英文摘要的完整性
中文、英文摘要的写作要求
中文、英文摘要的写作要求科研论文的摘要是一篇独立于全文而存在的短文。
不管是中文还是英文摘要,均不能只是指示出做了什么、分析了什么…,更重要的是要写出研究的结果(不仅仅得出结论)。
为此,应当明确以下几个方面。
1.中文摘要的分类对摘要进行分类, 明确不同类型摘要的功能,对摘要的写作及编辑加工是非常有用的。
论文发表的最终目的是要被人利用。
如果摘要写得不好,在当今信息爆炸的时代论文进入文摘杂志、检索数据库,被人阅读、引用的机会就会少得多,甚至丧失。
一篇论文价值较高,创新内容较多,若写成指示性摘要,可能就会失去较多的读者。
随着全文检索光盘的出现、期刊上网,摘要吸引读者和介绍文章内容的功能越来越明显。
使用摘要的目的:(1)为读者检索论文服务。
即使看不到全文,仅仅从摘要中就可以看出研究的水平,看出研究的方法、具体结果以及与以往同类研究的不同(创新之处)。
让读者很容易看出您的研究结果与其他人的研究结果的区别,以决定是否有必要花时间寻找全文,从而扩大论文的影响力。
(2)增加国际著名数据库(如EI)的检索比例。
EI检索的首要条件还是研究的水平。
在看不见全文的情况下,研究的水平只能通过摘要来体现。
从以往EI检索的情况来看,只是交代做了什么,而没有具体写出做的结果是什么,具体规律是什么,具体关系是什么,等等,这样的文章被漏检的很多。
可以这样说,摘要质量的高低,直接影响着论文的被利用情况和期刊的知名度。
中文摘要一般分为以下3种类型,作者应根据自己论文的内容来确定其摘要的写作类型。
1)报道性摘要(informative abstract)也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要,其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。
后来又出现了另一种摘要文体,即结构式摘要(structured abstract),其实质是报道性摘要的结构化表达,旨在强调论文摘要应有较多的信息量。
学术性期刊多选用报道性摘要,用比其他类摘要字数稍多的篇幅,向读者介绍论文的主要内容。
完整英文摘要
完整英文摘要第一篇:完整英文摘要lee's culture is located in the west of Long shan mountain, WeiShui river of the ancient county, is one of the cradles of Chinese ancient civilization, and also the birthplace of The lee.With Dunhuang culture, Tianshui fuxi culture, LaBuLengSi Tibetan Buddhism culture is one of four culture of Gansu province.But at present, the cultural development of West gansu is lagging behind, a lot of development and utilization of resources is difficult to get, it has to do withWest gansu geographical position relatively closed, human resources development has a close relationship.Lee's culture as an important form about culture, also suffered a bottleneck in its development, lee's cultural history and contemporary development not well together, especially in the promotion and development of invested is not enough, lead to lee's culture has been difficult to familiar to the general public.Local economic backward culture is difficult to promote the development process.Fully realize the importance of West gansu lee culture, reasonable and effective development of lee's culture, make its internal value have spread wider, deeper reach to culture to promote economic and cultural development dual goal.Cultural characteristicscountermeasuresThe economicdevelopment第二篇:摘要英文摘要温度是生产过程中常见和重要的物理参数。
英文摘要
如何写摘要?1、摘要写作要点:摘要是对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩并写成语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不需加入任何主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作要求简明扼要,用词准确。
简单地说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。
写作摘要时应该注意以下几点:①认真仔细地阅读所给原文,弄懂原文大意,掌握原文要点。
②摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一,或遵守规定的字数限制。
③在写摘要时切忌照搬原文,应该用自己的语言来写。
④摘要应与原文的观点保持一致,并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。
⑤重点反映主要观点,删除细节。
⑥简化从句,用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。
⑦检查与修改时,应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。
有两点还应牢记:首先,你写出的摘要内容必须忠实于原文,或者说精确(accurate)。
摘要中所有的内容和信息必须来源于原文,既不可篡改原文内容也不能包括原文未涉及到的内容。
其次,摘要读起来应是一完整连贯的段落。
要取得这一完整连贯,就应该使用一些连接词(link-words),如but,and,however,also等连接要点;同样,也可使用诸如since,though,even if,when,after,before等词。
2、摘要写作实例实例1将下面这篇约500词的原文按要求写成约150词的摘要。
How New York Became America’s Largest City?In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe’s canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In the years that followed, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great. (505 words)摘要How New York Became America’s Largest City?New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, but now it is America’s largest city because of geography, history and economics.New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea. The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down. In addition, the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi. Later, railroads tied New York closer to the central states, whose goods were exported via New York. Fewer goods were imported, so cheap passengers were available from Europe. New York became the main port for receiving Europeans, many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great. (154 words)实例2①试题题目Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolutecertainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter. (246 words)②原文要点:1) continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors2) avoid talking about death3) talk about death when millions of people die4) become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and the death rates are almost equal5) people's fearfulness6) seem to control nature7) avoid death③参考摘要:People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death. (84 words) 实例3Directions: Describe in about 80 words what the sentry saw and did from the moment when the strips of metal fell from the sky until he got back to his camp. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the passage.The sentry watched a hawk that hovered overhead, looking for some unsuspecting prey to pounce upon. Then he heard the distant, muffled roar of planes, then silence. For the past week he had been told to take note of everything that happened on the hill within his range of vision, and to report anything suspicious. The hill led to an experimental factory, where new and secret weapons were tested. There was a threat of war and the factory would be invaluable to the enemy. So the approaches to it were watched day in, and day out.He shifted his position; he felt that he had been crouching in the heather since the beginning of the time, but only a couple of hours of the day's duty had passed. Suddenly he saw something falling from the sky like snow, only it was not snow. He put out his hand and caught bits of that were drifting near him. They were thin strips of metal to confuse delicate instruments, so that it would not be possible to detect the landing of enemy craft. Next he heard a long, low, continuous roar from the east and saw bundles descending from the sky which looked like umbrellas opening, but which be knew to be parachutes with men hanging from them. He wanted to go at once to give the alarm, but he had to be sure that the parachutes were not his own men out on an exercise. The men were on ground now. One of them pointed in the direction of secret factory and they all began marching toward it. He had no more doubts and set off at once down the hill. He crawled slowly, sometimes on his stomach, sometimes on his side, weaving decided that he had ample cover and started to run. But he had erred, forbullets were soon whistling past him. He drooped flat on the ground. Nobody came to search for him, so he counted up to a hundred and then began crawling again. He moved tortuously and as silently as he could to his camp at the foot of the hill. (355 words)① Points (Saw and Did).1) Put out hands; caught strip metal.2) Saw bundles.3) Waited.4) Saw men on ground.5) One pointed; all marched.6) Went downhill.7) Crawled-stomach, side-to stream.8) Started running.9) Dropped flat (why? –bullets).10) Counted 100; crawled.11) Silently to camp.② Rough Draft (Linking of Points)(写得不好的摘要)When the sentry held out his hand to catch what was falling out of the sky, he found that it was strips of metal. The bundles began coming down. The sentry waited until men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and the sentry saw them march towards the factory. Crawling on his stomach and on his side, the sentry moved downhill. He began running when he came to a stream, but dropped down when he was shot at. After counting up to a hundred to himself, he began crawling silently again downhill.(94 words)③ Fair Copy (Corrected Draft)(写得比较好的摘要)After catching hold of metal strips falling out of the sky, the sentry saw bundles descending and, after a time, some men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and they all began marching towards the factory. The sentry crawled downhill on his stomach and on his side. When he came to a stream, he began running but dropped down when the men shot at him. He counted up to a hundred, then silently started crawling again towards his camp.(81 words)。
英文摘要写作格式和输入规范要求
英文摘要和外文翻译的格式要求目录一、总体要求 (2)二、英文标题 (2)三、作者姓名 (2)四、摘要 (3)五、关键词 (3)六、正文。
(3)七、图表。
(4)八、参考文献。
(4)九、斜体。
(4)十、英国人姓名规则 (4)十一、英文大、小写字母的使用 (5)十二、英文回行的基本规则 (6)十三、段落规则 (7)十四、英文标点使用规则 (7)十五、英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 (19)十六、中英文标点符号的差异 (19)十七:中国学生常见标点符号错误例析 (21)一、总体要求要求英语语言较为地道、通顺、简练,语法正确,符合英语表达习惯,专业术语规范、准确。
外文页所有字体均为Times New Roman ,要在英文状态输入法下输入,注意标点符号是英文的。
请结合所给模版认真体会。
本说明未尽事项,请查阅相关规定。
二、英文标题题目应写在第一行的中间,题目左右两边的空白距离大致相等。
题目的第一个单词的第一个字母必须大写。
从第二个单词起,其中每个实义词的第一个字母大写,而冠词、介词和连词的第一个字母则一般小写。
如:A Day to RememberLet's Go in for Sports题目的另一种写法是所有单词的第一个字母全部用大写。
如:My Life As Factory WorkerA Walk Under The Rain写题目不要用括号或引号。
题目后除了问号和感叹号之外,不加其它标点符号。
1、冠词:位于标题头时,首字母大写;位于标题中时,全部字母小写;2、介词及连词:位于标题头时,首字母大写;位于标题中时,5个(含)以上字母的,首字母大写;4个(含)以下字母的,全部字母小写。
三、作者姓名居中,斜体;中国人姓名按照中国人习惯,姓前名后,姓全部字母大写,名第一个字母大写,若名为2个字,则2个字之间加短线“-”,作者姓名之间加逗号“·”最后两作者之间加“and”。
⑴XIANG Hong-qiong and FENG Zhi-xin⑵YANG Xiu-hong , WU Zong-pu and ZHANG Guo-dong⑶西方国家及其它国家人的姓名按其习慣顺序排列,如:Sophie Dupont;缩写姓名时,姓要大写,之间用句号;如:J. H. Caemmere ;M. H. Thatcher(句号后面空1字符)⑷作者姓名及其排序应与中文稿一致。
英文摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要的写作技巧
一、写作方法
1、确定主题:写英文摘要时,要确定文章的主题,这是写英文摘要
的首要任务,这样才能把握全文的主旨,为摘要写作构思提供依据。
2、确定摘要内容:接下来,要确定摘要内容,一般来说,英文摘要
是对文章的全部内容进行精简总结,要考虑哪些是文章的重点内容,哪些
是支撑性的内容。
3、分析文章结构:然后,要进行文章的结构分析,把握文章的结构,以及每段内容的主要情节,这样才能把握文章的全部内容。
4、梳理摘要结构:接下来,要根据文章的结构确定摘要的结构,一
般来说英文摘要的结构是以“主题+逻辑分论点”的形式来进行总结。
5、撰写英文摘要:最后,要开始撰写英文摘要,写英文摘要时,要
注意字数,一般英文摘要占整篇文章的20%左右,不宜过多或过少,要适
当精炼。
二、写作注意
1、要注意文章的主旨:写英文摘要时,要注意文章的主旨,去掉无
用的信息,强调核心信息,而不是把全文都写了一遍。
2、要注意语言:写英文摘要时,要注意语言的表达,要尽量使用客观、简洁明了的表达,不要冗长繁琐,也不要太过牵强附会。
3、要注意语法:在写英文摘要时,要注意语法。
专业英语汇报PPT
英文摘要的语言特点
开头常用句式:
1 This paper gives a brief introduction to....... 2This article describes a detailed study...... 3This paper discusses...... 4In this paper are presented the results...... 5 In order to....... 6A new method is described for....... ............ Wheat is the most important food crop in the world. Gene bankers have a greater responsibility for material than ... Revolver is a new multi-gene family dispersed like ...... The tribe Triticeae is a group of taxa of Poaceae, The genus Hordeum contains many wild species that ........
