when Katherine tried to introduced the Sunflower to the students and asked the students to make their own choice and be themselves .Betty augured that Katherine is a subversive and disregarded their traditions .besides ,she was against Katherine‟s suggestion and tried to persuaded John to give up studying law in order to marry .more importantly ,she delicate a passage in the newspaper ,saying :while our mother were mother were called to work for lady liberty ,it‟s our duty ,obligation to reclaim our place in the home ,bearing the children that will carry our traditions into the future one must pause to consider why Miss Katherine Watson instructor in the Art history department has decided to declare war on the holy sacrament o f marriage .he subversive and political teaching encourage our Wellesley girls to reject the roles they were born to fill”in Katherine‟s class ,she was trying to make the students escape from the traditionally thinking way .when she showed the carcass to the students ,she want the students to think independently but not just copy what the textbook said .when she introduced the V an Gogh to them ,she want them to know that everyone have their own chance tochoose what should they do but not live just for others‟ expectation .Katherine felt disappointed about John because at first time ,Katherine considered John was different from others and she would pursuit her own dream to be a lawyer but not just a housewife .however ,when John was accepted by the Y ale law school ,she gave up the chance because she wanted to be a good wife of Tommy .It really hurt Katherine because Katherine thought that what she did made no sense .the reason why it was contradictory is that when Katherine tried to persuade John not to give up ,John argued that it was Katherine tough her to do what she want and what she want was not be a lawyer but a housewife .though Betty was stubborn ,she changed her mind at last .after marriage ,Betty realized that family is not everything of a woman and the husband was not that kind of reliable one she ever thought .she choose to divorce her husband in spite of her mother‟s objection and tried to understand Katherine .and she ever said: “----Katherine ----an extraordinary woman who lived by example and compelled us all to see the world through new eyes .”There were many things surprised me in the movie .the first one was that the girls in the Wellesley played games so crazy just because they heard about that the first one can get their one .the second one was that the school fired the teacher Amada Astrong ,who have been working there for 24 years ,just because she offer condom to the students .another one was that the teacher in the Wellesley told the students that their only responsibility is to take care of their husband and children .however ,nowadays ,this kind of phenomenon is still exist in China ,especially in some poor village .people think that girls needn‟t too much education ,so many girls in the poor areas lose the chance to go to school .besides ,most of the villagers think that the only important thing for female is marriage and taking care of her husband and family ,which leading the result that many girls marry early and become a total housewife after marriage .as for my family ,the discrimination exist too . because I‟m a girl ,I cannot inherit the skill my father have and I cannot have my name in the family tree .As far as I …m concerned, I think it is a good movie .it showed the historic situation about women by telling the story happened in the Wellesley. It encourageswomen to free themselves and fight for their life to get what they really want. I think it is also praise the friendship between Katherine and her students .there are two scenes I will never forget .one is that all the students painted a sunflower paint to Katherine, which means a kind of understanding about Katherine and a love for the teacher .other was that when Katherine was leaving in the car, al the students rode behind the car and called her name .I was touched deeply!。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑简介

蒙娜丽莎的微笑简介

《蒙娜丽莎》 - 简介《蒙娜丽莎》名称:《蒙娜丽莎》(英文:Mona Lisa)作者:列奥纳多·达·芬奇(意大利)类型:油画(木板)尺寸:77×53厘米收藏:卢浮宫《蒙娜丽莎》是一幅享有盛誉的肖像画杰作。

它代表达·芬奇的最高艺术成就,成功地塑造了资本主义上升时期一位城市有产阶级的妇女形象。

画中人物坐姿优雅,笑容微妙,背景山水幽深茫茫,淋漓尽致地发挥了画家那奇特的烟雾状“无界渐变着色法”般的笔法。

画家力图使人物的丰富内心感情和美丽的外形达到巧妙的结合,对于人像面容中眼角唇边等表露感情的关键部位,也特别着重掌握精确与含蓄的辩证关系,达到神韵之境,从而使蒙娜丽莎的微笑具有一种神秘莫测的千古奇韵,那如梦似的妩媚微笑,被不少美术史家称为“神秘的微笑”。

