European Culture 12th week

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欧洲文化入门总复习题

欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）一：选择（51’）1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记)3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden4: Noah’s Ark5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments6:While in Babylon in the 6th century ., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion.7:如今有多少犹太人15 million8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地Baptism: 30 years、John baptist9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare12:228 years13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低)18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 yearsBy 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold.19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝)20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries.Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则）22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛）Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事)23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱二：简答（6道）1:Two Major Elements in European CultureEuropean culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element. However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.2:Why should Chinese students of English bother about European cultureWell, English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture Behind it.Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.3：Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)1）You shall have no other gods before me.除了我以外，你不可有别的神。

欧洲文化入门名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释：1．Pax Romana：In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana2．The New Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch名词解释：The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (创世记)， Exodus (出埃及记)， Leviticus(教义记)， Numbers (逃亡记)， Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4． Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people， including the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：？①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages名词解释In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.7、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

希腊文化--欧洲文化史复习资料

Greek Culture：Two Major Elements of European Culture☐The Greco-Roman ElementParthenon：the chief temple of the goddess Athena( the goddess of wisdom, arts and warfare) built on the acropolis at AthensShe-wolf: Romulus & Remusthe Colosseum: gladiator☐The Judeo-Christian ElementmenorahGreek Culture☐Historical Context☐Social and Political Structure☐Literature☐Philosophy☐Lasting EffectHistorical Context:Trojan War (1,200 B.C.)The Trojan War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the 12th–11th centuries BC.The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord,marked ―for the fairest‖. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as ―the fairest‖, should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen’s husband Menelaus, waged a war against Troy.☐Direct Fuse: the stolen wife☐Root Cause: ambition to conquer the worldLeaders on Both SidesThe Trojan: Priam, Hector, ParisThe Greek: Menelaus, Agamemnon, Odysseus, Achilles, Patroclus, AjaxConsequences of the War☐Burning of TroyEstablishment of Rome: Virgil: AeneidGreek mythology:Mount Olympus:the ―home of the gods‖. The deities who dwelled on this mountain were ruled by Zeus, included his wife, his brothers, his sisters and his children.The Olympian GodsZeus(宙斯): the heavenly king of the gods and ruler of mankindPoseidon(波塞冬): the moody god of the seasHades(哈得斯): the gloomy god of the underworldHestia (赫斯提): the calm goddess of the hearthHera（赫拉）: the mature goddess of the family; sister & wife of ZeusAres(阿瑞斯): the fierce god of the warAthena(雅典娜): the sophisticated goddess of wisdom and artsApollo(阿波罗): the youthful god of the sun and the musicAphrodite(阿芙罗狄蒂): the sensual goddess of love and beautyHermes(赫尔墨斯): the cunning god of the tradeArtemis (阿耳特弥斯): the wild goddess of the huntHephaestus (赫菲斯托斯): the ill-favored god of metallurgyProsperity of Greek Culture (5th century B.C.)☐Repulse of the Persian Invasion: the pass of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)☐The establishment of democracy☐The flourisng of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in AthensThe Persian InvasionSpartans: Leonidas, the KingPersian: Xerxes☐Stranger; take word to Sparta:here we lie, obeying her orders.-------- Herodotus, Father of HistoryAlexander, King of Macedon(4th century B. C.)☐Unification of all Greece☐Conquest of Europe, Asia and AfricaWide spread of Greek Culture: Egypt: AlexandriaSocial & Political Structure☐polis (city-state)☐Democracy: ―exercise of power by the whole people‖ (adult male citizens) Slave labour: harsh exploitationOlympic Games: ―Citius-Altius-Fortius‖Greek Literature☐Epics☐Lyrics☐Drama☐Allegories: AesopHomer:Iliad: the war of TroyOdyssey: the return of Odysseus to his home: IthacaLyric PoetryLyrics: poetry that expresses direct personal feelingsPindar:odes: expression of noble feelings, often in celebration of special events Sappho (Lesbos):In gold sandalsdawn like a thieffell upon me.Drama (5th Century. B.C.)TragedyAeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides：Andromache, Medea, Trojan WomenComedyAristophanes: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, Birds“As for comic Aristophanes,The dog too witty and too profane is.”------Jonathan SwiftPhilosophy & Science☐The spirit of free enquiry☐Ready to drop established ideas☐To speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusionsMinor Scientists & Thinkers☐Pythagoras:founder of scientific mathematics; point, line, bodythe first theory of propotion; Everything is numbers.☐Heracleitue/Heraclitusfire: primary element of the universe―all is flux, nothing is stationary‖―You cannot step twice into the s ame river; for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday.‖☐Democritus:the atomic structure of matter; the earliest exponent of the atomic theory:Material world is composed of tiny, inseparable particles called atoms.―It is right, since we are human, that we should not laugh at human misfortunes but lament them‖☐Euclidestablished the science of plane geometry; Elements: a textbook of geometry☐ArchimedesThe principle of the lever ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world‖PhilosophySocrates (about 470-399 B.C.)☐Dialogues☐one of the founders of Western philosophy☐The dialectical method☐―The Apology of Socrates‖―The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways—I to die, and you to live. Which is better God only knows.‖Plato (about 428-348 B.C.)☐Dialogues―Plato was essentially a poet—the truth and splendor of his imagery, and the melody of his language, are the most intense that it is possible to conceive‖—— Shelley☐Republic : the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets☐Idealism: only ―ideas‖ are completely real; the physical world is relatively real.☐The AcademyAristotle (384-322 B.C.)☐Tutor of Alexander―the master of those who know‖ —Dante☐Ethics, Politics, Poetics, Rhetoric☐Materialism:direct observation of nature; theory should follow facts.Greek Culture: Two WarsGreek Civilization came to its peak during Pericles’ reign and then began to decline, during which two wars broke out with profound meanings.One is the war between Greek city-states and Persian invaders (499 BC–449 BC). The victory laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Greece.However, peace and stability did not last long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states (459 BC–404 BC) , thus leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war. Till 146 BC, the regions of Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea islands were allseized and conquered by Roman troops and merged into the map of Roman Empire.Pericles:Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon (died in 429 BC).Sophists☐Teachers of the art of arguing☐Protagoras: “Man is the measure of all things.”Contending Schools of Thought (4th Century, B.C.)☐The Cynics: Diogenesself-sufficiency & extreme simplicity in life; no patience with the rich and powerful☐The Sceptics: Pyrrhonnot all knowledge was attainabledoubt the truth of what others accepted as true☐The Epicureans: Epicuruspleasure: the highest good in life;freedom from pain and emotional upheavalthe practice of virtueMisunderstanding: indulgence in luxurious living☐The Stoics: Zenothe most important thing in life: dutyendure hardship and misfortune with courageChinese PhilosophersSpring & Autumn Period (770-476 B. C.)☐Lao Tzu (604-531 B. C.):Tao Te Tsing☐Confucius (551-479 B. C.):The AnalectsWarring States (475-221 B. C.)Historical WritingsGreek history has contributed considerably to the constitution of Greek and Western civilization with its abundant documents of a variety of historical events and figures scattered in social, political, military and cultural fields. The most famous historians are Herodotus(485 BC–425 BC) and Thucydides(about 460 BC–404 BC).●Herodotus is generally acknowledged as the first reputed historian of Greece.●―Father of History‖●His writing Histories objectively describes the war between Persians and Greece.●―that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.‖●Thucydides is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest of ancient Greece for histruthfulness, conciseness and imagination.●―the greatest historian that ever lived.‖ (Macaulay: English Historian)●His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the5th century BC, as the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation’s war policies. Architecture☐Temples: Parthenon☐The Doric style; The Ionic style; The Corinthian styleThe Doric style☐masculine style:☐sturdy, powerful, severelooking; monotous☐showing a good sense of proportionThe Ionic style☐feminine style☐graceful and elegant; a wealth of ornamentThe Corinthian style☐ornamental luxurySculpture☐the earliest: Gods: stiff, lifeless☐5 th C. B.C.: the beauty of the internal structure of human bodies and mythological figuresVenus de Milo(Aphrodite of Milos):symbol of beauty&grace; a personification of vitality and dignity Discus Thrower:relaxation and contraction of the muscleLaocoon Group: facial expression: fear, sympathyPottery☐Domestic needs & foreign trade☐Jars and other utesnsils☐The varying shapes and beautiful figures painted on them reflected the high degree of Greek civilization.black-figure paintings:☐Paintings on pottery that have red background and black figurered-figure paintings:☐Paintings on pottery that have black background and red figureLasting Effect☐To understand the world by the use of human reason☐Greece is every Western man’s second nature.☐Influence on LiteratureByron: Isles of Greece Shelley: Hellas & Prometheus UnboundKeats: Ode on a Grecian Urn James Joyce: UlyssesThe influence on Western civilizationGreek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.。