methodsmaterialsresultsinnovation完整性英文摘要完整性的要求就是摘要中必须要交代清楚论文的写作目的解决问题的方式方法和过程获得的主要结果得出的结论以及该文的创新性和独特性
姓名:谢志勇 导师:黄莺 专业:植物营养学 授课老师:程剑平
优秀英文文献的写作特点
1
英文摘要的构成
英文摘要的语言特点
语态:一般用第三人称被动语态显得行文客观真实,
用主动语态突出作者的贡献,多用于结尾处。
摘要写在进阶指导五:如何写好英文摘要
如何写好英文摘要收录学报文章的国外检索数据库刊登的条目内容有题名、作者、英文摘要、参考文献等等。
摘要的质量非常重要。
一方面检索数据库要依据摘要的质量来决定该文章是否被收录;另一方面读者要根据摘要提供的信息考虑是否阅读、引用原文,如能被利用,才能体现文章的学术价值,提高原文的引用频次。
因此希望广大作者按规范认真编写英文摘要。
具体要求如下:1.英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应;2.语言简洁。
避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词。
不加评论语句,如“相当满意”、“令人可喜”等。
不使用多余的词语,如“据报道……”、“大量的调查表明……”等。
尽量减少背景信息,如历史或其它注释。
不要写作者将来的打算。
应尽量删去的主要字句有:in this paper、based on the analyses conducted、on the above basis、in detail、briefly、mainly、in addition、qualitatively、furthermore等等;3.信息量要完整,能够全面包含论文的关键信息,主要内容有:目的(主题)、研究方法(途经)、研究结果和结论;4.首句不得简单重复题名中已有的信息,要采用简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头,如:A mathematical model for digital closed-loop fiber-optics gyroscopes was established to get the difference equation of the model.To study…,To describe…,To investigate…,To assess…,To determine…5.描述目的、结论等用一般现在时,说明研究的方法、过程等用一般过去时。
较少采用现在完成时态、过去完成时态、进行时态等;6.长度一般不能超过150个英文单词,但也不能太短;7.一般情况下不能用缩写,尤其是不常用的专业词语,应使用全称,且均用小写;8.不要有数学公式、矩阵、数列、希腊字母,不要出现角标的角标等不规范字符。
英文摘要写作中对造句的要求
英文摘要写作中对造句的要求一篇好的英文摘要是由一系列好的句子构成的·所谓好的句子应当具有完整( unit y) 、连贯(coherence) 、简洁(conciseness) 、强调(emphasis) 和多样(variety) 的特点。
完整指句子应当表达单一的完整的思想,这是构成好句子的第一要素。
连贯指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系:句子中的词语和部分应恰当地衔接,它们之间的联系应十分清楚。
不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病:平行结构有缺点;代词指代不清楚;修饰语和被修饰语的关系不明确;在人称、数、语态、时态或语气上有混乱之处。
简洁指句子当中没有不必要的词语,在句意表达完整的前提下,用词越少越好。
强调指将重要的内容放在合适的位置,如段落或者语句的开头或结尾,以引起读者的注意。
多样是指句型的多样化。
例句分析怎样写出简洁的句子1,用一个词代替一个短语例1 A. Particular attention is paid to discuss the relationship between the magnetic field induction or node magnetic force at the cent re of bloom and the changing current/ f quency.B. Discusses emphatically the relationship ⋯例2 A. Several typical systems are given as examples to explain how to use the new model , and the calculated result s were compared with those obtained f romβ2factor model.B. Several typical systems are given to exemplify how to use the new model , with the calculated result s compared to those resulting f romβ2factor model.2,用短语代替句子例3 A. The performance of the network is improved and the block rate is decreased.B. The performance of the network is improved with the block rate decreased.例4 A. It makes up for the insufficiencies of t raditional common cause failure model , and at the same time , the NP problem is avoided.B. It makes up for the insufficiencies of traditional common cause failure model , thus avoiding the NP problem.例5 A. The opened system architecture is composed of application layer , database layer , network layer and system layer. The system is designed and the operation flowchart is given.B. The opened system architecture is composed of four layers , i. e. , the application , database ,network and system layers , with a flowchart given to show it s operation.用短语代替句子不仅缩短了全句,更重要的是清晰地表达了句子之间的逻辑关系.例3A 中,两个并列句的关系是平等的:网络的性能得到改善并且阻塞率降低了。
英文摘要的写作规范
英文摘要的写作规范英文摘要的写作规范本文是英语论文写作指导,本次主要是针对英语论文摘要要怎么写,以及英文摘要的具体写作规范进行详细指导,供参考。
英文摘要的写作规范【1】1、英语摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,以提供论文内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。
2、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。
为此,英文摘要应重点包括4个要素,即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。
在这4个要素中,后2个是最重要的。
在执行上述原则时,有些情况下,英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围,以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
3、英文摘要句型力求简单,通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。
4、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论,不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;不用非公知公用的符号和术语,不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文,缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明;科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位,正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。
英语论文摘要怎么写【2】英语论文摘要英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为日的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。
在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。
英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
英语论文分类英语论文一般分为外语翻译、语言文化、英美文学、英语相关四大类撰写方法完成毕业论文的撰写可以分两个步骤,即选择课题和研究课题。
首先是选择课题。
选题是论文撰写成败的关键。
要选择有科学价值和现实意义的、切实可行的课题。
编辑部关于中英文摘要的意见:
编辑部关于中英文摘要的意见:1、按照GB 6447-86《文摘编写规则》的要求撰写。
文摘不规范,太短,缺少结果、结论,不利于国内外检索系统收录和读者检索。
对报道性文摘,要写出“目的、方法、结果和结论”;对综合评述等指示性文摘,要写出“目的和结论”,要有独到见解。
2、摘要应具有独立性和自明性,应是一篇完整的短文。
(1)防止空洞、简短、出现多余词语。
(2)一般不分段。