《蒙娜丽莎》 - 名称来源蒙娜丽莎是从英文“Mona Lisa”音译过来的。

这个名称来自于达芬奇死后31年由乔尔乔·瓦萨里(Giorgio Vasari)发表的一部传记——《艺苑名人传》。

在其中,乔尔乔·瓦萨里认为这位模特是佛罗伦萨富商弗朗西斯科·戴尔·吉奥亢多(Francesco del Giocondo)的夫人Lisa Gherardini。

蒙娜在意大利语中翻译为“我的女士”,通常放在女性的名字前,相当于英语中的“Madam”。

所以,蒙娜丽莎的意思是“丽莎夫人”。

这幅画的另一个名称是意大利语“La Gioconda”,这是吉奥亢多(Giocondo)的阴性拼写。

意大利语中,“gioconda”的解释是“轻松的,无忧无虑的”,因此“gioconda”也可以指“无忧无虑的妇人”。

由于她的微笑,此名称便有了两层含义。

法语名称“La Joconde”同样可以这样解释。

19世纪以来,“蒙娜丽莎”(Mona Lisa)和意大利语名称“Giocondo”已经成为了这幅画固定的名称。

在此前很长的一段时间,这幅画有很多描述性的名称,如“某个佛罗伦萨女士”、“带着纱巾的情妇”等。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析《蒙娜丽莎》,画面有太多的因素,大家太关注这张画,太多的神秘气息,那么这些神秘气息是从什么来的?所有绘画的感觉是要靠绘画材料,靠你的眼睛来传递给你的,所以它所用的绘画材料直接决定了它的视觉表现力。

下面是为你带来的蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析,欢迎阅读。

《蒙娜丽莎》是最早、最完整的油画作品,也就是说它画面当中,大量地用亚麻仁油造成用油过渡的效果,色彩、材料,用不同的媒介来调粉,就产生了不同的画种。

达?芬奇之前很多人都是用淡彩,或者是湿壁画,这样它的衔接是很不周到的,所以他大量地用亚麻仁油就造成了层次过渡非常地细腻丰富,以至于丰富到比我们瞧到张三李四的脸上的过渡似乎还要玄妙,因而这种神秘感与它这种非凡的材料语言是离不开的,所以我们瞧到它既很真实可信,但又似乎像大理石雕塑般地是我们生活当中某个形象的一种升华,包括它的背景处理,它的背景处理就像中国国画当中的很多山水画那样,因为西方的绘画是讲究透视,在它的这个背景当中,这种透视弱化了,所以它产生了一种既可信又非真实的这样一个画面,这种画面太神奇了。

人的表情所给人传递的这种信息是第一直瞧的,那么她这种表情是非常微妙,你瞧假如我们把她的嘴挡住,你发现这个表情非常冷峻,但是有了这个嘴角的微笑,她就是目光的这种冷峻,这种最捉摸不定的表情和她恰到好处的一点微笑的这个嘴角,形成的这种既有美感但又深邃,还有一点就是大家注重画面没有眉毛,达?芬奇他确实似乎不是太喜欢画眉毛,因为我们瞧到他的好多画把眉毛都画得很淡,但这张画我觉得他肯定当初是画了眉毛,他可能是用一种透明的赭色,再加上用油这样画的,色粉含量比较少,透明赭色时间长了是褪色的,但是消失之后的结果是什么,女性特征弱化了,因为最能有表情的东西,你们注重一下,一定是人的嘴角和眉头,眉毛已经没了,似乎更庄重了,更不像人了。

我们瞧察很多人画眼睛,或睁得大大的,或稍稍眯一点,而这张画她既不睁大也不微阖,她恰到好处,就是以一个最平实的方式注视着你,就是一种冷静的注视,我们想假如一个人没有表情地注视着你,就给你瞧毛了,其实是挺让人紧张的一种表情,所以这时候她嘴角微笑一下,给人们往这种美好的空间带,所以这是作者的一个意图,眼睛专注于你,其实她是给你的这种注目的凝聚感,注视的效果是重要的。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑赏析引言《蒙娜丽莎》是世界上最知名、最神秘的绘画作品之一,由意大利文艺复兴大师莱昂纳多·达·芬奇创作于16世纪。

