Administrative Operations Manual
公司高层职位的英文缩写
公司高层职位的英文缩写1。
CEO : Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官2。
COO :Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官3。
CFO :Chief Finacial Officer 首席财务官4。
CTO :Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官5。
CIO :Chief Information Officer 首席信息官电脑公司里各职位名称的英文缩写CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager)生产经理PG(Product Manager)产品经理GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理Master of Business Administration 企业管理硕士Marketing and Sales(市场与销售部分)Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理Sales Manager 销售经理Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Assistant 销售助理Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturer\'s Representative 厂家代表Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监Sales Representative 销售代表Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Intern 市场实习Marketing Director 市场总监Insurance Agent 保险代理人Customer Manager 客户经理Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Advertising Manager 广告经理Travel Agent 旅行代办员Salesperson 销售员Telemarketer 电话销售员Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Retail Buyer 零售采购员Real Estate Manager 房地产经理Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人Purchasing Agent 采购代理Product Developer 产品开发Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Advertising Assistant 广告助理Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 广告文撰写人Customer Representative 客户代表Computers and Mathematics(计算机部分)Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理MIS Manager 电脑部经理Project Manager 项目经理Technical Engineer 技术工程师Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Systems Programmer 系统程序员Administrator 局域网管理员Operations Analyst 操作分析Computer Operator 电脑操作员Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管Director of Information Services 信息服务主管Systems Engineer 系统工程师Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员Information Analyst 信息分析LAN Systems Analyst 系统分析Statistician 统计员Human Resources(人力资源部分)Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监Assistant Personnel Officer 人事助理Compensation Manager 薪酬经理Employment Consultant 招募顾问Facility Manager 后勤经理Job Placement Officer 人员配置专员Labor Relations Specialist 劳动关系专员Recruiter 招聘人员Training Specialist 培训专员Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁Assistant Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁助理Personnel Manager 职员经理Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Personnel Consultant 员工顾问Training Coordinator 培训协调员Executive and Managerial(管理部分)Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官Director of Operations 运营总监Vice-President 副总裁Branch Manager 部门经理Retail Store Manager 零售店经理HMO Product Manager 产品经理Operations Manager 操作经理Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员Management Consultant 管理顾问District Manager 市区经理Hospital Administrator 医院管理Import/Export Manager 进出口经理Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员Program Manager 程序管理经理Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员Project Manager 项目经理Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理Regional Manager 区域经理Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席运营官General Manager 总经理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监Controller(International) 国际监管Food Service Manager 食品服务经理Production Manager 生产经理Administrator 医疗保险管理Property Manager 房地产经理Claims Examiner 主考官Controller(General) 管理员Service Manager 服务经理Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理Vending Manager 售买经理Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Warehouse Manager 仓库经理Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理Manager(Non-Profit and Charities) 非盈利性慈善机构管理外企中不少职位用英文简称,不妨熟悉一下公司各种领导职务的简称GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager)生产经理(Product Manager)产品经理Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Cashier 出纳员Buyer 采购员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济助究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员Export Sales Manager 外销部经理English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师Export Sales Staff 外销部职员F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员Financial Controller 财务主任F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Financial Reporter 财务报告人General Auditor 审计长Fund Manager 财务经理General Manager/ President 总经理Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员General Manager Assistant 总经理助理Import Manager 进口部经理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员Hardware Engineer (计算机)硬件工程师Interpreter 口语翻译International Sales Staff 国际销售员Legal Adviser 法律顾问Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Line Supervisor 生产线主管Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Management Consultant 管理顾问Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Manager 经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Market Analyst 市场分析员Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Marketing Assistant 销售助理Office Clerk 职员Marketing Executive 销售主管Operational Manager 业务经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Package Designer 包装设计师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Music Teacher 音乐教师Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Naval Architect 造船工程师Personnel Manager 人事部经理Office Assistant 办公室助理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Purchasing Agent 采购(进货)员Private Secretary 私人秘书Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Product Manager 生产部经理Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Production Engineer 产品工程师Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Professional Staff 专业人员Regional Manger 地区经理Programmer 电脑程序设计师Research&.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Project Staff (项目)策划人员Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Promotional Manager 推售部经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Proof-reader 校对员Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Sales Assistant 销售助理Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Service Manager 服务部经理Sales Engineer 销售工程师Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Sales Executive 销售主管Software Engineer (计算机)软件工程师Sales Manager 销售部经理Supervisor 监管员Salesperson 销售员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Seller Representative 销售代表Systems Engineer 系统工程师Sales Supervisor 销售监管Systems Operator 系统操作员School Registrar 学校注册主任Technical Editor 技术编辑Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Technical Translator 技术翻译Secretary 秘书Technical Worker 技术工人Security Officer 安全人员Telecommunication Executive 电讯(电信)员Senior Accountant 高级会计Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Senior Employee 高级雇员Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Tourist Guide 导游Translation Checker 翻译核对员Trainee Manager 培训部经理Wordprocessor Operator 银行高级职员Translator 翻译员Typist 打字员公司英文标识总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office营业部Business Office人事部Personnel Department人力资源部Human Resources Department总务部General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department销售部Sales Department促销部Sales Promotion Department国际部International Department出口部Export Department进口部Import Department公共关系Public Relations Department广告部Advertising Department企划部Planning Department产品开发部Product Development Department研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool行政词汇:首席执行官Chief Executive Officer(CEO)部门经理Branch Manager市场行政总监Executive Marketing Director国际监管Controller(International)运营总监Director of Operations进出口经理Import/Export Manager商店经理助理Assistant Store Manager操作经理Operations Manager房地产经理Property Manager首席运营官Chief Operations Officer(CPO)生产经理Production Manager服务经理Service Manager零售店经理Retail Store Manager产品经理Product Manager项目经理Project Manager总经理General Manager区域经理Regional Manager管理顾问Management Consultant仓库经理Warehouse Manager运输经理Transportation Manager库存管理经理Inventory Control Manager办公室经理Office Manager助理Staff Assistant办公室文员General Office Clerk接待员Receptionist订单输入文员order Entry Clerk副总裁Vice-President行政主管Administrative Director行政副总裁Vice-President of Administration 行政助理Executive Assistant行政秘书Executive Secretary票务代理Ticket Agent保险协调员Insurance Coordinator档案管理员File Clerk市场与销售:销售副总裁Vice-President of Sales市场副总裁Vice-President of Marketing高级客户经理Senior Account Manager销售主管Sales Administrator地区销售经理Regional Sales Manager地区客户经理Regional Account Manager房地产评估师Real Estate Appraiser采购经理Merchandising Manager市场顾问Marketing Consultant市场助理Marketing Assistant市场与销售总监Marketing and Sales Director 市场调查分析员Market Research Analyst厂家代表Manufacturer's Representative分公司权利总监Director of Subsidiary Rights复查代表Callback Representative客户管理助理Assistant Account Executive 广告经理Advertising Manager广告协调员Advertising Coordinator广告助理Advertising Assistant客户代表Account Representative广告文撰写人Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 批发采购员Wholesale Buyer旅行代办员Travel Agent电话销售总监Telemarketing Director电话销售员Telemarketer电话调查员Tele-Interviewer销售员Salesperson销售代表Sales Representative销售经理Sales Manager销售执行者Sales Executive销售助理Sales Assistant零售采购员Retail Buyer房地产经理Real Estate Manager房地产经纪人Real Estate Broker采购代理Purchasing Agent产品开发Product Developer市场经理Marketing Manager市场实习Marketing Intern市场总监Marketing Director保险代理人Insurance Agent客户经理Account Manager计算机行业:应用软件程序员Applications Programmer电脑操作主管Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑技术员Computer Technician开发工程师Developmental Engineer信息服务主管Director of Information Services信息分析Information Analyst局域网管理员LAN Administrator网络管理经理Manager of Network Administration 产品支持经理Product Support Manager承包商Subcontractor (Programming)电脑操作员Computer Operator硬件工程师Hardware Engineer电脑部经理MIS Manager操作分析Operations Analyst项目经理Project Manager统计员Statistician系统分析Systems Analyst系统工程师Systems Engineer系统程序员Systems Programmer技术工程师T Technical Engineer技术:技术讲解员Technical Illustrator研究发展技术员Research and Development Technician 质量管理检查员Quality Control Inspector质量检测技术员QA Test Technician精密度检查员Precision Inspector技术支持专员Technical Support Specialist工程技术员Engineering Technician电子设备维修员Electronic Equipment Repairer电信业顾问Telecommunications Consultant技术指导讲师Technical Instructor建筑师Landscape Architect测量员Surveyor草图设计员Drafter房屋验收Building Inspector建筑师Architect广播技术员Broadcast Technician工程词汇:制造业工程师Manufacturing Engineer工程顾问Engineering Consultant环境工程师Environmental Engineer设备工程师Facilities Engineer工业工程师Industrial Engineer电子工程师Electronics Engineer电机工程师Electrical Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer石油工程师Petroleum Engineer陶器工程师Ceramic Engineer化学工程师Chemical Engineer土木工程师Civil Engineer电力工程师Electrical Engineer施工工程师Field Engineer航海工程师Marine Engineer产品工程师Product Engineer品管工程师Quality Control Engineer助理工程师Assistant Engineer技术员Technician会计与财务:注册会计师Certified Public Accountant首席财务官Chief Financial Officer(CFO)收款负责人Collections Officer保险承销商Insurance Underwriter保险经济人Insurance Broker银行事务管理员Bank Administrator贷款管理员Loan Administrator管理会计Management Accountant抵抻保险员Mortgage Underwriter工资经理Payroll Manager审计员Staff Auditor股票经纪人Stock Broker税务会计Tax Accountant税务检查员Tax Inspector财务行政副总裁Vice-President of Administration and Finance 财务副总裁Vice-President of Finance贷款服务Loan Services财务计划员Financial Planner会计助理Accounting Assistant会计经理Accounting Manager会计文员Accounting Clerk高级会计Senior Accountant审计经理Audit Manager保险分析员Actuarial Analyst审计师Auditor初级会计Junior Accountant资金调拨Bank Treasurer票据文员Billing Clerk票据管理员Billing Supervisor档案管理Bookkeeper档案管理助理Bookkeeping Clerk预算分析Budget Analyst信用分析Credit Analyst信用管理经理Credit Manager财务分析Financial Analyst财务顾问Financial Consultant财务经理Financial Manager银行出纳Bank Clerk出纳员Cashier法律词汇:警员Police Officer警官Police Sergeant首席检察官助理Assistant Attorney General 合同管理员Contracts Manager反贪调查员Ombudsman保安经理Security Manager法律助理Legal Assistant法律秘书Legal Secretary律师Attorney消防员Fire Fighter法律职员Law Clerk司法学生Law Student律师专职助手Paralegal法庭记者Court Reporter法律顾问Counselor传媒词汇:编辑助理Assistant Editor广播制作人Broadcast Producer编辑主任Editorial Director信息专员Information Support Specialist执行编辑Managing Editor制作编辑Production Editor公共关系Public Relations公共关系助理Public Relations Assistant电台播音员Radio Announcer广播节目总监Radio Program Director研讨会协调员Symposium Coordinator电视导演Television Director电视制片人Television Producer电视制片工程师Television Production Engineer节目部主任Program Director节目协调人Program Coordinator助理编辑Associate Editor作家Author专栏作家Columnist文件编辑Copy Editor通讯记者Correspondent编辑Editor活动策划Events Planner新闻记者Journalist校对Proofreader广告员Publicist记者Reporter翻译员Translator排字工人Typesetter作者Writer艺术类词汇:服装设计师Fashion Designer电影摄制助理Film Production Assistant 画面设计师Graphic Designer装饰设计师Interior Designer制片协调员Production Coordinator男演员/女演员Actor/Actress艺术总监Art Director舞蹈教练Choreographer喜剧演员Comedian舞蹈家Dancer摄影师Photographer视觉艺术家Visual Artist服务行业词汇:办案员Case Worker城市规划者Urban Planner临床医学家Therapist社会工作者Social Worker心理学家Psychologist客户服务经理Customer Service Manager客户服务代表Customer Service Representative 健康俱乐部经理Health Club Manager宾馆门房Hotel Concierge食品检查员Food Inspector餐厅经理Restaurant Manager空中服务员Flight Attendant厨师Chef美容师Cosmetologist饭店经理Hotel Manager饭店职员Hotel Clerk发型师Hairstylist空中小姐Stewardess教育词汇:校长Principal外语教师Foreign Language Teacher 第二外语教师ESL Teacher图书管理员Librarian大学教授College Professor助理教师Teacher Aide高级教师Head Teacher心理咨询教师School Psychologist体育教师Physical Education Teacher 计算机教师Computer Teacher艺术教师Art Instructor案卷保管员Archivist家教/辅导教师Tutor教练员Coach讲师Instructor (Lecturer)助教Assistant医学词汇:医疗主任Clinical Director食疗技师Dietary Technician急诊技师Emergency Medical Technician 健美师Fitness Instructor病历员Medical Records Clerk看护员Nursing Administrator职业疗法Occupational Therapist药学师Pharmacist药品技师Pharmacy Technician理疗师Physical Therapist助理医师Physician's Assistant有氧治疗师Respiratory Therapist语言心理学家Speech Pathologist脊椎指压治疗者Chiropractor牙科助理Dental Assistant牙科医生Dentist牙科保健Dental Hygienist牙科技师Dental Technician整牙医生orthodontist家庭护理Home Health Aide实验技师Lab Technician护士Nurse看护助手Nursing Aide护士长Nursing Supervisor眼科医生Optician助理兽医Veterinary Assistant 兽医Veterinarian精神病医师Psychiatrist外科医生Surgeon内科医生Physician儿科医生Pediatrician住院医师Resident Doctor中医师Herb Doctor助产士Accoucheur。
行政人员的工作内容英语作文
行政人员的工作内容英语作文(中英文版)Administrative staff play a pivotal role in the smooth operation of any organization.Their job responsibilities encompass a wide array of tasks, ranging from managing daily office operations to providing support to senior management.In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of an administrative professional"s job.行政人员对任何组织的顺利运作都起着关键作用。
他们的工作职责包括广泛的任务,从管理日常办公室运作到为高层管理人员提供支持。
在这篇作文中,我们将深入探讨行政专业人员工作的各个方面。
Firstly, administrative staff are responsible for handling routine office tasks such as answering phone calls, managing emails, and organizing meetings.They ensure that all communication channels are effectively maintained, allowing the organization to function efficiently.首先,行政人员负责处理日常办公室任务,如接听电话、管理电子邮件和安排会议。
他们确保所有沟通渠道得到有效维护,使组织能够高效运作。
Secondly, they assist in maintaining office supplies and equipment, ensuring that everything is in order for employees to perform their duties.This includes ordering stationary, coordinating with vendors, and troubleshooting basic technical issues.其次,他们协助维护办公室用品和设备,确保一切就绪,以便员工履行职责。
食品相关英文缩写
CCFL
Codex Committee on Food Labeling
食品标识法典委员会
CCP
critical control point
关键控制点
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
疾病控制与预防中心
CFCs
食品安全和应用营养中心(食品药品管理局)
cGMPs
current good manufacturing practices
现行良好生产规范
Codex
Codex Alimentarius Commission
食品法典委员会
CSREES
Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Services (USDA)
Federal Trade Commission Act
联邦贸易委员会法
G
GAO
General Accounting Office
总会计办公室
GAP
good 范
GATT
General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs
关税与贸易总协定
国家广告处(商业改善局委员会)
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
北美自由贸易协议
NOP
National Organic Program
国家有机(农业)项目
NARB
National Advertising Review Board (FTC)
国家广告审查委员会(联邦贸易委员会)
administrative policy
administrative policyAdministrative policy refers to the principles, guidelines, and rules established by an organization or government to manage and regulate its operations and decision-making processes. These policies are designed to ensure the efficient and effective functioning of the organization, as well as to comply with legal and ethical requirements.Administrative policies typically cover a wide range of areas, including human resources, finance, procurement, and information technology. They may also address issues such as ethics, compliance, and risk management.The development and implementation of administrative policies are typically the responsibility of senior management or a dedicated policy team. These policies are often documented in written form and communicated to all employees or stakeholders to ensure understanding and compliance.Effective administrative policies can help to improve organizational performance, reduce risks, and ensure consistency in decision-making. They also play an important role in maintaining the integrity and reputation of the organization.However, it is important to note that administrative policies should be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changes in the organization's operations, as well as to respond to new challenges and opportunities. Additionally, policies should be flexible enough to allow for例外 situations and adjustments as needed.In conclusion, administrative policies are an essential tool for organizations to manage their operations and achieve their goals. By establishing clear guidelines and procedures, organizations can improve efficiency, reduce risks, and maintain the integrity of their operations.。
外贸公司常见职位中英文对照
采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff贸易经理Trading Manager贸易主管Trading Supervisor贸易专员Trading Specialist贸易助理Trading Assistant业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist办公室职位职称中英文对照高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee 总监Director合伙人Partner总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant物料经理Materials Manager物料主管Materials Supervisor采购经理Purchasing Manager采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor 外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant 业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor 报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist快递员Courier理货员Warehouse Stock Management生产/营运/工程Manufacturing/Operations/Engineering工厂经理/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运经理Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor生产计划协调员Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术/工艺设计经理/主管Technical/Industrial Design Mgr./Spvr.技术/工艺设计工程师Technical/Industrial Design Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer机电工程师Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师Maintenance Engineer质量经理QA Manager质量主管QA Supervisor质量工程师QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员QA Inspector认证工程师Certification Engineer安全/健康/环境经理/主管Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全/健康/环境工程师Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程绘图员Project Drafting Specialist机械制图员Drafting Specialist化验员Laboratory Technician技工T echnician / Engineer Trainee电工Electrician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production行政/人事/后勤Admin./HR/Support Services行政/人事总监Admin/Human Resources Director人事经理Human Resources Manager人事主管Human Resources Supervisor人事专员Human Resources Specialist人事助理Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管Recruiting Manager/Supervisor薪资福利经理/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理Training Specialist/Assistant行政经理/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager 总裁办主任Director of President Office行政专员/助理Admin Staff/Assistant经理助理/秘书Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机Receptionist后勤Office Support资料管理员Information / Data Management Specialist电脑操作员/打字员Computer Operator/Typist文字/艺术/设计Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer编辑/作家/撰稿人Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计Layout Designer艺术/设计总监Creative/Design Director影视策划/制作人员Entertainment Planning / Production导演Director摄影师Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist演员/模特/主持人Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计//美术设计Graphic Artist/Designer纺织/服装设计Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计Artwork/Jewelry Designer科研人员Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员Research Management科研人员Research Specialist Staff律师/法务Legal律师Lawyer法务人员Legal Personnel律师助理Paralegal/Legal Assistant书记员Court Clerk教师Professor/Teacher教师ProfessorTeacher教学/教务管理人员Education/School Administrator助教T eaching Assistant讲师Lecturer家教Tutor公司高层职位的英文缩写1。
人力资源管理双语课后习题及翻译
