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QuEChERs方法结合SERS技术检测猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(编号:８１７０１８２５);江苏省社会发展基金(编号:B E ２０１８６８４)作者简介:杨海帆,女,扬州大学在读本科生.通信作者:丁莉(１９８８ ),女,扬州大学附属医院主管技师,扬州大学在读硕士研究生.E Ｇm a i l :m １３９５２７２５３９６＠１６３．c o m收稿日期:２０２３Ｇ０８Ｇ１７㊀㊀改回日期:２０２３Ｇ１２Ｇ２６D O I :１０．１３６５２/j ．s p j x ．１００３．５７８８．２０２３．８０７９５[文章编号]１００３Ｇ５７８８(２０２４)０３Ｇ００６８Ｇ０７Q u E C h E R s 方法结合S E R S 技术检测猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留D e t e c t i o no f a m i n o g l y c o s i d ea n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n p o r kb yQ u E C h E R sm e t h o dc o m b i n e dw i t hS E R S t e c h n i qu e 杨海帆１,２Y A N G H a i f a n １,２㊀丁㊀莉２D I N GL i ２㊀徐妙文１X U M i a o w e n １㊀沈㊀康１S H E N K a n g １㊀王煦博１WA N G Xu b o １(１．扬州大学医学院,江苏扬州㊀２２５００１;２．扬州大学附属医院,江苏扬州㊀２２５００１)(１．Y a n g z h o uU n i v e r s i t y S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e ,Y a n g z h o u ,J i a n gs u ２２５００１,C h i n a ;２．A f f i l i a t e d H o s p i t a l o f Y a n g z h o uU n i v e r s i t y ,Y a n g z h o u ,J i a n gs u ２２５００１,C h i n a )摘要:目的:实现猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留的快速㊁定量和高通量检测.方法:以P P 合成纸为衬底制备基于金纳米花(A u N F s )的方阵排列S E R S 基底.通过Q u E C h E R s 方法对猪肉样品进行前处理,并对其进行S R E S 检测.结果:采用４Ｇ巯基苯甲酸为S E R S 探针分子,基底表现出良好的均一性㊁S E R S 增强效应㊁重现性和稳定性.４７５,６１９c m －１特征峰处的S E R S 信号强度分别与硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素浓度的对数具有良好的线性关系(R ２分别为０．９９１６,０．９９０７),最低检测限分别低至１ˑ１０－９,１ˑ１０－８m o l /L ,并成功应用于猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素的快速㊁定量和高通量检测.结论:试验方法为S E R S 技术应用于真实肉类样品中抗生素残留检测提供了一种经济㊁高效㊁省时和高灵敏的途径.关键词:表面增强拉曼散射;金纳米花;氨基糖苷类抗生素;硫酸庆大霉素;硫酸新霉素;猪肉A b s t r a c t :O b je c t i v e :T o a c h i e v er a p i d ,q u a n t i t a t i v ea n d h i g h Ｇt h r o u g h p u td e t e c t i o n of a m i n og l y c o s i d e a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e si n p o r k ．M e th o d s :S q u a r e Ｇa r r a y a li g n e dS E R Ss u b s t r a t e sb a s e do n A un a n o f l o w e r s (A u N F s )w e r e p r e p a r e d u s i n g P P s y n t h e t i c p a p e r a s a s u b s t r a t e ．P o r k s a m p l e s w e r e p r e Ｇt r e a t e d b yQ u E C h E R sm e t h o da n ds u b j e c t e dt oS R E S ．R e s u l t s :U s i n g ４Ｇm e r c a pt o b e n z o i c a c i da s t h eS E R S p r o b em o l e c u l e ,t h e s u b s t r a t e e x h i b i t e d g o o d h o m o g e n e i t y ,S E R S e n h a n c e m e n t e f f e c t ,r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y a n ds t a b i l i t y ．t h eS E R Ss i g n a l i n t e n s i t i e sa tt h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p e a k s a t ４７５,６１９c m －１s h o w e d g o o d l i n e a rr e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e l o g a r i t h m s o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f g e n t a m i c i n s u l p h a t ea n dn e o m y c i ns u l p h a t e ,r e s p e c t i v e l y (R ２o f ０．９９１６a n d０．９９０７,r e s p e c t i v e l y )．T h el i m i t so fd e t e c t i o n s (L O D s )w e r e a s l o wa s １ˑ１０－９,１ˑ１０－８m o l /L ,r e s p e c t i v e l y,a n dw e r e s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d t o t h e r a p i d ,q u a n t i t a t i v e a n dh i gh Ｇt h r o u g h p u td e t e r m i n a t i o no fa m i n o g l y c o s i d ea n t i b i o t i c s i n p o r k ．C o n c l u s i o n :T h ee x pe r i m e n t a l m e t h o d p r o v i d e sa ne c o n o m i c a l ,ef f i c i e n t ,t i m e Ｇs a v i ng a n dhi g h l y s e n s i t i v ew a y f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f S E R S t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e d e t e c t i o no f a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n r e a l m e a t s a m pl e s ．K e yw o r d s :s u r f a c e Ｇe n h a n c e dR a m a n s c a t t e r i n g ;A un a n o f l o w e r s ;a m i n o g l y c o s i d e a n t i b i o t i c ;g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e ;n e o m yc i n s u l f a t e ;po r k 硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素是众多氨基糖苷类抗生素家族中的一员,具有广谱的抗菌作用[１－２],在畜牧业中常与硫酸结合使用[３－４].尽管目前养殖业更多使用毒性较小的抗生素,但氨基糖苷类抗生素因低成本和高效的优势仍被广泛应用于禽畜疾病的预防和治疗,然而长期使用可能会导致动物组织中抗生素残留.人类长期摄入抗生素含量超标的食物不仅会诱导细菌产生耐药性[５],甚至会导致过敏反应㊁耳毒性和肾毒性[６].G B３１６５０２０１９规定牛㊁猪肌肉组织中庆大霉素和新霉素的最大残留限量分别为１００,５００m g /k g.目前,氨基糖苷类抗生素的检测方法主要有液相色谱法[７]㊁液相色谱串联质谱法[８]㊁免疫层析法[１,９]和酶联免疫吸附分析法等[１０－１２].色谱法和免疫层析法的灵敏度高,但耗时㊁成本高,难以实现现场化㊁快速化和规模化检测;而酶联免疫吸附分析８６F O O D &MA C H I N E R Y 第４０卷第３期总第２６９期|２０２４年３月|法易发生交叉反应,其假阳性率高.表面增强拉曼散射(S E R S)是一种快速㊁无损㊁不受水分干扰的检测方法,结合拉曼光谱与表面材料技术,利用局域表面等离子体共振(L S P R)和化学吸附的方法使得S E R S信号显著提升,高灵敏地检测低浓度分析物[１３－１４].当检测某些超低浓度的残留物时,纳米材料产生的S E R S增强十分关键.金纳米花(A u N F s)具有粗糙的表面和许多分支,在材料表面形成大量的 热点 ,为待测分子提供特殊的吸附位点,从而显著增强S E R S效应[１５].因此,A u N F s被广泛用作S E R S活性基底的制备.P P合成纸是一种典型的疏水材料,可使纳米颗粒在其表面聚集,增强S E R S效应.有研究[１６]表明,采用还原氧化石墨烯 金复合纳米材料检测氧氟沙星,检测限为０．３n g/m L.W a t t a n a v i c h e a n等[１７]以银纳米棒作为基底检测恩诺沙星㊁土霉素和新霉素,检测限分别为０．５,２．０,１００．０μm o l/L,但未应用于食品中抗生素残留的检测.食品样品成分复杂,传统样品前处理耗时长㊁精度低,引入误差大[１８－１９],而样品前处理技术直接关系到整个检测过程的准确性和精密性.Q u E C h E R s方法是目前动物抗生素残留检测领域备受关注的前处理技术[２０],具有快速㊁简单㊁廉价㊁有效㊁可靠㊁耐用和安全的优点,可极大提高样品前处理效率[２１].目前,Q u E C h E R s方法已成功应用于S E R S技术检测食品中抗生素残留[２２－２３],但将该方法与S E R S技术结合检测动物中氨基糖苷类药物残留的研究尚未见报道.研究拟以疏水性P P合成纸为衬底制备方阵排列S E R S基底,通过Q u E C h E R s方法对样品进行前处理,并对猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留进行定量分析,旨在为猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留提供快速㊁定量和高通量的检测方法.１㊀材料与方法１．１㊀材料与试剂氯金酸㊁盐酸多巴胺㊁无水乙醇㊁４Ｇ巯基苯甲酸(４ＧM B A)㊁乙腈㊁乙酸㊁氯化钠㊁硫酸镁㊁氯化镁:分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;硫酸庆大霉素㊁硫酸新霉素:北京索莱宝科技有限公司;P P合成纸:上海天成纸品纸业合作公司;试验用水为超纯水(电阻率１８．２MΩ c m).１．２㊀仪器与设备场发射扫描电子显微镜:SＧ４８００Ⅱ型,日本日立公司;显微共焦拉曼光谱仪:R e n i s h a w i n V i a型,英国R e n i s h a w公司;透射电子显微镜:T e c n a i１２型,荷兰P h i l i p s公司;透射电子显微镜:F E IT e c n a iG２F２０SＧTW I N型,美国F E I公司;显微拉曼成像光谱仪:D X R x i型,美国T h e r m o f i s h e r公司;紫外 可见分光光度仪:C a r y U VＧ５０００型,扬州贝欧生物科技有限公司.１．３㊀试验方法１．３．１㊀A u N F s的合成㊀取０．４m LH A u C l４溶液(５０m m o l/L)加入到含１０m L超纯水的烧杯中,剧烈搅拌混匀,加入０．８m L盐酸多巴胺溶液(５３mm o l/L),６０ħ水浴搅拌３０m i n,３０００r/m i n离心１０m i n,去除上清液,向沉淀中加入１m L超纯水,混匀得A u N F s溶液,４ħ贮藏备用.１．３．２㊀S E R S基底的制备㊀将P P合成纸切割成２c mˑ２c m小块,并按３ˑ３排列,在其表面滴５０m LA u N F s溶液,自然干燥即得研究使用的方阵排列S E R S基底.１．３．３㊀样品前处理㊀取１０g冷冻猪肉,研磨,倒入５０m L离心管中.将１３．５m L乙腈和３００,１５０,７５,１５m L乙酸滴入离心管中,得到的乙酸体积分数分别为２％,１％,０．５％,０．１％,并用超纯水定容到１５m L.加入脱水剂,涡旋振荡３m i n,８０００r/m i n离心５m i n,取上清液于４ħ贮藏备用.称取一定量的硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素,加入猪肉提取液并超声溶解.使用超纯水梯度稀释,最终得到浓度为１ˑ１０－１０~１ˑ１０－３m o l/L的猪肉提取液加标样品,并将样品滴加到制备好的基底表面,选择激发波长７８５n m,曝光时间１０s和光源强度５mW进行S E R S检测.增强因子(E F)是S E R S检测领域的一个重要参数,表示信号分子与纳米结构表面相互作用的S E R S信号的放大倍数.E F的计算需要仔细评估S E R S和正常拉曼条件下的信号强度和分子数量,并按式(１)进行计算.F E＝I S E R S I R S,(１)式中:F E 增强因子;I S E R S ４ＧM B A标记的方阵排列S E R S基底在当前浓度(C S E R S)测量的S E R S强度;I R S 仅有４ＧM B A的P P合成纸在当前浓度(C R S)下的S E R S强度.１．３．４㊀S E R S检测条件的优化㊀分别考察乙酸体积分数(２．０％,１．０％,０．５％,０．１％)㊁脱水剂种类(N a C l㊁M g S O４和M g C l２)及脱水剂添加量对１ˑ１０－６m o l/L氨基糖苷类抗生素浓度的猪肉提取液加标样品S E R S光谱图的影响.１．３．５㊀数据分析㊀样本的拉曼光谱均采集３次,取平均值进行数据分析.２㊀结果与分析２．１㊀A u N F s的表征由图１可知,A u N F s表面有许多不规则的突起,大小９６|V o l．４０,N o．３杨海帆等:Q u E C h E R s方法结合S E R S技术检测猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留均一,颗粒大小约为５００n m.晶面是晶体具有一定空间角度的一系列平行平面,用垂直于平面的矢量表示.A u N F s的晶面间距为０．２４n m,表明A u N F s优先在(１１１)晶面生长.A u N F s溶液在４７３n m处有一个吸收峰.综上,通过一步合成法,简单㊁快速合成了大小均一,形貌均匀的A u N F s.２．２㊀方阵排列S E R S基底的表征由图２可知,P P合成纸表面有高密度的A u N F s,呈多层排列,可增强基底的S E R S效应.S E R S映射的颜色在１０７７c m－１处的特征峰较为规则,说明以P P合成纸为衬底的方阵排列S E R S基底有良好的均匀性.４ＧM B A标记的方阵排列S E R S基底有很强的S E R S信号.当C S E R S 为１ˑ１０－６m o l/L,C R S为１m o l/L时,E F为３．９ˑ１０７,高于金纳米星的[２４],表明A u N F s有很强的S E R S表面增强效应.使用４个不同批次的方阵排列S E R S基底分别检测４ＧM B A,结果如图２(d)所示.４次S E R S光谱波形相似且在１０７７c m－１处R S D为７．０１％.因此,该基底表现出良好的重现性.将制备好的S E R S基底于４ħ静置１,７,１４d后,S E R S光谱的波形和强度相似,且在１０７７c m－１特征峰处,贮藏１４d的S E R S强度与贮藏１d的相比仅下降了９．９３％,说明A u N F s基底有较好的稳定性,具有疏水特性的P P合成纸阻止了水性A u N F s溶液吸收,并使A u N F s均匀地保留在P P合成纸表面,因此方阵排列S E R S基底表现出良好的性能.２．３㊀硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素的S E R S光谱图硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素的结构式如图３和表１所示.图１㊀A u N F s的结构表征图F i g u r e１㊀S t r u c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o nd i a g r a mo fA u N Fs图２㊀方阵排列S E R S基底的表征图F i g u r e２㊀C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o nm a p o f s q u a r eＧa r r a y a l i g n e dS E R Ss u b s t r a t e s０７安全与检测S A F E T Y&I N S P E C T I O N总第２６９期|２０２４年３月|㊀㊀为了进一步定量检测猪肉中硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素残留,对其特征峰进行分析.由图４可知,硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素在９９７,１０７４,１５７２c m －１处表现出明显的特征峰,分别由H N H 摇摆振动㊁C O 拉伸振动和N H 的弯曲振动引起[２５],因此将这些特征峰归属图３㊀硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素的结构式F i g u r e ３㊀S t r u c t u r a l f o r m u l a o f g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e a n d表１㊀硫酸庆大霉素结构组成T a b l e １㊀S t r u c t u r a l c o m po s i t i o no f g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e 化合物R １R ２R ３硫酸庆大霉素C １C H ３H C H ３硫酸庆大霉素C ２H H C H ３硫酸庆大霉素C １a H HH 硫酸庆大霉素C ２aH C H ３H 于氨基糖苷类抗生素分子的S E R S 特征峰.而硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素的S E R S 光谱图分别在４７５,６１９c m －１处表现出微弱且独有的特征峰,是由H N H 的扭转振动和N H 的弯曲振动引起.因此,选择４７５,６１９c m －１处的峰作为硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素定性分析的特征峰,并以此处S E R S 信号强度确定最佳试验条件,对猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留进行定量分析.２．４㊀S E R S 检测条件的优化２．４．１㊀提取液㊀由图５可知,当乙酸体积分数为１％时,硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素的特征峰明显.因此,采用９０％乙腈(１％乙酸)水溶液作为提取液.２．４．２㊀脱水剂种类㊀由图６可知,加入N a C l 时,氨基糖苷类抗生素特征峰明显,因此,选择作为脱水剂.图４㊀猪肉提取液的S E R S 光谱图F i g u r e ４㊀S E R Ss e c t r a o f o r ke x t r a c t s 图５㊀乙酸体积分数对硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素S E R S 光谱图的影响F i g u r e ５㊀E f f e c t o f a c e t i c a c i dv o l u m e f r a c t i o no n t h eS E R Ss p e c t r o g r a m s o f g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e a n dn e o m yc i n s u l f a t e １７|V o l ．４０,N o ．３杨海帆等:Q u E C h E R s 方法结合S E R S 技术检测猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留２．４．