这幅画作以它深邃的眼神和神秘的微笑而闻名于世。

本文将对《蒙娜丽莎》的微笑进行赏析,探讨其艺术价值以及传达给观众的意义。

艺术价值技术与构图莱昂纳多·达·芬奇是一位天才的画家和科学家,他在《蒙娜丽莎》中展示了他卓越的艺术技巧。

画面中的透视再现了现实生活中的深度感,展现了达·芬奇对透视和光照的精准把握。

此外,达·芬奇巧妙地运用了平衡和对比以增强画面的效果。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑使整幅画作更加动人,给人以神秘和吸引力。

表情的神秘性蒙娜丽莎的微笑一直以来都是艺术界和大众关注的焦点。

这个微笑既不明确也不坚决,好像在观察者试图去捕捉它的时候就会消失。

这种模糊性让观众产生了无限的联想和想象空间,增加了画作的神秘性。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑既隐藏着一种神秘的智慧,又散发出温和、亲切的氛围。

她的眸子充满了生动的灵性,仿佛能够与观众直接眼神交流。

给观众的启示蒙娜丽莎的微笑不仅仅是一种表情,它还蕴含着更深层次的意义和启示。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑可能代表着艺术家对人性的洞察,以及对生活的乐观态度。

这幅画作呈现了一种平静和内省的氛围,引导观众思考人生的意义和真理。

达·芬奇的意图不是展示蒙娜丽莎的外貌,而是通过她微笑背后的灵魂,引发观众的共鸣和自省。

影响与传承《蒙娜丽莎》以其独特的艺术风格和微笑形象,成为了世界上最受欢迎的艺术作品之一,并对后世的艺术家和观众产生了深远的影响。

许多画家通过模仿和学习《蒙娜丽莎》中的技巧和表达方式来提升自己的绘画水平。

同时,观众通过欣赏这幅作品,感受到了艺术与生活的深度关联,从而更好地理解艺术的真正意义。

结论《蒙娜丽莎》作为一幅具有深远影响力的艺术作品,通过蒙娜丽莎的微笑传递了莱昂纳多·达·芬奇对生活的思考和人性的洞察。

蒙娜丽莎的微笑作品赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑作品赏析

蒙娜丽莎的微笑作品赏析
1. 哇塞,蒙娜丽莎的微笑,那可是世界闻名啊!你看她嘴角那微微上扬的弧度,多神秘啊!就好像夜空中闪烁的星星,让人捉摸不透。

难道你不想知道这微笑背后隐藏着什么吗?
2. 蒙娜丽莎的微笑,那简直绝了!就如同春天里最温暖的阳光,洒在人的心上。

每次看到,都让人忍不住感叹,这是怎样的一种魅力啊!你难道不觉得神奇吗?
3. 嘿,你们想想,蒙娜丽莎的微笑为啥能这么吸引人?那感觉就像是一阵轻柔的风,轻轻拂过你的脸庞,让你陶醉其中。