(3)不用非公知公用的符号或术语。
(4)不得引用图、表、公式和参考文献的序号。
(5)中文摘要中不出现“本文”、“文章”、“作者”和“我们”等字样。
英文摘要不能出现“In the paper”等。
(6)中文摘要的篇幅200字左右为宜。
(7)在撰写英文摘要时,一般采用一般现在时或一般过去时。
一般现在时用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议和讨论。
一般过去时用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等),用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是不能确认为是自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
少用完成时态,其他时态基本不用。
编辑排版的具体要求:3、请给出论文栏目,和“稿件编号#修改稿”一起标注在论文第一页的右上角,可选栏目有“计算机网络与信息安全”、“高性能计算”、“计算机体系结构”、“图形与图像”、“人工智能”、“数据挖掘”等,也可以自己增列。
首次投稿只需要提供论文栏目。
4、字体和字号要求:(1)作者中文和拼音用5号字。
(2)作者单位中英文、中英文摘要至引言前用5号字(楷体)。
(3)表头用小5号字,表中用6号字。
(4)图题用小5号字,小标题用6号字,图中用6号字。
(5)参考文献用6号字。
(6)作者简介:中文在前、英文在后,用小5号字。
(7)注脚用6号字。
(8)正文第三级标题用5号字。
5、论文题目应简洁、准确,尽量不使用缩略词,英文题目中第一个单词首字母应大写,其余全部小写,专有名词和缩略词除外。
英文摘要写作须知
英文摘要写作须知An abstract is a concise summary of your work. "A well prepared abstract enables readers to identifythe basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests,and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American NationalStandards Institute, 1979). Abstracts should state the objectives of the project, describe the methodsused, summarize the significant findings and state the implications of the findings (Day, 1988).科技论文文摘应该具备以下几个部分:研究的目的,研究的过程和采用的方法,结果,结论。
文摘是相对独立的。
在数据库里文摘通常和文章本身分开。
因此,一篇文章的文摘是最有机会让读者得到的,很可能也是读者唯一会看的作品。
要写好文摘须注意以下几点:1.完整性:complete in and of itself; that is, it should be able to serve as a stand-alone descriptionwhich provides a complete picture of the resource at the selected level of specificity;2.可读性:comprehensive in its representation of the key concepts or significant content that arepresent in the resource;3.准确性:concise, precise, and accurate in its use of terminology;4.客观性:written in a clear, terse, non-critical style; and5.逻辑性:logically structured in its presentation (见以上4个组成部分)of the selected data andinformation.Shown below is an example of how an abstract is to be structured. The components of awell-written abstract are labeled.Dryland Grain Sorghum Water Use, Light Interception, and Growth Responses to Planting GeometryJ. L. SteinerABSTRACTRationale Crop yields are primarily water-limited under dryland production systems in emiarid regions.Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether the growing season water balance could be manipulated through planting geometry.Methods The effects of row spacing, row direction, and plant population on the water use, light interception, and growth or grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenchl were investigated at Bushiand, TX, on a Pullmanclay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll)].Results In 1983, which had a dry growing season, narrow-row spacing and higher population increased seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) by 7 and 9cvo, espectively, and shifted the partitioning of ET to the vegetativeperiod. Mediurti population crops yielded 6.2 and 2.3 Mg/ha of dry matter and grain, respectively. Highpopulation resulted in high dry matter (6.1 Mg/ha) and low grain yield (1.6 Mg/ha), whereas low populationresulted in low dry matter (5.4 Mg/ha) and high grain yield (2.3 Mg/ha). Row direction did not affect wateruse or yield. In 1984, dry matter production for a given amount of ET and light interception was higher in thenarrow-row crops. Evapotranspiration was less for a given amount of light interception in the narrow-rowcrops and in the north-south row crops.Conclusion Narrow row planting geometry appears to increase the partitioning of ET to the transpiration component and may improve the efficiency of dryland cropping systems.。
英文摘要写作规范
英文摘要写作规范英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
按国际学术届有关规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(英文)摘要。
原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
一.英文摘要的一般原则英文摘要的句型力求简单,通常应有5-10个左右意义完整,语句顺畅的句子。
为了使英文摘要达到最简洁、明了的效果,可采用以下方法:(1)摘要中第一句的开头部分, 不要与论文的标题重复。
(2)把背景信息删去,或减到最少。
(3)只限于新的信息。
过去的研究应删去或减到最小。
(4)不应包含作者将来的计划。
(5)不应包含不属于摘要的说法,如:“本文所描述的工作,属于……首创”。
“本文所描述的工作,目前尚未见报道”。
“本文所描述的工作,是对于先前最新研究的一个改进”。
(6)相同的信息不要重复表达。
at a temperature of 250 ℃to 300 ℃应改为at 250~300 ℃at a high pressure of 1.2 MPa应改为at 1.2 MPa(7)以量的国际单位符号表示物理量单位(例如,以“kg”代替“kilogram”)。
(8)以标准简化方法表示英文通用词(可用“WTO, WHO”代替全称等)。
(9)删去不必要的短语,如:“A method is described”,/ “In this work”,“It is reported that…”,“Extensive investigations show that…”二.英文题名(1) 题名的结构英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
英语摘要十大万能模板