2025版《师说》高中全程复习构想英语专题四

专题四五彩缤纷的句式：三大从句、并列句和特殊句式语法项目九定语从句考点多维突破在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。

定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

考点一关系代词引导的定语从句1．只用that引导定语从句的情况(1)先行词是all、much、little、everything、anything、nothing、none、any、no等不定代词时，但something之后的定语从句常用which引导。

If I run into anything that might interest you, I'll send it to you.如果我遇到你可能感兴趣的东西，我会把它寄给你。

(2)先行词被the only、the very、the right、few等修饰时。

After the fire in his house, the old car was the only thing that he owned.他家失火后，那辆旧轿车是他唯一的财产了。

(3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词，或先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。

That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city.那是迄今为止在这个城市上映的最好的电影。

(4)先行词既有人又有物时。

My mother and her old friends talked of persons and things that they remembered in the school.我母亲和她的老朋友们谈论了她们所记得的在学校里的人和事。

(5)当主句是以which、who、what开头的特殊疑问句时。

Which of the books that are on the desk belongs to your elder sister?桌上哪本书是你姐姐的？2．只用which引导定语从句的情况(1)先行词为物，引导非限制性定语从句时。

西方文明史(英语)Lecture-8-The-Middle-ages-Chapters-8-10

VISIGOTHIC SPAIN
By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom, centered at Toulouse 图卢兹 , controlled Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Narbonensis and most of Hispania with the exception of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia in the northwest and small areas controlled by independent Iberian peoples. Euric's son Alaric II (484–507) issued a new body of laws, the Breviarium Alarici and held a church council at Agde.
The Early Middle Ages followed the decline of the Western Roman Empire and preceded the High Middle Ages.
THE MAKING OF THE BARBARIAN KINGDOMS, 500-750
FEUDALISM
Around 800 there was a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the open field, or strip, system.
The three-field system of crop rotation was first developed in the 9th century.
THE RISE OF CHIVALRY