习题及答案Chapter 01 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage Answer KeyTrue / False Questions1. (p. 5) Companies have historically looked at HRM as a means to contribute to profitability, quality, and other business goals through enhancing and supporting business operations.FALSE2. (p. 5) The human resource department is most likely to collaborate with other company functions on outplacement, labor law compliance, testing, and unemployment compensation.FALSE3. (p. 6) The three product lines of HR include a) administrative services and transactions, B) financial services, and c) strategic partners.FALSE4. (p. 9) The amount of time that the HRM function devotes to administrative tasks is decreasing, and its roles as a strategic business partner, change agent, and employee advocate are increasing. TRUE5. (p. 9) Advances in technology have allowed HR services to be offered more on a self-service basis than in the past.TRUE6. (p. 9) HR functions related to areas such as employee development, performance management, and organizational development are outsourced most frequently.FALSE7. (p. 11) Evidence-based HR provides managers with data to make decisions, instead of just relying on intuition.TRUE8. (p. 14) Stakeholders of a company are shareholders, the community, customers, employees, and all of the other parties that have an interest in seeing that the company succeeds.TRUE9. (p. 19) Companies are now more and more interested in using intangible assets and human capital as a way to gain an advantage over competitors.TRUE10. (p. 22) A learning organization places the highest emphasis on completion of formal employment training.FALSE11. (p. 22) The psychological contract describes what an employee expects to contribute and what the company will provide to the employee in return for these contributions.TRUE12. (p. 25) The use of alternative work arrangements, which include independent contractors, on-call workers, temporary workers, and contract company workers, is shrinking.FALSE13. (p. 27) To be effective, balanced scorecards must be customized by companies to fit different market situations, products, and competitive environments.TRUE14. (p. 27) The balanced scorecard should not be used to link the company's human resource management activities to the company's business strategy.FALSE15. (p. 30) Corporate cultures within companies that successfully implement TQM typically emphasize individualism, hierarchy, accountability, and profits.FALSE16. (p. 31) ISO 9000 certification is an integral component of W. Edwards Deming's quality control process.FALSE17. (p. 34) The skills and motivation of a company's internal labor force determine the need for training and development practices and the effectiveness of the company's compensation and reward systems.TRUE18. (p. 37) Because the workforce is predicted to become more uniform in terms of age, ethnicity, and racial background, it is likely that one set of values will characterize all employees.FALSE19. (p. 39) Cultural diversity can provide a company competitive advantage regarding problem-solving. TRUE20. (p. 42) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 sets strict rules for corporate behavior and sets heavy fines and prison terms for noncompliance.TRUE21. (p. 43) Every business must be prepared to deal with the global economy.TRUE22. (p. 48) One of the disadvantages of technology is that it does not allow older workers to postpone retirement.FALSE23. (p. 51) E-HRM is more applicable to practices associated with recruiting and training than those associated with analysis and design work, selection, and compensation and benefits.FALSE24. (p. 54) An HR dashboard is a series of indicators that managers and employees have access to on the company intranet or human resource information system.TRUE25. (p. 58) Compensating human resources involves measuring employees' performance.FALSEMultiple Choice Questions26. (p. 4) _____ refers to a company's ability to maintain and gain market share in its industry.A. OutsourcingB. CompetitivenessC. Self-serviceD. Empowerment27. (p. 4) _____ refers to the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees' behavior, attitudes, and performance.A. Total quality managementB. Financial managementC. Human resource managementD. Production and operations management28. (p. 5) Strategic HR management includes all but one of the following. Name the exception.A. Financial planningB. Training and developmentC. Performance managementD. Recruiting talent29. (p. 6) Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of HR departments?A. RecruitingB. BenefitsC. Community relationsD. Production and operations30. (p. 6) Which of the following is NOT a product line of human resources?A. Administrative services and transactionsB. Strategic partnerC. Human capital partnerD. Business partner services31. (p. 8) Which of the following best describes a cultural steward?A. Shapes the organization.B. Delivers results with integrity.C. Facilitates change.D. Recognizes business trends and their impact on the business.32. (p. 8) A strategic architect is one who:A. facilitates change.B. recognizes business trends and their impact on the business.C. implements workplace policies conducive to work environment.D. develops talent and designs reward systems.33. (p. 9) Giving employees online access to information about HR issues such as training, benefits, and compensation is known as:A. outsourcing.B. continuous learning.C. self-service.D. strategic planning.34. (p. 9) The practice of having another company (a vendor, third-party provider, consultant) provide services traditionally associated with the administrative role of HR is known as:A. e-commerce.B. empowering.C. outsourcing.D. benchmarking.35. (p. 10) Traditionally, the HRM department was primarily a(n):A. proactive agency.B. finance expert.C. employer advocate.D. administrative expert.36. (p. 11) Which of the following statements about evidence-based HR is FALSE?A. It helps show that the money invested in HR programs is justified and that HR is contributing to the company's goals and objectives.B. It emphasizes that HR is being transformed from a broad corporate competency to a specialized, stand-alone function in which human resources and line managers build partnerships to gain competitive advantage.C. It requires collecting data on such metrics as productivity, turnover, accidents, employee attitudes and medical costs and showing their relationship with HR practices.D. It refers to demonstrating that human resources practices have a positive influence on the company's bottom line or key stakeholders.37. (p. 12-13) Which one of the following statements about the HR profession is FALSE?A. A college degree is required of HR specialists, but not of generalists.B. Generalists usually perform the full range of HRM activities, including recruiting, training, compensation, and employee relations.C. Professional certification in HRM is less common than membership in professional associations.D. The primary professional organization for HRM is the Society for Human Resource Management.38. (p. 13) All of the following competitive challenges faced by companies will increase the importance of human resource management EXCEPT:A. the global challenge.B. the challenge of sustainability.C. the political challenge.D. the technology challenge.39. (p. 14) _____ refers to the ability of a company to survive and succeed in a dynamic competitive environment.A. OutsourcingB. EmpowermentC. SustainabilityD. Resource management40. (p. 14) Sustainability includes all of the following EXCEPT:A. expanding into foreign markets.B. the ability to deal with economic and social changes.C. engaging in responsible and ethical business practices.D. providing high-quality products and services.41. (p. 19) Which of the following statements about intangible assets is FALSE?A. They include human capital.B. They are less valuable than physical assets.C. They are equally or even more valuable than financial assets.D. They are difficult to duplicate or imitate.42. (p. 20) Tacit knowledge is an example of _____ capital.A. socialB. customerC. humanD. intellectual43. (p. 21) Which of the following is NOT true of knowledge workers?A. They often contribute specialized knowledge that their managers may not have, such as information about customers.B. They have many job opportunities.C. They are in high demand because companies need their skills.D. They contribute to the company through manual labor and intellectual labor.44. (p. 21) Empowering is defined as:A. the movement of women and minorities into managerial positions.B. giving employees responsibility and authority to make decisions regarding all aspects of product development or customer service.C. leading employees by the strength of one's charisma.D. the act of continually learning and improving one's skills and abilities.45. (p. 22) A(n) _____ contract describes what an employee expects to contribute and what the company will provide to the employee for these contributions.A. employerB. employeeC. psychologicalD. job46. (p. 25) All of the following are examples of alternative work arrangements EXCEPT:A. independent contractors.B. current labor force.C. on-call workers.D. temporary workers.47. (p. 27) The balanced scorecard:A. is similar to most measures of company performance.B. uses indicators important to the company's strategy.C. is a standardized instrument of company performance.D. should not be applied to HR practices.48. (p. 27) The balanced scorecard presents a view of company performance from the perspective of:A. its customers only.B. its employees only.C. its employees and customers only.D. its employees, customers, and shareholders.49. (p. 28) According to the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard, which of the following questions should be answered?A. How do customers see us?B. Can we continue to improve and create value?C. What must we excel at?D. How do we look to shareholders?50. (p. 28) Increasingly, companies are trying to meet shareholder and general public demands that they be more socially, ethically, and environmentally responsible. Thus, companies are recognizing the importance of:A. a balanced scorecard approach to business.B. diversity.C. total quality management.D. social responsibility.51. (p. 30) TQM focuses on:A. designing processes to meet the needs of external customers only.B. reducing variability in the product or service.C. preventing errors rather than correcting errors.D. tying pay to employees' total output less rejects52. (p. 31) "How senior executives create and sustain corporate citizenship, customer focus, clear values, and expectations, and promote quality and performance excellence" is the definition for which Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criterion?A. Strategic planningB. Workforce focusC. Customer and market focusD. LeadershipMalcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is an award established in 1987 to promote quality awareness, to recognize quality achievements of U.S. companies, and to publicize successful quality strategies.53. (p. 33) Which one of the following is NOT true of the Six Sigma process?A. The objective of the process is to create a total business focus on serving the customer.B. Training is an important component of the process.C. The process is one of seven categories evaluated within the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award.D. The process involves measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling processes once they have been brought within six quality standards.54. (p. 33) Which of following holds TRUE for lean thinking?A. It is a way to do more with less effort, time, equipment, and space.B. It is a way to compete for quality awards and certification.C. It includes offering no-frills goods and services to customers.D. It is working for zero inventories.55. (p. 34) The skills and motivation of a company's _____ labor force determine the need for training and development practices and the effectiveness of the company's compensation and reward systems.A. projectedB. secondaryC. externalD. internal56. (p. 34-37) Which of the following statements about the composition of the U.S. labor force in the next decade is TRUE?A. Labor force growth is greater than at any other time in U.S. history.B. The largest proportion of the labor force is expected to be in the 16-to-24-year age group.C. There will be fewer white males than minorities or women in the labor force.D. The number of "baby boom" workers will increase faster than any other age group.57. (p. 35) Which of the following statements about older workers is FALSE?A. Worker performance and learning are adversely affected by aging.B. The aging labor force means companies are likely to employ a growing share of older workers.C. An emerging trend is for qualified older workers to ask to work part-time or for only a few months at a time as a means to transition to retirement.D. Older employees are willing and able to learn new technology.58. (p. 37) Baby boomers:A. like the latest technology, are ambitious and goal-oriented, and seek meaningful work.B. want to be noticed, respected, and involved.C. tend to be uncomfortable challenging the status quo and authority.D. value unexpected rewards for work accomplishments, opportunities to learn new things, praise, recognition, and time with the manager.59. (p. 38) Regardless of their background, most employees' value:A. the ability to challenge the status quo.B. simplistic tasks requiring few skills.C. managerial positions.D. work that leads to self-fulfillment.60. (p. 38-39) To successfully manage a diverse workforce, managers need to develop all of the following skills EXCEPT:A. providing performance feedback that is based on values rather than objective outcomes.B. communicating effectively with employees from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds.C. coaching employees of different ages, educational backgrounds, ethnicity, physical ability, and race.D. recognizing and responding to generational issues.61. (p. 39) Managing cultural diversity involves:A. enforcing EEO rules.B. creating separate career tracks for employees with families.C. establishing a strong affirmative action policy.D. creating a workplace that makes it comfortable for employees of all backgrounds to be creative and innovative.62. (p. 39) How diversity issues are managed in companies has implications for all the following EXCEPT:A. knowing how to learn.B. creativity.C. retaining good employees.D. problem solving.63. (p. 39) Managing cultural diversity can provide a competitive advantage by:A. decreasing the number of available women and minorities in the company's labor pool.B. helping women and minorities understand they must conform to organizational norms and expectations.C. helping companies produce better decisions by including all employees' perspectives and analysis.D. identifying product markets on which the company should focus64. (p. 39) In managing cultural diversity, which of the following would improve the level of creativity thereby providing competitive advantage to an organization?A. Diversity of perspectives and less emphasis on conformity to norms of the past.B. Those with the best reputations for managing diversity will win the competition for the best personnel.C. An implication of the multicultural model for managing diversity is that the system will become less determinate, less standardized, and therefore more fluid.D. Heterogeneity in decisions and problem-solving groups potentially produces better decisions.65. (p. 39) Which of the following cultural diversity arguments states that companies with the best reputations for managing diversity will win the competition for the best personnel?A. System flexibility argumentB. Marketing argumentC. Employee attraction and retention argumentD. Problem-solving argument66. (p. 39) Diversity is important for tapping all of the following skills of employees EXCEPT:A. cultural skills.B. communication skills.C. creativity.D. homogeneous thinking.67. (p. 40) What areas of the legal environment have influenced HRM practices over the past 25 years?A. Equal employment opportunity, safety and health, pay and benefits, privacy, and job security.B. Executive compensation, pay and benefits, workers' compensation, safety and health, and job security.C. Product liability, workers' compensation, equal employment opportunity, safety and health, and labor relations.D. Equal employment opportunity, patent infringement, workers' compensation, safety and health, and job security.68. (p. 40-41) There will likely be continued discussion, debate, and possible legislation in all but one of the following areas in companies. Name the exception.A. Genetic testingB. Glass ceilingC. Employment-at-willD. Design of physical work environment69. (p. 41) Litigation involving job security will have a major influence on human resource management practices because:A. work rules, recruitment practices, and performance evaluation systems might falsely communicate lifetime employment agreements that the company does not intend to honor during layoffs.B. adjustments of test scores to meet affirmative action requirements are now illegal.C. employees now bear the burden of proof in discrimination cases.D. compensation awards for discrimination claims have increased.70. (p. 41) Which of the following is one of the four ethical principles of a successful company?A. Managers assume all responsibility for the actions of the company.B. It has a strong profit orientation.C. Customer, client, and vendor relationships emphasize mutual benefits.D. It does not produce products that can be used for violent purposes.71. (p. 42) Which legislation act sets new strict rules for business especially as regards accounting practices?A. Human Rights Act of 1994B. Reverse Discrimination Act of 1990C. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002D. Corruption and Practices Act of 200072. (p. 43) Which of the following is NOT a standard that human resource managers must satisfy for practices to be ethical?A. Managers must treat employees as family.B. Human resource practices must result in the greatest good for the largest number of people.C. Employment practices must respect basic human rights of privacy, due process, and free speech.D. Managers must treat employees and customers equitably and fairly.73. (p. 45) Exporting jobs from developed to less developed countries is known as:A. insourcing.B. offshoring.C. importing.D. onshoring.74. (p. 47) Exporting jobs to rural parts of the United States is referred to as:A. insourcing.B. offshoring.C. importing.D. onshoring75. (p. 48) Which of the following statements about technology is FALSE?A. The Internet allows employees to locate and gather resources, including software, reports, photos, and videos.B. Technology does not allow older workers to postpone retirement.C. The Internet gives employees instant access to experts whom they can communicate with.D. Technology has made equipment easier to operate, helping companies cope with skill shortages.76. (p. 49) Which of the following is NOT typically true of work teams?A. They are used to increase employee responsibility and control.B. They use cross-training to give employees knowledge on a wide range of skills.C. They frequently select new team members and plan work schedules.D. They assume all of the activities reserved for managers such as controlling, planning, and coordinating activities.77. (p. 49) Which of the following is NOT recommended for supporting work teams?A. Reducing flexibility and interaction between employees to maintain high productivity.B. Giving employees formal performance feedback.C. Linking compensation and rewards with performance.D. Allowing employees to participate in planning changes in equipment, layout, and work methods.78. (p. 49) All of the following statements about cross training are true EXCEPT:A. it provides teams' maximum flexibility.B. it helps in measuring employees' performance.C. it trains employees in a wide range of skills.D. employees can fill any of the roles needed to be performed on the team.79. (p. 50) Company X has offices around the globe. Its teams are separated by time, geographic distance, culture and/or organizational boundaries, and almost rely exclusively on technology for interaction between team members. Its teams are:A. virtual teams.B. geographically-concentrated teams.C. lean teams.D. teleworker teams.80. (p. 50-51) Adaptive organizational structures emphasize:A. efficiency, decision making by managers, and the flow of information from top to bottom of the organization.B. a core set of values, and elimination of boundaries between managers, employees, and organizational functions.C. clear boundaries between managers, employees, customers, vendors, and the functional areas, and a constant state of learning.D. internal linking, external linking, diversification, and a core set of values.81. (p. 51) Which of the following is FALSE about high-involvement, adaptive organizational structures?A. Employees are in a constant state of learning and performance improvement.B. Employees are free to move wherever they are needed in a company.C. Line employees are trained to specialize in one job in order to maximize efficiency.D. Previously established boundaries between managers, employees, customers, and vendors are abandoned.82. (p. 51) Employees in geographically dispersed locations can work together in virtual teams using video, e-mail, and the Internet. This e-HRM implication refers to which aspect of HR?A. RecruitingB. Analysis and design of workC. SelectionD. Compensation and benefits83. (p. 52) From the manager's perspective, an HRIS can be used to perform primarily all but one of the following. Name the exception.A. Support strategic decision makingB. Avoid litigationC. Evaluate programs and policiesD. Motivate employees84. (p. 54) A(n) _____ is a series of indicators or metrics that managers and employees have access to on the company intranet or human resource information system.A. HR dashboardB. balanced scorecardC. web portalD. Intranet85. (p. 54) All of the following HR practices support high-performance work systems EXCEPT:A. employees participate in selection process.B. jobs are designed to use a variety of skills.C. employee rewards are related to company performance.D. individuals tend to work separately.86. (p. 56) Which one of the following is NOT associated with managing the human resource environment?A. Linking HRM practices to the company's business objectives.B. Identifying human resource requirements through human resource planning, recruitment, and selection.C. Ensuring that HRM practices comply with federal, state, and local laws.D. Designing work that motivates and satisfies the employee as well as maximizes customer service, quality, and productivity.87. (p. 56) Economic value is traditionally associated with all of the following EXCEPT:A. equipment.B. technology.C. facilities.D. HRM practices.88. (p. 57) A company's human resource acquisition requirements are influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:A. terminations.B. customer demands for products and services.C. motivation and satisfaction of employees.D. promotions.89. (p. 58) Managing the assessment and development of human resources involves all of the following EXCEPT:A. measuring employees' performance.B. creating an employment relationship and work environment that benefits both the company and the employee.C. recruiting employees and placing them in jobs that best use their skills.D. identifying employees' work interests, goals, and values, and other career issues.90. (p. 58) Besides interesting work, _____ are the most important incentives that companies can offer to its employees.A. training for future work rolesB. beneficial work environmentsC. support for nonwork activitiesD. pay and benefitsEssay Questions91. (p. 8) Name and discuss the competencies that HR professionals need.定义并讨论人力资源专业人员需要的能力1. Credible activist: delivers results with integrity, shares information, builds trusting relationships, and influences others, providing candid observation, taking appropriate risks.2. Cultural steward: facilitates change, develops and values the culture, and helps employees navigate the culture.3. Talent manager/organizational designer: develops talent, designs reward systems, and shapes the organization.4. Strategic architect: recognizes business trends and their impact on the business, evidence-based HR, and develops people strategies that contribute to the business strategy.5. Business ally: understands how the business makes money and the language of the business.6. Operational executor: implements workplace policies, advances HR technology, and administers day-to-day work of managing people.92. (p. 9-10) How has the role of HRM changed in recent years? Discuss three trends that are changing the HRM function. Why have these roles changed?近年来,HRM的角色发生了怎样的变化?讨论三个改变人力资源管理功能的趋势。