英文摘要的写作留意事项:1.英文摘要构造严谨,表达简明,语义确切.尽量应用短句,慎用长句.2.应采取第三人称表达方法,谓语动词用一般如今时.如今完成时或一般曩昔时.进行时态和其他复应时态根本不必.3.英文摘要的语态既可采取自动,也可采取自动.英语摘要十大全能模板框架一In the first paragraph of the dissertation, the author highlights that due attention has to be paid to__. Several fundamental factors have contributed to such a tendency. First and foremost, among the most convincing causes identified by people, one should be stressed, that is __. In addition, as far as the author is concerned, __ is of utmost significance to our society. The last but not the least, as is illustrated in the last paragraph of the essay, the writer also takes __into consideration. Given all the above argument, we can draw the conclusion that __ is indeed crucial. 在本段的第一段,作者强调我们必须充分看重_(中间词).几个重要原因促成了这一趋向.起首,在被人们肯定的最有力的原因中,有一点原因应当得到看重,那就是_(分论点一).其次,作者以为_(分论点二)对我们的社会心义重大.最后,正如本文末段所示,作者也斟酌到_(分论点三)身分.综上所述所有论证,我们可以得出结论:_(中间词)确切重要.框架二In the beginning of the essay, the writer clings to the idea that we should attach utmost significance to the issue of _. It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves several factors. To begin with, the past several decades have witnessed a thought-provoking social phenomenon that _has been arising from all over the world. Furthermore, the author illustrates the deep-rooted reason by stressing the fact that _is of great importance to the development of our society. Finally, it is vital for us to derive positive implication from the last paragraph that _ is also a key factor contributed to this issue.在本文开首,作者保持以为我们应当充分看重_(中间词)这一问题.这一庞杂现象涉及许多身分,找出各类原因并不是易事.起首,曩昔几十年目睹了一个发人深省的社会现象:_(分论点一)活着界各地消失.其次,作者经由过程强调_(分论点二)对我们社会成长异常重要这一事实,说清楚明了深刻的原因.最后,我们必须从末段得出积极寄义:_(分论点三)也是促成这一问题的症结身分.框架三To begin with, the purpose of the writer is to show us that we should attach utmost importance to__, yet thethought-provoking implication conveyed should be taken more carefully.It is no simple job to give the reason for this deep-seated tendency which involves many factors. First of all, as is demonstrated in the essay, __enjoys a striking popularity around the globe. What is more, the dissertation also subtly reflected the social phenomenon that __ is prevalent nowadays. More importantly, the author indicates that __ is a double-aged sword which can exert profound influence on our society. To sum up, it is apparent that the writer aims at reminding us of the significance of __ in our society.起首,作者的目标是告知我们应当充分看重_(中间词),然而我们应当卖力看待所传达的发人深省的含意.这一深刻的趋向涉及许多身分,找到各类原因其实不轻易.起首,正如文中所示,_(分论点一)在全球异常风行.其次,本文也灵敏地揭示了_的社会现象在当今很风行.更重要的是,作者以为_(分论点二)是把双刃剑,会对我们的社会产生深远的影响.简而言之,显而易见作者旨在提示我们_(中间词)在我们社会中的重要意义.框架四The impressive dissertation has subtly revealed a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is prevalent all over the world, which is __. There are a number of reasons for the significant problem. Above all, the author maintains that as a matter of fact, throughout history people of different cultures have regarded__ as the most vital cause. Moreover, it is the writer’s view that there are good reasons to advocate __ in the long run. Other factor includes the pillaring and propelling role __. With due consideration of the analysis above, we may draw a conclusion that __really counts in this society.这篇令人印象深刻的论文灵敏地反应了一种全球风行的发人深省的社会现象:__(中间词).这个重要问题有许多原因.起首,作者以为事实上,在汗青,不合文化的人们度一向把__(分论点一)当做最重要的原因.此外,作者以为从长远来看,我们有来由推广__(分论点二).其他原因包含__(分论点三)的支撑和推进感化.充分斟酌到上述剖析,我们可以得出结论:__(中间词)在当今社会确切重要.框架五With the speedy social and economic development, ___ has been progressing rapidly. The causes for the issue are complicated with multiple reasons, mainly from three aspects.First and foremost, the main reason is the ever-growing coordinating and controlling power and function exercised by __. In addition, a solid of foundation for such a tendency has been laid by__. The last but not the least, the author reckons that we should take various kinds of realistic factors into account. Generally speaking, it is necessary for us to enhance the awareness of people that __ is extremely vital to us.跟着社会和经济的敏捷成长,___(中间词)缓慢成长.这一问题的原因较为庞杂,涉及诸多身分,重要来自三个方面.起首,重要原因是___(分论点一)所施展的不竭加强的协折衷掌握感化.其次,___(分论点二)为这一趋向奠基了坚实的基本.最后,作者以为我们应当斟酌各类实际身分.总而言之,我们必须进步人们的意识:___(中间词)对我们至关重要.框架六With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decade more dramatically than __. The author assumes that there are at least three fundamental factors accounting for the above mentioned issue. First and foremost, when weighing in the mind, we findthere is an apparent tendency underlying this phenomenon: __. In addition, it is well-known that due attention has to be paidthe critical issue of __. The last but not the least, simple as it is, what the dissertation conveys to us is not uncommon in the world nowadays.跟着现代生涯节拍的加速,___(中间词)比其他任何变更更戏剧性地归纳分解了曩昔十年.