西方文化习题汇总

Chapter One Culture in Ancient GreeceMultiple choices:1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras9. ________ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture10. Greek culture can date back to____.A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age11. Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy12. The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.A. the Heroic AgeB. the Golden AgeC. the Cretan CivilizationD. the Mycenaean Civilization13. The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.A. archaicB. centralC. dependentD. dark14. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.A. Justinian IB. CleonC. PericlesD. Ptolemy15. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Heraclitus16. Herodotus, father of Greek history, focused on describing the war between _____in his book, The Histories.A. Thebes and SpartaB. Persia and SyracuseC. Athens and SpartaD. Greeks and PersiansTrue of false question.(1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. F(2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. F(3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, was created by Myron. T(4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. F(5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. TShort answer questionsHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age, and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology, Greek philosophy started with Thales who believed that the material world originated in water. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning. Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Chapter Two Culture in Ancient RomeMultiple choices:1.Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which hadlasted about 1200 years throughout.A. Roman RepublicB. ByzantiumC. Pax RomanaD. Seven Hill Ally2.____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.A. Octavian and CaesarB. Caesar and RemusC. Romulus and RemusD. Romulus and Octavian3.____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.A. CaesarB. OctavianC. RemusD. Pompey4.The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius CaesarD. Octavian, Brutus, Marius5.Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainD. Carthage6.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero7.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard8.The Law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in _____.A.450 BCB. 200 BCC. 40 BCD. 400 BC9.The Italian poet Dante regarded _____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.A.VirgilB. HoraceC. OvidD. Chaucer10.In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th centuryTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. F(2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. F(3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas. F(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. T(5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. T(6) All Roman citizens were allowed to vote on laws or on the decision of who were to be leaders. F(7) After Civil War, Roman entered the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace in Rome. T(8) The first Trumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. F(9) In Rome, Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece. T(10) Before Christianity enter Rome, Ancient Romans had mostly been polytheists. TShort answer questionsPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire.Reasons:a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government.b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuseto take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.Chapter Three Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentMultiple choices:1.The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.A.586 BCB.450 BCC.336 BCD.586 AC2.Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.A.585 BCB.1000 BCC.1000 ADD.585 AD3.In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.A.David and SolomonB.Moses and DavidC.Jacob and DavidD.Jacob and Solomon4.The ancestor of the Jews is ___.A.GreekB. GermanicC. HebrewD. Roman5.The whole Old Testament is written in ______ except some brief portions which are in the Aramaic languageA.classical HebrewB.classical EnglishC.classical GreekD.classical LatinFill in the blanks1.Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.2.Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the BabylonianCaptivity and later period.3.The core of Judaism is Mose’s Ten Commandments and Rabbis’ interpretations of the doctrines.4.The Jewish New Year is called Rosh Hashanah.True of false question.1.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. F2.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa andApocrypha. T3.Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including theirlife in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. F4.The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T5.Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship orlegendary. TShort answer questionsSay something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literary value.What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures, such as Greek and Arabic cultures.The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. Another example concerns Philo, the major Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical element and Jewish theology.Chapter Four Christianity and The New TestamentFill in the blanks(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like Alexander the Great and the Romans, the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.(2) Plato’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.(3) Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church.(4) Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime.(5) Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.(6) The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious worship.(7) Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother.B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbor’s wife.D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion?A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all otherreligions?A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I7. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John Baptist(施洗者约翰)D. John Wycliff8. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ____ and started at the turn of ____A. Mary, 1st century ADB. Jesus Christ, 1st century ADC. Jehovah, 1st century BCD. Jesus Christ, 1st century BC9. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint(七十子译本《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)10. On February ____ , the Roman Emperor, ______ , accepted Christianity as the official religion.A. 380, Alexander the GreatB. 380, TheodosiusC. 400, OctavianD. 100, Jesus Christ11. _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. In 1054. In 1054 BC C. In 1055 D. In 38012. In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.A. St. PeterB. Saint Leo IC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin13. The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.A. Lutheran ChurchB. AnglicanismC. PresbyterianD. Free Churches14. ______ is the 2nd book of The Old Testament, telling the history of Hebrews, flight out of Egypt led by Moses.A. ExodusB. GospelC. GenesisD. Job15. _______ is the cradle of many civilizations, such as Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.A. EgyptB. Asia MinorC. JerusalemD. Aegean SeaShort answer questionReasons for Roman acceptance of Christianity:a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.True of False(1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven. F(2) Christianity is a kind of culture. T(3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in Roman Empire. T(4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by Christianity and Western culture. F(5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy Spirit in one divine being. TChapter Five The Middle Ages and Germanic CultureFill in the blanks(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture.(2) Neo-Platonism is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism.(3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.(4) The early medieval literature was represented by poems, particularly by hymns pressing the intense religious feelings of love of God.(5) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related to religion, since it was the focal point in people’s lives and the church was the principal promoter of artistic work.(6) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic styles.Multiple Choice1. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.A. the modern eraB. the Middle AgesC. the new periodD. the Renaissance2. The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______.A. FrenchB. ItaliansC. SlavsD. Tartars3. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4764.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs5. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James6.Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French7. Which of the following is NOT true about Scholasticism.A. Scholasticism was initiated by the medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity.B. The Scholars employed Aristotle’s statement and Plato’s theory of ideas to explain God’s existence.C. The Scholars made a compromise between science and philosophy.D. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. True or false questions(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. T(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. F(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. F(4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. T(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. T(6) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. F(7) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. T(8) The spirit of the Germans formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. T(9) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.T(10) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance. F(11) Serfs in the plantations of the Charlemagne’s Empire worked hard because they could be rewarded. F(12) The icon referred to the abstract image of Jesus Christ in the period of Byzantium. T(13) Scholasticism was created by Vatican in the Middle Ages to handle the ideas of infidelity with the help of classical philosophy. TShout answer questionsWhat is your comment on the status of medieval culture and politics in Western history?(1) social advantages for the change of productive means;(2) the weakening of the centralized system;(3) the increasing influences of the Church;(4) cultural contributions of Germans and other nationalities;a. Germanic contributions to Christianity－Power in Christian Trinity mainly came from the Goths who were brave, militant and tactically capable of warring. Charlemagne the Great tried to restore Roman culture and promote cultural development.b. The Muslims also contributed considerably to the preservation and dissemination of classical culture.(5) utilitarian tendency of the medieval culture;a. the emergence of a range of different cultures;b. the humanizing and perfecting of hierarchy;c. the humanization of Christian doctrines.Chapter Six Culture during the RenaissanceFill in the blanks(1) The Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art; while the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology.(2) With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.(3) Calvin’s theory of Predestination conformed to expectations of bourgeoisie.(4) Calvin practiced his democratic and republican system on the basis of principles in the New Testaments.(5) Francis Bacon was the founder of experimental science and materialism.(6) “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by Rene Descartes.Multiple Choice1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo7. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford8. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.10. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的）authorities take place?A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII11. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Queen12. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man,expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia13. Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家)D. Shakespeare14.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance15. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet?A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne16. In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?A. BruegelB. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯C. El GrecoD. Rabelais17. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question. ”is from whose works?A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakespeare18. The core idea of the Renaissance was ________.A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism19.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. commercial20. The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______.A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society21. The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life22. Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.True or false(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance. T(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile. F(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle. T(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution. T(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered the development of the former. T(6) Cultural salon was founded in order to spread the Graeco-Roman culture. F(7) The discussions in the cultural salon helped to improve cultural manners. T(8) The French Academy derives from a club of ten members discussing questions of common interest. F(9) Drama was a vigorous and popular cultural activity during the Renaissance in France. T(10) Drama in this period focused on moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement. TShort answer questions1.Try to list the elements which contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance.Hints: the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.3. Please illustrate the features of social ideology during the Renaissance and its representative figures.The social ideology was based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. The core of social ideology during the Renaissance was humanism, which reflected strongly the wishes and desires of the civilian class and essentially an expression of the bourgeois individualism and hedonism. Humanism contributed remarkably to the later social and intellectual advances in the Western world.Representative figures are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.4. Please clarify the significance of the Religious Reformation in the Western world.The Reformation made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.a. With the far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.b. The Reformation was the most effective and influential in terms of the results it achieved. It not only contributed to the ecclesiastical development of Christianity, but opened the way to much of the subsequent social and intellectual progress of the West.5. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.。