３㊀脱水剂添加量㊀由图７可知,当N a C l 添加量为２g 时,硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素分别在４７５,６１９c m －１特征峰处S E R S 强度最大,说明此时的脱水效果最佳.因此,选择２g N a C l 作为脱水剂.图脱水剂种类对硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素S E R S 光谱图的影响F i g u r e ６R Ss p e c t r o m s o f g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e a n dn e o m yc i n l f a t e 图添加量对硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素强度的影响F i g u r e ７㊀E f f e c t o fN a C l a d d i t i o no nS E R S i n t e n s i t y o f g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e a n dn e o m yc i n s u l f a t e ２．５㊀猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素的定量分析由图８可知,随着加标浓度的增加,硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素对应特征峰S E R S 强度逐渐增强.硫酸庆大霉素加标浓度为１ˑ１０－１０m o l /L 的样品在１０７４,１５７２c m －１处有特征峰,但由于氨基糖苷类抗生素特征峰的共性,仅能将其定性为氨基糖苷类抗生素残留,不能定性为硫酸庆大霉素残留;而在４７５c m －１处未表现出明显的特征峰,因此选择１ˑ１０－９m o l /L 作为硫酸庆大霉素的最低检测限(L O D ).硫酸新霉素加标浓度为１ˑ１０－９m o l /L的样品在６１９c m －１处未表现出明显的特征峰,因此选择１ˑ１０－８m o l /L 作为硫酸新霉素的L O D .在４７５c m －１特征峰处建立猪肉提取液硫酸庆大霉素加标样品的S E R S强度与浓度(１ˑ１０－９~１ˑ１０－３m o l /L )的对数的标准曲线,线性回归方程为y ＝３９５．９８x ＋４８４５．３７,相关系数(R ２)为０．９９１６.在６１９c m －１特征峰处建立猪肉提取液硫酸新霉素加标样品的S E R S 强度与浓度(１ˑ１０－８~１ˑ１０－３m o l /L )的对数的标准曲线,线性回归方程为y ＝１０８０．７８x ＋９２８０．７２,R ２为０．９９０７.因此,方阵排列S E R S 基底可实现猪肉提取液加标样品的定量检测.㊀㊀由表２可知,试验采用的方阵排列S E R S 基底检测灵敏度高,仅次于间接竞争性化学发光酶免疫分析,且检测速度快,有较好的稳定性,因此S E R S 技术对氨基糖苷类抗生素的检测具有较高的应用前景.２．６㊀实际样品中氨基糖苷类抗生素的测定在最佳检测条件下,猪肉样品中未检出氨基糖苷类抗生素残留,说明该猪肉符合国家检测标准.为验证S E R S 方法的可行性,对１ˑ１０－６m o l /L 氨基糖苷类抗生素加标浓度的猪肉提取液样品进行检测,结果见表３.由表３可知,试验方法的检测回收率和酶联免疫法的相近,结果无显著性差异(P ＞０．０５),且R S D 均＜８％,表明基于方阵排列S E R S 基底对猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留的检测方法具有较高的准确性和可行性.２７安全与检测S A F E T Y &I N S P E C T I O N 总第２６９期|２０２４年３月|图８㊀猪肉提取液硫酸庆大霉素和硫酸新霉素加标样品的光谱图F i g u r e８㊀S E R Ss p e c t r a o f g e n t a m i c i n s u l f a t e a n dn e o m y c i n s u l f a t e s p i k e d s a m p l e s f r o m p o r ke x t r a c t s表２㊀基于不同方法检测氨基糖苷类抗生素T a b l e２㊀D e t e c t i o no f a m i n o g l y c o s i d e a n t i b i o t i c sb a s e do nd i f f e r e n tm e t h o d s抗生素检测方法单位L O D文献硫酸庆大霉素免疫层析检测m g/k g１．４９[１]超高效液相色谱 串联质谱法m g/k g１０[８]微生物抑制法m g/L５０[１２]酶联免疫吸附法n g/m L０．５２[２６]间接竞争化学发光酶免疫分析法n g/m L０．００２[２７]S E R S检测m o l/L１ˑ１０－９硫酸新霉素㊀超高效液相色谱 串联质谱法m g/k g１０[８]酶联免疫吸附法m g/k g５[２８]侧流免疫测定n g/m L０．１[２９]S E R S检测m o l/L１ˑ１０－８表３㊀实际样品中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留的检测结果T a b l e３㊀D e t e c t i o n r e s u l t s o f a m i n o g l y c o s i d e a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i na c t u a l s a m p l e s抗生素加标浓度/(m o l L－１)试验方法检测浓度/(m o l L－１)回收率/％R S D/％酶联免疫吸附法检测浓度/(m o l L－１)回收率/％R S D/％硫酸庆大霉素１ˑ１０－６０．９６ˑ１０－６９６６．４３０．９４ˑ１０－６９４６．８２硫酸新霉素㊀１ˑ１０－６０．９２ˑ１０－６９２７．２９０．９５ˑ１０－６９５６．２９３㊀结论研究以疏水性P P合成纸为衬底,制备了一种基于A u N F s的方阵排列S E R S基底.通过与Q u E C h E R S方法结合,快速㊁定量和高通量检测猪肉中氨基糖苷类抗生素残留.基于P P合成纸的疏水特性,A u N F s聚集更加紧密,使该基底具有良好的均一性㊁稳定性和S E R 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众海控制器汉字编码表
差 铲 尝 敞 钞 车 臣 趁 成 诚 匙 尺 冲 畴 瞅 厨 矗 船 闯 春 戳 瓷 聪 粗 催 存 打 带 耽 旦 蛋 刀 导 德 凳 敌 底 递 点 店
61106 63922 41651 43187 44723 46515 48307 50099 51635 53171 55219 57267 58803 60339 62131 63667 41908 44212 46004 47796 49588 51636 53172 54964 57268 59060 62132 63668 41653 43445 45237 46773 48309 49845 51893 53429 55221 56757 58293 60085
凋 跌 叠 定 动 抖 督 赌 端 堆 顿 垛 俄 恩 洱 伐 番 反 坊 妨 非 废 纷 份 峰 冯 夫 辐 涪 俯 副 阜 妇 概 杆 秆 缸 篙 搞 鸽
62133 63669 65205 43190 44982 46774 48566 50358 52150 53686 55734 58038 60854 63414 64950 42423 44215 46263 48055 49591 51127 53175 55223 56759 58807 60343 62135 63671 41656 43448 45496 47032 48824 50616 52152 53688 55224 56760 58296 60344
雕 调 谍 鼎 董 兜 都 睹 渡 缎 敦 夺 堕 鹅 饿 饵 筏 帆 烦 泛 防 菲 肺 分 奋 蜂 逢 否 拂 浮 辅 赴 付 附 改 甘 感 钢 杠 糕 戈
61877 63413 64949 42678 44470 46518 48310 50102 51638 53430 55478 57782 59830 60598 63158 64694 42167 43959 46007 47799 49335 50871 52919 54967 56503 58551 60087 61879 63415 41400 43192 45240 46776 48568 50360 51896 53432 54968 56504 58040 60088
汉字代码
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3743 盘 3744 磐 3745 盼 3746 畔 3747 判 3748 叛 3749 拚 6253 爿 6761 泮 6790 袢 8140 襻 8165 蟠 8320 蹒 8571ｐａｎｇ乓 3750 庞 3751 旁 3752 耪 3753 胖 3754 滂 6872 逄 6944 螃8306ｐａｏ抛 3755 咆 3756 刨 3757 炮 3758 袍 3759 跑 3760 泡 3761 匏 6243 狍 6583 庖 6650 脬 7567 疱 8069ｐｅｉ呸 3762 胚 3763 培 3764 裴 3765 赔 3766 陪 3767 配 3768 佩 3769 沛 3770 辔 6446 帔 6490 旆 7623 锫 7934 醅 8512 霈 8612ｐｅｎ喷 3771 盆 3722 湓 6852ｐｅｎｇ砰 3773 抨 3774 烹 3775 澎 3776 彭 3777 蓬 3778 棚 3779 硼 3780 篷 3781 膨 3782 朋 3783 鹏 3784 捧 3785 碰 3786 堋 6001 嘭 6456 怦 6681 蟛 8318ｐｉ坯 3787 砒 3788 霹 3789 批 3790 披 3791 劈 3792 琵 3793 毗 3794 啤 3801 脾 3802 疲 3803 皮 3804 匹 3805 痞 3806 僻 3807 屁 3808 譬 3809 丕 5607 仳 5682 陴 5880 邳 5892 郫 5915 圮 5960 埤 5993 鼙 6017 芘 6037 擗 6308 噼 6472 庀 6647 淠 6836 媲 7039 纰 7102 枇 7233 甓 7422 睥 7802 罴 7828 铍 7875 癖 8117 蚍 8223 蜱 8271 貔 8589ｐｉａｎ篇 3810 偏 3811 片 3812 骗 3813 谝 5850 骈 7073 犏 7490 胼 7561 翩 8470 蹁 8568ｐｉａｏ飘 3814 漂 3815 瓢 3816 票 3817 剽 5666 嘌 6449 嫖 7046 缥 7146 殍 7372 瞟 7809 螵 8310撇 3818 瞥 3819 苤 6054 氕 7513ｐｉｎ拼 3820 频 3821 贫 3822 品 3823 聘 3824 姘 7016 嫔 7041 榀 7315 牝 7482 颦 8213 虍 8214ｐｉｎｇ乒 3825 坪 3826 苹 3827 萍 3828 平 3829 凭 3830 瓶 3831 评 3832 屏 3833 俜 5723 娉 7019 枰 7250 鲆 8650ｐｏ坡 3834 泼 3835 颇 3836 婆 3837 破 3838 魄 3839 迫 3840 粕 3841 叵 5647 鄱 5922 珀 7174 攴 7423 钋 7839 钷 7862 皤 8011 笸 8345ｐｏｕ剖 3842 裒 5786 掊 6269ｐｕ扑 3843 铺 3844 仆 3845 莆 3846 葡 3847 菩 3848 蒲 3849 埔 3850 朴 3851 圃 3852 普 3853 浦 3854 谱 3855 曝 3856 瀑 3857 匍 5773 噗 6459 溥 6863 濮 6907 璞 7217 氆 7511 镤 7968 镨 7972 蹼 8575ｑｉ期 3858 欺 3859 栖 3860 戚 3861 妻 3862 七 3863 凄 3864 漆 3865 柒 3866 沏 3867 其 3868 棋 3869 奇 3870 歧 3871 畦 3872 崎 3873 脐 3874 齐 3875 旗 3876 祈 3877 祁 3878 骑 3879 起 3880 岂 3881 乞 3882 企 3883 启 3884 契 3885 砌 3886 器 3887 气 3888 迄 3889 弃 3890 汽 3891 泣 3892 讫 3893 亓 5633 俟 5725 圻 5963 芑 6027 芪 6046 萁 6129 萋 6134 葺 6161 蕲 6213 嘁 6450 屺 6508 岐 6510 汔 6764 淇 6831 骐 7075 绮 7118 琪 7187 琦 7189 杞 7229 桤 7271 槭 7342 耆 7440 欹 7605 祺 7687 憩 7712 碛 7751 颀 8193 蛴 8251 蜞 8264 綦 8475 綮 8476 蹊 8572 鳍 8702 麒 8772ｑｉａ掐 3894 恰 3901 洽 3902 葜 6154 髂 8736ｑｉａｎ牵 3903 扦 3904 钎 3905 铅 3906 千 3907 迁 3908 签 3909 仟 3910 谦 3911 乾 3912 黔 3913 钱 3914 钳 3915 前 3916 潜 3917 遣 3918 浅 3919 谴 3920 堑 3921 嵌 3922 欠 3923歉 3924 倩 5727 佥 5761 阡 5868 芊 6023 芡 6045 茜 6071 荨 6101 掮 6271 岍 6509 悭 6705 慊 6727 骞 6925 搴 6926 褰 6929 缱 7155 椠 7293 肷 7541 愆 7709 钤 7852 箝 8373 鬈 8760ｑｉａｎｇ枪 3925 呛 3926 腔 3927 羌 3928 墙 3929 蔷 3930 强 3931 抢 3932 戕 6762 嫱 7045 樯 7341 戗 7408 炝 7633 锖 7926 锵 7947 镪 7974 襁 8163 蜣 8262 羟 8439 跄 8536ｑｉａｏ橇 3933 锹 3934 敲 3935 悄 3936 桥 3937 瞧 3938 乔 3939 侨 3940 巧 3941 鞘 3942 撬 3943 翘 3944 峭 3945 俏 3946 窍 3947 劁 5668 诮 5829 谯 5859 荞 6081 愀 6724 憔 6730 缲 7156 樵 7352 硗 7745 跷 8546 鞒 8719ｑｉｅ切 3948 茄 3949 且 3950 怯 3951 窃 3952 郄 5907 惬 6711 妾 7010 挈 7492 锲 7938 箧 8370ｑｉｎ钦 3953 侵 3954 亲 3955 秦 3956 琴 3957 勤 3958 芹 3959 擒 3960 禽 3961 寝 3962 沁 3963 芩 6043 揿 6276 吣 6336 嗪 6426 噙 6463 溱 6858 檎 7353 锓 7923 覃 8191 螓 8291 衾 8432ｑｉｎｇ青 3964 轻 3965 氢 3966 倾 3967 卿 3968 清 3969 擎 3970 晴 3971 氰 3972 情 3973 顷 3974 请 3975 庆 3976 苘 6060 圊 6485 檠 7349 磬 7764 蜻 8263 罄 8332 箐 8368 謦 8605 鲭 8675 黥 8784ｑｉｏｎｇ琼 3977 穷 3978 邛 5886 茕 6068 穹 8123 蛩 8243 跫 8528 銎 8638ｑｉｕ秋 3979 丘 3980 邱 3981 球 3982 求 3983 囚 3984 酋 3985 泅 3986 俅 5720 巯 5947 犰 6576 逑 6947 遒 6957 楸 7317 赇 7468 虬 8216 蚯 8239 蝤 8288 裘 8435 糗 8460 鳅 8690 鼽 8792ｑｕ趋 3987 区 3988 蛆 3989 曲 3990 躯 3991 屈 3992 驱 3993 渠 3994 取 4001 娶 4002 龋 4003 趣 4004 去 4005 诎 5816。
机读卡名字代码
姓名代码，嘿嘿（高考，中考，大学英语等）姓名代码查询—区位码—机读卡代码查询│a│锿7945│袄1632│把1649│ban │蚌1686│葆6165│萆6141││啊1601│霭8616│傲1633│耙1650│斑1663│镑1687│宀6918│蓓6177││阿1602│an│奥1634│坝1651│班1664│傍1688│孢7063│呗6334││呵2639│鞍1616│懊1635│霸1652│搬1665│谤1689│煲7650│怫6686││吖6325│氨1617│澳1636│罢1653│扳1666│纺2336│鸨8017│悖6703││嗄6436│安1618│棍2587│爸1654│般1667│旁3752│褓8157│碚7753││腌7571│俺1619│浇2929│伯1814│颁1668│彭3777│趵8532│鹎8039││锕7925│按1620│嚣4789│湃3740│板1669│蒡6182│龅8621│褙8156││ ai│暗1621│坳5974│茇6056│版1670│浜6826│bei │蜚8267││埃1603│岸1622│拗6254│菝6135│扮1671│螃8306│牬0020│鐾8645││挨1604│胺1623│嗷6427│萆6141│拌1672│bao │犕0045│鞴8725││哎1605│案1624│噢6462│捭6267│伴1673│苞1690│盃1600│ben││唉1606│厂1907│岙6514│岜6517│瓣1674│胞1691│跋1647│犇0036││哀1607│干2441│廒6658│灞6917│半1675│包1692│杯1713│奔1728 ││皑1608│广2567│遨6959│杷7243│办1676│褒1693│碑1714│苯1729││癌1609│盒2648│媪7033│钯7857│绊1677│剥1694│悲1715│本1730││蔼1610│钳3915│骜7081│粑8446│辨1770│薄1701│卑1716│笨1731││矮1611│谙5847│獒7365│鲅8649│辩1771│雹1702│北1717│夯2627││艾1612│埯5991│聱8190│魃8741│彬1782│保1703│辈1718│体4469││碍1613│揞6278│螯8292│bai│分2354│堡1704│背1719│畚5946││爱1614│犴6577│鏊8643│扒1639│阪5870│饱1705│贝1720│坌5948││隘1615│庵6654│鳌8701│白1655│坂5964│宝1706│钡1721│贲7458││呆2084│桉7281│鏖8773│柏1656│豳6557│抱1707│倍1722 │锛7928││阂2650│铵7907│ba│百1657│钣7851│报1708│狈1723 │beng││乃3643│鹌8038│犮0067│摆1658│瘢8103│暴1709│备1724 │榜1681││奇3870│顸8192│芭1637│佰1659│癍8113│豹1710│惫1725 │蚌1686││崖4934│黯8786│捌1638│败1660│舨8418│鲍1711│焙1726 │傍1688││剀5660│ang │扒1639│拜1661│bang│爆1712│被1727 │崩1732││捱6263│肮1625│叭1640│稗1662│牓0005│簿1830│臂1759 │绷1733││呃6332│昂1626│吧1641│伯1814│邦1678│呆2084│波1808 │甭1734││嗳6440│盎1627│笆1642│排3737│帮1679│刨3757│葡3847 │泵1735││嗌6441│仰4986│八1643│派3741│梆1680│炮3758│菩3848 │蹦1736││噫6470│ao│疤1644│薜6221│榜1681│袍3759│孛5635 │进1737││嫒7040│凹1628│巴1645│捭6267│膀1682│曝3856│俾5734 │旁3752││瑷7208│敖1629│拔1646│呗6334│绑1683│瀑3857│陂5873 │抨3774││暖7451│熬1630│跋1647│掰7494│棒1684│勹5772│邶5893 │平3829││砹7733│翱1631│靶1648│鞴8725│磅1685│裒5786│埤5993 │俸5726 ││堋6001│复2420│畀7815│汴6774│捌1638│秉1792│博1809│檗7362││唪6384│虑3439│铋7873│缏713 │扒1639│饼1793│勃1810│掰7494││嘣6452│秘3556│秕7985│煸7652│拔1646│炳1794│搏1811│擘7502││甏7420│泌3558│馥8005│砭7730│蔽1746│病1801│铂1812│礴777 ││bi│脾3802│裨8152│碥7760│鳖1778│并1802│箔1813│钹7864││卑1716│瞥3819│筚8357│稹8001 │憋1779│拼3820│伯1814│鹁8030 ││被1727│匕5616│箅8375│窆8125 │别1780│平3829│帛1815│簸8404 ││逼1738│仳5682│篦8387│褊8159 │瘪1781│屏3833│舶1816│趵8532 ││鼻1739│俾5734│舭8416│蝙8289 │秘3556│禀5787│脖1817│跛8543 ││比1740│陂5873│襞8437│笾8354 │撇3818│冫5791│膊1818│踣8559 ││鄙1741│陴5880│跛8543│鳊8693 │蹩8531│邴5891│渤1819│鲅8649 ││笔1742│埤5993│跸8547│髟8752 │bin│摒6280│泊1820│bU││彼1743│芘6037│鐾8645│biao│彬1782│绠7114│驳1821│薄1701││碧1744│荜6074│髀8734│苞1690│斌1783│枋7242│卜1823│堡1704││蓖1745│荸6109│bia│标1774 │濒1784│槟7336│簿1830│捕1822││蔽1746│萆6141│髟8752│彪1775│滨1785│燹7662│番2312│卜1823││毕1747│薜6221│bian│膘1776 │宾1786│疒8058│佛2380│哺1824││毙1748│捭6267│牑0004│表1777│摈1787│bO│服2394│埠1825││毖1749│吡6333│獱1000│脿3500│份2361│牔0006│募3628│埠1826││币1750│哔6357│鞭1762│漂3815│频3821│犦0061│怕3734│不1827││庇1751│狴6589│边1763│剽5666│傧5747│犻0073│拍3736│布1828││痹1752│庀6647│编1764│婊7027│豳6557│狛0094│潘3743│步1829││闭1753│庳6656│贬1765│嫖7046│浜6826│拔1646│跑3760│簿1830││敝1754│愎6725│扁1766│骠7084│缤7145│白1655│泼3835│部1831││弊1755│滗6868│便1767│杓7228│玢7167│柏1656│魄3839│怖1832││必1756│濞6908│变1768│飑7609│槟7336│百1657│菩3848│附2429││辟1757│弼6986│卞1769│飙7613│殡7375│般1667│蒲3849│埔3850││壁1758│妣6994│辨1770│飚7614│膑7587│剥1694│瀑3857│拊6252││臂1759│婢7030│辩1771│灬7665│顮7800│薄1701│孛5635│卟6318││避1760│媲7039│辫1772│镖7958│镔7957│暴1709│毫5781│溥6863││陛1761│嬖7052│遍1773│镳7980│髌8738│爆1712│蕃6212│逋6945││波1808│纰7102│封2366│瘭8106│鬓8762│玻1803│薜6221│瓿7419││费2349│璧7221│匾5650│裱8149│bing│菠1804│蘖6233 │晡7446││佛2380│枇7233│弁5945│鳔8707│兵1788│播1805│擗6308│钚7848││拂2387│檗7362│苄6048│髟8752│冰1789│拨1806│啵6403│钸7813││幅2389│殍7372│拚6253│鏖8773│柄1790│钵1807│饽6636│醭8519││服2394│贲7458│忭6677│bie │丙1791│波1808│艴6985│鞴8721││ca│藏1856 │曾5288│犲0069 │蒇6159│苌6041 │掣1924│嗔6433││擦1833│伧5687 │噌6465│叉1870 │廛6660│菖6137 │彻1925│宸6923││蔡1844│臧7416 │缯7153│查1873 │忏6667│徜6568 │澈1926│缜7139││拆1880│ cao│cha│差1878 │潺6893 │怅6674 │池1956│琛7201 ││嚓6474│操1857 │插1869│拆1880 │澶6904│惝6714 │尺1963│榇7320││礤7769│糙1858 │叉1870│柴1881 │孱6978│阊6749 │斥1966│肜7532││cai│槽1859 │茬1871│豺1882 │羼6981│娼7029 │多2264│胂7547││猜1834│曹1860 │茶1872│搓2074 │婵7031│嫦7047 │宅5312│碜7755││裁1835│草1861 │查1873│侪5713 │嬗7051│錩7200 │坼5969│眈7781││材1836│澡5272 │碴1874│茈6075 │骣7086│昶7438 │屮6988│龀8619││才1837│造5276 │搽1875│钗7846 │觇7472│氅7509 │砗7726│ cheng││财1838│艹6019 │察1876│瘥8091 │禅7688│鲳8680 │chen│穿0010││睬1839│嘈6448 │岔1877│虿8218 │镡7966│chao│郴1927│蹦1736││踩1840│漕6878 │差1878│龇8623 │裣8147│超1912 │臣1928│敞1908││采1841│屮6988 │诧1879│chan│蟾8324│抄1913 │辰1929│撑1937││彩1842│螬8309 │接2951│搀1883 │躔8580│钞1914 │尘1930│称1938││菜1843│艚8429 │捷2961│掺1884 │chang│朝1915 │晨1931│城1939││蔡1844│Ce │刹4118│蝉1885 │瑞1200 │嘲1916 │忱1932│橙1940││can│厕1862│土4533│馋1886│昌1893│潮1917│沉1933│成1941││餐1845│策1863 │斜4817│谗1887 │猖1894│巢1918 │陈1934│呈1942 ││参1846│侧1864 │喳5291│缠1888 │场1901 │吵1919 │趁1935│乘1943││蚕1847│册1865 │苴6058│铲1889 │尝1902 │炒1920 │衬1936│程1944││残1848│测1866 │荼6117│产1890 │常1903 │绰2034 │称1938│惩1945││惭1849│赦4166 │嚓6474│阐1891 │长1904 │剿2943 │橙1940│澄1946││惨1850│栅5304 │猹6610│颤1892 │偿1905 │绍4160 │秤1951│诚1947││灿1851│厕5654 │馇6639│单2105 │肠1906 │涛4446 │闯2019│承1948││掺1884│帻6493 │汊6766│掸2107 │厂1907 │诌5463 │堪3116│逞1949││孱6978│侧6692 │姹7017│渐2905 │敞1908 │唠6375 │帘3317│骋1950││骖7078│cen │杈7230│厘3269 │畅1909 │怊6687│沈4182│秤1951 ││璨7218│参1846 │楂7311│苫4127 │唱1910 │绉7107 │填4478│盯2202││粲8451│岑6515 │槎7322│兔4535 │倡1911 │晁7443 │湛5331│净3027││黪8785│涔6825 │檫7363│沾5320 │尚4148 │焯7644 │枕5377│呛3926││cang │ceng │钗7846│崭5324 │裳4149 │耖8173│疹5378│抢3932 ││苍1852│层1867 │锸7942│胀5345 │倘4440 │che│伧5687│盛4202 ││舱1853│蹭1868 │镲7979│冁5770 │淌4442 │车1921 │谌5840│趟4443││仓1854│僧4114 │衩8135│谄5838 │伥5686 │扯1922 │谶5863│醒4849││沧1855│增5286 │chai│谶5863│鬯5943 │撤1923 │抻6251│丞5609││伥5686│炽1967│眵7787│犫0066│除1993│搋6285│chui │啜6408││郢5911│哆2263│鸱8023│疇1400│楚1994│啜6408│吹2021│辶6933││埕5984│离3275│瘛8101│抽1973│础2001│嘬6460│炊2022│辍7401││噌6465│莉3282│褫8161│酬1974│储2002│膪7590│捶2023│焯7644││嵊6551│箈3900│蚩8231│畴1975│矗2003│踹8563│锤2024│斫7729││徵6571│蛇4163│螭8304│踌1976│搐2004│chuan │垂2025│镞7963││浈6805│饰4246│笞8355│稠1977│触2005│川2008│椎5521│趵8532││枨7239│她4393│篪8388│愁1978│处2006│穿2009│陲5879│踔8554││柽7263│抬4407│豉8489│筹1979│硫3382│椽2010│棰7302│踱8566││樘7344│提4465│踅8529│仇1980│柠3691│传2011│槌7319│龊8626││晟7441│拖4547│踟8556│绸1981│淑4271│船2012│chun │Ci││塍7583│喜4718│魑8746│瞅1982│藸4300│喘2013│犉0038│厕1862││瞠7810│啸4805│chong│丑1983│涂4531│串2014│春2026│差1878││铖7881│移5038│充1968│臭1984│畜4883│掾6282│椿2027│柴1881││铛7885│誀5200│冲1969│扭3704│絮4885│舛6622│醇2028│疵2035││裎8146│滞5445│虫1970│钮3705│诸5478│惴6723│唇2029│茨2036││蛏8241│治5446│崇1971│诌5463│著5488│遄6955│淳2030│磁2037││酲8508│傺5749│宠1972│俦5717│助5490│巛7161│纯2031│雌2038││chi │郗5913│茧2875│圳5958│祝5503│氚7516│蠢2032│辞2039││狋0084│坻5970│酮4510│揄6277│亍5601│钏7843│莼6127│慈2040││茬1871│墀6015│涌5131│帱6492│诎5816│镩7973│沌6771│瓷2041││拆1880│芪6046│盅5449│惆6716│刍5927│舡8413│辁7390│词2042││吃1952│茌6061│种5454│溴6869│怵6680│踹8563│肫7538│此2043││痴1953│搋6285│重5456│妯7008│憷6732│chuang │朐7552│刺2044││持1954│叱6319│烛5482│瘳8112│屮6988│牎0001│鹑8040│赐2045││匙1955│哧6374│僮5755│雠8637│绌7109│牕0007│蝽8277│次2046││池1956│啻6420│蹱5900│鲋8654│杵7238│仓1854│chuo│措2075││迟1957│嗤6445│茺6091│chu│楮7290 │疮2015│躇1989│司4330││弛1958│彳6560│忡6671│犓0043│樗7343│窗2016│戳2033│伺4337││驰1959│饬6633│憧6731│初1985│褚8150│幢2017│绰2034│兹5540││耻1960│沱6791│潼6892│出1986│蜍8260│床2018│簇2056│滋5544││齿1961│媸7042│铳7905│橱1987│蹰8573│闯2019│促2057│茈6075││侈1962│骊7074│舂8409│厨1988│黜8777│创2020│淖3655│荠6089││尺1963│柢7260│艟8430│躇1989│chua│葱2048│醛4009│呲6358││赤1964│敕7523│chou│锄1990│撮2073│囱2049│缀5526│嵯6547││翅1965│胝7553│牰0022│雏1991│chuai│怆6675│荃6085│祠7684││斥1966│眙7784│犨0063│滁1992│揣2007│舂8409│蔟6193│鹚8043││蚝8226 │簇2056 │体4469│搭2078│驮4552│蜒4949 │dao│锝7929││螅8303 │促2057 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hu│浒6816│找5350│幻2735│恍2748││硅2572│嗑6430│轰2668│雇2545│滹6879│劐5669│皖4578│谎2749││哈2594│嗬6432│哄2669│核2643│琥7190│侉5708│眩4903│芒3502││茫3503│绘2770│捆3206 │疵2035│己2826│乩5632│觇7472│钾2856││隍5882│溃3203│诨5827 │革2479│蓟2827│厝5640│觊7473│假2857││徨6569│蜖4500│馄6638 │隔2484│技2828│剞5662│觌7475│稼2858││湟6850│韦4604│阍6752 │给2488│冀2829│佶5705│犄7487│价2859││潢6874│违4605│溷6867 │击2787│季2830│偈5742│齑7620│架2860││遑6956│诙5822│绲7121 │圾2788│伎2831│脔5785│矶7722│驾2861││璜7211│茴6078│缗7137 │基2789│祭2832│讦5806│睽7805│嫁2862││肓7533│荟6086│珲7185 │机2790│剂2833│诘5821│羁7831│咖3107││癀8105│蕙6205│huo│畸2791│悸2834│郅5904│嵇7990│揩3111││蟥8308│咴6352│扮1671 │稽2792│济2835│墼5952│稷8002│骆3470││篁8382│哕6360│和264│积2793│寄2836│芨6024│瘠8104│茄3949││鳇8692│喙6425│化2715 │箕2794│寂2837│芰6033│瘵8109│暇4730││ hui│隳6736│豁2777│肌2801│计2838│荠6089│虮8217│夏4736││虫1970│洄6807│活2778 │饥2802│记2839│萁6129│笈8337│挟4814││堕2273│浍6811│伙2779 │迹2803│既2840│蒺6180│笄8339│押4926││徊2718│彗6971│火2780 │激2804│忌2841│蕺6210│粢8450│嘏5637││涣2733│绩7t32│获2781 │讥2805│际2842│蕲6213│暨8463│伽5704││灰2750│珲7185│或2782 │鸡2806│妓2843│掎6265│跻8550│郏5903││挥2751│桧7277│惑2783 │姬2807│继2844│卟6318│跽8553│葭6171││辉2752│晖7445│霍2784 │绩2808│纪2845│叽6320│霁8611│拮6255││徽2753│恚7703│货2785 │缉2809│秸2953│咭6350│瞿8636│呷6340││恢2754│眭7785│祸2786 │吉2810│洁2964│哜6366│鲚8661│岬6521││蛔2755│睢7801│越5229 │极2811│结2965│唧6383│鲫8674│浃6804││回2756│皓8009│劐5669 │棘2812│藉2969│岌6507│髻8757│迦6940││毁2757│虺8219│藿6229 │辑2813│居3051│嵴6553│麂8768│珈7176││悔2758│蟪8319│攉6311 │籍2814│蜡3215│猗6602│jia│戛7409││慧2759│麾8766│嚯6475 │集2815│期3858│洎6809│犌0039│挈7492││卉2760│hun │夥6623│及2816│其3868│彐6970│嘉2846│胛7546││惠2761│棍2587│灬7665 │急2817│棋3869│屐6976│枷2847│恝7702││晦2762│挥2751│钬7856 │疾2818│奇3870│骥7087│夹2848│铗7882││贿2763│荤2771│锪7933 │汲2819│齐3875│畿7160│佳2849│铪7894││秽2764│昏2772│镬7976 │即2820│骑3879│玑7165│家2850│镓7956││会2765│婚2773│瓠8013 │嫉2821│系4721│楫7314│加2851│痂8072││烩2766│魂2774│耠8175 │级2822│揖5030│殛7374│荚2852│瘕8093││汇2767│浑2775│蠖8322 │挤2823│倚5048│戟7410│颊2853│袷8142││讳2768│混2776│ji│几2824│丌5602│戢7411│贾2854│颉8201││诲2769│昆3205│犱0068 │脊2825│亟5629│赍7469│甲2855│蛱8244││笳8353│箭2893│戋7407│缰7154│觉3085│价2859│卩5864│禁2991││袈8434│件2894│戬7415│犟7481│乔3939│揭2950│拮6255│近2992││跏8542│健2901│牮7480│礓7768│侨3940│接2951│唧6383│烬2993││骱8726│舰2902│犍7489│耩8180│却4020│皆2952│喈6414│浸2994││jian │剑2903│毽7506│糨8461│校4803│秸2953│嗟6421│尽3001││牋0000│饯2904│腱7576│豇8488│学4907│街2954│獬6619│劲3002││喊2616│渐2905│睑7790│jiao │妖4993│阶2955│婕7028│肋3263││歼2863│溅2906│锏7921│激2804│咬5007│截2956│孑7061│吟5087││监2864│涧2907│鹣8047│蕉2922│佼5714│劫2957│纥7092│卺5865││坚2865│建2908│裥8148│椒2923│僬5753│节2958│桀7278│荩6103││尖2866│繝3100│笕8340│礁2924│艽6020│桔2959│砝7732│堇6132││笺2867│滥3236│箴8380│焦2925│茭6090│杰2960│碣7757│噤6468││间2868│钱3914│翦8469│胶2926│菽6136│捷2961│锴7939│馑6643││煎2869│前3916│趼8534│交2927│挢6256│睫2962│疖8060│廑6659││兼2870│浅3919│踺8561│郊2928│噍6461│竭2963│袷8142│妗7001││肩2871│堑3921│鲣8668│浇2929│釥6500│洁2964│颉8201│缙7138││艰2872│纤4743│鞯8721│骄2930│峤6529│结2965│蚧8227│瑾7210││奸2873│险4753│ jiang│娇2931│徼6572│解2966│羯8441│槿7340││缄2874│僭5752│虹2671│嚼2932│湫6848│姐2967│暨8463│赆7465││茧2875│谏5841│红2676│搅2933│姣7015│戒2968│鲒8658│觐7478││检2876│谫5857│僵2909│铰2934│纟7089│藉2969│骱8726│钅7836││柬2877│谮5858│姜2910│矫2935│敫7524│芥2970│髫8756│锓7923││碱2878│廴5940│将2911│侥2936│皎8008│界2971│jin│衿8138││硷2879│茛6102│浆2912│脚2937│鹪8052│借2972│巾2977│矜8170││拣2880│菅6149│江2913│狡2938│蚊8252│介2973│筋2978│jing ││捡2881│蒹6183│疆2914│角2939│醮8520│疥2974│斤2979│劲3002││简2882│搛6286│蒋2915│饺2940│跤8551│诫2975│金2980│荆3003││俭2883│囝6478│桨2916│缴2941│鲛8662│届2976│今2981│兢3004││剪2884│湔6853│奖2917│绞2942│jie │楷3112│津2982│茎3005││减2885│骞6925│讲2918│剿2943│犗0047│渴3142│襟2983│睛3006││荐2886│蹇6931│匠2919│教2944│担2103│契3885│紧2984│晶3007││槛2887│謇6932│酱2920│酵2945│概2437│拾4216│锦2985│鲸3008││鉴2888│孱6978│降2921│轿2946│亥2605│她4393│仅2986│京3009││践2889│缣7144│强3931│较2947│圾2788│祖5570│谨2987│惊3010││贱2890│枧7237│茳6092│叫2948│籍2814│偈5742│进2988│精3011││见2891│柙7252│洚6814│窖2949│家2850│讦5806│靳2989│粳3012││键2892│楗7305│绛7113│纠3032│假2857│诘5821│晋2990│经3013││井3014 │靓8606│桕7274 │距3064│橘7357│蜷8273│柽7263│咯3109 ││警3015 │鼱9200│鸠8015 │踞3065│犋7488│隽8633│桷7286│佧5691 ││景3016 │ jiong │鹫8053 │锯3066│飓7611│jue│闋7300│咔6339 ││颈3017 │炯3028│蝤8288 │俱3067│钜7850│嚼2932│橛7351│珈7176 ││静3018 │窘3029│赳8481 │句3068│锔7924│脚2937│爝7663│胩7544 ││境3019 │冂5671│蹴8577 │惧3069│窭8132│角2939│镢7967│kai││敬3020 │垧5980│鬏8761 │炬3070│裾8153│较2947│蠼8329│喝2640 ││镜3021 │迥6936│ju│剧3071│趄8482│撅3079│蹶8574│核2643 ││径3022 │炅7433│犑0042 │篓3408│醵8522│攫3080│觖8591│开3110 ││痉3023 │扃7671│臭0083 │且3950│踽8565│抉3081│鳜8712│揩3111 ││靖3024 │jiu│车1921 │蛆3989│龃8620│掘3082│鞒8719│楷3112 ││竟3025 │牞0012│仇1980│渠3994 │雎8634│倔3083│jun│凯3113││竞3026 │愁1978│锄1990│娶4002 │瞿8636│爵3084│龟2574 │慨3114 ││净3027 │揪3030│雏1991│邹5562│鞫8722 │觉3085│均3089 │渴3142 ││青3964 │究3031│告2470│租5566│ juan│决3086│菌3090│剀5660 ││氏4247 │纠3032│拱2516│足5567│捐3072 │诀3087│钧3091│劾5932 ││烃4494 │玖3033│柜2581│佝5694│鹃3073 │绝3088│军3092│垲5978 ││醒4849 │韭3034│骄2930│倨5738│娟3074 │狂3181│君3093│蒈6160 ││刭5657 │久3035│桔2959│趵5800│倦3075 │屈3992│峻3094│忾6673 ││儆5751 │灸3036│姐2967│讵5810│眷3076 │蛙4560│俊3101│恺6693 ││阱5869 │九3037│鞠3047│鄹5924│卷3077 │穴4908│竣3102│溘6859 ││陉5874 │酒3038│拘3048│苣6036│绢3078 │乙5050│浚3103│铠7888 ││菁6128 │厩3039│狙3049│苴6058│圈4006 │厥5642│郡3104│锎7920 ││獍6616 │救3040│疽3050│莒6076│蕊4079 │劂5667│骏3105│锴7939 ││憬6729 │旧3041│居3051│菹6147│身4177 │谲5860│旬4914│雉7984 ││泾6794 │臼3042│驹3052│蒌6168│眩4903 │矍5939│匀5240│kan││迳6941 │舅3043│菊3053│蘧6230│甄5371 │蕨6207│訇5774│喊2616 ││弪6982 │咎3044│局3054│掬6268│鄄5918 │蕞6209│捃6260│槛2887 ││婧7026 │就3045│咀3055│鉅6600│擐6307 │嗟6421│狻6601│刊3115 ││檠7349 │疚3046│矩3056│遽6965│狷6590 │噘6457│皲8168│堪3116 ││晟7441 │僦5754│举3057│屦6980│泫6789 │噱6469│筠8362│勘3117 ││肼7534 │啾6417│沮3058│鬻6987│涓6824 │崛6540│隽8633│坎3118 ││胫7554 │噍6461│聚3059│琚7202│桊7280 │獗6617│麇8769│砍3119││腈7570 │阄6746│拒3060│枸7259│睃7792 │阕6755│ka│看3120 ││旌7626 │湫6848│据3061│椐7307│蠲7835 │阙6758│喀3106│嵌3922││蜻8263 │缪7149│巨3062│榘7316│锩7935 │孓7062│咖3107│馅4758││箐8368 │柩7249│具3063│榉7323│镌7952 │珏7169│卡3108│侃5709││凵5941│Ke│疴8066│箜8377│跨3171│旷3185│愦6720│刳5658││莰6108│犐0041│窠8129│kou │胯3172│况3186│阕6755│邝5887││莶6118│呵2639│颏8204│抠3157│侉5708│枉4587│逵6951│哙6364││阚6759│喀3106│蚵8234│口3158│锞7930│兄4854│闋7300│栝7273││戡7412│坷3132│蝌8282│扣3159│髁8733│诓5818│暌7450│蛞8250││龛7772│苛3133│髁8733│寇3160│kuai │诳5831│睽7805│la│瞰7811│柯3134│kei│挎3170│会2765│邝5887│聩8189│垃3212││kang │棵3135│刻3144│佝5694│块3173│圹5959│蝰8281│拉3213││犺0072│磕3136│ken│芤6050│筷3174│夼6237│篑8381│喇3214││奋2360│颗3137│狠2661│蔻6202│侩3175│哐6349│臾8407│蜡3215││杭2628│科3138│肯3147│叩6321│快3176│湟6850│跬8545│腊3216││荒2736│壳3139│啃3148│妪6993│魁3193│纩7094│觖8591│辣3217││康3121│咳3140│垦3149│眍7778│傀3194│贶7460│kun│啦3218││慷3122│可3141│恳3150│筘8356│蒯5665│ kui│混2776│蓝3222││糠3123│渴3142│垠5983│ku│郐5906│踩1840│坤3204│落3468││扛3124│克3143│颀7700│古2537│蒉6162│亏3187│昆3205│刺5661││抗3125│刻3144│裉8144│掘3082│哙6364│盔3188│捆3206│摺6301││亢3126│客3145│颀8193│枯3161│狯6586│岿3189│困3207│邋6969││炕3127│课3146│龈8624│哭3162│浍6811│窥3190│卵3449│旯7425││坑3151│嗑6430│keng│窟3163│脍7558│葵3191│顽4571│砬7739││伉5688│岢6519│牼0030│苦3164│kuan│奎3192│馄6638│瘌8088││闶6742│恪6701│坑3151│酷3165│棵3135│魁3193│悃6707│癞8114││沆6776│溘6859│吭3152│库3166│颗3137│傀3194│阃6745│lai││钪7854│骒7076│胫7554│裤3167│宽3177│馈3201│琨7191│莱3219││ kao│缂7128│忐7694│挎3170│款3178│愧3202│锟7931│来3220││搞2467│珂7170│硎7742│跨3171│完4574│溃3203│醌8511│赖3221││考3128│轲7380│铒7879│圣4205│髋8737│顷3974│龈8624│崃6533││拷3129│氪7520│铿7912│刳5658│ kuang │缺4017│鲲8679│徕6566││烤3130│碣7757│kong│堀6005│狅0079│馗5624│鳏8704│涞6821││靠3131│龛7772│空3153│邻6300│逛2568│匮5649│髡8753│濑6894││挢6256│瞌7807│恐3154│喾6423│磺2739│夔5771│kuo│赉7467││尻6974│盍7833│孔3155│绔7111│匡3179│隗5883│会2765│睐7789││栲7264│钶7861│控3156│骷8728│筐3180│蒉6162│括3208│铼7910││槁7334│铪7894│腔3927│kua│狂3181│揆6281│扩3209│癞8114││犒7491│锕7925│倥5737│夸3168│框3182│喹6413│廓3210│籁8405││彀7616│锞7930│崆6539│垮3169│矿3183│喟6416│阔3211│黧8783││铐7877│稞7993│穹8123│挎3170│眶3184│悝6706│适4242│lan │○o毛毛o○ 2008-1-16 23:45│郴1927 │浪3243│乐3254│稜2200│立3302 │栎7261│怜3315│凉3325││蓝3222 │莨6125│肋3263│棱3266│粒3303 │轹7386│涟3316．│梁3326││婪3223 │蒗6185│了3343│楞3267│沥3304 │飒7610│帘3317│粱3327││栏3224 │啷6405│仂5676│冷3268│隶3305 │戾7669│敛3318│良3328││拦3225 │阆6747│叻6323│塄6008│力3306 │砺7734│脸3319│两3329││蓝3226 │锒7922│嘞6447│愣6722│璃3307 │砬7739│链3320│辆3330││阑3227 │稂7992│泐6778│ li│哩3308 │硌7749│恋3321│量3331││兰3228 │螂8275│鳓8706│犁0032│列3348 │詈7826│炼3322│晾3332││澜3229 │踉8552│lei│犛0051│泣3892 │罹7830│练3323│亮3333││谰3230 │lao│礌2000│犡0056│位4627 │铄7869│零3367│谅3334│。
Structural design optimization of wind turbine towers
Structural design optimization of wind turbine towersHani M.Negm a,Karam Y.Maalawi b,*a Aerospace Engineering Department,Cairo University,Cairo,Egyptb Mechanical Engineering Department,National Research Center,Cairo,EgyptReceived22May1998;accepted18February1999AbstractThis paper describes several optimization models for the design of a typical wind turbine tower structure.The main tower body is considered to be built from uniform segments where the e ective design variables are chosen to be the cross-sectional area,radius of gyration and height of each segment.The nacelle/rotor combination is regarded as a rigid non-rotating mass attached at the top of the tower.Five optimization strategies are developed and tested.The last one concerning reduction of vibration level by direct maximization of the system natural frequencies works very well and has shown excellent results for both tower alone and the combined tower/rotor model.Extensive computer experimentation has shown that global optimality is attainable from the proposed discretized model and a new mathematical concept is given for the exact placement of the system frequencies.The normal mode method is applied to obtain forced response for di erent types of excitations.The optimization problem is formulated as a nonlinear mathematical programming problem solved by the interior penalty function technique.Finally,the model is applied to the design of a100-kW horizontal axis wind turbine(ERDA-NASA MOD-0).It has succeeded in arriving at the optimum solutions showing signi®cant improvements in the overall system performance as compared with a reference or baseline design.#2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Renewable energy;Wind turbine;Vibration;Tower structures;Dynamics;Optimization1.IntroductionMany wind energy research and development pro-grams have been initiated since the1973oil crisis,and di erent con®gurations of wind turbines have been installed in many countries.These clean energy sources can make a substantial and economically competitive contribution to the future energy needs.Concerning system design optimization,most of the published research work has mainly been focused on power-out-put economics and cost optimization[1,2].Little may be found that deals with the problem of structural de-sign optimization.It is the main intent of the present study to consider the basic aspects of design optimiz-ation of the combined tower/rotor structure of a wind turbine.A good survey of the various theories and nu-merical methods of structural design optimization can be found in Refs.[3,4]which are usually classi®ed into two groups:the mathematical programming approach, and the optimality criteria approach.The latter was employed by Takewaki[5]who considered optimiz-ation of a concrete tower structure with round tubular cross section.An approximate concept was applied for ®nding the optimal bending sti ness distribution which minimizes the total structural weight for a speci®edComputers and Structures74(2000)649±6660045-7949/00/$-see front matter#2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved. PII:S0045-7949(99)00079-/locate/compstruc*Corresponding author.fundamental natural ter on,Takewaki solved the same problem taking into consideration the ¯exibility e ect of the tower base connection[6].He used®nite element method and a piecewise-linear func-tion to approximate the sti ness distribution along the tower height.In the present paper,several optimization strategies for the design of a wind turbine tower are developed and tested,and di erent forms of the objective func-tion are examined.The tower is considered to be built from uniform round tubular segments(modules), where the e ective design variables are the cross-sec-tional area,radius of gyration and height of each seg-ment.Isolated tower dynamics including the complete kinematical analysis and formulation of the applied loads are treated in detail.A simpli®ed set of the gov-erning dynamical equations of motion is given in an appropriate non-dimensional form,and an exact method for the determination of the dynamic charac-teristics and forced response is presented.The®nal model formulation identi®es the optimum values of the design variables which make the tower structure ful®l its design objectives in the best possible manner while satisfying all design constraints.The problem is formu-lated as a nonlinear mathematical programming pro-blem.Optimum design solutions are obtained by the interior penalty function method coupled with Powell's multi-dimensional and quadratic-interpolation one-dimensional search techniques.Implementation of the®nal model form to an exist-ing wind turbine;the ERDA-NASA MOD-0machine, is given and the optimum design trends are examined and discussed.It is demonstrated that global optimal-ity can be attained from the proposed discretized models,and exact placement of the tower frequencies is also achievable.2.Optimization problem formulationIn formulating an optimization problem,three prin-cipal phases must be considered:.De®nition and measure of the system design objec-tives..Selection of the design variables and preassigned parameters..De®nition of the design constraints.2.1.Basic assumptions.The basic structural model of the tower is rep-resented by an equivalent long,slender cantilever beam built from segments(modules)having di erent but uniform cross-sectional properties.The tower iscantilevered to the ground,and is carrying a concen-trated mass at its free end approximating the inertia properties of the nacelle/rotor unit.This mass is assumed to be rigidly attached to the tower top..Material of construction is linearly elastic,isotropic and homogeneous.The tower has a thin-walled cir-cular cross-section..The Euler±Bernoulli beam theory is used for predict-ing de¯ections.Secondary e ects such as axial and shear deformations,and rotary inertia are neglected. .Distributed aerodynamic loads are restricted to pro-®le drag forces.A two-dimensional(2D)steady¯ow model is assumed..Nonstructural mass will not be optimized in the de-sign process.Its distribution along the tower height will be taken equal to some fraction of the structural mass distribution..Structural analysis is con®ned only to the case of ¯apping motion(i.e.bending perpendicular to the plane of rotor disk).2.2.Tower design objectivesA wind turbine tower is the main structure which supports rotor,power transmission and control sys-tems,and elevates the rotating blades above the earth boundary layer.A successful structural design of the tower should ensure e cient,safe and economic design of the whole wind turbine system.It should provide easy access for maintenance of the rotor components and sub-components,and easy transportation and erection.Good designs ought to incorporate aesthetic features of the overall machine shape.In fact,there are no simple criteria for measuring the above set of objectives.However,it should be recognized that the success of tower structural design is judged by the extent to which the wind turbine main function is achieved.The di erent optimization strat-egies considered herein are discussed below.2.2.1.Light weight designA minimum weight structural design is of para-mount importance for successful and economic oper-ation of a wind turbine.The reduction in structural weight is advantageous from the production and cost points of view.For a tower composed of N s segments the weight(mass)function,to be minimized,can be expressed in the non-dimensional formminimize;MN sk 1D k t k H k 1For the de®nition of the various parameters,refer to Table1and Table2H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi/Computers and Structures74(2000)649±666 6502.2.2.High sti nessThe main tower structure must possess an adequate sti ness level.Maximization of the sti ness is essential to enhance the overall structural stability and decrease the possibility of fatigue failure.For a cantilevered tower,sti ness can reasonably be measured by the magnitude of a horizontal force applied at the free end and producing a maximum de¯ection of unity.This can be expressed mathematically as in Ref.