作者以为至少有三个重要原因造成了上述问题.起首,当我们细心思虑时,我们发明在这一现象之下有一个显著趋向:___(分论点一).其次,众所周知,我们必须充分存眷___(分论点二)这一重要问题.最后,尽管本文很浅易,但向我们表达了发人深省的内在.本文确切揭示了当当代界一个很广泛的深刻趋向.框架七From the dissertation, the writer wants to convey such a message: utmost importance should be attached to __ . Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned issue may be summarized as follows. Above all, we may look into every possible reason except the leading cause, which is __. In addition, it is imperative for us to cultivate the awareness of __ in our society.Lastly, we should bear in mind that __ is also of great significance to both our society and ourselves. Taking all these causes into consideration, we may conclude that withthe speedy development of our society, __ will keep growing in the forthcoming future.从这篇文章中,作者想要表达这一信息:我们应当充分看重__(中间词).促成上述问题的一些重要原因可以归纳分解如下.起首,我们可以研讨每个可能的原因,但最重要的原因是__(分论点一).其次,我们急需造就社会中的__(分论点二)意识.最后,我们应当切记__(分论点三)对我们社会和本身都意义重大.分解上述所有原因,我们可以得出结论:跟着社会的敏捷成长,__(中间词)在不远的将来将持续成长.框架八The dissertation above clearly illustrates that we should pay due attention to the issue of __. You may attribute to many other reasons, but the roots for the phenomenon go far deeper. First of all, the author is sending a message about the significance of __. What is more, we can deduce from the paper that the author is trying to attract our attention to the issue of __. By analyzing these factors illustrated in the essay, we may draw the conclusion that importance should be attached to __.上述文章清楚地说清楚明了我们应当充分看重(中间词)这一问题.你可能以为许多其他原因造成了这一问题,但这一现象的根源却加倍深刻.起首,作者想要传达关于__(分论点一)的重要意义这一信息.其次,我们可以揣摸出作者尽力想吸引我们存眷__(分论点二)问题.经由过程剖析文章解释的这些原因,我们可以得出结论:我们应当充分看重__(中间词).框架九Currently, there is a widespread concern regarding the previously neglected issue of __. There are a great many primary reasons responsible for the aforementioned tendency. To begin with, a clear correlation is suggested that __ has exerted tremendously profound influence on the development of our society. Furthermore, some find it quite understandable when considering the fact that importance should be attached to __. Finally, there is no denying the fact that __ is of great benefit to both personal growth and economic prosperity. From what has been discussed so far, it is apparent that __ is of great concern in our life.今朝,人们开端广泛存眷之前被疏忽的__(中间词)问题.许多重要原因造成了上述趋向.起首,我们可以清楚地看出:__(分论点一)对我们社会的成长产生了异常深远的影响.其次,人们发明当斟酌到我们应当看重____(分论点二)这一事及时,情形不言自明.最后,不成否定____(分论点三)对小我成长和经济成长都很有益处.依据上述评论辩论,显而易见____(中间词)在我们的生涯中值得充分存眷.框架十It goes without saying that the writer aims at revealing a common and serious issue nowadays. There is no reason to make a fuss at the phenomenon of ____. Why does this phenomenon appear? The author maintains there are at least two factors accounting for this. Firstly, with the speedy social and economic development, people in mounting numbers put great emphasis on ______. Secondly, ______has become one of the most popular topics discussed not only by experts, but also by people in all walks of life. Thus, it is high time that we attached utmost significance to the issue.毫无疑问,作者旨在揭示当今一个广泛而严正的问题.对____(中间词)这一现象无需大惊小怪.为何消失这一现象?作者以为至少有两个原因.起首,跟着社会和经济的敏捷成长,越来越多的人异常存眷____(分论点一).其次,____(分论点二)已经成为不但是专家,并且是各行各业的人们评论辩论的最热点话题之一.是以,我们早就该充分看重这一问题了.。
英文摘要写法与格式
本科生毕业生论文英文摘要写作规范
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。
(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距:统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,
1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目:使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词:“Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。
每个关键词使用四号字
见下一页范本
(注:专业文档是经验性极强的领域,无法思考和涵盖全面,素材和资料部分来自网络,供参考。
可复制、编制,期待你的好评与关注)。
英文摘要撰写的一般要求
英文摘要撰写的一般要求由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供,并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文,因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。
为确保摘要的“独立性”(stand on its own)或“自明性”(self-contained),撰写中应遵循以下规则:(1)为确保简洁而充分地表述论文的IMRD (Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion)结构的写作模式,可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处(但不要使用评价性语言);尽量包括论文中的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据)。
(2)使用简短的句子,表达要准确、简洁、清楚;注意表述的逻辑性,尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分(层次),如使用“We found that…”表示结果;使用“We suggest that…”表示讨论结果的含义等。
(3)应尽量避免引用文献、图表,用词应为潜在的读者所熟悉。
若无法回避使用引文,应在引文出现的位置将引文的书目信息标注在方括号内;如确有需要(如避免多次重复较长的术语)使用非同行熟知的缩写,应在缩写符号第一次出现时给出其全称。
(4)为方便检索系统转录,应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。
(5)查询拟投稿期刊的读者须知,以了解其对摘要的字数和形式的要求。
如果是结构式摘要,应了解其分为几段,使用何种标识、时态,是否使用缩写或简写,等等。
摘要写作的时态摘要写作时所采用的时态应因情况而定,力求表达自然、妥当。