欧洲文化名词解释

Division Three The Middle Ages1．the Middle ages（中世纪）: 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2．Feudalism（封建主义）：1）Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：1）In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2）The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals（诸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (骑士制度): 1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.6. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. The Manor (庄园)：1）The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2）Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3）By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.8．The Catholic Church(天主教):1) In the medieval “ age of faith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Cathol ic Church. 2) The word “catholic” meant “universal” 3) The Catholic Church was highly centralized and disciplined international organization and the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a church court-the Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. 5) Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman CatholicChurch. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.9．Monasticism (修道院制度): 1）Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries（修道院）and convents (女修道院) for monks and nuns. 3）Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict.10.Benedictine Rule(本尼迪克特教团)：1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.11. holy communion（圣餐）: 1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to redeem man.12．The Crusades（十字军东征1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.13. Carolingian Renaissance（加洛林复兴）：1）In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charle magne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 14. Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大王）1) As the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2) Heworried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles.15．National Epic(民族史诗)：1）The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form. in ancient literature.2）“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 3）Literary works were no longer all written in Latin.4）It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.16．Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）：1) It is an Anglo-Saxon epic in 8th century. 2) It originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English literature.17. Song of Roland（《罗兰之歌》）：1）It is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.18. The Divine Comedy（《神曲》）：1）It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.19. The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）：1) The Canterbury Tales was written by English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(头韵). 4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern English.20. Gothic（哥特式建筑）名词解释 1）The Gothic style. started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reachingheavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures.。

欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。

《西方文化导论》(Quiz)

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. 公元前264～前146年古代罗马与迦太基之间的 3次战争。罗马人称迦太基人为“布匿”，故名。第一、二次布匿战争是作战双方为争夺西部地中海霸权而进行的扩张战争，第三次布匿战争则是罗马以强凌弱的侵略战争。
(3) ____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.
A. Caesar
B. Octavian C. Remus D. Pompey
(P.32-33)
(4) The First Triumvirate consisted of ____. A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, Sulla B. Pompey, Crassus, Cleopatra C. Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar D. Octavian, Brutus, Marius
In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____. A. David and Solomon B. Moses and David C. Jacob and David D. Jacob and Solomon
D. Free Churches
Unit 5
Text True orStudy false _6_5 questions. __ F (1) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. __ T (2 three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. __ T (3) The spirit of the Goths formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. __ T (4) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.

欧洲文化入门笔记

1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer.5、They eve nts of Homer‘s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。

In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)， Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲文化入门_名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释1．P ax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana2．T he New Testament 新约The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch 摩西五经The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4．Genesis 起源Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books 史书was divided into seven sections：①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages 中世纪In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism 封建主义Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

欧洲文化入门第二章课后答案

周盟Zhou MengClass oneOct.12, 2014Division Three1.In Western European mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in afew hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Between the 15th and 11th centuries, Western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence. In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. 2.The period from 500 to 1000 is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothicheritages merged. And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas and practices that paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.3.Charles Martel is a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as areward for their service in 732.4.Lords granted the right to govern large sections of land as fiefs, they promised tofight for the king. And they themselves further granted parts of their fiefs to lesser vassals.5.Under feudalism, people of their Western Europe were mainly divided into threeclasses: clergy, lords, and peasants.6.Serfs give the lords their land and freedom. They bound to the land where theyhad been born. Freemen were usually the workers who made the ploughs, shod the houses, and made harnesses for oxen and horses.7.“National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages- that is, thelanguages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.8.The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it was given direction by adifferent aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence.9.(1) Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe.He kept order throughout his realm, and he encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800. Charlemagne encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancientbooks. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”.(2) Alfred the Great contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. He worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo- Saxon Chronicles.。

Renaissance in European Culture

Renaissance in European CultureGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century in western culture. The word “Renaissance” means revival , especially in this period of history，revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. During this period of time, European humanist thinkers and scholars attempt to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas .And also; much old sciences revived and new sciences emerged. National languages and cultures got free from the absolute control of the papal authority in Rome and took shape. The authority of Rome church was shaken and people in Europe came to a new focus. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. From Italy the movement went to the rest of other European countries. But in different countries, the renaissance occurred in different periods and different fields.The movement of Renaissance occurred in Italy first, the reasons were so many. First, its geographical position. Italy lied to the Mediterranean, and many foreign trades made here, which put Italy exposed to other cultures. In other hand, foreign trades helped the development of urban economy in Italy, and helped Italy to accumulated wealth as an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature. Second, the accumulation of wealth in Italian cities eventually led to the growth of a series of cities. Third, the golden city, Florence, For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.During the movement of renaissance in Italy, a new idea came into being, humanism. It was an idea of the assertion of the greatest of man. Itemphasized the nobility of human, and appealed to the pursuits of realistic life, and the freedom of human characteristic. It criticized the feudalist classicism. This was best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare: What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god! The flourishing of humanism is the most striking feature of the movement of the renaissance. During the period of the movement of the renaissance in Italy, art was flowering, new literature took place. There were so many poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. Such as Boccaccio, Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and so on. Also renaissance produced many works, such as Decahedron,written by Boccaccio, Canzoniers, Petrarch’s well-known works. And some paintings, Last Supper, Mona Lisa, David, and so on.The influence of the Italian renaissance reached every corner of Europe, such as French, England, and Germany and so on. In a word, renaissance in Europe produced giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning. But English renaissance is very different from that of other countries. Because of the war of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in word trade, Renaissance came late in England than other European countries. But when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in English. William Shakespeare was one of them. He gave the fullest expression to humanist ideas. He was in London as actor, poet, and playwright, with occasional visits to his hometown. His greatest period was between1600 to 1607. His works were so many,Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello King Lear, Macbeth; Comedies：A midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice,.The historical impact of European renaissance contains many fields, for example, represented in politic, economy, religion, science, and technology, culture and so on. These impacts propelled each other. They were rotted in the middle age. At first, it displayed that regain the ancient Greek and Romeculture. Renaissance not only meant regaining of the classical culture, but also many new discoveries of geography and sciences. The renaissance was the golden age of geographic discoveries by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled. The most important was that Columbus and Gamma, finding the new continent. Renaissance also played an important role in the development of Europe, and also the renaissances were a 16th century religious movement as well as a sociopolitical movement. The renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval church’s dispensation. In this release lay the way of development of the modern world. In a word, the form of the European modern situation greatly attribute to the renaissance and the reformation. It is the humanism and that liberates people’s minds and makes the colorful culture.09级外语系一班李平学号：09208010113。