规章制度英语简称
In the realm of business and administrative operations, the use of abbreviations for various regulations and policies is a common practice to streamline communication and documentation. Below is an overview of some commonly used abbreviations for organizational regulations and policies, with a brief explanation of each.1. HR - Human ResourcesHuman Resources (HR) encompasses the management of employees within an organization. HR policies include recruitment, employee benefits, performance evaluations, and workplace safety. Abbreviating HR helps to quickly reference these policies without using the full term.2. IT - Information TechnologyInformation Technology (IT) deals with the use of computers, software, and networking to store, retrieve, and share information. IT policies often cover data security, network usage, and software licensing. The abbreviation IT is widely recognized and used in various contexts.3. OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a U.S. federal agency responsible for ensuring safe and healthful working conditions for employees. OSHA regulations and policies are designed to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. The abbreviation OSHA is used to refer to these guidelines and compliance requirements.4. GDPR - General Data Protection RegulationThe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a comprehensive data protection law in the European Union (EU). It sets out the rules for the collection, processing, and storage of personal data of individuals within the EU. GDPR policies are crucial for organizations handling EU citizen data, and the abbreviation is used to denote these regulations.5. SOP - Standard Operating ProcedureA Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a document outlining the steps to be followed for a specific task or process. SOPs are used to ensureconsistency and quality in operations. The abbreviation SOP is widely used in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, and food serviceto refer to these guidelines.6. HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability ActThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a U.S. federal law that provides privacy and security standards for protecting sensitive patient information. HIPAA policies are critical forhealthcare providers and organizations handling medical records. The abbreviation HIPAA is used to identify these regulations.7. ISO - International Organization for StandardizationThe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental international organization that develops standards to ensure the quality, safety, and efficiency of products, services, and systems. ISO policies and standards are widely recognized and used across various industries. The abbreviation ISO is used torefer to these international guidelines.8. FIFO - First In, First OutFIFO (First In, First Out) is an inventory management method where the oldest inventory items are sold or used first. This policy helps to minimize the risk of obsolescence and reduce costs associated with inventory storage. FIFO is often used in the supply chain and logistics sectors.9. LIFO - Last In, First OutLIFO (Last In, First Out) is another inventory management method, where the most recent inventory items are sold or used first. LIFO can provide tax advantages in some jurisdictions by matching the cost of goods sold with the most recent purchases. The abbreviation LIFO is used to denote this approach.10. BYOD - Bring Your Own DeviceBring Your Own Device (BYOD) is a policy that allows employees to use their personal devices (such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops) for work purposes. BYOD policies must address security, privacy, and data protection concerns. The abbreviation BYOD is used to refer to this practice.These abbreviations represent just a fraction of the many regulations and policies that organizations must adhere to. Using these abbreviations in written and verbal communication can help simplify discussions and make it easier for employees to understand and follow the necessary guidelines.。
【机械类文献翻译】计算机控制程序员与操作员该做什么
英文原文What computer-control programmers and operators doComputer-control programmers and operators use computerized numerical control (CNC) machines to cut and shape precision products, such as automobile parts, machine parts, and compressors. CNC machines include machining tools such as lathes, multiaxis spindles, milling machines, and electrical discharge machines (EDM), but the functions formerly performed by human operators are performed by a computer-control module. CNC machines cut away material from a solid block of metal, plastic, or glass-known as a workpiece-to form a finished part. Computer-control programmers and operators normally produce large quantities of one part, although they may produce small batches or one-of-a-kind items. They use their knowledge of the working properties of metals and their skill with CNC programming to design and carry out the operations needed to make machined products that meet precise specifications.Before CNC programmers-also referred to as numerical tool and process control programmers-machine a part, they must carefully plan and prepare the operation. First, these workers review three-dimensional computer aided/automated design (CAD) blueprints of the part. Next, they calculate where to cut or bore into the workpiece, how fast to feed the metal into the machine, and how much metal to remove .They then select tools and materials for the job and plan the sequence of cutting and finishing operations.Next, CNC programmers turn the planned machining operations into a set of instructions, These instructions are translated into a computer aided/automated manufacturing (CAM) program containing a set of commands for the machine to follow. These commands normally are a series of numbers (hence, numerical control) that describes where cuts should occur, what type of cut should be used, and the speed of the cut. CNC programmers and operators check new programs to ensure that the machinery will function properly and that the output will meet specifications. Because a problem with the program could damage costly machinery and cutting tools, computer simulations may be used to check the program instead of a trial run. If errors found, the program must be changed and rested until the problem is resolved. In addition, growing connectivity between CAD/CAM software and CNC machine tools is raising productivity by automatically translating designs into instructions for the computer controller on the machine tool. These new CAM technologies enable programs to be easily modified for use on other jobs with similar specifications.After the programming work is completed, CNC operators-also referred to as computer-controlled machine tool operators-perform the necessary machining operations. The CNC operators transfer the commands from the server to the CNC control module using a computer network link or floppy disk. Many advanced control modules are conversational, meaning that they ask the operator a series of questions about the nature of the task.. CNC operators position the metal stock on the CNC machine tool-lathe, milling machine, or other-set the controls, and let the computer make the cuts. Heavier objects may be loaded with the assistance of other workers, autoloaders, a crane, or a forklift. During the machining process, computer-control operators constantly monitor the readouts from the CNC control module, checking to see if any problems exist. Machine tools have unique characteristics, which can be problematic. During a machining operation, theoperator modifies the cutting program to account for any problems encountered. Unique, modified CNC programs are saved for every different machine that performs a task.CNC operators detect some problems by listening for specific sounds-for example, dull cutting tool or excessive vibration. Dull cutting tools are removed and replaced and replaced. Machine tools rotate at high speeds, which can create problems with harmonic vibrations in the workpiece. vibrations cause the machine tools to make minor cutting errors, hurting the quality of the product. Operators listen for vibrations and then adjust the cutting speed to compensate. in older, slower machine tools, the cutting speed would be reduced to eliminate the vibrations, but the amount of time needed to finish the product would increase at a result. in newer, high speed CNC machines, increasing the cutting speed normally eliminates the vibrations and reduces production time. CNC operators also ensure that the workpiece is being properly lubricated and cooled, because the machining of metal products generates a significant amount of heat.Computer-control programmers and operators train in various ways-in apprenticeship programs, informally on the jop, and in secondary, vocational, or postsecondary schools. Due to a shortage of qualified applicants, many employers teach introductory courses, which provide a basic computers and electronics also is helpful .Experience with machine tools is extremely important. In fact, many entrants to these occupations have previously worked as machinists or machine setters, operators, and tenders. Persons interested in becoming computer-control programmers or operators should be mechanically inclined and able to work independently and do highly accurate work.High school or vocational school courses in mathematics (trigonometry and algebra), blueprint reading, computer programming, metalworking, and drafting are recommended. Apprenticeship programs consist of shop training and related classroom instruction. In shop training, apprentices learn filing, handtapping, and dowel fitting, as well as the operation of various machine tools. Classroom instruction includes math, physics, programming, blueprint reading, CAD software, safely, and shop practices. Skilled computer-control programmers and operators need an understanding of the machining process, including the complex physics that occur at the cutting point. Thus, most training programs teach CNC operators and programmers to perform operations on manual machines prior to operating CNC machine. A growing number of computer-control programmers and operators receive most of their formal training from community or technical colleges. Less skilled CNC operators may need only a couple of weeks of on-the-job training.Computer-control programmers and operators can advance in several ways. Experienced CNC operators may become CNC programmers, and some are promoted to supervisory or administrative position in their firms. A few open their own shops.Computer-control programmers and operators should have excellent job opportunities. Due to the limited number of people entering training programs, employers are expected to have continue to have difficulty finding workers with the necessary skills and knowledge. Job growth in both occupations will be driven by the increasing use of CNC machine tools. Advances in CNC machine tools and manufacturing technology will further automate production, boosting CNC operators productivity and limiting employment growth. The demand for computer-control programmers will be negatively affected by the increasing use of software that automatically translates part and product designs into CNC machine tool instructions.What is CNCCNC stands for Computerized Numerical Control and has been around since the early 1970s. Prior to this, it was called NC, for numerical control. While people in most walks of life have never heard of this term, CNC has touched almost every form of manufacturing process in one way or another. If you’ll be working manufacturing, it’s likely that you’ll be dealing with CNC on a regular basis.Before CNCWhile there are exceptions to this statement, CNC machines replace (or work in conjunction with) some existing manufacturing process. Take one of the simplest manufacturing processes, drilling holes, for example.A drill press can of course be used to machine holes. A person can place a drill chuck that is secured in the spindle of the drill press. They can then (manually) select the desired speed for rotation (commonly by switching belt pulleys), and activate the spindle. Then they manually pull on the quill lever to drive the drill into the workpiece being machined.As you can easily see, there is a lot of manual intervention required to use a drill press to drill holes. A person is required to do something almost every step along the way! While this manual intervention may be acceptable for manufacturing companies if but a small number of holes or workpieces must be machined, as quantities grow, so does the likelihood for fatigue due to the tediousness of the operation. And do note that we’ve used one of the simplest machining operations (drilling) for our example. There are more complicated machining operations that would require a much higher skill level (and increase the potential for mistakes resulting in scrap workpieces) of the person running the conventional machine tool. (We commonly refer to the style of machine that CNC is replacing as the conventional machine.)By comparison, the CNC equivalent for a drill press (possibly a CNC machining center or CNC drilling & tapping center) can be programmed to perform this operation in a much more automatic fashion. Everything that the drill press operator was doing manually will now be done by the CNC machine, including: placing the drill in the spindle, activating the spindle, positioning the workpiece under the drill, machining the hole, and turning off the spindle.How CNC worksAs you might already have guessed, everything that an operator would be required to do with conventional machine tools is programmable with CNC machines. Once the machine is setup and running, a CNC machine is quite simple to keep running. In fact CNC operators tend to get quite bored during lengthy production runs because there is so little to do. With some CNC machines, even the workpiece loading process has been automated. Let’s look at some of the specific programmable functions.Motion controlAll CNC machine types share this commonality: They all have two or more programmable directions of motion called axis. An axis of motion can be linear (along a straight line) or rotary (along a circular path). One of the first specifications that imply a CNC machine’s complexity is how many axes it has. Generally speaking, the more axes, the more complex the machine.The axes of any CNC machine are required for the purpose of causing the motiona needed for themanufacturing process. In the drilling example, these (3) axes would position the tool over the hole to be machined (in two axes) and machine the hole (with the third axis). Axes are named with letters. Common linear axis names are X, Y, and Z. Common rotary axis names are A, B, and C. These are related to the coordinate system.Programmable accessoriesA CNC machine wouldn’t be very helpful if all it could only move the workpiece in two or more axes. Almost all CNC machines are programmable in several other ways. The specific CNC machine type has a lot to do with its appropriate programmable accessories. Again, any required function will be programmable on full-blown CNC machine tools. Here are some examples for one machine type (machining centers).Automatic tool changerMost machining centers can hold many tools in a tool magazine. When required, the required tool can be automatically placed in the spindle for machining.Spindle speed and activationThe spindle speed (in revolutions per minute) can be easily specified can be turned on in a forward or reverse direction. It can also, of course, be turned off.CoolantMany machining operations require coolant for lubrication and cooling purposes. Coolant can be turned in and off from within the machine cycle.The CNC programThink of giving any series of step-by-step instructions. A CNC program is nothing more than another kind of instruction set. It’s written in sentence-like format and the control will execute it in sequential order, step by step.A special series of CNC words are used to communicate what the machine is intended to do. CNC words begin with letter addresses (like F for federate, S for spindle speed, and X, Y & Z for axis motion). When placed together in a logical method, a group of CNC words make up a command that resemble a sentence.The CNC controlThe CNC control will interpret a CNC program and activate the series of commands in sequential order. As it reads the program, the CNC control will activate the appropriate machine functions, cause axis motion, and in general, follow the instructions given in the program.Along with interpreting the CNC program, the CNC control has several other purposes. All current model CNC controls allow programs to be modified (edited) if mistakes are found. The CNC control allows special verification functions (like dry run) to confirm the correctness of the CNC program, The CNC control allows certain important operator inputs to be specified separate from the program, like tool length values. In general, the CNC control allows all functions of the machine to be manipulated.What is a CAM system?For simple applications (like drilling holes), the CNC program can be developed manually. That is, a programmer will sit down to write the program armed only with pencil, paper, and calculator. Again, for simple applications, this may be the very best way to develop CNC programs.As applications get more and more complicated, and especially when new programs are required on a regular basis, writing programs manually becomes much more difficult. To simplify the programming process, a computer aided manufacturing (CAM) system can be used. A CAM system is a software program that runs on a computer (commonly a PC) that helps the CNC programmer with the programming process. Generally speaking, a CAM system will take the tediousness and drudgery out of programming.In many companies the CAM system will work with the computer aided design (CAD) drawing developed by company’s design engineering department. This eliminates the need for redefining the workpiece configuration to the CAM system. The CNC programmer will simply specify (much like the manual programmer would have written) automatically.What is a CNC system?Once the program is developed (either manually or with a CAM system), it must be loaded into the CNC control. Though the setup person could type the program right into the control, this would be like using the CNC machine as a very expensive typewriter. If the CNC program is developed with the help of a CAM system, then it is already in the form of a text file. If the program is written manually, it can be typed into any computer using a common word processor (though most companies use a special CNC text editor for this purpose). Either way, the program is in the form of a text file that can be transferred right into the CNC machine. A distributive numerical control (DNC) system is used for this purpose.A DNC system is nothing more than a computer that is networked with one or more CNC machines. Until only recently, rather crude serial communications protocol had to be used for transferring programs. Newer controls have more current communications capabilities and can be networked in more conventional ways (Ethernet, etc.). Regardless of methods, the CNC program must of course be loaded into the CNC machine before it can be run.Fundamentals of CNCWhile the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from one machine type to another, all forms of CNC have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment.The first benefit offered by all forms of CNC machine tools is improved automation. The operators intervention related to producing workpieces can be reduced during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the CNC user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each workpiece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing workpieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent and accurate workpiece. Today’s CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verfied, two, ten, or one thousand identical workpiece can be easily produced identical with precision and consistency.A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine tools is flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpiece is almost as easy as loading a different program.. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run, This leads to yet another bendfit, fast change overs. Since these machines are very easy to set upband run, and since programa can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today’s just-in-time (JIT) product requirements.Motion control-the heart of CNCThe most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner. All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type , the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (feedrate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools.A CNC command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedback device (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place.Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolution of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded-understanding coordinate systemsIt would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount. (This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!). Instead all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing soma form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with CNC machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a CNC program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly from the print.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inchabove the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point. This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner.Understanding absolute versus incremental motionAll discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used. The most common CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However,there is another way or specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), end points for motions are specified from the tool’s current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking “How far should I move the tool?” While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode.Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners have the tendency to think incrementally. If working in the absolute mode (as beginners should), the programmer sgould always be asking “To what position should the tool be moved?”This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position.Aside from making it very easy to determine the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect.Assigning program zeroKeep in mind that the CNC control must be told the location of the program zaro point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one CNC machine and control to another. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool.Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offset used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets.中文译文计算机控制程序员与操作员该做什么计算机控制的程序员和操作员使用电脑数值控制(CNC)机器切割及形状精度的产品,如汽车配件,机器零件和压缩机。
公司管理系统、企业、外企、各职位英文对照
公司、企业、外企、各职位英文对照公司高层职位的英文缩写1。
CEO : Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官2。
COO :Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官3。
CFO :Chief Finacial Officer 首席财务官4。
CTO :Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官5。
CIO :Chief Information Officer 首席信息官电脑公司里各职位名称的英文缩写CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager)生产经理PG(Product Manager)产品经理GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理Master of Business Administration 企业管理硕士Marketing and Sales(市场与销售部分)Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理Sales Manager 销售经理Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Assistant 销售助理Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturer\'s Representative 厂家代表Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监Sales Representative 销售代表Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Intern 市场实习Marketing Director 市场总监Insurance Agent 保险代理人Customer Manager 客户经理 Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Advertising Manager 广告经理Travel Agent 旅行代办员Salesperson 销售员Telemarketer 电话销售员Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Retail Buyer 零售采购员Real Estate Manager 房地产经理Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人Purchasing Agent 采购代理Product Developer 产品开发Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Advertising Assistant 广告助理Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 广告文撰写人Customer Representative 客户代表Computers and Mathematics(计算机部分)Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理MIS Manager 电脑部经理Project Manager 项目经理Technical Engineer 技术工程师Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Systems Programmer 系统程序员Administrator 局域网管理员Operations Analyst 操作分析Computer Operator 电脑操作员 Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管Director of Information Services 信息服务主管Systems Engineer 系统工程师Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员Information Analyst 信息分析LAN Systems Analyst 系统分析Statistician 统计员Human Resources(人力资源部分)Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监Assistant Personnel Officer 人事助理Compensation Manager 薪酬经理Employment Consultant 招募顾问Facility Manager 后勤经理Job Placement Officer 人员配置专员Labor Relations Specialist 劳动关系专员 Recruiter 招聘人员Training Specialist 培训专员 Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁Assistant Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁助理Personnel Manager 职员经理Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Personnel Consultant 员工顾问Training Coordinator 培训协调员Executive and Managerial(管理部分)Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官Director of Operations 运营总监Vice-President 副总裁Branch Manager 部门经理Retail Store Manager 零售店经理HMO Product Manager 产品经理Operations Manager 操作经理Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员Management Consultant 管理顾问District Manager 市区经理Hospital Administrator 医院管理Import/Export Manager 进出口经理Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员Program Manager 程序管理经理Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员Project Manager 项目经理Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理Regional Manager 区域经理Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席运营官General Manager 总经理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监Controller(International) 国际监管Food Service Manager 食品服务经理Production Manager 生产经理Administrator 医疗保险管理Property Manager 房地产经理Claims Examiner 主考官Controller(General) 管理员Service Manager 服务经理Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理Vending Manager 售买经理Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Warehouse Manager 仓库经理Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理Manager(Non-Profit and Charities) 非盈利性慈善机构管理外企中不少职位用英文简称,不妨熟悉一下公司各种领导职务的简称GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager)生产经理(Product Manager)产品经理Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Cashier 出纳员Buyer 采购员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济助究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员Export Sales Manager 外销部经理English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师Export Sales Staff 外销部职员F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员Financial Controller 财务主任F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Financial Reporter 财务报告人General Auditor 审计长Fund Manager 财务经理General Manager/ President 总经理Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员General Manager Assistant 总经理助理Import Manager 进口部经理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员Hardware Engineer (计算机)硬件工程师Interpreter 口语翻译International Sales Staff 国际销售员Legal Adviser 法律顾问Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Line Supervisor 生产线主管Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Management Consultant 管理顾问Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Manager 经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Market Analyst 市场分析员Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Marketing Assistant 销售助理Office Clerk 职员Marketing Executive 销售主管Operational Manager 业务经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Package Designer 包装设计师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Music Teacher 音乐教师Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Naval Architect 造船工程师Personnel Manager 人事部经理Office Assistant 办公室助理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Purchasing Agent 采购(进货)员Private Secretary 私人秘书Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Product Manager 生产部经理Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Production Engineer 产品工程师Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Professional Staff 专业人员Regional Manger 地区经理Programmer 电脑程序设计师Research&.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Project Staff (项目)策划人员Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Promotional Manager 推售部经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Proof-reader 校对员Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Sales Assistant 销售助理Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Service Manager 服务部经理Sales Engineer 销售工程师Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Sales Executive 销售主管Software Engineer (计算机)软件工程师Sales Manager 销售部经理Supervisor 监管员Salesperson 销售员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Seller Representative 销售代表Systems Engineer 系统工程师Sales Supervisor 销售监管Systems Operator 系统操作员School Registrar 学校注册主任Technical Editor 技术编辑Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Technical Translator 技术翻译Secretary 秘书Technical Worker 技术工人Security Officer 安全人员Telecommunication Executive 电讯(电信)员Senior Accountant 高级会计Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Senior Employee 高级雇员Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Tourist Guide 导游Translation Checker 翻译核对员Trainee Manager 培训部经理Wordprocessor Operator 银行高级职员Translator 翻译员Typist 打字员公司英文标识总公司 Head Office分公司 Branch Office营业部 Business Office人事部 Personnel Department人力资源部Human Resources Department总务部 General Affairs Department财务部 General Accounting Department销售部 Sales Department促销部 Sales Promotion Department国际部 International Department出口部 Export Department进口部 Import Department公共关系 Public Relations Department广告部 Advertising Department企划部 Planning Department产品开发部 Product Development Department研发部 Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室 Secretarial Pool行政词汇:首席执行官 Chief Executive Officer(CEO)部门经理 Branch Manager市场行政总监 Executive Marketing Director 国际监管 Controller(International)运营总监 Director of Operations进出口经理 Import/Export Manager商店经理助理 Assistant Store Manager操作经理 Operations Manager房地产经理 Property Manager首席运营官 Chief Operations Officer(CPO)生产经理 Production Manager服务经理 Service Manager零售店经理 Retail Store Manager产品经理 Product Manager项目经理 Project Manager总经理 General Manager区域经理 Regional Manager管理顾问 Management Consultant仓库经理 Warehouse Manager运输经理 Transportation Manager库存管理经理 Inventory Control Manager办公室经理 Office Manager助理 Staff Assistant办公室文员 General Office Clerk接待员 Receptionist订单输入文员 order Entry Clerk副总裁 Vice-President行政主管 Administrative Director行政副总裁 Vice-President of Administration 行政助理 Executive Assistant行政秘书 Executive Secretary票务代理 Ticket Agent保险协调员 Insurance Coordinator档案管理员 File Clerk市场与销售:销售副总裁 Vice-President of Sales市场副总裁 Vice-President of Marketing高级客户经理 Senior Account Manager销售主管 Sales Administrator地区销售经理 Regional Sales Manager地区客户经理 Regional Account Manager房地产评估师 Real Estate Appraiser采购经理 Merchandising Manager市场顾问 Marketing Consultant市场助理 Marketing Assistant市场与销售总监 Marketing and Sales Director 市场调查分析员 Market Research Analyst厂家代表 Manufacturer's Representative分公司权利总监 Director of Subsidiary Rights 复查代表 Callback Representative客户管理助理 Assistant Account Executive广告经理 Advertising Manager广告协调员 Advertising Coordinator广告助理 Advertising Assistant客户代表 Account Representative广告文撰写人 Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail)批发采购员 Wholesale Buyer旅行代办员 Travel Agent电话销售总监 Telemarketing Director电话销售员 Telemarketer电话调查员 Tele-Interviewer销售员 Salesperson销售代表 Sales Representative销售经理 Sales Manager销售执行者 Sales Executive销售助理 Sales Assistant零售采购员 Retail Buyer房地产经理 Real Estate Manager房地产经纪人 Real Estate Broker采购代理 Purchasing Agent产品开发 Product Developer市场经理 Marketing Manager市场实习 Marketing Intern市场总监 Marketing Director保险代理人 Insurance Agent客户经理 Account Manager计算机行业:应用软件程序员 Applications Programmer电脑操作主管 Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑技术员 Computer Technician开发工程师 Developmental Engineer信息服务主管 Director of Information Services信息分析 Information Analyst局域网管理员 LAN Administrator网络管理经理 Manager of Network Administration产品支持经理 Product Support Manager承包商 Subcontractor (Programming)电脑操作员 Computer Operator硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer电脑部经理 MIS Manager操作分析 Operations Analyst项目经理 Project Manager统计员 Statistician系统分析 Systems Analyst系统工程师 Systems Engineer系统程序员 Systems Programmer技术工程师T Technical Engineer技术:技术讲解员 Technical Illustrator研究发展技术员 Research and Development Technician 质量管理检查员 Quality Control Inspector质量检测技术员 QA Test Technician精密度检查员 Precision Inspector技术支持专员 Technical Support Specialist工程技术员 Engineering Technician电子设备维修员 Electronic Equipment Repairer电信业顾问 Telecommunications Consultant技术指导讲师 Technical Instructor建筑师 Landscape Architect测量员 Surveyor草图设计员 Drafter房屋验收 Building Inspector建筑师 Architect广播技术员 Broadcast Technician工程词汇:制造业工程师 Manufacturing Engineer工程顾问 Engineering Consultant环境工程师 Environmental Engineer设备工程师 Facilities Engineer工业工程师 Industrial Engineer电子工程师 Electronics Engineer电机工程师 Electrical Engineer机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer石油工程师 Petroleum Engineer陶器工程师 Ceramic Engineer化学工程师 Chemical Engineer土木工程师 Civil Engineer电力工程师 Electrical Engineer施工工程师 Field Engineer航海工程师 Marine Engineer产品工程师 Product Engineer品管工程师 Quality Control Engineer助理工程师 Assistant Engineer技术员 Technician会计与财务:注册会计师 Certified Public Accountant首席财务官 Chief Financial Officer(CFO)收款负责人 Collections Officer保险承销商 Insurance Underwriter保险经济人 Insurance Broker银行事务管理员 Bank Administrator贷款管理员 Loan Administrator管理会计 Management Accountant抵抻保险员 Mortgage Underwriter工资经理 Payroll Manager审计员 Staff Auditor股票经纪人 Stock Broker税务会计 Tax Accountant税务检查员 Tax Inspector财务行政副总裁 Vice-President of Administration and Finance 财务副总裁 Vice-President of Finance贷款服务 Loan Services财务计划员 Financial Planner会计助理 Accounting Assistant会计经理 Accounting Manager会计文员 Accounting Clerk高级会计 Senior Accountant审计经理 Audit Manager保险分析员 Actuarial Analyst审计师 Auditor初级会计 Junior Accountant资金调拨 Bank Treasurer票据文员 Billing Clerk票据管理员 Billing Supervisor档案管理 Bookkeeper档案管理助理 Bookkeeping Clerk预算分析 Budget Analyst信用分析 Credit Analyst信用管理经理 Credit Manager财务分析 Financial Analyst财务顾问 Financial Consultant财务经理 Financial Manager银行出纳 Bank Clerk出纳员 Cashier法律词汇:警员 Police Officer警官 Police Sergeant首席检察官助理 Assistant Attorney General 合同管理员 Contracts Manager反贪调查员 Ombudsman保安经理 Security Manager法律助理 Legal Assistant法律秘书 Legal Secretary律师 Attorney消防员 Fire Fighter法律职员 Law Clerk司法学生 Law Student律师专职助手 Paralegal法庭记者 Court Reporter法律顾问 Counselor传媒词汇:编辑助理 Assistant Editor广播制作人 Broadcast Producer编辑主任 Editorial Director信息专员 Information Support Specialist 执行编辑 Managing Editor制作编辑 Production Editor公共关系 Public Relations公共关系助理 Public Relations Assistant 电台播音员 Radio Announcer广播节目总监 Radio Program Director研讨会协调员 Symposium Coordinator电视导演 Television Director电视制片人 Television Producer电视制片工程师 Television Production Engineer 节目部主任 Program Director节目协调人 Program Coordinator助理编辑 Associate Editor作家 Author专栏作家 Columnist文件编辑 Copy Editor通讯记者 Correspondent编辑 Editor活动策划 Events Planner新闻记者 Journalist校对 Proofreader广告员 Publicist记者 Reporter翻译员 Translator排字工人 Typesetter作者 Writer艺术类词汇:服装设计师 Fashion Designer电影摄制助理 Film Production Assistant画面设计师 Graphic Designer装饰设计师 Interior Designer制片协调员 Production Coordinator男演员/女演员 Actor/Actress艺术总监 Art Director舞蹈教练 Choreographer喜剧演员 Comedian舞蹈家 Dancer摄影师 Photographer视觉艺术家 Visual Artist服务行业词汇:办案员 Case Worker城市规划者 Urban Planner临床医学家 Therapist社会工作者 Social Worker心理学家 Psychologist客户服务经理 Customer Service Manager客户服务代表 Customer Service Representative 健康俱乐部经理 Health Club Manager宾馆门房 Hotel Concierge食品检查员 Food Inspector餐厅经理 Restaurant Manager空中服务员 Flight Attendant厨师 Chef美容师 Cosmetologist饭店经理 Hotel Manager饭店职员 Hotel Clerk发型师 Hairstylist空中小姐 Stewardess教育词汇:校长 Principal外语教师 Foreign Language Teacher第二外语教师 ESL Teacher图书管理员 Librarian大学教授 College Professor助理教师 Teacher Aide高级教师 Head Teacher心理咨询教师 School Psychologist体育教师 Physical Education Teacher 计算机教师 Computer Teacher艺术教师 Art Instructor案卷保管员 Archivist家教/辅导教师 Tutor教练员 Coach讲师 Instructor (Lecturer)助教 Assistant医学词汇:医疗主任 Clinical Director食疗技师 Dietary Technician急诊技师 Emergency Medical Technician 健美师 Fitness Instructor病历员 Medical Records Clerk看护员 Nursing Administrator职业疗法 Occupational Therapist药学师 Pharmacist药品技师 Pharmacy Technician理疗师 Physical Therapist助理医师 Physician's Assistant有氧治疗师 Respiratory Therapist语言心理学家 Speech Pathologist脊椎指压治疗者 Chiropractor 牙科助理 Dental Assistant牙科医生 Dentist牙科保健 Dental Hygienist牙科技师 Dental Technician整牙医生 orthodontist家庭护理 Home Health Aide实验技师 Lab Technician护士 Nurse看护助手 Nursing Aide护士长 Nursing Supervisor眼科医生 Optician助理兽医 Veterinary Assistant 兽医 Veterinarian精神病医师 Psychiatrist外科医生 Surgeon内科医生 Physician儿科医生 Pediatrician住院医师 Resident Doctor中医师 Herb Doctor助产士 Accoucheur。
FDA《调查工作手册》中所遇到的缩略词
翻译美国FDA 《调查工作手册》中所遇到的缩略词(2012-04-09 10:13:58)转载▼分类:小百科标签:英语翻译fda调查工作手册缩略词最近,在忙一件翻译任务,翻译美国FDA的《调查工作手册》中的某些章节。
由于时间紧,任务重,以至于俺每晚都翻译到十一点,有天晚上甚至翻到半夜两点半(当然,主要是为了看半夜两点四十五分的欧冠联赛,呵呵。
但也因此肩膀酸痛,可能是肩周炎了,)。
在翻译过程中,遇到不少缩略词和缩写词。
其中有些在网上可以查到,有些则没有,需要联系上下文自行揣摩翻译。
现把俺自己的整理出来的缩略词表附上,以备不时之需。
ACRA:Associate Commissioner for Regulatory Affairs:日常事务办公室副主任AO:Administrative Officer:政务主任AOAC:Association of Official Analytical Chemists:美国公职分析化学家协会ASCII:American Standard Code for Informaition Interchange:美国信息交换标准码ATSDR:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry:有毒物质与疾病登记局BIMO:Bioresearch Monitoring:生物研究监测BSE:Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy:疯牛病BTA:Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Act:生物恐怖预防和应对法案CBER:Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research:生物制品评估研究中心CD-R:Compact Disk Recordable:CD盘CDER:Center for Drugs Evaluation & Research:药品评估研究中心CDRH:Center for Devices & Radiological Health:设备与放射卫生中心CFN:Central File Number:中心档案号CFP:Conference for Food Rrotection:食品保护协会CFR:Code of Federal Regulations:联邦法规法典CFSAN:Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition:食品安全和应用营养中心CGMP:Current Good Manufacturing Practice:动态药品生产管理规范CONUS:Continental United States:美国本土COPE:Coordinated Operations Plan for Emergencies:紧急情况协调行动计划CPG:Compliance Policy Guide:执行政策指南CPGM:Compliance Program Guidance Manual:执行项目指导手册C/R(CR):Collection Report:取样报告CTP:Center for Tobacco Products:烟草制品中心CVM:Center for Veterinary Medicine:兽药中心DCIA:Division of Small Manufacturers,Consumer & International Affairs:小型企业、消费者和国际事务部DCIQA:Division Compliance Information and Quality Assurance:执行信息与质量保证部DCMO:Division of Compliance Management & Operations:执行管理行动部DCP:Division of Compliance Policy:执行政策部DD:District Director:地区主管DDFI:Division of Domestic Field Investigations:国内实地调查部DFFI:Division of Foreign Field Investigations:国外实地调查部DFOI:Division of Freedom of Information:信息自由部DFS:Division of Field Science:外勤科技部DFSR:Division of Federal-State Relations:与联邦-州关系部DHHS:Department of Health & Human Services:美国卫生与公共服务部DHRD:Division of Human Resource Development:人力资源开发部DIOP:Division of Import Operations and Policy:进口行动与政策部DMO:Division of Management Operations:运营管理部DO:District Office:地区办公室DOC:Documentary or Official:文件正式样品DOD:Department of Defense:国防部DSMICA:Division of Manufacturers,International and Consumer Affairs:制造商、国际和消费者事务部DVM:Doctor of Veterinary Medicine:兽医学博士EI:Establishment Inspection:实施检查EIR:Establishment Inspection Report:检查实施报告EO:Ethylene Oxide Gas:氧化乙烯气体EOC:Emergency Operations Center:紧急行动中心EPA:Environmental Protection Agency:环保局EPIC:Egg Products Inspection Act:蛋制品检查法案ERC:Emergency Response Coordinator:紧急应对协调员FACTS:Field Accomplishments & Compliance Tracking System:外勤业绩与执行追踪系统FDA:Food & Drug Administration:美国食品与药品管理局FDA3369:Daily Log of Government Vehicle:政府车辆使用日志表FDA464:Collection Report(CR)(C/R):取样报告FDA482:Notice of Inspection:检查通知书FDA483:Inspectional Observations:检查观察通知书FDA484:Receipt for Samples:样品收据(表)FDAAA:Food & Drug Administration Amendments Act:食品与药品管理法修正案FDAMA:Food & Drug Administration Modernization Act:食品与药品管理现代化法案FD&C:Federal Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act:联邦食品、药品与化妆品法案FEI:FDA Establishment Identifier:FDA注册识别号码FMD:Field Management Directive:外勤管理指令FOIA:Freedom of Information Act:信息自由法案FPS:Federal Protective Service:联邦保护局FR:Federal Register:联邦公报FSIS:Food Safety and Inspection Service:食品安全检验局FTR:Federal Travel Regulations:联邦旅行法规GCP:Good Clinical Practice:药品临床试验管理规范GGP:Good Guidance Practices:指导管理规范GIIT:Guide to International Inspections and Travel:国际检查和出差指导GLP:Good Laboratory Practice:良好实验室管理规范GMP:Good Manufacturing Practice:生产管理规范GOV:Government-Owned