写作中可大致遵循以下原则:(1)介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实,应使用现在式;如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述,则使用现在完成式。
例如:The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice. [Psychological Bulletin, 1992, 112 (1): 64-105]Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament:…. [Archives of General Psychiatry, 1993, 50 (12): 975-990](2)在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时,如果采用“论文导向”,多使用现在式(如:This paper presents…); 如果采用“研究导向”,则使用过去式(如:This study investigated…)。
如何写摘要
如何写摘要(3)5 《EI》对英文摘要的基本要求5.1英文摘要的完整性目前,大多数作者在写英文摘要时,都是把论文前面的中文摘要(一般都写得很简单)翻译成英文。
这种做法忽略了这样一个事实:由于论文是用中文写作的,中文读者在看了中文摘要后,不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面、详细的信息,但由于英文读者(如《EI》的编辑)一般看不懂中文,英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。
因此,这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性,即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。
这样,即使读者看不懂中文,只需要通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的,解决问题的主要方法、过程,及主要的结果、结论和文章的创新、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。
注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一。
这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。
因此,在写作英文摘要时,要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。
要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论,这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路,又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据,使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识。
当然,这并不意味着中文摘要就不必强调完整性。
事实上,在将中文摘要单独上网发布或文章被收入中文文摘期刊时,中文摘要所提供的信息也必须具有完整性。
另外,由于东、西方文化传统存在很大的差别,我国长期以来的传统教育都有些过分强调知识分子要“谦虚谨慎、戒骄戒躁”,因此我国学者在写作论文时,一般不注重(或不敢)突出表现自己所做的贡献。
这一点与西方的传统恰恰相反。
西方的学者在写论文时总是很明确地突出自己的贡献,突出自己的创新、独到之处。
西方的读者在阅读论文时也总是特别关注论文有什么创新独到之处,否则就认为论文是不值得读的。
由于中、英文摘要的读者对象不同,鉴于上述两方面的因素,笔者认为论文中的中、英文摘要不必强求一致。
5.2《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。
《资源科学》英文摘要书写规范
《资源科学》英文摘要书写规范第一篇:《资源科学》英文摘要书写规范《资源科学》英文摘要书写规范尊敬的作者:感谢您对《资源科学》赐稿,并祝贺您的文章即将正式发表。
为了扩大您的论文和我刊在国际上的影响,在我们进行文章校对前需要您按照规范认真书写英文摘要。
我刊英文摘要书写要求如下:1.为了保证一定的信息量,完整准确地概括论文的基本内容,英文摘要正文部分(不包括标题和作者单位)不得少于400个单词(5号字,30行),中文和英文摘要可不完全一致;2.一个好的英文摘要,需要全面而精辟地概括论文的研究目的和科学意义(或理论,或实践,或生产实际,或某领域某行业等)、研究方法及其创新点、数据来源和研究区、研究结果(或计算,或模拟,或调研等)以及基本结论5个部分;3.研究目的和科学意义:简要交待。
一般来说,用1~2句话进行概括即可,不宜超过八分之一的篇幅;4.突出强调研究方法和创新点(或模拟,或统计,或归纳,或演绎,或结合几种方法,或独创的新方法等);5.需要正确描述采用的数据,或野外试验,或台站观测资料,或遥感影像,或地理信息系统数据库,或调研,或网络搜集等,并简明扼要描述研究区及其特征;6.论文的研究结果和基本结论是英文摘要的核心内容,需要重点强调;7.好的英语科技论文,一句话无论逗号有多少(包括句子主干和所有的并列结构,或定语,状语,主语,宾语,同位语从句,或分词结构),一般来说,不得超过2行。
我们建议,如果您缺乏一定的英文写作经验,或者驾驭英文的能力有限,请务必严格按照此要求书写英文摘要,不宜写过分冗长的句子或使用过分复杂的句型;8.部分英文单词有美式和英式之分,例如作为动词的“分析”一词,英式为“analyse”,美式为“analyze”,但凡碰到此种情况,一律按照美式英语进行书写;9.英文摘要使用过去时态为主,以描述采用的方法和计算、分析的过程等,基本结论和科学意义使用现在时或完成时;10.请您对本专业的相关专业词汇进行必要的核对,以便英文摘要校对能够更好更快地进行,以保证论文更加可靠和专业;如若使用富有中国特色的词语或词组,例如:“退耕还林”,“小康”,“上海合作组织”,“搁置争议,共同开发”,等等,请查阅我国政府网站公开发表的相关英文文件或参考《 China Daily 》;11.如果您没有英文书写经验,请尽量找相关英语专业人士一同书写英文摘要,切勿直接使用“金山快译”和其他网络翻译工具直接进行翻译;12.英文摘要校对稿反馈以后,如果您还有异议,请与编辑部联系。
学术论文英文摘要写作解析
学术论文英文摘要写作解析学术论文是反映一个国家科技发展水平的重要方面,在科技飞速发展的当代,学术论文的种类和数量日益众多。
因此浓缩了研究内容、方法、目的、结果和建议的科技论文摘要也就成为了解行业最新研究成果的捷径。
gb7713-87规定:论文一般均应有摘要,有些为了国际交流,还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。
一方面作为中文摘要的英文对照,英文摘要可以给国外读者提供一个了解论文主要内容的途径;另一方面,英文摘要也是国际检索系统收录的重要依据之一,如美国《科学引文索引》sci、英国《科学文摘》sa、美国《工程索引》ei等。
美国国立医学图书馆评审委员会专家对我国有些期刊的主要审查意见其中一条就是看不懂(unreadable),暂不收录。
由此可见,英文摘要的质量直接关系我国科技成果被否被接受、肯定和传播。
本文通过对编辑《海洋渔业》英文摘要的过程中遇到的一些问题进行归纳和分析,进而提出一些基础的写作策略和注意事项。
一、学术论文摘要的基本功能、类型和写作要求1 基本功能学术论文摘要最基本的功能主要有两点:(1)传递信息。
通过通览摘要可以迅速准确地了解论文的基本内容以确定是否为自己所需;(2)提供检索。
摘要概括了文章的主要研究内容方法等,可以用于科技文献检索,为读者查询提供便利。
2 主要类型根据国家标准gb和国际标准150,学术论文摘要主要可分为报道性摘要,指示性摘要和报道一指示性摘要三种。
报道性摘要(informative abstract),又称资料性或情报性摘要,多用于实验性和技术性较强的论文,主要报道论文的研究成果、实验数据和结论,具有高度浓缩性、独立性和自含性。
具有独创性和前沿性的专题研究及新技术应用等均可采用此种形式摘要为佳。
指示性摘要(indicative abstract),又称概述性或简介性摘要,多用于理论性较强的论文,较少包含定量数据,以阐明论文研究问题为主,对结论则不加具体叙述。
主要适用于综述、评述和单个专题的研究。
英文摘要的书写技巧
英文摘要的书写技巧随着医学事业的进展,为满足对外交流的需要,国家统一规定,公开发表的学术论文应附有英文摘要。
英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样,包含目的、方法、结果与结论四部分。
但是,英文有其自身特点,最要紧的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。
因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最要紧的信息。
第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于上述“四部分”的内容不必写入摘要。
第二,对属于“四部分”的内容,也应适当取舍,做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。
比如“目的”,在多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如“方法”,有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步骤。
中英文摘要的一致性要紧是指内容方面的一致性,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容”差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或者随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题;二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。