欧洲文化

The Development of The RenaissanceIntroductionRenaissance is a period between 14th and 17th century which is a historical period that the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of rising bourgeoisie , to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the roman church authorities.As we all know, The Renaissance started in Italy, and then spread throughout the whole Europe. The Renaissance had made so many contributions to the world in several different fields, such as the art and the literature. The old sciences revived and new sciences emerged. people had freedom and was not controlled by the papal authority in Rome anymore. The absolute authority of the Roman catholic church was shaken and people in Europe came to a new awareness which was to help shape what Europe is today. The core concept is humanism.1.historical backgroundIn the 12th century. a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe tha t eventually led to the development of the humanist movement in the 14th cent. In addition to emp hasizing Greek and Latin scholarship, humanists believed that each individual had significance wit hin society. The growth of an interest in humanism led to the changes in the arts and sciences that form common conceptions of the Renaissance.The 14th century. through the 16th cent. was a period of economic flux in Europe; the most e xtensive changes took place in Italy. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, emperors lost power i n Italy and throughout Europe; none of Frederick's successors equaled him. Power fell instead into the hands of various popes; after the Great Schism (1378–1415; see Schism, Great), when three p opes held power simultaneously, control returned to secular rulers.During the Renaissance small Italian republics developed into despotisms as the centers of po wer moved from the landed estates to the cities. Europe itself slowly developed into groups of self -sufficient compartments. At the height of the Renaissance there were five major city-states in Ital y: the combined state of Naples and Sicily, the Papal State, Florence, Milan, and Venice. Italy's ec onomic growth is best exemplified in the development of strong banks, most notably the Medici b ank of Florence. England, France, and Spain also began to develop economically based class syste ms.2.the four stagesAccording to the development process, people accustomed to divide Renaissance into four parts.2.1 The Primitive Renaissance PeriodEarly 14th century, is the period of "primitive Renaissance " , also known as the beginning period. During this period, the ideological field was influenced by radicalism ,and it broke the feudalism and praised the natural beauty and human values. Representative of this period is Petrarch, Giotto.Petrarch , Boccaccio and Dante are known as "the former three heroes of the Renaissance ".2.1.1 PetrarchPetrarch, who perfected the sonnet form and was often regarded as the first modern poet, was also one of the first humanists. Petrarch’s love for the classics and his belief in the value of human experience influenced his own writing and inspired other humanists. In 1333 at liege, Belgium, he discovered cicero’s oration pro arochia, a rome defense of poetry, which was a greatcontribution to western civilization.2.1.2GiottoGiotto is the father of European painting . he is an Italian painter ,is highly regarded as the artist who moved away from the traditional medieval technique which portrayed the human figure as a stiff, flat and two-dimensional character. As an artist far ahead of his time, Giotto began to portray humans as rounded, proportioned and naturalistic. His work influenced the development of Renaissance arts for more than one century after his death in Florence in 1337.2.1.3DanteThe first master to sound the horn is an excellent poet--Dante, his poem 《Divine Comedy》shined dawn of humanism, focused on the darkness of the church, and conducted a ruthless expose of corruption and criticism. He denounced the church “to do business in the name of Christ,”“make the world into a tragic situation,”“the church is garbage .”Furthermore, Dante expressed humans’wisdom and pursuit of ideals . The hell in《Divine Comedy》is the actual situation in the real world, paradise is the ideal and hope of mankind, purgatory (炼狱）is the ideal from reality to be suffering through the course.2.2 The Early Stages Of The RenaissanceFrom the Late 14th century to the 15th century, humanism and literature, art has been further developed, laid good foundation for the later development of the Renaissance . At this time, Italy has produced many first-class painters, sculptors and architects. The representative figures are the famous painter Masaccio, the sculptor Donatello, and the architect Brunelleschi.2.2.1 MasaccioMasaccio is ranked the greatest master of the Early Italian Renaissance painting, whose application of scientific perspective and depiction of natural lighting represent an important step in the development of modern painting. He was born in San Giovanni Valdarno, near Florence. Together with architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello, Masaccio was a founder of Renaissance art and architecture. Only five works unquestionably attributed to him survive.2.2.2 DonatelloItalian sculptor Donatello executed his David, the first nude statue of the Renaissance, about 1430-1435. This nearly life-size bronze image of David was also the first statue since classical antiquity to be cast in the round. Its realism marked a departure from the Gothic conventions of sculpture.2.2.3 BrunelleschiBrunelleschi was an architect who began as a goldsmith like many other renaissance artists. He made several trips to rome where he devoted himself to the study of classical building. In his designing of the churches he showed a systematic use of perspective. He also introduced motif that was widely imitated during the renaissance. In 1420 he began to build the dome for the cathedral in Florence and it became the most original construction in the building of domes in the world history of architecture.2.3 the peak of the renaissancelate15th to half of the 16th century is the peak for the Renaissance. The artists also had a great personal charm, and nowadays people still appreciate that. After 37 years of this period, the main representative of the Renaissance is the post three heroes, Their art reached an unprecedented height. They are Da Vinci ,Michelangelo, and Raphael.2.3.1 Da VinciLeonardo da vinci was a painter,a sculpture, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist. He was a man of many talents, a renaissance man in the true sense of the world.his master piece , Mona Lisa has been smiling for 500 years, but until the 21st century, people still make special trips to the Louvre in Paris to see the beauty of her smile.2.3.2 MichelangeloHe was Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet.he was a towering figure of the renaissance. His drawings were influenced by giotto and his sculpture showed the influence of Donatello.The Creation,is quiet classic, now even advertisers have borrowed to make advertisements. David ,a sculpture ,it was commissioned when the artist was only 26 years old. It was the result of his studies in rome of ancient sculpture,but it could never be taken for an ancient statue.2.3.3 RaphaelRaphael was best known for his Madonna. He painted his madonnas in different postures, against different backgrounds. Among them were Madonna del granduca, madonna with the fish, the Sistine madonna, Madonna of the chair, Madonna on the lawn.Raphael's painting 《School of Athens》painted the ancient philosophers lifelike , which was known all over the world.2.4 The Late RenaissanceThe late renaissance is in half of the 16th century to 17th century. In 1527, Rome was sacked, which became a symbol of the ending of Renaissance.Outstanding representatives of the late Renaissance were three famous painters standing for Venetian school: Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto.Three prominent scientists and thinkers: Bruno, Galileo and Campanella.3.conclusionThe Renaissance was a period that people had freedom and was not controlled by religion anymore. People felt free to do anything they wanted at that time. So during that time, more people’s explorations happened and the science, the art grew quickly.The Renaissance also emancipated the mind of people，they started to resist the bourgeoisie, the wars broke out frequently. The feuds of families, the conflicts of classes and the rivalry between the city-states kept the economic structure of italy in the traditional local order, making it impossible for italy to compete with the countries in northern Europe that were uniting themselves and expanding their economy.However what is the most important thing is that The Renaissance has made so many contributions to the world in several different fields. During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. This creativity allowed artists to abandon the stricter ways of the Medieval Era. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people.,。