Vehicles:政府车辆GSA:General Services Administration:联邦政府总务管理局GSA-3155:Offense/Incident Report:过失/事故报告表GWQAP:Federal Medical Products Quality Assurance Program:联邦医疗产品质量保证项目HACCP: Hazard Analysis and Critical Conttol Point: 危害分析和关键控制点体系HBV:Hepatitis B Virus:乙肝病毒HFA-320:Division of Mnangement Programs:管理项目部HFA-615:Emergency Operations Center:紧急行动中心HFC-10:Office of Resource Management:资源管理办公室(ORM)HFC-100:Ofiice of Regional Operations:大区行动办公室(ORO)HFC-130:Division of Domestic Field Investigations:国内实地调查部(DDFI)HFC-140:Division of Field Science:外勤科技部(DFS)HFC-150:Division of Federal-State Relations:与联邦-州关系部(DFSR)HFC-170:Division of Import Operations and Policy:进口货物行动与政策部(DIOP)HFC-180:Prior Notice Center:预警中心(PNC)HFC-20:Division of Management Operations:运营管理部HFC-200:Office of Eenforcement:执行办公室(OE)HFC-230:Division of Complaince Policy:执行政策部(DCP)HFC-300:Office of Criminal Investigations:犯罪调查办公室(OCI)HFC-40:Division of Planning, Evalution and Management:规划、评估和管理部HFC-60:Division of Human Resource Development:人力资源发展部HFI-1:Assistant Commissioner for Public Affairs:公共事务办公室副主任HFI-35:Division of Freedom Information:信息自由部(DFOI)HFM-445:Division of Viral Products:病毒产品部HHS-481:Employee Claim For Loss or Damage to Personal Property:工作人员个人财产损失或损毁索赔书ICAM:International Cooperative Agreement Manual:国际合作协议手册ICH:International Conference On Harmonization:药品注射技术要求国际协调会IDM:Information Disclosure Manual:信息披露手册INV:Inventory Management:库存管理IOB:International Operations Branch:国际行动分部IOM:Investigation Operations Manual:调查工作手册ISSC:Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference:州际贝类卫生协会ITG:Inspection Technical Guide:检查技术指导LACF:Low Acid Canned Foods:低酸罐装食品LIB:Laboratory Information Bulletin:实验室信息通报LPM:Laboratory Procedures Manual:实验室流程手册M&IE:Meals and Incidental Expenses:食杂费MDUFMA:Medical Device user Fee & Modernization Act:医疗设备使用收费与现代化法案MDQS:Medical Device Quality System:医疗设备质量管理体系MOA:Ministry of Agriculture:农业部MOU:Memoranda of Understanding:谅解备忘录MPH:Master of Public Health:公共卫生学硕士MQSA:Mammography Quality Standard Act:乳腺X射线摄影质量标准法案MRA:Mutual Recognition Agreement:相互承认协议MSDS:Material Safety Data Sheets:原料安全数据板NCIMS:National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments:州际奶品贸易全国协会NDA:New Drug Application:新药申请规范NDA:Non-Discloure Agreement:保密协议NIST:National Institute of Standards & Technology:国家标准技术研究所NTEU:National Treasury Employees Union:国家财政员工工会NTIS:National Technical Information Service:国家技术情报服务处OA:Office of Administration:行政办公室OASIS:Operational and Administrative System for Import Support:支持进口运作和管理系统OBA:Oxygen Breathing Apparatus:氧气呼吸器OC:Office of Commisioners:主任办公室OCC:Office of Chief Counsel:首席律师办公室OCI:Office of Criminal Investigations:犯罪调查办公室OE:Office of Enforcement:执行办公室OEI:Official Establishment Inventory:单位正式注册清单OFM:Office of Financial Management:财务管理办公室OFS:Office of Financial Services:财务服务办公室OIA:Office of Internal Affairs:内务办公室OIM:Office of Information Management:信息管理办公室ORA:Office of Regulatory Affairs:日常事务办公室ORM:Office of Resource Management:资源管理办公室ORO:Office of Regional Operations:大区行动办公室OS:Official Sample:法定样品OSHA:Occupational Safety & Health Administration:职业安全卫生管理局PAC:Program Assignment Code:任务程序代码PAIRS:Public Affairs Reporting System:公共事务报告系统PAS:Public Affairs Specialist:公共事务专家PAT:Process Analytical Technology:加工分析技术规范PEL:Permissible Exposure Limit:允许暴露限制规定PHS:Public Health Services Act:公共卫生服务法案PMA:Pre-Market:上市之前PNC:Prior Notice Center:预警中心POC:Point of Contact:联系点POV:Privately Owned Vehicle:私家车PPIA:Poultry Products Inspection Act:禽类制品检查法案PSC:Program Support Center:项目支援中心QMS:Quality Management System:质量管理系统RFDD:Regional Food & Drug Director:大区食品与药品管理局局长RFR:Reportable Food Registry:可疑食品注册RMP:Regulatory Procedures Manual:管理流程手册SAFES:State Advisory Fax/Email System:国家传真/电子邮件报告系统SBR:Small Business Representative:大区小型公司代理员SBREFA:Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act:小型公司监管和执法公平法案SCBA:Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus:自主式呼吸器SF-91:Motor Vehicle Accident Report:机动车辆事故报告书SF-94:Statement of Witness:目击报告SF-95:Claim for Damage,Injury or Death:对损毁、受伤或死亡的索赔书SMG:Staff Manual Guide:员工手册指南SOP:Standard Operation Procedures:标准操作(作战)程序(规范)(规定)SQL:Structured Query Language:结构化查询语言SSN:Social Security Number:社会保险号TA:Travel Authorization:出差批准书TMC:Travel Management Center:旅行管理中心UFMS:Unified Financial Management System:联合财务管理系统U.S.C.:United States Code:美国法典USP:United States Pharmacopoeia Convention:美国药典公约VWA:Voluntary Work Agreement:志愿工作协议WEAC:Winchester Engineering & Analytical Center:温彻斯特工程分析中心。
个人外汇管理办法实施细则 英文
Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Measures for the Administration of Individual Foreign ExchangeChapter 1 General ProvisionsArticle 1 These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange for the purpose of standardizing and facilitating the foreign exchange operations of banks and individuals.Article 2 Management of an total annual quota shall be applicable to individual sales of foreign exchange and domestic individual purchases of foreign exchange. The total annual quota is equivalent to USD 50,000 per person each year. The SAFE is empowered to adjust the total annual quota in accordance with the balance of payment position.Foreign exchange sales and purchases within the total annual quota shall be dealt with at the banks upon the strength of valid personal identity certificates. When the amount of foreign exchange sales and purchases exceeds the total annual quota, those under the current account shall be dealt with in accordance with Articles 10, 11, and 12 of these Detailed Rules, and those under the capital account shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Detailed Rules on the "Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange under the Capital Account."Article 3 Foreign exchange purchased by an individual may be remitted abroad, deposited in his/her foreign exchange savings account, or carried across the border in accordance with the relevant provisions.Article 4 When the amount of individual foreign exchange purchases and sales is within the total annual total, the individual may entrust his/her immediate family members to deal with the business; when the amount of individual foreign exchange purchases and sales or overseas individual purchases of foreign exchange exceeds the total annual quota, the individual may entrust others to deal with the business upon the strength of the related supporting documents in accordance with the provisions in these Detailed Rules.Article 5 In cases when an individual carries foreign cash across the border, he/she shall obey the relevant administrative provisions of the State.Article 6 All designated foreign exchange banks (hereinafter referred to as banks ) shall examine and verify the authenticity of individual foreign exchange transactions in accordance with the provisions of these Detailed Rules. Any forged or altered transactions are prohibited. The banks shall process the transactions of individual foreign exchange purchases and sales through the management information system for individual sales and purchases of foreignexchange (hereinafter referred to as the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange ), and shall input the relevant information truthfully, accurately, and completely. Article 7 The SAFE and its branches/sub-branches (hereinafter referred to as foreign exchange bureaus ) shall be responsible for collecting thestatistical data, supervising, managing, and inspecting the individual foreign exchange businesses.Chapter 2 Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange under the Current Account Article 8 Individual foreign exchange receipts and payments under the current account are classified into business-based foreign exchange receipts and payments and non-business-based foreign exchange receipts and payments.Article 9 Individual business-based foreign exchange receipts and payments under the current account shall be handled in accordance with the following provisions: (1) An individual foreign trade business person shall handle the purchase, payment, collection, and sale of foreign exchange under foreign trade through his/her foreign exchange settlement account; and his/her foreign exchange receipts and payments, verifications for imports and exports, and declarations on the balance of payments shall be handled in line with the formalities applicable to institutions.An individual foreign trade business person refers to an individual engaging in foreign trade business activities who has attended to the formalities of registering at the administrative department for industry and commerce or the other business formalities according to law, has obtained a business license or other certificates for business operations, has handled the recording formalities for registration, and obtained the foreign trade right in accordance with the provisions of the commerce administrative department of the State Council.(2) When a private business person entrusts any enterprise with foreign trade rights to handle the import business, he/she shall purchase foreign exchange by himself/herself upon the strength of the import agent contract or the agreement signed with the entrusted enterprise. The purchased foreign exchange shall be transferred directly from his/her foreign exchange settlement account to the foreign exchange account under the current account held by the entrusted enterprise.When a private business person entrusts any enterprise with foreign trade rights to handle the export business, he/she may deal with foreign exchange collections and sales through his/her own foreign exchange settlement account. Sales of foreign exchange shall be handled upon the strength of the export agent contract or the agreement signed with the entrusted enterprise and the customs export declaration forms of the entrusted enterprise. After filing at the local foreign exchange bureau the private business person s name and account numbers as well asother documents prescribed for the verification, the entrusted enterprise may use the private business person s notice of collection as the supporting document for verification.(3) An overseas individual shall handle the sale of foreign exchange under the trade items of tourism and shopping upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate and the customs declaration form for individual tourism and shopping.Article 10 When a domestic individual’s non-business-based foreign exchange sales under the current account exceed the total annual quota, he/she shall handle the business at the banks upon the strength of his/her valid identify certificate and thefollowing supporting documents:(1) For donations: a notarized agreement or donation contract. The donations shall comply with the relevant provisions of the State;(2) For alimony: evidence of the relationship of the immediate family member or a notarized document for alimony payment, and proof of revenue of the overseas payer, such as bank statements or individual tax returns;(3) For inheritance income: legal or notarized document of inheritance;(4) For insurance payments: insurance policy and proof of payment from the operating insurance institution. Purchases of insurance policies in foreign exchange shall meet the relevant provisions of the State;(5) For patent and royalty income: proof of payment, agreement, or contract;(6) For legal, accounting, consulting, and public relation services income: proof of payment, agreement, or contract;(7) For employment compensation: contract of employment and evidence of income;(8) For proceeds from overseas investment: foreign exchange registration certificate of overseas investment, resolution of profit distribution or dividend payments, or evidence of other income;(9) For other: relevant evidence and payment vouchers.Article 11 When an overseas individual’s non-business-based foreign exchange sales under the current account exceed the total annual quota, he/she shall handle the business at the banks upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate and the following supporting documents:(1) For rent expenditures: lease registered at the housing authority, invoice or notice of payment;(2) For living expenses: relevant contract or invoices;(3) For medical expenses, tuition, and related expenses: receipts from domestic hospitals (schools);(4) For other: relevant evidence and payment vouchers.When the amount of a single foreign exchange sale is equivalent to USD 50,000 or more, the individual shall directly transfer the renminbi capital gained from the sale of foreign exchange into the domestic renminbi account held by the counterparty of the transaction.Article 12 When a domestic individual’s non-business-based foreign exchange purchases under the current account exceed the total annual quota, he/she shall handle the business at the banks upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate and the relevant supporting documents indicating the transaction amount.Article 13 When an overseas individual purchases foreign exchange with his/her lawful renminbi income under the current account and exchanges the un-used part of the purchased renminbi back into foreign exchange, he/she shall handle it in accordance with the following provisions:(1) For foreign exchange purchases with lawful renminbi income under the current account obtained domestically, the individual shall handle it upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate and relevant supporting documents (including taxreturns) indicating the transaction amount.(2) For exchanges of the un-used part of purchased renminbi back into foreign exchange, the individual shall handle it upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate and the original exchange memo, and the latter shall be valid for 24 months from the date of the exchange; in cases when the total daily amount is not more than and including the equivalent of USD 500 (or USD 1000 if the exchange is made within the boundaries but outside of the customs supervision zone before he/she leaves the country), the individual may handle it solely upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate.Article 14 In cases when a domestic individual remits foreign exchangeoverseas for expenses under the current account, he/she shall handle it in accordance with the following provisions:When the remittance is made from the foreign exchange savings account and the total daily amount is not more than the equivalent of USD 50,000 (including USD 50,000), the individual shall handle it at the banks upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate; if the amount is more than the above-mentioned quota, he/she shall handle it upon the strength of the authenticity evidence under the current account and indicating the transaction amount.When the remittance is made with foreign cash and the total daily amount is not more than the equivalent of USD 10,000 (including USD 10,000), the individual shall handle it at the banksupon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate; if the amount is more than the above-mentioned quota, he/she shall handle it upon the strength of the authenticity evidence under the current account and indicating the transaction amount, and the Customs Luggage Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China for Cross-Border Travelers with the cus toms’ seal stamped thereon or the original bank’s documents for withdrawal of foreign cash. Article 15 In cases when an overseas individual remits foreign exchange overseas for expenses under the current account, he/she shall handle it at the banks in accordance with the following provisions:(1) When the remittance is made from a foreign exchange savings account, the individual shall handle it upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate;(2) When the remittance is made with foreign cash and the total daily amount is not more than the equivalent of USD 10,000 (including USD 10,000), the individual shall handle it upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate; if the amount is more than the above-mentioned quota, the individual shall handle it by also presenting the Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China for Cross-Border Travelers’ Luggage with the customs’ seal stamped thereon or the original bank’s documents for withdrawal of foreign cash.Chapter 3 Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange under the Capital Account Article 16 In cases when a domestic individual directly invests abroad, he/she shall abide by the relevant provisions of the State. As for the required foreign exchange, the individual may remit it abroad with purchased foreign exchange orhis/her proprietary foreign exchange upon the approval of the local foreign exchange bureau, and shall accordingly attend to the registration of foreign exchange for overseas investment.When a domestic individual, or an overseas individual who resides habitually within Chinese territory because of economic interests, establishes or controls any special purpose company abroad and makes round-tripping investments, the foreign exchange receipts and payments involved shall be handled according to the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents to Engage in Financing and Round-tripping Investments through Overseas Special Purpose Companies.Article 17 A domestic individual may use either foreign exchange or renminbi to make overseas fixed income investment and equity-related investment through banks, fund management companies, and other qualified domestic institutional investors. Article 18 The foreign exchange business involved when a domestic individual participates in employee shareholding plans and share option plans of overseas public companies shall be handled after the listed company or its domestic agency files a standard application and has obtained approval from the foreign exchange bureaus.A domestic individual’s foreign exchange proceeds from selling shares under employee shareholding plans and share option plans as well as from dividends may be sold for renminbi or transferred to his/her foreign exchange savings account after being remitted to the domestic special foreign exchange account opened by the listed company or its domestic agency.Article 19 In cases when a domestic individual pays foreign exchange insurance premiums to any domestic insurance institution that has been approved to conduct foreign exchange insurance business, he/she shall attend to the formalities of foreign exchange purchases and payments with the insurance contract and the notice of payment from the insurance institution. In cases when a domestic individual receives an indemnity or payment from foreign exchange insurance as a beneficiary, he/she may either deposit it in his/her foreign exchange savings account or sell it for renminbi.Article 20 In cases when a domestic individual who has emigrated abroad transfers overseas his/her domestic properties existing before his/her lawful emigration, or when a foreign citizen transfers overseas his/her lawful domestic inheritance, he/she shall handle it in accordance with the Interim Measures for the Administration of Foreign Exchange Purchases and Payments for Transfers Overseas of Personal Properties.Article 21 Foreign exchange issues involved in domestic purchases and sales of commercial buildings and mergers and acquisitions of domestic real estate enterprises by overseas individuals via transferring stock equity shall be governed by the Circular of the SAFE and the Ministry of Construction on Issues Related to Standardizing the Administration of Foreign Exchange in the Real Estate Market and other relevant provisions.Article 22 An overseas individual may invest in domestic B-shares in accordancewith the relevant provisions; in cases when he/she invests in other financial products issued and traded domestically, he/she shall do so through qualified foreign institutional investors.Article 23 In accordance with the convertibility process of the renminbi under the capital account, management of granting loans to overseas individuals, borrowing external debts, granting overseas guarantees, and directly participating in any transactions related to overseas commodity futures and financial derivatives will be gradually loosened. Specific measures will be formulated separately.Chapter 4 Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange Accounts and Foreign Cash Article 24 The foreign exchange bureaus shall regulate individual foreign exchange accounts according to the type of entity and the nature of the transaction. When opening foreign exchange accounts for individuals, banks shall differentiate domestic individuals from overseas individuals. Based on the nature of the transactions, foreign exchange accounts are classified into foreign exchange settlement accounts, foreign exchange savings accounts, and capital accounts.Article 25 A foreign exchange settlement account refers to an account opened by an individual foreign trade business person or a private business person in accordance with the provisions for the purpose of handling business-based foreign exchange receipts and payments under the current account. It shall be regulated as an institutional account in terms of its opening, use, and closing.Article 26 In cases when an individual opens a foreign exchange savings account at the banks, he/she shall present his/her valid identity certificate. The name recorded on the opened account shall accord with that on his/her valid identity certificate.Article 27 In cases when an individual opens a