这难道不是艺术的魔力吗?
4. 哇哦,蒙娜丽莎的微笑啊,真的是太独特了!好比一杯醇厚的美酒,越品越有味道。

你们难道没有这样的感受吗?
5. 蒙娜丽莎的微笑,那可是艺术史上的瑰宝啊!像一朵盛开的鲜花,娇艳欲滴。

这微笑难道不是跨越时空的魅力展现吗?
6. 哎呀呀,蒙娜丽莎的微笑真的太神奇了!仿佛是一首动听的音乐,萦绕在耳边。

难道你不被这微笑所打动吗?
7. 蒙娜丽莎的微笑,真的是太有韵味了!就似一道绚丽的彩虹,挂在天空。

你们不觉得这是一种无法言喻的美吗?
8. 哇,蒙娜丽莎的微笑,那是怎样的一种存在啊!如同一个深深的漩涡,把你吸引进去。

这微笑难道不是让人为之痴迷吗?
9. 蒙娜丽莎的微笑,绝对是经典中的经典啊!好比一座巍峨的山峰,屹立不倒。

你们难道不想深入探究这微笑的奥秘吗?
10. 蒙娜丽莎的微笑,真的是太了不起了!像一颗璀璨的星星,闪耀着光芒。

这微笑难道不是让世界都为之倾倒吗?
我觉得蒙娜丽莎的微笑是艺术史上最具魅力和神秘感的存在之一,它以其独特的韵味和无尽的魅力吸引着无数人去欣赏和探究。

《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》PPT课件

《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》PPT课件

哈姆雷特说:“人类是一件多么了 不得的杰作!多么高贵的理性!多么伟 大的力量!多么文雅的举动!在行为上 多么像一个天使!在智慧上多么像一个
天神!宇宙的精华!万物的灵长!”
欣赏了文艺复兴代表的作品,再结合哈姆雷特的话, 请你概括一下什么是文艺复兴中的人文精神?
文艺复兴时期,一些先进的知识分子借助研究古代希腊 罗马的文化,通过文艺创作,肯定人的价值与尊严, 重视人的作用和需要,主张一切以人为本,要求一切 从人出发,最终一切为了人。这就是文艺复兴时期的 人文精神
创造财富,也应该享受生活,他们要求重视 人的作用和人的需要,一些先进的知识分子 借助研究古代希腊罗马的文化,通过文艺创 作,宣传人文精神。展开了“文艺复兴”运 动。
文艺复兴运动是一场什么性质的运动?
是一场新兴资产阶级思想解放运动。
为什么称”文艺复兴”运动? 因为是一些先进知识分子借助研究古代希腊
罗马的文化,通过文艺创作,宣传人文精神的。
中世纪的一幅镶嵌画
《蒙娜丽莎》
(1)对比这两幅画的取材有什么不同?
(2)对比这两幅画,你觉得人物表情有什么不同? 她的微笑有何含义?
米 开 朗 琪 罗 的 作 品
摩西
拉斐尔的作品
雅典学派
西斯廷圣母
达芬奇的作品
最后的晚餐
文坛巨星 莎士比亚
莎士比亚不仅是英国文艺复兴 时期的杰出代表,也是世界文坛 巨匠。莎士比亚的作品洋溢着资 产阶级人文主义的生活理想,充 满着对美好人生的向往。他歌颂 自由的爱情、真挚的友谊、人类 的才智;反对封建分裂,痛恨资 产阶级的残忍和唯利是图。至今 留下的剧本,有37部,其中包括 悲剧、喜剧和历史剧等。
他对近代现实主义美术的发展有巨 大影响,代表作是《最后的晚餐》和 《蒙娜丽莎》。他还致力于数学、解 剖学、光学、力学、生物学和地质学 的研究,从事机械设计和技术发明, 是一位具有多方面才能的科学巨人。