欧洲文化入门总复习题

欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）一：选择（51’）1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记)3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden4: Noah’s Ark5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion.7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地Baptism: 30 years、John baptist9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare12:228 years13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低)18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 yearsBy 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold.19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝)20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries.Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则）22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛）Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事)23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱二：简答（6道）1:Two Major Elements in European CultureEuropean culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element. However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.2:Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture?Well, English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture Behind it.Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.3：Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)1）You shall have no other gods before me.除了我以外，你不可有别的神。

(完整版)欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。

学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。

英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。

如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。

而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。

《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲一、课程基本信息1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction2、课程类别：专业限选课程3、课程学时：32学时4、学分：25、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》6、适用专业：英语7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会9、制定(修订)时间：2005二、课程的目的与任务：本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。

三、课程的基本要求：本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。

了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络；了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等；了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物；将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较；学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。

四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：希腊、罗马文化基督教及其《圣经》中世纪文艺复兴与宗教改革十七世纪启蒙运动浪漫主义马克思主义与达尔文学说现实主义现代主义及其它五、考试考核办法：笔试六、教材及参考书：(一)教材：《欧洲文化入门》王佐良编著，外语教学与研究出版社。

欧洲文化入门Europe Culture3 The Middle Ages

very few peasants were freemen---workers (made ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnnesses) In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as reward for their service.
Kings, nobles and church officials worked together to rule the people.
Clergymen were the only teachers, as they were the best-educated men in their day.
b) Church Fathers and Early Monasticism
St. Jerome
Augustine of Hippo
St. Benedict Benedictine Rule
c) the power and influence of the Catholic Church
under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.
Manor and Church
1. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon,Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活) In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲古典教育英语

欧洲古典教育英语The Classical Education in EuropeThe European continent has a rich and storied history when it comes to education and the pursuit of knowledge. From the ancient philosophers of Greece to the renowned universities of the Middle Ages, the region has long been a hub of intellectual activity and innovation. At the heart of this tradition lies the classical education system, a comprehensive approach to learning that has left an indelible mark on the Western world.The origins of classical education can be traced back to the ancient Greek city-states, where the pursuit of wisdom and virtue was considered essential to the development of the individual and the well-being of the community. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle laid the foundations for a curriculum that emphasized the study of subjects like mathematics, literature, rhetoric, and philosophy. These disciplines were seen as the keys to unlocking the secrets of the natural world and the human experience, and were taught through a rigorous program of discussion, debate, and contemplation.As the Roman Empire rose to power, the classical education system spread throughout the Mediterranean region, taking on new forms and incorporating elements of the local cultures. The Romans, known for their pragmatic approach to governance and administration, adapted the Greek model to suit their own needs, placing a greater emphasis on the practical application of knowledge in fields such as law, engineering, and military strategy.The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE did not spell the end of classical education, however. Instead, it found a new home in the monasteries and cathedrals of medieval Europe, where monks and clergy continued to preserve and transmit the knowledge of the ancients. The medieval universities that emerged in the 11th and12th centuries, such as the University of Bologna and the University of Paris, built upon this foundation, offering a curriculum that combined the study of the liberal arts with the specialized knowledge of fields like theology, medicine, and law.One of the hallmarks of the classical education system was its emphasis on the development of the whole person, rather than just the accumulation of facts and skills. Students were expected to engage in a wide range of subjects, from the natural sciences to the humanities, in order to cultivate a well-rounded understanding of the world and their place in it. This approach was rooted in the belief that true wisdom and virtue could only be achieved through theharmonious integration of knowledge, reason, and moral character.Another key aspect of classical education was its emphasis on the study of the great works of literature, philosophy, and history from the ancient world. Students were immersed in the writings of Homer, Plato, Virgil, and other seminal thinkers, not only to gain a deeper understanding of the past, but also to develop the critical thinking and communication skills necessary for success in the present.The influence of classical education can be seen in the enduring legacy of the Western intellectual tradition, from the works of Shakespeare and Dante to the scientific breakthroughs of Galileo and Newton. It has also had a profound impact on the development of modern educational systems, with many of the core principles and practices of classical education still evident in the curricula and teaching methods used in schools and universities around the world.Despite the many changes and challenges that have shaped the educational landscape over the centuries, the classical tradition continues to hold a special place in the hearts and minds of scholars and educators alike. Its emphasis on the cultivation of the whole person, the pursuit of wisdom and virtue, and the study of the great works of the past, remains a powerful and enduring force in the ongoing quest for knowledge and understanding.As we look to the future, it is clear that the lessons of the classical education system will continue to be relevant and valuable, guiding us as we navigate the complex and rapidly changing world of the21st century. Whether we are seeking to deepen our understanding of the human experience, to solve the pressing challenges of our time, or to cultivate a more just and equitable society, the timeless wisdom of the classical tradition will undoubtedly continue to inspire and guide us on our journey.。