foreign exchange account under the capital account, such as a special account for foreign investors, a special account of special purpose companies, a special account for mergers and acquisitions, or any other foreign exchange account under the capital account, or when transferring the capital in such an account domestically or remitting it abroad, he/she shall obtain approval from the foreign exchange bureaus.Article 28 Domestic transfers of the capital in an individual foreign exchange savings account shall be handled in accordance with the following provisions:(1) Transfers be tween the individual’s own accounts shall be handled upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate;(2) Transfers between the individual’s and his/her immediate family members’ accounts shall be handled upon the strength of both parties’ valid i dentity certificates, and proof of the relationship of immediate family members;(3) Transfers between a domestic individual’s account and an overseas individual s account shall be regulated as cross-border transactions.Article 29 Capital transfers may be made between an individual’s foreign exchange settlement account and his/her foreign exchange savings account to the extent that the transfers from the foreign exchange savings account to the foreign exchange settlement account are used only for external payments on the same date of thetransfer. Sales for renminbi after the transfer are prohibited.Article 30 When an individual withdraws foreign cash not more than the equivalent of USD 10,000 (including USD 10,000) within a single day, he/she may handle it directly at the banks; if the amount is more than the above-mentioned quota, he/she shall report in advance to the local foreign exchange bureau upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate as well as the certificate for the purpose of withdrawing foreign cash. The bank shall attend to the formalities for withdrawing foreign cash upon the strength of the individual s valid identity certificate and the Recording Form for Withdrawal of Foreign Cash (Attachment 1) with a seal of the foreign exchange bureau stamped thereon.Article 31 When an individual deposits foreign cash into his/her foreign exchange savings account and the total daily amount is not more than the equivalent of USD 5,000 (including USD 5,000), he/she may handle it directly at the banks; if the amount is more than the above-mentioned quota, he/she shall handle it at the banks upon the strength of his/her valid identity certificate, the Customs Luggage Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China for Incoming Travelers with the customs’ seal stamped thereon or the original bank s documents for the withdrawal of foreign cash. The bank shall indicate the name of the deposit bank, the amount of the deposit, and the date of the deposit on the relevant documents.Chapter 5 Management Information System for Individual Sales and Purchases of Foreign ExchangeArticle 32 Banks that are qualified to operate foreign exchange sale and purchase businesses and have been connected to and use the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange shall handle the individual foreign exchange sales and purchases directly through the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange.Article 33 The head offices and branches of all banks applying to be connected to the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange shall meet the technical requirements for connection to the management information system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange (Attachment 2), shall have trained technicians and operational staff, and be able to maintain the normal operations of the system.Article 34 The banks shall complete the registration form for bank outlet information for the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange in accordance with the relevant provisions and apply to the foreign exchange bureaus to be connected to the system. After verifying that the banks meet all the requirements, the foreign exchange bureaus shall approve the connection.Article 35 Except in the following circumstances, the banks shall handle individual foreign exchange sales and purchases through the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange:(1) Foreign exchange sales and purchases that are made at exchange outlets;(2) Foreign exchange sales at bank counters that are less than the amount equivalentto USD 100 (including USD 100);(3) Foreign exchange sales for domestic expenditures with foreign currency cards;(4) Withdrawals of renminbi at ATMs with foreign cards;(5) Overseas purchases of foreign exchange for repayment with domestic cards. Article 36 Banks shall follow the following procedures to handle the business of individual foreign exchange sales and purchases:(1) Inquire information about the individual foreign exchange sales and purchases through the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange;(2) Examine the supporting documents submitted by the individuals in accordance with the relevant provisions;(3) Input the data on foreign exchange sales and purchases case by case into the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange;(4) Print out the "Notice on Foreign Exchange Sale/Purchase" through the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange and retain it as an accounting voucher for future reference.Article 37 The foreign exchange bureaus shall be responsible for the examination and inspection of the banks under their jurisdiction on the standardization of operations as well as the completeness and accuracy of the data.Chapter 6 Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 38 In cases when an individual entrusts his/her immediate family member to handle foreign exchange purchases and sales within the total annual quota, the valid identity certificates of both the individual and the entrusted family member, a letter of power of attorney from the individual, and proof of the relationship are required; as regards other kinds of purchases and sales on behalf of the individual, the relevant supporting documents prescribed by these Detailed Rules are required in addition to the valid identity certificates of both parties and a letter of power of attorney.An immediate family member refers to parent, child, or spouse. Proof of relationship refers to a certificate of residency showing the relationship of family members, a marriage certificate, or valid proof of the relationship issued by grass-roots governmental bodies, public security organs, or notaries.Article 39 When an individual or entity violates the Measures for the Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange and these Detailed Rules, he/she shall be subject to punishment by the foreign exchange bureaus according to the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Control as well as o ther relevant provisions; if there is no specific applicable stipulation in the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Control and other relevant provisions, the responsible bank and individual shall be issued a fine of not more than RMB 30,000 and 1,000, respectively.Article 40 The State Administration of Foreign Exchange shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Detailed Rules.Article 41 These Detailed Rules shall be effective as of February 1, 2007. Attached 1: Recording Form for Withdrawal of Foreign CashAttachment 2: Technical Requirements for Connection to the Management Information System for Individual Sales and Purchases of Foreign Exchange Attachment 1Filing Form for Withdrawal of Foreign Cash(This form shall be completed in duplicate; one copy shall be kept by the foreign exchange bureau, and the second copy shall be kept by the bank.)Attachment 2Technical Requirements for Connection to the Management Information System for Individual Sales and Purchases of Foreign Exchange1. Network Structure1.1 Bank outlets shall be connected to their head offices or data centers through the internal networks of the banks.1.2 Bank head offices or data centers shall be connected to the Management Information System for Individual Sales and Purchases of Foreign Exchange (hereinafter referred to as the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange ) through an access point established by the SAFE.2. Internet Protocol2.1Link: PPP or HDLC2.2 Network: TCP/IP3. Principle of Internet Address3.1 The IP address and Internet address of the banks connected to the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange shall both be given by the SAFE.4. Network Reliability4.1 The banks shall use reliable circuits and equipment to connect to the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange. This system gives priority to dedicated circuits and will provide ISDN or backup of other circuits in due time.4.2Banks with more than 50 (for the time being) outlets handling the business of individual foreign exchange sales and purchases shall use two different circuits for connection. During the early construction period of the system, one circuit is primary, and the other is backup. The bank internal networks and access networks shall adopt reliable backups.4.3 The banks are responsible for signing the contracts with telecommunication vendors for leasing the circuits for accessing the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange, and for testing and connecting the circuits to ensure the service and quality of the circuits.4.4 The banks are obliged to cooperate with the SAFE to jointly ensure the normal operations of the access network. The SAFE is empowered to monitor the networkequipment directly connected to the foreign exchange bureau.5. Network Security Principle5.1 The SAFE is responsible for the security of the networks and systems at the terminal of each foreign exchange bureaus.5.2 The banks are responsible for the security of their internal networks, systems, and relevant equipment.5.3 Security is a long-term goal and shall be achieved step by step. All banks shall install relevant products and take suitable measures in accordance with the requirements of the SAFE for network security considerations.6. Equipment Installation and Requirements6.1 To facilitate network connections and management, the banks’ network equipment shall be consistent with that of the foreign exchange bureaus.6.2 Installation of the banks network equipment:The data flow for completing a transaction through the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange provided by the foreign exchange bureaus to the banks is as follows: maximum page 120kb, average page 40Kb, maximum click times 7, average click times 4.The banks shall install a suitable agent server and router, and apply for special broadband and relevant network equipment according to their transactions per day/per hour/per second and in consideration of the data flow for completing a transaction provided above.The system adopts a Web mode and the banks manage the operations through an IE browser. The computers shall be used exclusively for connection to the system to ensure the normal operations of the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange. The equipment shall support a display resolution of 800x600, and the browser shall adopt Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 or any other more advanced compatible software.7. Implementation and Maintenance Requirements7.1 Before officially applying to be connected to the system, the banks shall formulate their own detailed plans for connecting to the system for individual sales and purchases of foreign exchange based on the above-mentioned principles and shall report to the Information Center of the SAFE.7.2 The banks shall establish a daily monitoring and maintenance system to ensure the stability, reliability, and security of the network circuits and equipment connected to the foreign exchange bureaus。
部门和职位的英文说法
总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office人力资源部Human Resources Department总务部General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department销售部Sales Department国际部International DepartmentGeneral Manager/President 总经理Deputy General Manager副总经理Assistant Manager副经理人事经理Human Resources Manager人事主管Human Resources Supervisor人事专员Human Resources Specialist人事助理Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管Recruiting Manager/Supervisor薪资福利经理/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理Training Specialist/Assistant财务总监CFO/Finance Director/VP财务经理Finance ManagerFinancial Controller财务主任会计经理/会计主管Accounting Manager/Supervisor会计Accountant / Accounting Trainee出纳员Cashier行政经理/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager 行政专员/助理Admin Staff/Assistant前台接待/总机Receptionist后勤Office SupportAdministration Manager行政经理Administration Staff行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk行政办事员Business Controller业务主任Business Manager业务经理Buyer采购员Line Supervisor生产线主管Marketing Manager市场销售部经理Marketing Staff市场销售员Marketing Assistant销售助理Marketing Executive销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Office Clerk职员Operational Manager业务经理Product Manager生产部经理Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Regional Manger地区经理工厂经理/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运经理Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor 技术/工艺设计经理/主管Technical/Industrial Design Mgr./Spvr. 技术/工艺设计工程师Technical/Industrial Design Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer质量经理QA Manager质量主管QA Supervisor质量工程师QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员QA Inspector化验员Laboratory Technician技工T echnician / Engineer Trainee电工ElectricianDepartment可简写为 Dept.高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee总监Director合伙人Partner总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant。
公司内部职称英语缩写
CD Creative Director.创意总监,一般是广告公司的职位名称高层:GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁A VP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CTO(Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理)BM(Branch Manager)部门经理DM(District Manager)区域经理RM(Regional Manager)区域经理其他Accounting Assistant会计助理Accounting Clerk记帐员Accounting Manager会计部经理Accounting Stall会计部职员Accounting Supervisor会计主管Administration Manager行政经理Administration Staff行政人员Administrative Assistant行政助理Administrative Clerk行政办事员Advertising Staff广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员Airlines Staff航空公司职员Application Engineer应用工程师Assistant Manager副经理Bond Analyst证券分析员Bond Trader证券交易员Business Controller业务主任Business Manager业务经理Buyer采购员Cashier出纳员Chemical Engineer化学工程师Civil Engineer土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist职员/接待员Clerk Typist&Secretary文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理Copywriter广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager副总经理Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理Electrical Engineer电气工程师Engineering Technician工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher英语教师Export Sales Manager外销部经理Export Sales Staff外销部职员Financial Controller财务主任Financial Reporter财务报告人F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员F.X.Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员Fund Manager财务经理General Auditor审计长General Manager/President总经理General Manager Assistant总经理助理General Manager's Secretary总经理秘书Hardware Engineer(计算机)硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff进口联络员Import Manager进口部经理Insurance Actuary保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff国际销售员Interpreter口语翻译Legal Adviser法律顾问Line Supervisor生产线主管Maintenance Engineer维修工程师Management Consultant管理顾问Manager经理Manager for Public Relations公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer制造工程师Manufacturing Worker生产员工Market Analyst市场分析员Market Development Manager市场开发部经理Marketing Manager市场销售部经理Marketing Staff市场销售员Marketing Assistant销售助理Marketing Executive销售主管Marketing Representative销售代表Marketing Representative Manager市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer机械工程师Mining Engineer采矿工程师Music Teacher音乐教师Naval Architect造船工程师Office Assistant办公室助理Office Clerk职员Operational Manager业务经理Package Designer包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk人事部职员Personnel Manager人事部经理Plant/Factory Manager厂长Postal Clerk邮政人员Private Secretary私人秘书Product Manager生产部经理Production Engineer产品工程师Professional Staff专业人员Programmer电脑程序设计师Project Staff(项目)策划人员Promotional Manager推销部经理Proof-reader校对员Purchasing Agent采购(进货)员Quality Control Engineer质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff房地产职员Recruitment Coordinator招聘协调人Regional Manger地区经理Research&Development Engineer研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff销售计划员Sales Assistant销售助理Sales Clerk店员、售货员Sales Coordinator销售协调人Sales Engineer销售工程师Sales Executive销售主管Sales Manager销售部经理Salesperson销售员Seller Representative销售代表Sales Supervisor销售监管School Registrar学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant秘书助理Secretary秘书Securities Custody Clerk保安人员Security Officer安全人员Senior Accountant高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser高级顾问Senior Employee高级雇员Senior Secretary高级秘书Service Manager服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter同声传译员Software Engineer(计算机)软件工程师Supervisor监管员Systems Adviser系统顾问Systems Engineer系统工程师Systems Operator系统操作员Technical Editor技术编辑Technical Translator技术翻译Technical Worker技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯(电信)员Telephonist/Operator电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide导游Trade Finance Executive贸易财务主管Trainee Manager培训部经理Translation Checker翻译核对员Translator翻译员Trust Banking Executive银行高级职员Typist打字员Word Processing Operator文字处理操作员外企职位缩写2010—07—08 17:06:46|分类:学习交流|字号订阅GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁A VP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CTO(Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理) 注:这里面变化比较多,要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份)BM(Branch Manager)部门经理DM(District Manager)区域经理RM(Regional Manager)区域经理=======================GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁A VP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager)生产经理(Product Manager)产品经理下面有总结了下CAO~CZO中间的字母从A到Z的各种简称:CAO:Art 艺术总监CBO: Business 商务总监CCO:Content 内容总监CDO: Development 开发总监CEO:Executive 首席执行官CFO:Finance 财务总监CGO:Gonverment 政府关系CHO: Human resource 人事总监CIO:Information 技术总监CJO:Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人CKO: Knowledge 知识总监CLO: Labour 工会主席CMO:Marketing 市场总监CNO:Negotiation 首席谈判代表COO:Operation 首席营运官CPO: Public relation 公关总监CQO:Quality control 质控总监CRO:Research 研究总监CSO:Sales 销售总监CTO:Technology 首席技术官CUO:User 客户总监CVO:Valuation 评估总监CWO:Women 妇联主席CXO:什么都可以管的不管部部长CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人CZO: 现在排最后,等待接班的太子部分主要职位的职能:CEO(Chief executive officer)首席执行官类似总经理、总裁,是企业的法人代表。
行政审批事项办事指南编写规范
有审批数量限制的行政审批事项,应列出限制条件和具体数量、具体的限制方式。无审批数量限制的,应写明“无审批数量限制”。
承诺办理时限:xx日
听证时间:xx日
审批收费
“审批收费”是必备要素。如果属于收费的审批事项,应列出收费环节、收费项目、收费依据、收费标准、减免收费的情形、以及缴费的时间、地点。如果属于不收费的审批事项,应列明“本审批事项不收费”。
示例1:
收费环节:xxxx。
收费项目:xxxx。
收费依据:《中华人民共和国xxxx法》第x条第x款第x项,广东省xx局《关于xxxx收费的通知)(粤xx(2010) xx号)。
“办理时限”是必备要素。法律、法规和规章有明确规定时限的,应列明法定办理时限和所依据的法律、法规和规章的名称及具体条款。
如果实施机关认为可以缩短行政审批法定办理时限并作出书面承诺时,应列出承诺办理时限。
对有数量限制、需要通过竞争方式实施的行政审批事项,以及有时间限制或者法律、法规、规章规定集中受理的行政审批事项,应列出申请时限、集中受理时限和法定办理时限/承诺办理时限。
示例3:
本行政审批有数量限制,每年中心城区每区不超过xx个,根据受理申请的先后顺序实施审批。
示例4:
本行政审批无审批数量限制。
申请材料
“申请材料”是必备要素。应明确列出申请人在申请办理此项行政审批时各个环节所需提供的全部材料,包括相关证件。如果某些环节所需提供的材料需要上一个环节通过后才能获得,则应在申请材料目录的要求中明确说明。还应规定申请材料的形式标准(纸张、装订方式等要求)和行政审批申请材料目录及材料的具体要求。可网上填报申请材料的,应列出下载相关表格的网址及填报要求。
NERC 提供商用户指南:完成个人学习活动表单说明书