MonaLisasmile蒙娜丽莎的微笑读后感英文版

MonaLisasmile蒙娜丽莎的微笑读后感英文版

Name:elsemClass:119Date:2012/11/15Class No:14The review of Mona Lisa SmileThe story in the film Mona Lisa smile took place in 1953,when the second women‟s liberation gradually arisen . all the story happen in Wellesley college ,the most conservative college in the nation .Katherine Watson ,a teacher from Oakland sate ,got a position in the art history department in Wellesley college ,having feminist thought ,Katherine Watson cannot get along well with her students who regarded marrying with a good husband as a final goal of their life .under this circumstance ,Katherine tried to open their mind to the new idea .as far as I‟m concerned ,discrimination is the practice of treating one person or ground of people fairly or less well that other people or groups .in the movie ,we could know that the female in the 1950s is considered lower-grade .the male chauvinism advocated in that time is a kind of discrimination for women .there were many characters in the movie ,four of them were impressing . the first one was the main character Katherine ,who was a independent female with feminist thought she was a forward thinker who was a little bit progressive .different from others in that time ,she thought that the female was equal with male and women were not born to be the wives or mothers .she was a creative teacher ,who never follow the textbook but tried to asked the students to think independently .she‟s also a adamancy teacher who always lived by her own definition .when the headmaster tried to set a list of rules about her teaching ,she choose to leave without hesitation .and then would be Betty . a student in Wellesley who is conservative and stubborn .just like others women in that time ,she thought that the only responsibility for a woman was taking care of her husband and family .besides ,she was a brave girl who always insist on her own opinion and wasn‟t easy to give up her mind .however ,when she faced with her husband ,she was helpless and weak .suffered from a failed marriage ,her change her mind and became a independent woman .another student of Katherine is Connie ,whowas a outgoing girl and eager for love ,there‟s no doubt that she‟s also thought that the marriage is the most important thing of the women .however .I admired her courage to pursuit her love when she realized that she was really love Charlie Stewart. The last one would be Johnnie ,a girl who was hardworking and have her own dream .however she‟s also conservative .though she want to be a lawyer and was accepted by the Y ale law school ,she gave up the chance just because she want to marry Tommy and have her family .There were 3things I considered important in the movie .first one is that at the second class, Katherine showed the picture of carcass in 1925 to the students, which raised the heated discussion about what was art in the class. “there‟s no textbook telling you what to think” Katherine wanted her students know that they should open their mind to the new idea and try to think independently .the second thing is that Katherine introduce the Sunflower, painted by Vincent V an Gogh 1888 to the students, telling the girls that they can conform to what others expected them or chose to be their selves. It showed how deeply Katherine wanted to change the students‟mind ,from which we can know that she‟s a really a good teacher who tried everything she could to make a difference .the third one is that when the headmaster of Wellesley tried to invite Katherine to continue the job ,she set a list of requirements ,including teaching only the syllabus as outlined by the department chair and others .according to this ,we can feel how bad the situation about women at that time ,the conception of women were born to be housewives was to deep to rid .It is also a sign of Katherine‟s final leaving .At that time ,men‟s point of view of women was that women were lower –grade and should listen to men and be obedient .just like it showed in the movie ,when bill talked with Katherine ,he said that :If you are my girl friend ,I will never let you go .and when Katherine‟s boy friend came to find her ,he thought Katherine would be obedient and married him without hesitation .besides ,at that time ,the powerful ,prestigious women also thought that that all the women were born to be the housewives and mothers and what‟s important for women was to find a good husband .just like the headmaster who could n‟t accept the practice of AmandaArmstrong and fired her .what‟s more ,when Betty came back to find her mother in the midnight ,her mother refused just because she thought Betty should be a good wife to wait her husband .however ,Katherine‟s thinking was different from those women .she thought that people should break the traditional rules and women should be independent and pursuit what they want .I think that‟s why she applied for the job far away her boy friend .I can well