欧洲文化复习终结版

欧洲文化复习终结版1 Four contending schools of ThoughtIn the 4th century B.C, there were four contending schools of philosophers arguing with each other. They were as follows: 1 Cynics: the Cynics got their names because Diogenes, one of their leaders, decided t o live like a dog and the word “Cynic” means “dog” in Greek. Diogenes lived by begging; he rejected all conventions and advocated self-sufficient and extreme simplicity in life. He proclaimed his brotherhood, not only with the whole human race, but also with animals. And he has no patient with the rich and powerful.The first and most direct Cynic influence is upon the founding of Stoicism. Within political philosophy, the Cynics can be seen as originators of anarchism. The impact of Cynicism is also felt in Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance though. Finally, the mark of the Cynic is found throughout the texts of literature and philosophy.2. The Sceptics: the Sceptics followed Pyrrhon, who held that not all knowledge was attainable. He and his followers doubted the truth of what others accepted as true.The spirit of doubt influence many later philosophers and sictists, which encourage them to be creativity, and pushes the flourish of the diversity3. The Epicureans: the Epicureans were dispels of Epicurus. He was a materialist who believed pleasure to be the highest goal in life. But by pleasure, he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.His teaching was mis understood by later people and the word” Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.4. The Stoics: the most important thing for the Stoics was not “pleasure”, but “duty”. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The representative was Zeno. He was a materialist, asserting the existence of the real world. He believed no such thing as chance, and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural law. In the life of an individual man, virtue is the sole good and it resides in the will.The Stoic philosophy had its biggest impact on law, ethics and political science throughout the world and history. It also contributed many significant theories on knowledge, logic and natural philosophy.2 ChristianityIt originated in the 1st century, and firmed its roots in the second century, was widespread in the third century, and became the official religion of Roman Empire in the 392AD. In the fifth century, Christianity was quite popular and Christian church was widespread in the late middle ages. The middle age is called “the Age of Faith”. Until now, Christianity is still popular in the west world.It was founded by Jesus. He taught that man should believe in god and love each other as g od’s children. After he died, st peter and st Paul began to preach in the Mediterranean region. Saint Paul transformed a Jewish sect into a new religion built on the personalism and universalism implicit into teachings of Jesus for humanity.Its teaching is that Christians should believe that every man is sin. They are all God’s children and should share brotherly love. God have become human and the savior of humanity and Jesus is the Son of God. He was sent to the earth to suffer to save all the people. He will send information to people which are called the Gospel. People can communicate with god through Jesus or reading bible.Christianity has its own appeal.1The Christian message of a divine savior, a concerned father, and brotherly love attracts many people.2 Christianity offers people what the Roman Empire could not: an intensely personal relationship with god, an intimate connection with a higher world, and membership in a community of the faithful,3 It stresses the intellect and self-reliance. The poor, the oppressed, and the slaves were attracted to the personality, death, and resurrection of Jesus, his love for all, and his concern for the suffering humanity.It has 5 main impacts:1. Christianity established the basic value of the west world.2.1t lay the foundation of the western system of education and politic, especially the democracy politics. 3it transmit the traditional culture and helped cultivated new civilization 4ithelps each of the western regions communicate and interact with each other.5. Christianity has a great effect on Western culture in literature, music, architecture, painting and scripture, which contributes to the development of western cultural revival and lays the foundation of Renaissance in Europe.3. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. It flourished between the ninth and fifteenth centuries and Crusades helped to break down it. It was also a system of government--- a form of local and decentralized government.Feudalism was a complicated system of government. The King granted the right to govern large sections of land as fiefs to great lords, these lords known as vessels in turn promised to fight for the King. And they themselves further granted parts of their fiefs to lesser vassals.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. They were founded on the fiefs of lords. Everything needed to live was supplied on the manors. It was self-sufficient. By the 12th century, they came to be called castles. At the centre of the manor stood the church, which was very popular and had a great and powerful influence on the feudal society.Almost all nobles were knights in the medieval days. But no one was born a knight---knighthood had to be earned and the training was long and hard. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the week, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth, this was known as code of chivalry.Charlegne was the most important figure in this period. He kept order throughout his realm and encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning. The result of his efforts was called “Carolingian Renaissance”.Alfred the Great, ruler of Wessex, contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. He introduced teachers and scholars, found new monasteries, promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works and inspired the compilation of Anglo- Saxon Chronicles.Feudalism played a major role in the reorganization of medieval Europe. It affected political, social, religious, and economical aspects of the middle Ages. During this period, experimental science came into being and art and architecture flourished. Old English, instead of Latin language became popular in Europe. From European feudalism emerged different forms of constitutional government. But it brought about the class structures that persisted despite the rise of the burgesses (burghers, bourgeoisie) until well into the 20th century.4. RenaissanceIt refers to the period between 14th and 17th century. The renaissance means revival, revival of interest in an ancient Greek and Roman culture. In essence, it was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars attempted to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.There are three characteristics of Renaissance. They are humanism, Secularity and Individualism.Humanism refers to people’s thoughts centers on human beings and their values, capacities, and worth instead of god. People were taught not only knowledge but also how to communicate one’s knowledge and how to use it. In academic area, the most famous and influential humanist were Sir Thomas and William Shakespeare.People pursued secularity at that time. They paid more attention on the secular happiness and became more rational and pragmatic rather than relied on the church for comfort. Individualism is another feature of renaissance. People began to pay attention on self-consciousness and self-independence and sought personal development and personal interests. The renaissance started in Florence and Venice in Italy. And spread to Germany, France, England and Spain in the late 15th century.It was a period during which art, architecture, and literature flourished. There are three great artists in high renaissance they are Leonardo da Vinci, whose masterpiece is the Last Supper, Michelangelo Buonanrroti with his Statue of David,and Raphael Santi with his the Alba Madonna. Shakespeare was the most famous figure of English renaissance. He has many famous works such as 4 tragedies.The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval church’s control. The renaissance marks the birth of modernity. And it brings a new view of human nature. It also boosts the flourish of the literature, art architecture, which has left many precious cultural heritages to us.5. ReformationIt was a 16th century religious movement as well as a social-political movement. It swept over the whole Europe and was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the