[7]:maximize ;S 1aN s k 1H k I k1À x k 1 x k 13x 2k 1 x k x k 1 x 2k!22.2.3.High (sti ness/mass)-ratioPerhaps,maximization of the sti ness-to-mass ratio,which is directly related to the physical realities of the design,is a better and more straight forward designcriterion than maximization of the sti ness alone orminimization of the structural mass alone.The related mathematical expression can be obtained by dividing Eq.(2)by Eq.(1).2.2.4.Design for minimum vibrationMinimization of the overall vibration level is one of the most cost-e ective solutions for a successful wind turbine design.It fosters other important design goals,such as long fatigue life,high stability and low noise level.Two di erent criteria for measuring vibration reduction are stated in the following sections [7].2.2.4.1.Frequency-placement criterion.Reduction of vi-bration can be achieved by separating the natural fre-quencies of the structure from the exciting frequencies to avoid large amplitudes caused by resonance [8].This may be measured by minimizing the performance indexTable 1De®nition of reference beam parameters ParameterNotation DescriptionHeight H 0Tower reference heightDiameter D 0Mean value of the inner and outer diameters Thicknesst 0Wall thickness Cross-sectional area (structurally e ective)A 0A 0 p D 0t 0Second moment of inertia of the cross section I 0I 0 p D 30t 0a 8X 0Radius of gyration r 0I 0a A 0p D 0a 2 2p Mass densityr 0 r TNon-structural mass per unit length m ns 0Not structurally e ective in carrying stresses (e.g.stairs)Structural mass/length m s 0r 0A 0Mass/unit length m 0 m s 0 m ns 0Young's modulusEE TH.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±666651miniW fi Ào i Ào ÃiÁ23where W fi are weighting factors,o i are the actual fre-quencies and o Ãi are the corresponding desired (target)values chosen to be within close ranges (called fre-quency-windows)of those of a reference or baseline tower design,which are well separated from the critical exciting frequencies.2.2.4.2.Maximum frequency criterion.Another alterna-tive for reducing vibrations is the direct maximization of the system natural frequencies.Higher natural fre-quencies are favorable for reducing both of the steady-state and transient responses of the tower.Szyszkowski [9]considered maximization of the fundamental fre-quency for given structural weight via a multi-modal optimality criterion.Another work dealing with opti-mum shapes of beams for maximum fundamental fre-quency has been studied by Masad [10],who presented an e cient numerical method for computing the rate of change of the associated eigenvalues.The presentwork considers a di erent optimization strategy by maximizing a weighted-sum of the system natural fre-quencies.This is described mathematically by the fol-lowing linear composite form of the objective function [7]:maxiW fi G bi4where G bio i p are the non-dimensional frequency parameters of bending vibrations (Eq.(14)).2.3.The preassigned parametersThe following tower variables will be given preas-signed ®xed values in order to decrease the dimension-ality of the optimization problem:1.tubular single-pole con®guration2.total height,H3.type of cross section is thin-walled hollow circular cross section4.material of construction is chosen to be steelTable 2De®nition of non-dimensional quantities a QuantityNotation Non-dimensional multiplier factor Spatial coordinates (X ,Y ,Z )Height HH 0De¯ections (U ,V ,W )Timetm 0H 40 a EI 0 q Spatial derivatives d ad X ,x 1a H 0Time derivativesd ad t ,t EI 0 a m 0H 40 q Elastic rotationsj x ,j y ,j z 1.0Cross-sectional properties of the k th segment Diameter D k D 0Thickness t k t 0AreaA k A 0Area moment of inertia I k I 0Mass/unit lengthm k m 0Mass moment of inertia/unit length I mm 0H 20Total mass M ,M R m 0H 0Mass densityr m 0a H 20Mass moment of inertia I M ,I R m 0H 30Concentrated forces F x ,F y ,F z EI 0a H 20Concentrated moments M x ,M y ,M z EI 0a H 0Distributed forces P x ,P y ,P z EI 0a H 30Distributed moments q x ,q y ,q z EI 0a H 20Acceleration of gravity g EI 0 a m 0H 30 Natural frequency o EI 0 a m 0H 40 q Damping factorg zm 0 EI 0 a m 0H 40q aE.g.Dim.(F z )=Non-dim.(F z )Â(EI 0/H 02)or F z 3F z Â(EI 0/H 02).H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±6666522.4.Design variablesThe design variables which are subject to change in the optimization process are chosen to be the radius of gyration,cross-sectional area and height of each module composing the main tower structure.For a round thin-walled tubular con-®guration,these correspond to the mean diameter, wall-thickness and height of each module.In other words,the design-variable vector Xd is de®ned asXd ÈD1,t1,H1 , D2,t2,H2 ,F F F, D k,t k,H k ,F F FÉ,k 1,2,F F F,N s5 which is of order 3N sÂ1).2.5.Design constraintsFor the present model formulation,design con-straints are stated in the following section.2.5.1.Behavioral constraintsStrength requirementss e,ks alÀ1X0 0X0,k 1,2,F F F,N s 6 Maximum de¯ectionW maxW alÀ1X0 0X0 7 Resonance avoidance1X0ÀD i o ioÃi1X0 D i8Mass limitationM a M al À1X0 0X0 9 The various parameters and symbols of the above inequalities are de®ned in the following:s e,k maximum e ective axial stress within the k th modules al allowable tensile or compressive stressW max maximum tip de¯ectionW al an allowable value of de¯ectionoÃi target(or desired)frequencies that are well separated from the exciting onesD i allowable tolerances of frequenciesM al allowable upper limiting value of the structural massRegarding buckling stresses,the present simpli®ed analysis only imposes lower bounds on the wall thick-nesses along the tower height in order to avoid local instability.2.5.2.Side constraintsD kl D k D ku 10a t kl t k t ku,k 1,2,F F F,N s 10bwhere D kl and D ku are the lower and upper limiting values of the k th diameter respectively,and t kl is the lower bounding value determined either from the mini-mum available sheet thicknesses or from considerations of local wall instability.The upper limiting value t ku is imposed in order that the thickness t k may not violate the assumption of thin-walled tubular con®guration (e.g.t ku 0X1D k).The total tower height is assumed to be equal to that of a reference design,i.e.,H k 1X In addition,the non-negativity constraints H k r0must also be included to avoid having unrealistic negative heights.2.6.Choice of the®nal model form:functional behavior of the objective functionPerhaps the most important part of the mathemat-ical model is the objective function.Care must be exer-cised in constructing such a function because the design recommended by the model will directly depend on its form.In this section,we shall attempt to test the di erent alternatives of the objective function through comprehensive computer implementation.2.6.1.Mass and sti ness optimization analysisUsing Eqs.1and2,the level curves of the mass, sti ness and sti ness-to-mass ratio can be generated and plotted.Fig.1shows those of the sti ness/mass ratio of a two-segment cantilever model.In order to minimize the mass alone below its reference value of one the sti ness is substantially degraded as it sinks to its lowest levels.The opposite trend is true,in order to raise the sti ness level above the reference value of3.0, unacceptable high values for the mass can be reached and,hence,unrealistic cost of fabrication and pro-duction.Examining the well-behaved sti ness/mass function,it is seen that the middle region of the design space encompasses the global optimum solutions where balanced improvement in both mass and sti ness is attained.Several other con®gurations including two, three and four segments have been implemented and tested.It has been con®rmed that maximization of the sti ness-to-mass ratio is a much better and straight forward measure of the system performance.Minimiz-ation of the mass alone or maximization of sti ness alone requires imposition of lower limits on sti ness orH.