remember that once she was talking with a man ,the man sais that if she were his girl friend ,he would never let her go and than Katherine said “I don‟t need your permission”. besides ,Katherine thought that women have right to choose their love but not marry just for marry .she refused to married her boy friend when she realized she‟s not love him and apart from the men teacher when she found that he had cheated her. on the contrary ,Betty‟s thinking about women and women‟s role is totally different from Katherine .Betty thought that women was the lower-grade ones who should listen to their men .the only responsibility of a woman was to take care of her husband and family . she thought the women was born to fill the role of a good wife and mother .because of the obvious difference ,there were many conflicts between Katherine and Betty .when Katherine tried to introduced the Sunflower to the students and asked the students to make their own choice and be themselves .Betty augured that Katherine is a subversive and disregarded their traditions .besides ,she was against Katherine‟s suggestion and tried to persuaded John to give up studying law in order to marry .more importantly ,she delicate a passage in the newspaper ,saying :while our mother were mother were called to work for lady liberty ,it‟s our duty ,obligation to reclaim our place in the home ,bearing the children that will carry our traditions into the future one must pause to consider why Miss Katherine Watson instructor in the Art history department has decided to declare war on the holy sacrament o f marriage .he subversive and political teaching encourage our Wellesley girls to reject the roles they were born to fill”in Katherine‟s class ,she was trying to make the students escape from the traditionally thinking way .when she showed the carcass to the students ,she want the students to think independently but not just copy what the textbook said .when she introduced the V an Gogh to them ,she want them to know that everyone have their own chance tochoose what should they do but not live just for others‟ expectation .Katherine felt disappointed about John because at first time ,Katherine considered John was different from others and she would pursuit her own dream to be a lawyer but not just a housewife .however ,when John was accepted by the Y ale law school ,she gave up the chance because she wanted to be a good wife of Tommy .It really hurt Katherine because Katherine thought that what she did made no sense .the reason why it was contradictory is that when Katherine tried to persuade John not to give up ,John argued that it was Katherine tough her to do what she want and what she want was not be a lawyer but a housewife .though Betty was stubborn ,she changed her mind at last .after marriage ,Betty realized that family is not everything of a woman and the husband was not that kind of reliable one she ever thought .she choose to divorce her husband in spite of her mother‟s objection and tried to understand Katherine .and she ever said: “----Katherine ----an extraordinary woman who lived by example and compelled us all to see the world through new eyes .”There were many things surprised me in the movie .the first one was that the girls in the Wellesley played games so crazy just because they heard about that the first one can get their one .the second one was that the school fired the teacher Amada Astrong ,who have been working there for 24 years ,just because she offer condom to the students .another one was that the teacher in the Wellesley told the students that their only responsibility is to take care of their husband and children .however ,nowadays ,this kind of phenomenon is still exist in China ,especially in some poor village .people think that girls needn‟t too much education ,so many girls in the poor areas lose the chance to go to school .besides ,most of the villagers think that the only important thing for female is marriage and taking care of her husband and family ,which leading the result that many girls marry early and become a total housewife after marriage .as for my family ,the discrimination exist too . because I‟m a girl ,I cannot inherit the skill my father have and I cannot have my name in the family tree .As far as I …m concerned, I think it is a good movie .it showed the historic situation about women by telling the story happened in the Wellesley. It encourageswomen to free themselves and fight for their life to get what they really want. I think it is also praise the friendship between Katherine and her students .there are two scenes I will never forget .one is that all the students painted a sunflower paint to Katherine, which means a kind of understanding about Katherine and a love for the teacher .other was that when Katherine was leaving in the car, al the students rode behind the car and called her name .I was touched deeply!。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

