第一讲：英语句子结构分析 (Grammar Notes1 -- by Fiona)

句子的结构分析句子的划分I. 根据结构划分：①简单句S+V（主+谓）S+V+P(主+谓+表)S+V+O（主+谓+宾）S+V+o+O（主+谓+间宾+直宾）S+V+O+C（主+谓+宾+宾补）②并列句and, but, or③复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同）副词从句（状语从句）形容词从句（定语从句）S+V 主语+谓语Eg: She smiles.S+V+P主语+系动词+表语Eg: The picture looks beautiful.S+V+O 主语+谓语+宾语Eg: I love you.S+V+o+O 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语Eg: The old man is telling the children stories in the long march.S+V+O+C 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语Eg: We found him an honest person.区别：双宾语共同修饰动词的；宾补修饰的是宾语，可以和宾语构成“主+系+表”结构，如：We would like to make him our head.He is our head.1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。

但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。

He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)2) 并列句：句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。

并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。

它们之间用连词连结。

e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.并列句的分类：1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。

e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。

e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, yet, while等。

e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for等。

e.g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。

从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句等。

句型主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。

这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。

As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引导一个定语从句)Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引导一个表地点的状语从句)Exercise: Join the following words into sentences.1.at, red, face, news, her, turned, the2.we, bus, catch, so as to, got up, first, the, early3.a, made, she, me, beautiful dress.4.hill, middle, a, there, of, the, stands, in, park, the5.found, with, family, to, it, your, very, I, pleasant, be6.Ago, stopped, two, she, English, teaching, yearsSuggested answers:1.Her face turned red at the news.2.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.3.She made me a beautiful dress.4.There stands a hill in the middle of the park.5.I found it very pleasant to be with your family.6.She stopped teaching English two years ago.II. 根据功能划分：陈述句疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反义疑问句，修辞疑问句）祈使句感叹句一．陈述句（五种句型）I am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。

Chatting on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。

Internet dating hurts.网恋有害。

I like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。

Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。

W e can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。

系词be它有三，am is are ，我（I）用am，you（你）用are，is 用于他她它；单数is，复数are，. 常用作连系动词：①变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn②保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay.③看起来，好像：Appear, look, seem.④感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste.II. 代双宾语的动词“七给”一“带”to不少,“买”画“制作”for来了。

带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时“to”或“for”。

这11个及物动词可以概括为下边两句话,读起来妙趣横生,效果很好1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。

即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.”如:He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有：get,mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。

如:Mother bought a new dress for me。

类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach等。

3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后如：Richard made it for him。

理查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me。

把它给我4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe,pay.I asked John. 我问约翰I asked a question. 我问了一个问题I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to,不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。

Could you explain your point of view to us?=Could you explain to us your point of view? 6、易错的动词抢劫/偷某人某物：Rob/steal sb. sth (错误）正确的说法：rob sb of sth steal sb from sth.类似的还有：cure sb of illness 治愈某人疾病rid sb of sth 从----中除去（不好的东西）supply sb with sth 供给某人某物provide sb with sth 给某人提供某物accuse sb of sth 控告某人某事cheat sb of sth 骗取某人某物inform / advise sb of sth 通知某人某事remind sb of sth 是某人想起某事warn sb of sth 警告某人某情况charge sb with sth 指责某人某事2.特殊疑问句你什么时候开始学英语？Whenyou began to study English.» Did you begin to study English?»»when did you begin to study English?你在想什么？What……Something is in your mind.»What’s in your mind?小结：①用who, what, where, which, when, why, how提问。