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi/Computers and Structures74(2000)649±666653upper limits on mass,respectively.The choice of the values of such limits is not easy.2.6.2.Exact frequency optimization analysisVibration reduction may be achieved either by sep-arating the natural frequencies from the exciting ones or by directly maximizing these frequencies.Whatever is the approach taken,it is useful to begin with study-ing the behavior of the system natural frequencies and see how they are changed with the selected design vari-ables.2.6.2.1.Frequency behavior of tower alone:new math-ematical concept.Consider the simplest case of a uni-form one-segment cantilever beam with non-dimensional height H 1and radius of gyration r 1.The associated transcendental equation of bending frequen-cies can be shown to have the form cos G b H 1 r 1p cosh G b H 1r 1p À111Fig.2shows variation of the fundamental frequencyparameter G b 1o 1p with r 1 D 1and H 1 1for the round thin-walled tubular con®guration.The mass-to-thickness ratio,M a t 1,is also shown in the ®gure.It is seen that both of the frequency and mass functions arewell behaved and continuous in the variable D 1.Nowit is possible to choose prescribed values for G bi and either one of the variables r 1 D 1 or H 1and solve for the remaining variable.Extensive computer analy-sis for numerical frequency solutions has proved the validity of such a mathematical concept.It is thus possible to freely place the natural frequencies at any desired values,but of course within prescribed mass limitations.This useful conclusion has been con®rmed by consideration of tower models built of more than one segment [7].Typical results showing the associated mass and frequency isomert curves are depicted in Fig.3and Fig.4.2.6.2.2.Frequency optimization of the combined tower/rotor structure.Two major factors should be included when considering frequency analysis of a wind turbine tower [11].The ®rst factor is the tip mass approximat-ing the inertia and mass properties of the nacelle/rotor unit at the top of the tower.The computed results for a selected case is shown in Fig.5.It is remarked that the frequency behaves in a manner di erent from that of the case of the tower alone because the tip mass has considerable contribution to the total system mass.The second factor is the axial compressive gravity forces which may destabilize the tower in case of large wind generator systems.Fig.6shows variation oftheFig.1.Sti ness/mass isomert curves for a two-segment tower model (H 1=H 2=0.5,D 1=t 1=1.0).H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±666654fundamental frequency with the non-dimensional grav-ity parameter,g ,for di erent values of the tip mass,M R X Variation of slenderness ratio,H 0a r 0,is also shown in the ®gure for di erent tower heights.It is seen that a quick reduction in the frequency occurs when the axial compressive stress becomes close to the critical buckling stress of the tower.The calculated nu-merical values of the corresponding critical gravity fac-tor,g cr ,are approximately equal to 1.1,2.0,3.35,and 7.8for M R 2X 0,1.0,0.5,and 0.0,respectively.2.6.3.Final model formDi erent formulations of the optimization model have been tested on the computer using the actual data of the ERDA-NASA-MOD-0wind turbine [7].It was found that the most signi®cant and promising optimiz-ation strategy is the direct maximization of the system natural frequencies (Eq.(4)).Frequency-windows con-straints (Eq.(8))were discarded from the model for-mulation because of the di culty in ®nding a feasible starting point in the selected design space.If it hap-pened that one of the critical forcing frequencies were close to any one of the natural frequencies of the opti-mized tower structure,another value for the natural frequency can be chosen near its optimum value and the associated eigenvalue problem is resolved for any one of the design variables instead.This is one of theadvantages of the present mathematical formulation.In addition,computer experimentation has shown that minimization of the frequency-placement index of Eq.(3)results in a more time consuming optimization pro-cess and a slow rate of convergence towards the opti-mum solution.Besides,the attained optimum solutions were found to be strongly dependent on the chosen values of the target frequencies,which are rather arbi-trarily chosen.Finally,it was decided to discard the constraints on the module's diameters because it was found that optimization favors increasing diameters for maximizing frequencies.2.6.4.Determination of the weighting factorsThere are many procedures reported in the literature that help extract the values of the weighting factors,W fi of Eq.(4).For instance,one may give the funda-mental frequency the largest weight,while ignoring the importance of other higher frequencies.A more reliable procedure of adjusting the values of W fi is given in Ref.[7]which is summarized as follows:.Initialize W fi by the reciprocal of the values of the frequencies of a reference uniform tower,W fi 1a G bi reference.Normalize the resulting values by dividing eachoneFig.2.Variation of frequency and mass with cross-sectional diameter (case of uniform one-segment model).H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±666655Fig.3.Mass and frequency level curves of two-segment towers.(a)G b1-contours,height vs diameter (D 1=1,t 1=1,t 2=0.5).(b)Mass contours,height vs diameter (D 1=1,t 1=1,t 2=0.5).(c)G b2-contours,thickness vs height (D 1=1,D 2=0.5,t 1=1).H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±666656by their sum in order to make the ®nal sum equal to one,i.e.W fi 3W fi aW fi Therefore,the ®nal appropriate values of the weight-ing factors are given as:*Tower alone:61.0,24.4,and 14.6%.*Combined tower/rotor:61.2,23.6,and 15.2%.3.Tower analysisThis section describes brie¯y the method of analysis of the bending motion of an isolated tower/rotor struc-tural model.Fig.7shows the intermediate coordinates and degrees of freedom required to de®ne motion.The associated transformation matrices and the complete kinematical analyses can be found in reference [7]where the more general case of bending-bending-tor-sional motion is given in detail.Distributed-load vec-tors along tower height are expressed in the undeformed inertial coordinate system x ,y ,z and include aerodynamic,inertial,gravitational as well asdamping contributions.The ®nal approximate govern-ing partial di erential equation for the bending displa-cement W is cast in the following non-dimensional form:IW xx xx À F x W x x ÀP z 012which must be satis®ed over the tower height,i.e.0 x 1X The non-dimensional equivalent distributed load P z can be calculated from [7]:P z Àm T w tt Àg z w t P aero F ZNB d x À1M YNB Z x À1 13where the concentrated tip force F ZNB and moment M YNB transmitted from the N B -rotating blades are transformed to distributed loads by the use of the Dirac-delta,d ,and the unit doublet,Z ,functions.The distributed aerodynamic force is given by [12]P aero 4r air V 20DC D x2a xH 0a D 0 f t 14where f t is a time-dependent function accounts for the dynamic and gusty nature of the wind,a x is called the wind shear exponent,C D is the drag coe cientandFig.3(continued )H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±666657V 0is the wind speed at hub height H 0non-dimensio-nalized by the termE a r T p X The associated boundary conditions are:At x =0(cantilevered end)W 0andW x 0XAt x =1(free end)ÀIW xx x F x W x M R W tt 0 ÀIW xx ÀI R W x tt 0153.1.Natural vibration analysis:the eigenvalue problem The ®rst step in the solution procedure is the deter-mination of the free natural vibration characteristicsby removing all of the forcing functions and consider-ing only the homogeneous equation.The resulting eigenvalue problem is described by the 4th order ordin-ary di erential equation:g HHHH i "x ÀÀf xk g H i "x ÁHÀo 2k g i "x0 16 which must be satis®ed over any module (k )extendingfrom x x k to x x k 1or 0 "xH k ,where "x x Àx k is a local coordinate system.f xk is a non-dimen-sional quantity representing compressive force due to gravity and is given byf xkg k Âx Àf k 0Ã,f k 01A k2M RN s i kA i H i 3,g k g a r 2kand o k o i a r k17o i and g i are the non-dimensional eigenvalues (naturalfrequencies)and eigenfunctions (mode shapes),respect-ively.For thin-hollow circular cross section,the non-dimensional properties are:A k D k t k ,I k D 3k t k ,andr k D k X18The above di erential equation has been shown tohave an exact solution by the method of Frobenius in which the spatial functions g i x is represented by a four-term power series[7]:Fig.4.Fundamental frequency for towers built of four segments.H.M.Negm,K.Y.Maalawi /Computers and Structures 74(2000)649±666658g i x4n 1C n l n x ,l n xI m na nm x m À1,m r n19where l n are four linearly independent solutions anda nm are the unknown coe cients given bya nm Àg k f k 0a n ,m À2 m À1 m À2g k m À4 a n ,m À3m À1 m À2 m À3o 2k a n ,m À4m À1 m À2 m À3 m À4m r n20Fig.5.Fundamental frequency and mass isomert curves for the combined tower/rotor structural models.(a)One-segment model.(b)Three-segment model.Since an exact solution is available for one uniform segment,then a non-uniform tower structure built from N s -uniform segments must have an exact solution for its natural frequencies and mode shapes.The trans-fer matrix method has been found to be suitable for the present discretized model formulation.Application of the associated boundary conditions and consider-ation of the non-trivial solution yields the following exact frequency equation:a 1o 4ia 2o 2ia 3 021where the coe cients a i are de®ned as a 1 I R M R T 23T 14ÀT 24T 13 ,a 2 I R T 24T 43ÀT 23T 44 M R T 34T 13ÀT 33T 14 ,a 3 T 33T 44ÀT 34T 4322T ij are the elements of an overall transfer matrix formed by taking the products of all the intermediate transfer matrices of the di erent segments.Detailed derivations can be found in Ref.[7].Once the natural frequencies o i ,i 1,2,F F F ,N ,have been determined,the associated mode shapes g i x can be obtained from Eqs.(19)and (20).3.2.Forced responseApplication of the normal mode method to the gov-erning equation of motion and the associated bound-ary conditions (Eq.(12))results in N -independent setof uncoupled di erential equations of the form x i t 2Z i o i x i t o 2i x i t Q i a M i ,i 1,2,F F F ,N23where Q i is called the i th generalized load given by Q i t1g i x P aero x ,t d x g i 1 F ZNBÀg H i 1 M YNB24Assuming zero initial conditions,the response is givenby:x i t 1a M i o id tQ i t exp ÂÀZ i o i t ÀtÃÂsin o id t Àt d t X 25where o id o i1ÀZ 2i p is the i th damped natural fre-quency and M i is the i th generalized mass de®ned as:M i1m T g 2i d x M R g 2i 1 I R g H i 2 1263.3.Internal loads and stress analysisAfter the response has been found,displacements,Fig.6.Variation of fundamental frequency with gravity (case of one-segment tower with tip mass).。
