英美两国福利制度比较研究

英美两国福利制度比较研究

A Comparative Study of National Welfare System Beween British And American

摘要

西方现代福利制度是人类社会文明进步的标志，在有利于加强资产阶级统治的同时，也对保障劳动群众的生活安全起到了很大的作用。作为社会化大生产和工业革命的产物，西方福利制度为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境。各国以立法形式通过国民收入再分配，以社会保障税和其他税收形式将高收入者的一部分收入转移支付给低收入者，谋求实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，维持了社会稳定；同时也保证了劳动力的再生产，促进了经济发展；此外，也是道德观念得以维护和延续。但世界各国国情不同，期福利制度在模式、保障范围、资金支出与管理等方面也存在着巨大的差异。

本文就英美两国的福利政策制度演进历程展开比较，通过研究和借鉴英美国家从剩余型福利政策、到制度型社会福利、再到发展型社会福利的发展和改革的历程；比较英美国家的不同国情的保障制度改革，提出福利制度的改革方向：构建积极的发展性的社会保障制度。目的在于揭示英美两国由于各自不同的历史传统，政治文化以及民情习惯等因素而形成的福利制度及其模式的特点，并探索他们在目前世界性的福利制度改革大潮中的发展趋势。还无疑问，这将有足浴我们在思考别国的经验教训，推动目前我国正在进行的社会保障制度的完善与发展进程。

关键词：福利福利制度比较

ABSTRACT

Western modern social welfare system is a sign of civilization and progress of human society, in favor of strengthening the rule of the bourgeoisie, but also to protect the lives of working people played a significant role in security. As a large-scale socialized production and the product of the industrial revolution, the Western welfare system for the orderly operation of the entire social economy to create a good environment. States to legislate through the redistribution of the national income to social security taxes and other forms of high-income tax share of income transfer payments to low-income people, the pursuit of revenue equalization, ease social contradictions, and to maintain social stability; the same time also ensure that the reproduction of labor, and promote economic development; besides, it can be maintain and extend moral valued. However, countries in the world have different national conditions, its welfare system in the mode of coverage, capital expenditures and management, there are a huge differences.

In this paper, the evolution of British and American welfare system history to start comparison, through research and drawing on Britain and American social welfare policy from the remaining type, the type of social welfare system, to the developmental social welfare development and reform process; more Anglo-American countries, different conditions of security system reform, reform the welfare system put forward: building positive development-oriented social security system. As the United States and Britain intended to reveal their different historical traditions, political culture and public sentiment to form habits, the welfare system and its pattern of characteristics, and to explore their current welfare system reform global tide of trends. Undoubtedly, this will help us to reflect on the lessons of other countries to promote our country was now the perfect social security system and development process.

Key word: welfare benefits system compare

1、引言

英美国家的福利制度理论渊源深厚，福利制度理论的研究也比较完善。英国较早建立了比较完善的福利制度，为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境，是整个过程和社会得以持续、稳定、均衡、协调地发展。并且，实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，同时保证了劳动力的再生产，出尽了经济发展。随着福利国家带来的福利病，英国进行了不断的改革和调整。福利制度模式向积极性的福利制度模式转变。和英国相比，美国的社会保障制度起步较晚，知道20世纪30年代大萧条时期才基本建立起来；迄今为止，起社会保障的覆盖面与水平不仅低于英国，和同在北美的加拿大不起来也有不小的差距。按照西欧国家的标准，也许美国甚至从来算不上“福利国家”，但是从20世纪80年代，西欧许多福利国家陷入困境之后，很多人开始认为美国社会模式更有利于经济发展。事实上，西欧福利国家在变革过程中已经从美国的制度模式中洗去了很多东西，从这种角度来说，美国的福利国家制度恰恰是值得研究的。因此，作为西方两个发达国家，选取英美两国的福利制度进行比较研究具有重要的理论意义。

British and American national welfare system theoretical roots, welfare system theory research is more perfect. Britain earlier established a relatively perfect welfare system, for the whole of the orderly operation of social economy has created a good environment, is the whole process and social sustained, stable and balanced and coordinated