RELIABILITY | RESILIENCE | SECURITYProvider User GuideCompleting an Individual Learning Activity FormJanuary 1, 2023Preface (iii)Purpose (iv)Chapter 1 : Locating and Generating a New ILA Form (1)Locating and Generating a New Form (1)Enter Username and Password (1)Chapter 2 : ILA Application (1)Completing ILA Application Form (1)Select Courses (1)Select ILA Application (2)Required Fields (3)Primary Contact (4)Course Information (5)Continuing Education Categories and Hours (6)This Course Includes (7)Learning Assessment/Course Evaluation and Attendance Verification (8)Learning Objectives (9)Segment Categories (10)Learning Activity Content Segment (11)Add More Learning Activity Content Segments (12)Chapter 3 : Application Documents (20)Required Application Documents (20)Appendix A : Version History (21)Electricity is a key component of the fabric of modern society and the Electric Reliability Organization (ERO) Enterprise serves to strengthen that fabric. The vision for the ERO Enterprise, which is comprised of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and the six Regional Entities, is a highly reliable and secure North American bulk power system (BPS). Our mission is to assure the effective and efficient reduction of risks to the reliability and security of the grid.Reliability | Resilience | SecurityBecause nearly 400 million citizens in North America are counting on usThe North American BPS is divided into six Regional Entity boundaries as shown in the map and corresponding table below. The multicolored area denotes overlap as some load-serving entities participate in one Region while associated Transmission Owners/Operators participate in another.MRO Midwest Reliability OrganizationNPCC Northeast Power Coordinating CouncilRF ReliabilityFirstSERC SERC Reliability CorporationTexas RE Texas Reliability EntityWECC Western Electricity Coordinating CouncilThe purpose of this guide is to provide instruction to NERC credential maintenance providers on how to complete the Individual Learning Activity (ILA) form. The ILA form is used in evaluation of a course to determine if the course meets Credential Maintenance Program criteria. Providers should ensure accuracy in completing the form and verify its contents against criteria found in the Credential Maintenance Program Administration Manual1. Errors or omissions in completion of the ILA form could result in approval delays or course denial.The program criteria outline in the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual takes precedence over any information presented in this user guide.1https:///pa/Train/SysOpCert/System%20Operator%20Certification%20DL/Credential%20Maintenance%20Program%20Admini strative%20Manual%20v1.0.pdfLocating and Generating a New FormThe following pages show step-by-step instructions on how to access, generate, and submit a new ILA form. Visit the System Operator Certification and Continuing Education Database (SOCCED) here:https:// and log into your account.Enter Username and Password.Completing ILA Application FormThis section shows how to complete the ILA Application form. Select CoursesChapter 2: ILA Application Select ILA ApplicationChapter 2: ILA Application Required Fields* Indicates Required Field.Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationPrimary Contact1.Contact Person For This Coursea.This is the individual who will answer questions a reviewer may have regarding the learning activity.b.This may or may not be the primary contact listed on the provider’s account.Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationCourse Information2.Course Informationa.Course IDi.Course ID must begin with provider ID (i.e. ABC_001).ii.During the provider application process, an entity is assigned a provider ID by NERC.iii.Must be unique to a single learning activity.iv.Cannot be edited once course has been entered into a transcript.b.Course Titlei.Course Title and Course ID may be the same.ii.Must be unique to a single learning activity.c.Date for the first delivery of the coursei.Date format must match: YYYY-DD-MMii.Refer to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual2for information regarding submission time frame requirements.d.Course Descriptioni.This field is not required; but, may be beneficial for internal requirements or for specialized learningactivities (i.e. drills, field visits, etc.).ii.Refer to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual for information regarding specialized learning activities.2https:///pa/Train/SysOpCert/System%20Operator%20Certification%20DL/Credential%20Maintenance%20Program%20Admini strative%20Manual%20v1.0.pdfChapter 2: ILA ApplicationContinuing Education Categories and Hours3.Continuing Education (CE) Categories and Hours indicate what categories are included in each LearningActivity Content Segment.a.Operating Topicsi.Should include total of all Learning Activity Content Segments.ii.Minimum number of CE hours for a course must be at least 1.0.iii.Fractional increment of an hour is rounded down to the next whole or half hour with a one hour minimum.iv.Do not enter decimals or percentages.v.Should relate to “Appendix A – Recognized Operator Training Topics” found in the System Operator Certification Program Manual.b.NERC Standards hours cannot exceed Operating Topics Hours.i.Time devoted to NERC Standards should be included in Operating Topics Hours; these hours aresubsets of the total.c.Simulation hours cannot exceed Operating Topics Hours.i.Time devoted to Simulation should be included in Operating Topics Hours; these hours are subsetsof the total.d.Refer to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual3 for information regarding CEhours.Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationThis Course Includes4.This Course Includes:a.This activity conforms to the criteria for System Operator Credential Maintenance as specified in theSystem Operator Certification Program Manual.i.Select Yes or No.b.This course is an Emergency Operations related training topic.i.Select Yes or No.ii.Refer to the System Operator Certification Manual “Appendix A – Recognized Operator Training Topics”4 for a list of topics which will determine if subject matter qualifies for Emergency Operationsrelated training topic.c.Pilot data is attached, if applicable.i.Select Yes, No, or N/A.ii.Providers are responsible for maintaining Pilot data documentation on active courses.iii.This documentation does not transfer upon course renewal and should be uploaded to renewed course each year.iv.Refer to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual5for information regarding determination of total CE hours for eligible learning activities.4 https:///pa/Train/SysOpCert/System%20Operator%20Certification%20DL/SOC_Program_Manual_v4.pdf5Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationLearning Assessment/Course Evaluation and Attendance Verification5.How will the learning be assessed? Learning Assessment measures the extent to which training achieved itsobjectives and improved learner’s knowledge or skills. Select all that apply.a.Written/Online Examb.Performance Demonstrationc.Otherd.If other, please describe.e.If learning assessments are not Written/Online Exam or Performance Demonstration, select Other.f.Include enough detail to clearly explain assessment process.g.Refer to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual6 for information regardingrequirements for learning assessment.6Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationLearning Objectives6.Learning Objectives must have clear and concise written statements of intended learning.a.These objectives represent what trainees are expected to achieve based on learning activities.b.Include all intended objectives in this field.c.Individual Objective(s) will be assigned to each Learning Activity Content Segment(s) in the next section.d.For clarification, assign a number to each objective.e.Refer to Guide to Writing Objectives on the One Stop Shop7 of the System Operator Certification andCredential Maintenance Program8 website regarding additional information.Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationSegment Categories7.Segment Categories indicate what categories are included in each segment.a.Operating Topics should include all segments related to the System Operator Certification Manual“Appendix A – Recognized Operator Training Topics”9.b.NERC Standards should include segments addressing these Standards.c.Simulations indicates segment is based on simulation.d. A segment may cover multiple categories.e.Select all categories that apply.8.Learning Activity Content Segmenta.Partial Credit Available? Select applicable Yes or No.i.Refer to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual10 regarding Partial Credit.b.Learning Objective(s) related to each segmenti.List each objective(s) relative to Segment Delivery Description.ii.This is where numbering of objectives is beneficial.c.Segment Duration in minutesi.Enter total allocated times for each segment of learning activity.ii.Do not enter decimals or percentages.iii.Total of all Segment Duration should not be greater than Operating Topic Hours (3.a).iv. A ten minute break is understood to be part of each CEH.d.Segment Delivery Descriptioni.Include enough detail to determine if learning objectives can be met.ii.Include method of delivery and description of all materials used to deliver the course.iii.Provide specific information on how content of this course relates to the System Operator Certification Manual “Appendix A – Recognized Operator Training Topics”11.10https:///pa/Train/SysOpCert/System%20Operator%20Certification%20DL/Credential%20Maintenance%20Program%20Admini9.If additional segments need to be added:a.Click + Add in the upper right corner.b.Continue to include required information as described above.i.Description of Segment Delivery – See 8.dii.Segment Categories – See 7.a, 7.b, 7.ciii.Partial Credit Available? – See 8.aiv.Learning Objective(s) related to each segment – See 8.bv.Segment Duration in minutes – See 8.cc.Continue to add as many Learning Activity Content Segments as needed.d.Before submitting the course, ensure all Segment Duration minutes equal total Operating Topic Hours.Chapter 2: ILA ApplicationCourse Topics10.Course Topics relate specifically to the System Operator Certification Manual “Appendix A – RecognizedOperator Training Topics”12.a.Select all that apply.b.Courses that provide CE hours for NERC certification credential maintenance shall be based on topicslisted.Chapter 2: ILA Applicationc.Save the ILA Form.d.Once the ILA Form is saved, the following screen should appear.Required Application Documents11.Application Documents refer to anything required to complete the ILA Form (i.e. Pilot test data). Refer to theCredential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual13l for more information concerning pilot test documentation.a.There are two methods to upload documents to the ILA.i.Search for files by using the Browse buttonii.Drag & drop files as applicable.These instructions may also be used when asked to upload other documents (i.e. Continuing Education Review Panel (CERP) Audit Requests.)b.When finished, choose one of the following 3 options:i.Apply for Another Course. The website will return to a blank ILA Form.ii.Save & Close. The website will close browser but may be returned to later.iii.Finish & Pay.13https:///pa/Train/SysOpCert/System%20Operator%20Certification%20DL/Credential%20Maintenance%20Program%20Admini strative%20Manual%20v1.0.pdfVersion HistoryThis is example text that you can use for proper formatting; delete or replace before publication. Date DescriptionVersion 2/11/2021 Provider User Guide: Completing an Individual Learning Activity Form – Approved by the Personnel Certification and Governance Committee 1.0 1/1/2023 Added Note in Chapter 2 regarding Pilot Data.Updated links to the System Operator Certification Program Manual Updated links to the Credential Maintenance Program Administrative Manual1.1。
美国绿卡机构
美国绿卡机构美国绿卡审批机构简介美国全国的地方移民局有60个左右,但有审核批准权的移民支局只有36个。
移民办事处一般只转送申请件及进行面谈等。
签证权在对签证申请的决定权方面,美国境外使领馆几乎拥有某种绝对的自决权,用中国人的话来讲,颇有一种天高皇帝远的感觉。
但美国移民局由于完全按照移民法的规定及程序运作,具有规范化的特征,因此对申请案的处理在很多方面与海外使领馆可以说刚好相反:审核制约无论是移民总局的行政申诉处,还是移民法官、移民上诉委员会或者联邦法院对移民上诉案的裁决,对移民局均有制约力。
申诉途径大多数申请案如果受到移民局拒绝,申请人均有申诉的机会,直至向联邦法院上诉。
此外,移民局本身也提供非正式的申诉途径,比如要求移民局对申请案重新考虑。
移民局对非移民申请除个别情况外,一般不进行面谈。
对移民申请也开始对符合要求者免除面谈。
审核标准由于绝大部分申请案统一由移民局的四个服务中心受理,在审核标准上基本相同。
酌处权同海外领事一样,移民官对申请也有相当的酌处权。
但由于申请人有较多申诉的途径,因此在实际上,酌处权的运用在获准的案例上多于被拒绝的案例。
拒绝申请同海外使领馆刚好相反,移民局对任何被拒绝的申请案都会给予书面通知,并靠知其详细的拒绝原因。
不能选择 申请人在提出申请时,只能按其居住地或业务所在地向指定的移民服务中心或地方移民局提出。
不过,对申请人而言,拥有更大的身份选择范围并不等于能够获得正确的选择,正如拥有更多的申诉途径不一定申诉成功一样。
在很多情况下,还取决于申请人对移民法的规定及移民局的组织结构及其运作了解的程度。
组织机构美国移民局作为美国最庞大、最复杂的行政系统,其组织机构和功能如下:局长办移民归化局的行政主管为局长。
司法部长授权移民局长实施执行《移民与国籍法》以及所有其他与移民、归化和国籍有关的法律。
隶属于局长办公室的又有下列若干机构:⑴律师办公室在总律师领导下,该办公室向局长、副局长和其他工作人员提供法律建议,准备立法报告,协助诉讼,在需要时准备法律备忘录,指导分局律师的工作,监督移民局所有律师的专业工作等。
JD简历上常见的职位名称中英文对照
JD简历上常见的职位名称中英文对照JD、简历上常见的职位名称中英文对照B2B business to business ( 比如阿里巴巴,易BAY这些直接买家与卖家的商业)CEO(Chief executive officer)首席执行官类似总经理、总裁,是企业的法人代表。
COO(Chief operating officer)首席运营官类似常务总经理CFO(Chief financial officer)首席财务官类似财务总经理CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师CIO(Chief information officer)首席信息官主管企业信息的收集和发布CAO: Art 艺术总监CBO: Business 商务总监CCO: Content 内容总监CDO: Development 开发总监CEO: Executive 首席执行官ECFO: Finance 财务总监CGO: Gonverment 政府关系CHO: Human resource 人事总监CIO: Information 技术总监CKO: Knowledge 知识总监CLO: Labour 工会主席B3 B! cCMO: Marketing 市场总监CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表 . COO: Operation 首席营运官CPO: Public relation 公关总监CQO: Quality control 质控总监CRO: Research 研究总监CSO: Sales 销售总监CTO: Technology 首席技术官CUO: User 客户总监CVO: Valuation 评估总监CWO: Women 妇联主席Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理Advertising Manager 广告经理Travel Agent 旅行代办员Salesperson 销售员Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员MCZO: 现在排最后,等待接班的太子Director of Operations 运营总监Vice-President 副总裁Branch Manager 部门经理Retail Store Manager 零售店经理HMO Product Manager 产品经理。
行政事业单位内控手册采购业务流程风险矩阵
行政事业单位内控手册采购业务流程风险矩阵The risk matrix in the procurement process of the internal control manual for administrative institutionsProcurement is an essential component of any organization's operations, including administrative institutions. It involves acquiring goods and services to support the institution's functions and objectives. However, like any other business process, procurement carries inherent risks that need to be addressed and managed effectively.In order to mitigate these risks, administrativeinstitutions often develop an internal control manual that outlines their procurement processes and procedures. This manual serves as a guide for employees involved in procurement activities and helps ensure that all necessary steps are followed correctly.One crucial tool included in this manual is the risk matrix. The risk matrix provides a visual representation ofpotential risks associated with different stages of the procurement process. It allows administrators to identify and prioritize risks based on their likelihood and potential impact on the institution.The risk matrix typically consists of two dimensions: likelihood (or probability) and impact (or severity). The likelihood dimension assesses how likely it is for a specific risk to occur during the procurement process. The impact dimension evaluates the potential consequences or severity if that risk were to materialize.Each stage of the procurement process within an administrative institution can be analyzed using this risk matrix. Some common stages might include requirement identification, vendor selection, contract negotiation, payment processing, and post-purchase evaluation. For each stage, potential risks are identified, assessed for their likelihood and impact, and plotted on the risk matrix accordingly.Once all the potential risks have been plotted on the riskmatrix, administrators can determine which risks require immediate attention by focusing on those with high likelihoods or high impacts. Based on this prioritization, suitable control measures can be implemented to mitigate each identified risk effectively.For example:- If a particular stage in the procurement process has high likelihood but low impact when it comes to risks related to corruption or fraud, administrators can establish robust verification procedures or introduce strict approval requirements before proceeding further.- On the other hand, if a stage is associated with high impact but low likelihood risks, administrators might choose to implement control measures such as regular monitoring activities or periodic internal audits to ensure potential risks are identified and addressed promptly.By utilizing a risk matrix within the internal control manual for administrative institutions, organizations canachieve two significant benefits. Firstly, it enhances transparency and accountability throughout the procurement process. Secondly, it provides a systematic approach to identifying and managing potential risks, reducing the chances of unforeseen incidents that could lead to financial losses or reputational damage.In conclusion, the risk matrix in the procurement process of an administrative institution's internal control manual plays a crucial role in identifying and mitigating potential risks effectively. By utilizing this tool, administrators can make informed decisions while ensuring compliance with regulations and achieving their organizational objectives. 中文翻译:行政事业单位内控手册中的风险矩阵在采购流程中发挥着重要作用,能够有效地识别和减轻潜在风险。
行政业务流程
行政业务流程As government institutions continue to modernize, the need for efficient and streamlined administrative processes has become increasingly important. 随着政府机构不断现代化,对于高效和精简的行政流程的需求变得日益重要。
Whether it's processing applications for permits, handling employee benefits, or managing budget requests, the administrative workflow plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth and effective operation of government agencies. 无论是处理许可申请、处理员工福利,还是管理预算申请,行政工作流程在确保政府机构顺利有效运作方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
One of the key challenges in administrative workflow is the potential for bottlenecks and delays. 行政工作流程的一个关键挑战是可能存在的瓶颈和延迟。
As information and tasks pass through different stages and departments, there is a risk of congestion and inefficiency, which can lead to frustration for both employees and citizens. 随着信息和任务在不同阶段和部门之间的传递,存在拥堵和低效率的风险,这可能会导致员工和公民的沮丧。
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Excellence & Identitywww.aui.maLanguage CenterAdministrative Operations ManualVersion 1.0 (Summer 2009)Table of ContentsIntroduction LC Assistant Job Description I. Academic Matters I.1 Before the Beginning of Semester• New Faculty› Before Hiring › Upon Hiring› When Arriving • Returning FacultyI. 2 Beginning of Semester• • • Teaching schedules MML, SAC & Audio/Video Lab schedules SAC & Audio/Video Lab keysI. 3Middle of SemesterI. 3.1 Academic Evaluation • Midterm Course EvaluationI. 3. 2 Midterm Exam Procedure • • Proctors & Head Proctors Schedule Midterm GradesI. 4End of SemesterI. 4. 1 Academic Evaluations • • • Final Course Evaluation Final ILOs Surveys At Risk Students’ Reports2I. 4. 2 Faculty Contract Renewal & Promotion • • Before Contract Renewal Procedure After Renewal/Promotion ProcedureI. 4. 2 Final Exam Procedures • • • Proctors & Head Proctors Schedule Final Grades Preparing for DeliberationsII. Student Placement• • • TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) WPT (Writing Placement Test) TEF (Test d’Evaluation Français)III. Business English Program• • • • • • Brochure & Flyers Preparations Advertising BEP Pre-arrival preparations Upon arrival preparations Middle of Program Preparations End of Program preparationsVI. Non-Academic Matters• • • Commencement Invitation Confirmation to LC Faculty Farewell Parties for Leaving LC Faculty Receptions & Coffee/tea breaks at the LCForms & Appendices• • • • Academic Forms BEP Forms Student Forms Administrative Forms3IntroductionThe Language Center Administrative Operations Manual spells out the basic duties sand responsibilities of the LC administrative assistant. The administrative operations in this manual are presented in a clear and chronological manner to ensure quality, efficiency and punctuality in the way its users carry o their daily tasks. The Language Center Administrative Operations Manual is divided into four major sections, each of which details what has to be done in a given time of the semester. The manual contains as well an Appendix section that includes all the existing administrative forms, along with samples of email, fax, and memo correspondences. The Language Center Administrative Operations Manual is updated on a regular basis to integrate any new responsibilities, recommendations, or procedures that may improve the efficiency in the implementation of the LC current administrative operations. The Language Center Administrative Operations Manual also serves to liaise between the Language Center Faculty Handbook and the administrative operations in the present manual.4LC Assistant Job DescriptionAs stated in Al Akawayn University Employee Handbook, the administrative function of the LC assistant is to:• • • •Provide a positive, helpful first point of contact for visitors to the office of the director Answer phone calls and appropriately screen and redirect and answer concerns Prepare purchase orders to maintain adequate office supplies Provide administrative support for day-to-day operations: to plan and schedule appointments, organize and maintain paper and electronic files, review the work submitted to the director, draft and type a variety of documents and reports, receive and distribute correspondence, prepare travel arrangements and make reservations• • • • •Keep patrons informed about LC services, news and activities Remind and follow up department issues, circulating emails and memos to students and faculty, to answer all phone calls and mails, etc Follow up LC budget File LC documents ( memos, invoices, purchasing requests, etc) Often contact with Enrollment Services about getting and communicating information related to LC students like classroom reservations, teaching schedules, grades reporting, etc•Often contact with the VPAA’s office (the office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs) about getting and communicating information related to following up faculty contracts, faculty hiring and approval of various LC documents and requests (memos, research grants, etc)• • • •Often contact with the VPFA about exchanging information related to approval of LC documents and requests like budget proposal, memos, purchasing requests, etc Often contact with the Business Office about exchanging information related to payment of invoices, reimbursement checks, travel allowance, etc Often contact with Purchasing Services about reporting and following up purchasing requests and office supplies delivery Often contact with other schools and centers about getting and communicating information related to various students issues5• •Follow up on faculty leave or absences for development activities (lectures and conferences) outside AUI Perform other tasks and duties as assigned by the Director6I. Academic MattersThe LC assistant is in charge of carrying out a number of academic operations, most of which are related to serve as liaison between LC faculty and other AUI departments. Likewise, the LC assistant’s responsibility is to continually coordinate among LC faculty and LC director.I.1. Before the Beginning of SemesterPrior to the beginning of the Semester, the administrative body of the Language Center, director and assistant, have the main responsibility of overseeing the faculty hiring process and ensuring, through collaboration with other departments, the smooth settlement of the new and returning faculty.New FacultyBefore Hiring •LC director forwards to LC assistant the files of the new faculty who have accepted the job offer at the LC (most of these faculty were interview at the TESOL conference).