一、拼音基础---客语拼音符对照号表
出去（cutˋ hi） 出來（cutˋ loiˇ） 入來（ngip 入去（ngip
ˇ
oi ） hi）
ˇ
个（ngai ge） 若个（ngiaˊge） 厥个（giaˊge） 拿等（naˊ denˋ） 拿好（naˊ hoˋ） 帶等（dai 戴等（dai 事情（sii denˋ） denˋ） cinˇ）
熱
生
熟
多
少
早
暗
醒
睡
honˇ
華：寒冷
ngiet
熱
sangˊ
生冷
suk
煮熟
doˊ
多
seuˋ
少
zoˋ
早
am
晚上
siangˋ
醒
soi
睡
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
6
客： 食
嚐
咬
含
敨
講
聽
看
問
鼻
siit
華： 吃
songˇ ngauˇ
嚐 咬
hemˇ teuˋ
注音符號 客語拼音
ㄇ
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兀
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m
n
ng
v
馬、毛、拿、奶、你、灣、碗 (四)、中古語音的六個韻尾，用在入聲韻尾（塞音韻尾） 注音符號
ㄇ
ㄋ
兀
ㄅ
ㄉ
ㄍ
客語拼音
m
n
ng
p
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甜、鹹、運、雲、公、鴨、十、食、力、石、伯
1
(五)客語音標快速記憶法
ㄣ ㄢ ㄞ ㄠ ㄤ ㄥ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄚ ㄧㄠ ㄧㄛ ㄧㄨ ㄧㄇ ㄧㄝ ㄛㄧ
n an ai au ang ong in ia iau io iu im ie oi
泉州话入门教程
ua活抹杀 ue狭八截 ui挖刮血 iao嚼
m默
n物呛
ã凹合 膜
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ĩ镊闪
ãi嗐遗憾
iã赢背（孩子） iũ□心动
ão嗷
uĩ蜢
ião蛲
uãi扌弯使劲晃门
（三）声调 7 个
调类
阴平
1
调值（五度标记法） 33
阳平 2 24
阴上 阳上
3
4
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去声 5 41
阴入 6
“扰”）；没有撮口呼韵母ü，单韵母 ü 通常读作 （如“女”、“驴”），韵头ü通常读作韵头 u （如
“捐”、“选”）；有 -m、-n、-n 三个鼻音韵尾和-b、-d、-、- 四个塞音韵尾；声调一般有 7 个，
上声分阴阳，完整保留着古代的入声；有复杂的文白异读现象，文读和白读各成系统。词汇上的主 要特点是保存了不少古语词，如：汝（你）、伊（他）、箸（筷子）、鼎（锅）、走（跑）、食（吃）、 历日（日历）、鸡母（母鸡）、人客（客人）等。
赵 dio22
吕 l22
范 huan22 项 han22 鲍 bao22 解 hai22
戴 d41
宋 sn41
魏ui41
郑 dĩ41
谢 sia41 赖 lua41 傅 b41
郭5
葛ad5
戚 cia5
卓 do5
薛 si5 聂 liab5 屈 kud5
岳a24 陆 li24
叶 iab24
白 pe24
、、 和 表示；
3.泉州话中有较多的鼻化韵，《汉语拼音方案》没有相应的符号，故借用国际音标 “ ”表示（一
般加在主要元音上）。
4.泉州话的声调采用五度标记法，在音节的右上角用数字注明调值，轻声以 0 表示。为直观起
海尔电器智能洗衣机指南说明书
50 ml
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15 ml
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Programmes
The programme data has been measured in the laboratory according to European standard EN 60436. The consumption figures depend on the programme and additional function selected. The runtime will change if the rinse aid system is switched off or rinse aid needs to be added.
Water tap is turned off. ▶ Turn on the water tap.
Water tap is jammed or furred up. ▶ Turn on the water tap.
The flow rate must be at least 10 l/min when the water supply is open.
en Before using for the first time, read the instruction manual and the safety information it contains.
Quick reference guide Dishwasher
Setting up Home Connect
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UNLV电话用户指南说明书
TELEPHONE USERGUIDEM2008 M2616M3904 (Discontinued) Page 7 Page 10Page 13IP 7945 IP 7965Co88888rPage 16 page 16 Cortelco 8150 2500 SetPage 4 Page 4 The instruments above are the most common currently in service at UNLV. The instructions for each type of phone is included here separately, while they may have similar functionality, they will be addressed individually.FOR MORE INFORMATION:Website: /Address: 7HOHFRP#XQOY HGXPhone: 54146TELEPHONEOPERATIONScreen - An LCD screen displays the name of callers, time and date, located on the top of the phones M2616 and M2008; it is located in the middle portion on the M3904 telephones; on the IP phones the LCD screen is located in middle top portion of the telephoneMessage waiting Lamp – A solid red light indicates voicemail is waiting A triangle on right side of phones M2616- M2008 is where this indicator will appear; the message indication is on the top of the LCD screen on the M3904 and on the handset of the IP phones.Release Button - disconnects a call/caller. This button is located on the left –top portion of telephone – red-orange button marked “rls” – “R”. On the M3904 this button is marked goodbye. On the IP phones this is a softkey that is marked end call or cancel.Hold Button - places conversation on hold momentarily. Press again to resume conversation. It is gray button –left side –above key pad – M2008 and M2616 and the black button on M3904 above key page. The IP phone This function is a softkey located at the bottom of the LCD screenFeature keys - Telephone Lines –These keys require programming and they perform a specific task, i.e. forward, transfer, etc. These keys are located along the on the right side of telephone on the M2008 – rectangle keys; they are located on the left and right sides of the LCD stripe on the M2616. You will press the button to engage the features. On the IP phones the softkeys that activate features are located at the bottom portion of the LCD screen.M icrophones – are located at bottom of phone – M2616 and M2008 and on the left side with green button on the M3094. The IP phones microphone is located beneath the handset.Speakers - used to speak to carry on a two-way conversation with caller. On the 2008 and the M2616 this speaker is located beneath the LCD display; on the M3904 the speaker is located beneath the handset on the left side of the phone. On the IP phones the speaker is located beneath the handsetV olume Bar - used to set high or low volume for the handset and speaker for the phone; located at bottom of key pad M2008 and 2616;This bar on the M3904 is located below the key pad on left side of phone.The IP phone volume bar is located on the right side of the phone under the settings keysMain Ext Key/Primary Line – used to place/receive calls. This key is located on the bottom right side of phone on the M2008 and M2616; this is the green key on the right side of the phone on the M3904… The IP phones primary line number is located on the top right side of phone marked by gray round buttons.(2) 500 setIf this is your telephone, it is an a nalog telephone or set .This is a single line phone. Many features available on your phone, but they must be accessed by key combinations. Not all features are available on all phones.Placing and answering calls∙ lift handset∙Enter the 5 digit number (to reach a person on campus)∙To reach an off campus number, dial 8, then the AREA CODE, if long distance, and seven digit number of that person/business. Disconnecting a call∙ replace the handset in the cradle. Please note that it may take several seconds for the call to disconnect properly. If you try to pick up the lineagain too quickly, you may hear the call stilling continuing or receive anannouncement “to try your call again.” This means that you need to allow more time for disconnection.Ringer volumeThe ringer volume is located on the bottom of the telephone. Ranges are from SOFT to LOUD._______________________________________________________ Single line phone instructions continued:FEATURESCall ForwardingLift the handset and press *3 followed by the number where calls are to be forwarded (i.e. 59999)Hand upTo Remove Call ForwardingLift handset and press #3Hang up, orPlace a callCall TransferPress switch hook (flash) *1When you hear a dial tone, dial the extension numberAnnounce call to transfer destinationHang up handsetCall BackTo leave a callbac k if the extension is busyWhile listening to a busy signal or a Call Waiting tonePress *7Listen for toneHang up handsetWhen the called extension is no longer busy, you will hear 3 short ringsLift the handset; call is automatically placed to the called partyTo leave a callback if there is no answerWhile listening to the ring tonePress *7Listen for toneHang up handset________________________________________________________________________ Single line phone instructions continued:Call waitingPress Switch Hook *4Wait for two brief tones, then dial toneDepress the switch hook and this allows incoming call to ring to your extension; remove finger from switch hook to answer callPress switch hook *4 to toggle back and forthVoice MailPick up the handset, if you hear a stutter tone, this indicates that you have a voicemail message.Press 54900 # to go to the voicemail systemKey in your 5 digit extension numberKey in your passwordYou are now in your voice mailbox and you may moveAround in it just as with the digital phonesHang up or press 83 to DISCONNECTM2008Discontinued 2007(but still in use)____________________________________________________________ You have an M2008 instrument if your instrument looks like this. The following instructions will help you maneuver the many features of this instrument. This is an older model and we no longer install this instrument. This telephone has capability of 3 or 4 directory number keys and the remaining keys are used for features such as voicemail, transfer, forward. This instrument has a one-way speaker and can be equipped with a display.How to make a call:Making an outside call: local▪Dial 8 + seven digits phone number▪For long distance call dial 8 + ten digits number▪(include area code)To make a call within the office:▪Dial the 5 digit extension number, or▪Lift the handset and dial the 5 – digit extension numberLast Number Redial:▪Press the directory line number twice (your line)Transfer to another extension:▪Press Transfer button▪Dial the extension or number of person you are trying to reach▪Wait for an answer▪Press transfer again____________________________________________________________ M2008 Instructions continued:∙Still in service, but no longer installed.Conference• Press Conference• Dial the second party’s number (Remember to dial 8 for outside calls) • Press Conference again to add the next party, then press connect to complete etc. (You may conference up to 6 people including yourself.) Forward your calls to another extension• Without lifting the handset, press forward• Dial the extension or number where you want your calls forwarded to • Press DoneTo cancel the