四、测评
12、在欣赏意大利艺术家达· 芬奇的作品时,应该联想到 的时代背景是(2007深中考) A、启蒙运动 B、宗教改革 C、文艺复兴 D、工业革命 13、以人文主义为核心的思想解放运动是(2007中考副) A、 启蒙运动 B 、 文艺复兴 C 、 宗教改革 D 、 新文化运动 14.欧洲的14至16世纪是“人和世界被发现”的时代。 “人”和“世界”被发现分别指的历史事件是:(08年正 A、文艺复兴和宗教改革 B、文艺复兴和新航路开辟 C、殖民掠夺和新航路开辟 D、文艺复兴和资产阶级革命
四、测评
1、假如你生活在中世纪的欧洲,会严重扼杀你的智慧 和创造力的是: A、天主教会的腐败 B、封建君主专制 C、天主教会以神为中心的愚民政策 D、封建等级制度 2、欧洲文艺复兴运动首先兴起于: A、英国 B、法国 C、德国 D、意大利 3、欧洲文艺复兴运动的性质是: A、古罗马文化的复兴 B、古希腊文化的复兴 C、信教反对教皇的运动 D、资产阶级的思想解放运动 4、文艺复兴中被奉为世界中心的是: A、上帝 B、人 C、自然 D、宇宙
文艺复兴;达· 芬奇
三、应用——直击中考
(11年深圳中考) 材料一:回顾大运会历史,首次举办大运会次数最多的国 家都是意大利;共举办了四届。 问题一:材料一中的意大利,在2世纪时有过怎样的辉煌? (1分)14世纪兴起于意大利的文艺复兴,其核心思想是 什么?(1分)
曾是地跨欧亚非三大洲的大帝国; 人文主义
这三部作品有什么共同点?说明了什么? 都反映了当时进步知识分子努力冲破传统观念的 束缚,宣扬人性, 肯定人们追求爱情和婚姻自由的 美好愿望。
课堂小结
代表人物 作品 内容 实质 意义
文艺复兴
背景
时间地点
三、应用——直击中考
(09年深圳中考) 材料二:14世纪,在意大利商业发达城市,新兴资产阶级 中的先进知识分子借助古希腊、古罗马文化,创作文艺作 品,宣传人文精神。这次运动,风云激荡,巨匠辈出。 问题二:材料二所述史实是指哪次运动?(1分)请写出这 次运动的代表人物一名。(1分)
四、测评
5、被称为“文艺复兴时代最完美的代表人物”是: A、达· 芬奇 B、莎士比亚 C、马丁· 路德 D、牛顿 6、“永恒的微笑”赞美的名画是: A、《雅典学院》 B、《圣母玛利亚》 C 、《蒙娜丽莎》 D、《最后的晚餐》 7、“我不想变成上帝,或居住在永恒之中,或者把天地 抱在怀里,属于人的那种光荣对我就够了。我自己是凡 人,我只要求凡人的幸福。”这句话体现了什么思想: A、禁欲主义 B、启蒙思想 C、人文主义 D、蒙昧主义 8、文艺复兴运动首先兴起于意大利的根本原因是: A、资本主义萌芽的产生 B、教会实力较弱 C、聚集了很多文化名人 D、保留了较多的古希腊和罗马文化
四、测评
9、文艺复兴时期的人们认为“人类可以成就伟大的事业” 这体现了下列哪一思想: A.人文主义思想 B.启蒙思想 C.天赋人权思想 D.进化论思想 10、右图中所示名画的 作者是:(2005深中考) A.达•芬奇 B.拉斐尔 C.毕加索 D.凡高 11、文艺复兴运动是一次思想解放 运动。它的思想核心是: (2006深中考) A、社会主义 B、人文主义 C、三民主义 D、民主主义
四、测评
15、[2012•达州]某部文学作品,是17世纪英国最伟大的 戏剧家描绘的一段凄美的爱情故事。请你根据这有限的 提示,判断该作品是: A.列夫•托尔斯泰的《安娜•卡列尼娜》 B.莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 C.肖洛霍夫的《静静的顿河》 D.萧伯纳的《圣女贞德》 16、[2012•聊城]“中世纪中期的宗教文化……处处崩裂 有声,一些裂缝日益扩大,关于人的新鲜思想的涓涓细 流从中流出。”“新鲜思想”的流出是指 A.基督教产生 B.文艺复兴发生 C.新航路开辟 D.启蒙运动兴起
压抑人性、麻木顺从、 愚味迷信、神权至上。
文艺复兴运动时期 人们的精神状态:
《蒙娜丽莎》
以人为本、张扬个性、 言论自由、随心所欲、 中世纪的宗教画 思想开放、追求享乐。
哈姆雷特说:“人类是一件多么 了不得的杰作!多么高贵的理性! 多么伟大的力量!多么文雅的举动! 在行为上多么像一个天使!在智慧 上多么像一个天神!宇宙的精华! 万物的灵长!”
一、自、意义:是一次 思想解放 运动, 反映了当时新兴资产阶级的愿望,使人的思想 中世纪的宗教 从 愚昧中解放了出来。 《 最 后 的 晚 餐 》
二、探究
对比课文P10图5-9和5-10两幅图,
对比这两幅画,你觉得人物表情有什么不同? 中世纪神权束缚下 的欧洲人们的精神 状态:
四、测评
17、[2012•河南]生存还是死亡,这便是一个问题:是默 默忍受命运之矢石,还是挺身反抗无涯的苦难,通过斗 争把它们扫除净尽,这两种行为,何者更为高尚?”这段 经典独白是文艺复兴时期核心思想的深刻表达,它出自 下列哪部文学作品: A.《哈姆雷特》 B.《复活》 C.《母亲》 D.《美国的悲剧》
解读课题:
1、牢笼指什么? 2、哪些人要求冲破?
3、冲破牢笼后,追求什么?
蒙娜丽莎的微笑
文艺复兴运动
1、历史背景 2、兴起时间
3、文艺复兴运动的主要内容 4、代表人物及作品
5、性质及实质
6、意义
一、自学
1、背景:中世纪 的欧洲在 天主教会 的统治下,神 权至上;14世纪新兴的 资产阶级 认为自己能创造财富, 也该享受生活,要求 人的作用和人的需要,于是借助古希 腊罗马文化,通过文艺创作来宣传 人文精神 。 2、兴起时间: 14世纪 世纪;地点: 意大利 ,后传 播到法、德、英等欧洲其他国家。 人文主义 3、内容:核心是 。人文主义的含 人 的作用与需要; 义:重视 4、代表人物: 达· 1)被称为“文艺复兴时代最完美的代表人物” 芬奇 , 代表作品是 《蒙娜丽莎》 。 2)文艺复兴时期英国杰出剧作家是 莎士比亚 , 著名作品有 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 《哈姆雷特》 、 。
相关文档
最新文档