• •LC assistant contacts via email the concerned faculty and sends all relevant/needed information. The Chair of the Hiring Committee sends an email to LC assistant including the date and time of the interview of faculty who were not interviewed by the LC director. A file of these faculty is also left in the LC assistant office for the members of the Hiring Committee to look at.• •30 min before interview time, LC assistant contacts via phone the concerned faculty to make sure the phone number is working properly. L.C. assistant forwards the line to the meeting room at the interview time for the Hiring Committee to follow with the procedure. Upon Hiring•The newly hired faculty confirms acceptance with LC director.7• • • • • • • • • • • •LC director gives LC assistant the newly hired faculty complete file. LC assistant emails the Housing Application Form (see Appendix) to the new faculty to fill out. The new faculty is required to email back or fax the completed Housing Form The Housing Form is sent to Housing Services to arrange for accommodation LC assistant sends a further email including practical information on settling smoothly in Ifrane and Morocco (See email sample in the Appendix). LC assistant sends an email to VPAA with the exact information related to the new faculty (marital status, nationality, housing, flight information, etc) VPAA sends the orientation program to the LC assistant. LC assistant forwards the orientation program schedule to the new faculty and asks about details regarding the arrival date, time and the flight number. LC assistant contacts ITS (help desk) in order to create a Lotus email account to the new faculty member. LC assistant arranges transportation for the new faculty from the airport to the residence. LC assistant fills out the Vehicle Request Form (See Appendix), which is signed by LC director and sent to the vehicle supervisor. LC assistant emails the Vehicle Supervisor the arrival details, and follows up with several phone calls/reminders.When Arriving • • • • Once the faculty is accommodated, the LC assistant calls him/her to inform him/her about a meeting with the LC director, which usually takes place day 2 of the arrival. After the meeting, the LC assistant meets with new faculty member and hands over the office key, supplies and stationary. LC assistant accompanies the new faculty to his/her office. LC assistant informs the new faculty that LC internal communication functions via Lotus Notes Email.8Returning Faculty• • The L.C. assistant sends a reminder e-mail to the returning/new faculty about of the general faculty meeting The L.C. assistant gives the office suppliesI. 2. Beginning of SemesterAt the beginning of the semester, the LC assistant provides the new and returning faculty with information about meetings and teaching schedules as well as with institutional communication tools. The LC assistant ensures that lab, MML and SAC schedules are prepared by coordinators and that these have the necessary information and material for their work.Teaching Schedules • LC assistant emails new and returning faculty to inform about the first general meeting with LC director. The meeting usually takes place on faculty convocation day. LC assistant tabulates faculty teaching schedules (after being prepared by LC director) and makes copies for all faculty. Once the faculty obtain their teaching schedules, LC assistant provides them with the Internal Textbook Form, where they specify the textbooks needed for their teaching. The form is signed by both the faculty and LC director. The textbooks are then picked up from the bookstore by the faculty.• •MML, SAC & Audio/Video Lab Schedules • • •LC assistant reminds LC IT coordinator to prepare the MML schedule, which is sent to faculty usually the second week of regular class. LC assistant reminds the reading coordinator to prepare the SAC schedule, which is sent to all teachers the second week of regular class. LC assistant reminds listening & speaking coordinator to prepare the Audio/video schedule, which is usually sent to faculty the second week of regular class.9SAC & Audio/Video Lab keys • • •LC assistant provides the reading and listening & speaking coordinators with the SAC and audio/video lab keys. LC assistant sends an email to LC faculty to inform them about the procedure to use when data show, camera, tape recorder, etc are needed. LC assistant informs the building agent whenever there is a request for data show, camera, tape recorder, etc. The building agent is responsible for installing the material and collecting it after use.10I. 3 Middle of SemesterIn the middle of the Semester, the LC assistant circulates evaluations and prepares their summaries for the faculty. She/he also organizes the logistic part of the exams (schedules, classrooms, etc.) and circulates reminders to the faculty to enter and submit the midterm grades.I. 3.1 Academic Evaluations¾Midterm Course Evaluation•Two weeks before the mid-term exam, the LC assistant makes copies of the mid-term evaluations (See Appendix).•LC assistant prepares the envelopes with the exact number of students for each course (faculty name & course).•LC assistant places the envelopes in the pigeon holes of each faculty•LC assistant sends an email to all LC faculty to inform them about the envelopes and the deadline.•When all the evaluations are in, LC assistant prepares a summary of each section feedback (See Appendix).•Once ready, LC assistant places the summary sheets in faculty’s pigeon holes, and requests that the summaries are signed before they are seen and signed by the LC director.•LC assistant files the original forms and makes copies to all faculty. The copies are placed in faculty pigeon holes.I. 3. 2 Midterm Exam Procedure¾Proctors & Head Proctors Schedule•The L.C. assistant asks the test coordinator/L.C. director about the exam date.•Sends an e-mail to the enrollment at the beginning of each semester (the 2nd week of class) about the exam dates to reserve classes for the midterms.•2/3 weeks before the exam, the L.C. assistant prepares the exam schedule for the proctors & head proctors and puts hard copies in the teachers’ mail box.•The building agent posts the schedules in the academic area.•The L.C. assistant prepares the students’ list.•Two weeks before the exams, LC assistant sends e-mail to the Students Activities to book the sound system technician for the listening exam in the auditorium 4.•E-mails the restaurant to order pizzas & soda for the exam break (number of pizzas& soda bottles, date, time and location).¾Midterm Grades•LC assistant gives hard copies of the score distribution (mid-term) to the faculty (see form)•E-mails the faculty about the last day to enter grades in “EX” and reminds them to give a hard copy signed & e-mail a soft copy•The L.C. assistant puts the mid-term grades in separate folders•E-mails the faculty to give back the exam papersI. 4 End of SemesterAt the end of the Semester, the students write evaluations about their teachers. TheILO’s summaries are prepared by the LC assistant, and reports about at-risk students,submitted by LC faculty, are sent to the LC Assistant.I. 4. 1 Academic Evaluation¾Faculty Evaluation (by students)• 2 weeks before the final exam, LC assistant makes copies of the final evaluations•Prepares the envelopes with the exact number of students for each course (faculty name & course).•Puts the envelopes in the pigeon holes of each faculty.•Sends an e-mail to the L.C. faculty to inform them about the envelops and the deadline (last regular class day).•Prepares a summary for each one.•Once ready, LC assistant gives the evaluations summary to the faculty to sign it and then to the L.C. director for signature too.•Makes copies to the L.C. faculty and puts them in their mail box and file the original forms.¾ILOs Surveys• 2 weeks before the final exam, the L.C. assistant makes copies of the course surveys according to the students number in each section (see appendix: ILOs form).•Send an –mail to L.C. faculty to inform them about the deadline & the ILOs to pick them up from her office.•Once the ILOs back, the L.C. assistant makes summaries for each skill and e-mail them to the L.C. director, L.C. faculty and skill coordinators.¾At Risk Students’ Reports• 2 weeks before the mid-term/final exam, the L.C. assistant sends an e-mail to the L.C.faculty about the at risk students list with comments. The deadline is the last day ofregular classes•Once all the reports are in, the L.C. assistant prepares a general report for each L.C. at risk student (see Appendix for At Risk student Report Form)•Makes copies for the L.C. director, VPSA & Probation OfficerI. 4. 2 Faculty Contract Renewal & PromotionThe Evaluation Committee makes the decision about faculty renewal/promotion. After final approval by the VPAA, a new contract is presented to the concerned faculty and information is sent to the HR.¾Before Contract Renewal Procedure• The L.C. assistant e-mails the list of the faculty whose contracts have to be renewed to the chair of the Evaluation Committee• After the faculty files are evaluated, the chair of the Evaluation Committee gives all the completed files to the L.C. assistant who handed them to the L.C. director toprepare the renewal memo.¾After Renewal/Promotion Procedure•L.C. director writes a memo addressed to VPAA.•L.C. assistant sends the memo to VPAA. The VPAA approves and sends memo to payroll manager who sends it to the Human Resources. The HR prepares a new contract andsends it back to VPAA for signature then back to the L.C. assistant who makes 2 copies, one to the faculty and the other to the L.C. records. The original goes back to the VPAA.I. 4. 3 Final Exam ProceduresAt the end of the Semester, the LC assistant organizes the logistic part of the exams: schedules, classrooms, etc. and circulates reminders to the faculty to enter and submit the finalexam grades which are then sent to Enrollment Services, the Financial Aid Manager and the VPSA.¾Proctors & Head Proctors Schedule•The L.C. assistant asks the test coordinator/L.C. director about the examdate.•Sends an e-mail to the enrollment at the beginning of each semester (the2nd week of class) about the exam dates to reserve classes for themidterms•2/3 weeks before the exam, the L.C. assistant prepares the examschedule for the proctors & head proctors and puts hard copies in theteachers’ mail box.•The building agent posts the schedules in the academic area•The L.C. assistant prepares the students’ list•Two weeks before the exams, LC assistant sends e-mail to the StudentsActivities to book the sound system technician for the listening exam inthe auditorium 4•Emails the restaurant to order pizzas & soda for the exam break (numberof pizzas& soda bottles, date, time and location)¾Final Grades & Deliberations•E-mails the faculty about the last day to enter grades in “EX” and reminds them to give a hard copy signed & e-mail a soft copy•LC assistant puts the final grades in separate folders•LC assistant revises the grades, WF cases and the graduates (passing grade for undergraduate is 70% for graduates: 80%)•LC assistant separates the grades according to the skills and hands them to the L.C. director before the deliberation of the final exam.•LC assistant sends hard copies of the grades signed by the faculty and the L.C.director to the Enrollment Services•Sends a separate e-mail of the super pass cases in the final exam•LC assistant prepares a list of the passing & failing students and sends it to the Financial Aid manager and the VPSA Project ManagerII. Student PlacementIn addition, the LC assistant interacts daily with LC students and communicates information related to tests, courses, faculty. The L.C. assistantalso provides the students with the Exchange certificates and French placement test (see appendix).TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)•The L.C. assistant calls & e-mails the Admissions Services to know the estimation of the TOEFL candidates•Calls & e-mails AMIDEAST about the TOEFL booklets and forms needed.•E-mail the Student Activities to reserve the audio technician (sound system)•E-mail the L.C. faculty for the TOEFL proctoring and remind them not to open any booklet for demonstration.•E-mail the Ground & Maintenance Services for van reservation to pick up the TOEFL booklets from AMIDEAST•The L.C. assistant organizes the TOEFL booklets, the answer sheets and the WPT (writing placement test), the answer sheet slides and the supervisormanuals in different boxes with the name of the proctors on them if we havemore than 1 test center.•Once the TOEFL booklets and the answer sheets are back, the L.C. assistant puts the used booklets (different forms) and the answer sheets in separateboxes and send them back to AMIDEAST•After 4 days the L.C. assistant calls AMIDEAST for the TOEFL results•The L.C. assistant forwards the e-mail to the L.C. director, VPSA and the Admissions•Enter all the TOEFL scores in the “EX “P.S. Do NEVER send opened booklets back to AMIDEASTP.S. The L.C. does not accept the TOEFL form used recently but at least 1 or 2 years agoWPT (Writing Placement Test)•Test coordinator prepares the test•The L.C. assistant informs the test coordinator about the number of applicants•After he/she makes copies of the test, the L.C. assistant places the WPT in boxes to go with the TOEFL•When the L.C. assistant receives back the WPTs, she/he leaves them in secure box in the meeting room and waits for the TOEFL scores.•Once the TOEFL scores are received, the WPTs are divided in 4 stacks. The following procedure is followed:Students under 420 are not accepted. Their WPT is trashed.Students between 420 & 477 are all placed in level 1. Their WPT is not corrected.Students between 480 & 527 are graded and to be placed either in level 1 orlevel 2The WPT above 530 are graded and to be placed either in level 1, 2 orcomposition.•Once all WPTs are graded, they are given back to the L.C. assistant who enters all the levels in the “EX”P.S. The test coordinator is responsible for organizing the gradingTEF (Test d’Evaluation Français)•Receive an e-mail from the French coordinator about the exact date and time of the French test (TEF: test Français)•Send an e-mail to the registration services to know the exact number of the new students•Reserve the auditorium and the classes.•The French coordinator sends an e-mail to AUI students with the exact date and location of the exam•The L.C. assistant prepares the list of the TEF students with the students’ full names and dates of birth. Post the list in the Academic area• Send an e-mail to AUI students to check their names and date of birth. Once the list is completed/corrected, the French coordinator e-mails the list to “la chamber decommerce” in France by the French coordinator•The French coordinator sends an e-mail to the faculty proctors informing them about the test date, time and location•The L.C. assistant coordinator with the VPSA about the administration proctors and e-mail them the date, location and time•Sends another reminder e-mail to AUI students•Once the TEF is administered, the French coordinator counts the TEF booklets and the answer sheets and piles them up in the boxes. The building agent takes care of themailing (Chambre de Commerce)•When the results are received from the French coordinator, the L.C. assistant enters the results/levels in the “EX”•During the pre-registration period, the students are informed by the L.C. assistant about their levels, who fills out the French placement form (see appendix) and stamps it. The student takes the form to the Enrollment services/advisor.The French levels offered at our University are:FRN 3310: Advanced FrenchFRN 2310: French for Academic Purposes IIFRN 1308: French for Academic Purposes IFRN 1305: Consolidating FrenchFRN 2301: Intermediate FrenchIII. Business English ProgramIn order to organize the Business English Program, the LC assistant prepares brochures and flyers and arranges program advertising prior to classes. Preparations continue throughout the program until its conclusion when the LC assistant makes a summary of the program evaluation for each level and submits it to the LC director.Brochure & Flyers Preparations•The L.C. assistant reminds the L.C. director/L.C. IT coordinator of the BEP brochure’s date•The L.C. assistant receives an updated BEP flyer and brochure from the L.C. IT coordinator in the form of CD.•The L.C. assistant prepares a PR with the information on the number and the dimensions of the flyer and the brochure and sends it to the purchasing department.•After 1 or 2 weeks the Purchasing Department sends a “tableau comparative” with the best prices to the L.C. director who makes a decision and signs it.•After the “bon de commande” is signed, the L.C. assistant receives the brochure and the flyers (after 1 week).•Once the brochures and the flyers are ready, the L.C. assistant prepares the envelopes with companies, banks… names and addresses. The building agent takes care of themailing.P.S. Envelops contain brochure, flyers, BEP application form, director message (letter) and a document including information about companies that have already participated/taken the course.Advertising BEP•The L.C. assistant receives the advertising document from the L.C. IT coordinator •The L.C. assistant prepares a PR and sends it to the Purchasing department with the exact dates and newspapers and magazines (proposed by the L.C. director).•Contact the magazines/newspapers for follow up on dates of advertising•Check if the advertisement is on time and makes copies of the ad and files it in the BEP file.P.S. Note that the L.C. coordinator is responsible for advertising BEP program on AUI website.Pre-arrival Preparations•The L.C. assistant sends an e-mail to the housing services about the BEP applicants’ estimation in the mid-term of Spring semester to reserve rooms.•Receive hard/soft copies of the applications and separate them in session 1 & 2•Calls/e-mails the applicants for 3000 dhs confirmation and arrange for payment•Receives copies of the bank receipt (e-mail/fax)•Once the first/second session list is completed, the L.C. assistant e-mails it to the Business Office and to the housing services and sends a signed copy to B.O.•The L.C. assistant sends the applications; “bon de commande” and the bank receipts to the B.O. for the payment follow up.•The L.C. assistant fills in the cash wallet form with the exact number of applicants and the amount needed to be charged on the cards (1000 dhs each)•The L.C. assistant prepares another cash wallet form for the L.C. cash wallet to be used in the faculty lunch with the participants (amount to be decided by the L.C.director)•The L.C. assistant fills in the PR to order petty cash (3000 dhs each session) to buy the necessary stuff for the daily coffee break (morning & afternoon) the coffee breaktiming is decided by the BEP coordinator and written down in the program schedule.•The L.C. assistant buys bags with AUI logo from bookstore•The L.C. assistant e-mails the restaurant about the number of the participants and the location for cold meals in each participant’s room the eve of the first class day •The L.C. assistant sends e-mail to ITS to create passwords for the participants to have access to AUI labs.•E-mails the participants’ list to the gymnasium to give access to the fitness room, swimming pool…•Sends e-mail to the Security department with the participants’ names, the period of stay, location, date& time of arrival•The L.C. assistant starts preparing envelops (pen, AUI pin, notebook, Welcome note, first day schedule and the cash wallet) and puts them in the main gate of the university •The L.C. assistant sends information faxes to the applicants with their arrival’s date, time, keys and the welcoming envelops•The L.C. assistant informs the security that the participants’ keys are in the reception of building 38. Once the participants arrive, the security agent accompanies them tothat building to pick up their keysP.S. Note that the BEP coordinator is in charge of the Welcome note, BEP schedule, BEP books& dictionaries, BEP lunch schedule, BEP placement/exit examUpon Arrival Preparations•LC assistant coordinates a meeting between the L.C. director and the BEP participants.•The L.C. assistant coordinates with restaurant to organize the BEP picnic on Wednesday of the second week of the BEP program (see Appendix for the Restaurant form)End of Program Preparations•Two days before the end of the program, The L.C. assistant handed a blank paper to all participants to write down their names. She/he gives the hand written paper to the L.C. IT coordinator to prepare the certificates.•E-mails the restaurant to prepare the BEP ceremony (location, number of participants, faculty & guests)•The L.C. assistant reminds the BEP coordinator of the program evaluations after the exam of the final day•During the ceremony, the L.C. assistant reminds the participants to leave the keys in the main gate of the university•The L.C. assistant makes a summary of the program evaluations for each level and prepares the BEP budget to the L.C. director。