authority of the Bible.Martin Luther was the important leader of the reformation. The starting point was Luther’s attack in 1517 on the church’s practice of selling indulgences. The followers were called Protestants. He translated the Bible that he thought was the supreme authority and man was the only bound to the God’s words not the clergy’s. He was also a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped build an educational system and his German translation of bible helped fixed the standard of the modern German.Another influential figure was the English king, Henry 8, who established the Church of England with the king rather than the Pope as the head.The reformation has great influences. It challenged the medieval church and shattered its control over man. It contributed to the shaping of modernity by fighting against political authority, which promoted political liberty and the idea of equality. Thus it contributed to pave the way for capitalism.It has challenged the medieval culture education. They gaveway to imagination, creation and free thinking. Scientific discoveries and inventions paved the way for scientific revolution and provided the chances for the communication between different countries.The Protestantism came into being. Their thoughts of individualism: self assurance, individual ethics have great impact on the later modern politics and business.Calvinism stressed on hard work and thrift, which accelerated the production and trade.6. EnlightenmentIt was an intellectual movement started from France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.Its characters are that the European writers used critical reasons to free minds from prejudice, authority and oppression from church or state. It is called the age of reason. The enlightenment involved in many fields:1 In the political area, the thinkers regarded government as the political expression of law and the law originated from nature.2 As regard to religion, the enlightenment was secular. They advocated the deism which illustrated everything worked according to natural laws.3 In art and literature, the neo-classicism is the outcome of it. It stressed on harmony, proportion, balance, and restraint.4 in economic thought, the rationalists favored laissez-faire policy.Through the enlightenment, there were many outstanding English literatures such as Jonathan swift with his Gulliver’sTravels, Daniel Defoe with his Robinson Crusoe. Enlightenment has great effect on people’s thinking of reason, and philosophers sought to analyze nature, government, religion, and economy through reasons alone, which promoted the later development of philosophy. and for the common people, reasonable and critical thinking led them to seek secular life.It also boosts the flourish of the literature, art, music, which have left many precious cultural heritages to us.The political philosophy was based on a new modern concept, whose purpose was to enhanced the human happiness and protect individual freedom.7 RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized individual values and aspiration above the society.The central message of the romantics was that the imagination of the individual should determine the form and content of an artistic creation. It emphasized human diversity and uniqueness. For them, feelings were the essence of being human and they saw spontaneous, unbounded feelings as the avenue to truth. They worshiped nature, thought nature was alive and suffered with god’s presence; they viewed God as an inspiring spiritual force.In painting period, they stated that in the use of the color, there was lavishness, a brilliant and fluidity, along with which was the technique to be free in contours and outlines.In music, they allowed freedom of form and stress strong feeling, imagination, the love of nature and used national folk-rhythms and turns of melody.Literature took the full force of Romanticism. It brought forth a full flowering of literary talents. For example, William Wordsworth, one of the three “Lakers” pub lished a volume of poems named Lyrical Ballads and George Gordon Byron, Don Juan was his masterpiece.As a reaction to the industrial revolution, Romanticism looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for aspiration. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in the 19th century. The romantics shed light on a side of human nature that the philosopher had often overlooked or undervalued and greatly enriched European cultural life. Because it valued a nation’s past, it contributed to nationalism and conservatism. However, the excessive zeal of the romantic’s attack on reason undermined the rational foundations of the West.8 DarwinismDarwinism is a set of movements and concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species or evolution, including ideas of Charles Darwin in the 2nd half of the 19th century.Charles Darwin made a great contribution. In the Origin of Species and the Decent of Man, he used empirical evidence to show that the wide variety of animal species was due to a process of development over many millennia, and he supplied a convincing theory that explained how evolution operates. In addition, he adopted the Malthusian idea that the population reproduces faster than the food supply, causing a struggle for existence.The principle of natural selection, which contains four major arguments and was constructed from three apparently independent generalizations about the properties of organisms, determined which members of the species have a better chance of survivalHe also marshaled the evidence that man is related to all animal life in his work the Decent of Man.Those who transferred Darwin’s scientific theories to social and economic issues were called Social Darwinists. They used the terms “struggle for existence “and “survival of the fittest” to buttress economic individualism and political conservation. This also happened in other fields such as biology. Thus the concept of Social Darwinism came into being.Darwinism ultimately helped to end the practice of relying on the Bible as an authority in questions of science, completing a trend initialed earlier by Galileo. It contributed to the waning of religious belief and to a growing secular designed by God and a soul that rises to heaven.9．RealismIn art and literature, realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. It originated in France and arose to protest against romanticism. The fundamental difference between them was the former depicted what people really are, while the later depicted what they should be like.Realism centered in the novel and lay emphasis on fidelity toactual experience. It had detailed descriptions of people and environment. Its language was simple, clear and direct, and the tone was objective, detached and satiric.There were lots of representatives in this period. Take some of them in literature field of England for example, Charles Dickens, wrote a kind of autobiographical romance named David Copperfield; George Eliot, whose masterpiece Middlemarch is regarded as the finest novel of the 19th century; William Makepeace Thackeray who wrote Vanity Fair and Thomas Hardy, one of whose famous novels is The Return of the Native.It has a great impact on Modernism.10. ModernismIt refers to a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts from the end of the 19th century to the mid 40th in the 20th century. It was made up many facets such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism futurism.Its characteristics are anti-tradition in form and style with new experimental and innovative thoughts. It was againstestablished rules and provided the fresh new ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe. It has been called the “tradition of the new” and the” dehumanization of art”.Modernism involves in the field of literature, philosophy and arts. In literature, the stream of consciousness was represented by the famous English literature includes Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, Sons and Lovers by D.H. Laurence. Black humor was marked by catch-22 by Joseph Heller. There were also many famous plays like Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett which belongs to the theater of the absurd. Modernism has provided a new way for people to look at the word and their relation with the world also the function of themselves. It stirs up a new tide in the area of literature, arts philosophy and architecture, where people reconsidered themselves and the world and expressed their independent and creative thoughts.。

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