英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。
选择适当的时态与语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。
通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态与语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成懂得上的混乱。
但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律:1、时态。
大体可概括为下列几点。
1)叙述研究过程,多使用通常过去时。
2)在使用通常过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事,宜使用过去完成时。
3)说明某课题现已取得的成果,宜使用现在完成时。
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5.1英文摘要的完整性
目前,大多数作者在写英文摘要时,都是把论文前面的中文摘要(一般都写得很简单)翻译成英文。
这种做法忽略了这样一个事实:由于论文是用中文写作的,中文读者在看了中文摘要后,不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面、详细的信息,但由于英文读者(如《EI》的编辑)一般看不懂中文,英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。
因此,这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性,即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。
这样,即使读者看不懂中文,只需要通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的,解决问题的主要方法、过程,及主要的结果、结论和文章的创新、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。
注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一。
这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。
因此,在写作英文摘要时,要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。
要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论,这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路,又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据,使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识。
当然,这并不意味着中文摘要就不必强调完整性。
事实上,在将中文摘要单独上网发布或文章被收入中文文摘期刊时,中文摘要所提供的信息也必须具有完整性。
另外,由于东、西方文化传统存在很大的差别,我国长期以来的传统教育都有些过分强调知识分子要"谦虚谨慎、戒骄戒躁",因此我国学者在写作论文时,一般不注重(或不敢)突出表现自己所做的贡献。
这一点与西方的传统恰恰相反。
西方的学者在写论文时总是很明确地突出自己的贡献,突出自己的创新、独到之处。
西方的读者在阅读论文时也总是特别关注论文有什么创新独到之处,否则就认为论文是不值得读的。
由于中、英文摘要的读者对象不同,鉴于上述两方面的因素,笔者认为论文中的中、英文摘要不必强求一致。
5.2《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求
目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。
这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。
下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。
《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的"目的(Purposes)",主要的研究"过程(Procedures)"及所采用的"方法(Methods)",由此得到的主要"结果(Results)"和得出的重要"结论(Conclusions)"表达清楚。
如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
也就是说,要写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:
1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)
2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)
3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)
4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)
5.3英文摘要各部分的写作根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一
般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映
原始文献的主要信息。
5.3.1目的(What I want to do?)目的。
主要说明作者写作此文的目的,或本文主要解决的问题。
一般来说,一篇好
的英文摘要,一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。
必要时,可利用论文中所列的最新文献,简要介绍前人的工作,但这种介绍一定要极
其简练。
在这方面,《EI》提出了两点具体要求:
1)Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息).2)Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence
of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。
5.3.2过程与方法(How I did it?)过程及方法。
主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也应包括众多的边界条件
,使用的主要设备和仪器。
在英文摘要中,过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。
开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。
大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。
因此,在说明过程与方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述,这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路,又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。
5.3.3结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献,论文有没有价值,值不值得读者阅
读,主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。
因此,在写作结果和结论部分时,一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明,使结论部分言之有物,有根有据;同时,对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说,通过这些图表,结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解论文的结果和结论。
也只有这样,论文的结论才有说服力。
如有可能,在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较,以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处(回答What is new and original in this paper)。
5.3.4如何提高英文摘要的文字效能《EI》很看重英文摘要的文字效能。
为了提高文字效能,应尽量删去所有多余的字
、句。
在这方面,《EI》提出了两个原则:
1) Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)。
2)brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。
就目前来看,由于大多数作者在英文写作方面都比较欠缺,因此,由作者所写的英文摘要离《EI》的要求相距甚远。
有的作者写出很长的英文摘要,但文字效能很低,多余的字、句很多;有的作者写的英文摘要很短,但也存在多余的字句。
总而言之,就是文字的信息含量少。
因此,《EI》中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出了以下几点具体要求。
5.3.5 关于英文摘要的句法
关于英文摘要的句法,《EI》提出了以下三个一般原则:
1) 尽量用短句(use short sentences)。
2) 描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的),但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时,应该用现在时态。
3) 一般都应使用动词的主动语态,如:写成A exceeds B比写成B is exceeded by A更好。