forwarding of calls• Press Check forward with the handset down• Press Cancel ForwardTo re-forward to the same extension• With the handset down press forward key twiceProgram KeyThe program key will allow you to make changes to 9 of your phone settings. You access this option by pressing the lever at the bottomof the keypad << >>;Then press the number associated with that optionExamples:• volume• predial recall• screen contrast,• call timer• idle screen, etcMessage∙The message key will connect you directly into the voice mail system, the system will prompt you for a password_____________________________________________________________ 2008 Instructions continuedStill in service, but no longer installedHands free• Press the round, green key to the left side of the phone receiver to activate the hands- free option.AutoDial : To Program• Without lifting the handset, press the AutoDial key• Dial the number to program, remember the 8 if an outside call• Press AutoDial key againAutoDial : To Use• Lift handset or press button for hands-free• Press Autodial keyOther features that may be available upon request are:Auto DialSpeed DialCall WaitCall Pick-upInter-comsM2616M2616 Instructions ContinuedConference• Press Conference• Dial the second party’s number (Remember to dial 8 for outside calls) • Press Conference again to add the next party, then press connect to complete etc. (You may conference up to 6 people including yourself.)Forward your calls to another extension• Without lifting the handset, press Forward• Dial the extension or number where you want your calls forwarded to • Press DoneTo cancel the forwarding of calls• Press Cancel ForwardTo re-forward to the same extension• With the handset down press forward key twiceProgram KeyThe program key will allow you to make changes to 9 of your phone settings. You access this option by pressing the lever at the bottomOf the keypad << >>;Then press the number associate with that optionExamples:• volume• predial recall• screen contrast,• call timer• idle screen, etcMessageThe message key will connect you directly into the voice mail system, the system will prompt you for passwordM2616 Instructions ContinuedHands free• Press the round, green key to the left side of the phone receiver to activate the hands-free option.AutoDial : To Program• Without lifting the handset, press the AutoDial key• enter the number to program, remember the 8 if an outside call• Press AutoDial key againAutoDial : To Use• Lift handset or press button for hands-free• Press Autodial keyOther features that may be available upon request are:Auto DialSpeed DialCall WaitCall Pick-upInter-comM3904The following basic instructions will help you understand the many features of this instrument. This phone has a standard two-way speaker and display, with 30 keys that can be programmed as you like to include features and directory numbers.Nortel 3904 Series Phone InstructionsTo Make A CallTo make an outside call:• Lift the handset or press Hands Free (the button on the very left of the phone) • Dial 8 + and the number you are calling.• For long distance calls dial 8 + 1 followed by area code and phone number • For long distant calls –out of the country – dial 8 + 011 + county code +city code + numberTo make a call within the office:• Lift the handset or press Hands Free• Dial the 5-digit extension of person trying to reachLast Number Redial• Press the line key twice.Transfer to another extension• Press Transfer• Dial the extension or number of the person you are trying to reach• Press ConnectTo Transfer to an outside number• Press Transfer• dial the number you are trying to reach.• Wait for an answer• Press Connect to release the call.M3904 Instructions continuedConference• Press Conference• Dial the second party’s number (Remember to dial 8 for outside calls)• Press Connect• Press Conference again to add the next party, then press Connect to complete etc. (You may conference up to 6 people including yourself.)Forward y our calls to another extension• Without lifting the handset, press Forward• Dial the extension or number where you want your calls forwarded to• Press DoneTo cancel the forwarding of calls• Press Check Forward with the handset down• Press Cancel ForwardTo re-forward to the same extension• With the handset down press Forward key• Press DoneRing Again• Ring again is similar to busy redial. If you are trying to call someone in the office and the line is busy, press ring again and it will continue to dial the number. Headset• Plug in your headset, then press the Headset key to activate this option.M3904 Instructions continuedOptionsThe options key will allow you to make changes to 18 of your phone settings. Examples:• language,• key label,• screen contrast,• volume adjustment,• ring type,• call log options, etc.MessageThe message key will connect you directly into the voice mail systemDirectory/LogADD content to your phone such as names, etc.Hands free• Press the round, green key to the left side of the phone receiver to activate the hands free option.AutoDial : To Program• Without lifting the handset, press the AutoDial key• Dial the number to program, remember the 8 if an outside call• Press AutoDial key againAutoDial : To Use• Lift handset or press button for hands-free• Press Autodial keyIP 7945 IP 7965If your phone looks like either of the ones above, they are Cisco IP phones. IP phones are being installed in new buildings and in the future will be installed in other campus locations.Each phone is very similar they differ in that the smaller instrument, now comes equipped with a large back lit color display. The only other significant change is in the screen and minor cosmetic differences.The Cisco 7945 telephone has two direct inward dial lines. With a two way speaker that is standard along with a color back-lit monitor.The larger model IP phone, has four direct inward lines. It also contains a two-way speaker and a large back lit color monitor display, that is standard. It differs from the older version in that it now contains clearer audio and improved navigation.CALL PILOT Voice Mail for MERIDIAN PHONES∙Press 1 TO PLAY beginning of current message∙Press 2 TO REPEAT play of current message∙Press 3 TO SKIP FORWARD∙Press 4 TO play previous message∙Press 5 TO RECORD A MESSAGE∙Press 6 TO play next message∙Press 7 LIST OF MSG. commands∙Press 8 LIST OF MAILBOX commands∙Press 9 TO Call sender∙Press * FOR HELP∙Press # TO STOP PLAY OF mailbox∙Press 71 TO reply to message∙Press 73 TO FORWARD message∙Press 75 TO compose a message∙Press 76 TO DELETE each message∙Press 79 TO SEND/delivers message in the mailbox∙Press 5 to record - this must be done or they will notreceive your message.∙Press 83 TO DISCONNECT FROM THE VOICEMAILSYSTEMCISCO UNITY Voice Mail for IP Phones Use these Key while listening toA message1=restart message2=save3=delete5=change volume7= rewind, small8=pause or resume9=fast-forward to endUse these keys after listening toA message1=replay message2= save3=delete4=replay5=forward message6=save as unheard7=rewind, smallsummarymessage9=play。
全部音节码
咖啡#XBGA:XBUE#
大卡#DA:XBGA#
哈气#XGA:XGI#
哈哈#XGA:XGA#
剥夺#BO:DO#
批驳#BGI:BO#
泼墨#BGO:XBO#
击破#GI:BGO#
抹煞#XBO:XZA#
寂寞#GI:XBO#
佛门#XBUO:XBN#
是佛#XZ:XBUO#
余额#IU:E#
甚至#XZN:Z#
怎的#DZN:D#
折合#ZE:XG#
记者#GI:ZE#
撤离#BZE:XDI#
出车#BZU:BZE#
舍弃#XZE:XGI#
取舍#XGIU:XZE#
惹事#XBZE:XZ#
炽热#BZ:XBZE#
责任#DZE:XBZN#
斥责#BZ:DZE#
侧目#BDZE:XB#
兜捕#DEO:B#
搏斗#BO:DEO#
偷盗#BDEO:DAO#
摸透#XBO:BDEO#
陋习#XDEO:XI#
走漏#DZEO:XDEO#
周密#ZEO:XBI#
非洲#XBUE:ZEO#
仇杀#BZEO:XZA#
报酬#BAO:BZEO#
收购#XZEO:GEO#
出售#BZU:XZEO#
蛮横#XBNA:XGNE#
自满#DZ:XBNA#
凡是#XBUNA:XZ#
超凡#BZAO:XBUNA#
担任#DNA:XBZN#
负担#XBU:DNA#
贪污#BDNA:U#
漫步#XBNA:B#
难办#XBDNA:BNA#
河南#XG:XBDNA#
H1系列功能卡说明书
NO.2 主回路和功能卡11 标准技术规格.13H1系列规格.NO.1 产品介绍NO.4 键盘说明产品机型（H1系列）定制机型号S/T:单相/三相 2/4:220/380V功率:kW前三位:小数点前后一位:小数点后例:0007:0.75kWB:内置制动单元 X:无制动动单元T:内置STO电路 X:无STO电路H1 00 S2 0007 B T 00:无内置电抗器内置直流电抗器1:2:内置交流电抗器3:内置直流、交流电抗器12H1系列命名方式.ENT ER NH1系列结构尺寸表W(宽)H(高)D(深)尺寸(mm)框架号A B d17012467.3158585F119413385184597F22371471122235126F32981601542836168F43551771833386198F54.1 键盘外观及按键说明图4-1H1 系列键盘DHWABd序号结构功能说明123ENT ER56791011N48编程模式下，数值变更非编程模式下，递增递减(UP/DOWN)选择键见参数P01.63,P02.03,P02.04键显示编程/退出键状态显示界面为状态切换键；其他界面为左移位键预留键运行键电位器:见参数P01.63确认键停止/复位键客户定制键指示灯功能说明RUNREVREMALMM亮/闪亮亮亮亮正在运行/减速正在反转远程启停故障指示客户定制指示,默认报警指示4.2 指示灯功能说明4.3 显示项目说明监控项显示项目说明输出频率输出电流输出电压直流母线电压显示值1(由P01.68选择)显示值2(由P01.69选择)当前报警当前故障NO.5 功能·参数简表0:正常操作1:参数初始化,初始化除P01.XX之外参数通常情况,请使用模式1初始化2:初始化全部参数0:键盘1:多段速2:AI13:AI25:通信-1020.000Hz~1020.000Hz解释：电机运行频率上限0~11111111个位:S1十位:S2百位:S3千...* P00.15:多段速来源，选择相应外部端子，多段速0~7参见P00.16~P00.23。
拼音码
药有限公司(原广西
林霉素粉
医药有限公司)
第1/1页每页10条共3条
说明:先选中需要操作的明细,然后再进行相应的操作1标识蓝色三角形表示该药品通过一致性评价。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
位
医药有限公司针)
公司)广西柳州片剂(
苏恒瑞医股份有限
无厄贝沙
坦片薄膜尤0.15
20
4.43
7盒药股份有限(原广西 g衣片
公司医药有限
公司)注射
广西柳州注射用剂(
瓶武汉普生制股份有限6.867.00盐酸克冻干0.15
拼音码
拼音码
生产企
项目:(全部)
序号数量采购价采购限价通用名剂型材质规格包装单位生产企业配送企
注射
石药集团中广西柳州
注射用剂溶
20
股份有限
支诸药业(石
120
465无苄星青媒结无万单
(原广西家庄)有限霉素晶粉
iphone天气城市代码
河池 CHXX0478 合川 CHXX0047 合肥 CHXX0448 合江 CHXX0048
河南 CHXX0337 河曲 CHXX0256 河源 CHXX0492 菏泽 CHXX0339
和布克塞尔 CHXX0199 呼和浩特 CHXX0249 香港 CHXX0049
甘谷 CHXX0032 赣榆 CHXX0438 赣州 CHXX0436 高要 CHXX0491
高邑 CHXX0033 甘孜 CHXX0345 耿马 CHXX0377 格尔木 CHXX0234
贡嚘 CHXX0034 珙县 CHXX0035 拐子湖 CHXX0222 广安 CHXX0036
广昌 CHXX0470 广华 CHXX0396 广南 CHXX0477 广州 CHXX0037
大通 CHXX0022 大悟 CHXX0347 大兴 CHXX0023 德格 CHXX0344
德令哈 CHXX0231 丁青 CHXX0342 堆龙德庆 CHXX0360 定海 CHXX0455
定陶 CHXX0320 定西 CHXX0024 定县 CHXX0025 东方 CHXX0504
尚志 CHXX0192 汕头 CHXX0493 汕尾 CHXX0496 韶关 CHXX0482
邵武 CHXX0466 绍兴 CHXX0117 邵阳 CHXX0422 沙市 CHXX0118
嵊泗 CHXX0454 深县 CHXX0458 沈阳 CHXX0119 深圳 CHXX0120
射阳 CHXX0441 石拐 CHXX0121 石家庄 CHXX0122 石楼 CHXX0123
鄂托克旗 CHXX0254 帕里 CHXX0330 平凉 CHXX0270
呼号牌数据
BH4SRN BH4SRO BH4SRP BH4SRS BH4SRU BH4SSG BH4SSI BH4SWE BH4WNZ BH4WQM BH4WSE BH4WSG BH4WSM BH4WUU BH4WUV BH4WWJ BH4WWK BH4WXP BH4WYK BH4WYR BH4WYS BH4WYT BH4WZY BH4XTD BH4XTE BH4XUO BH4XUP BH4XUT BH4XUZ BH4XVA BH4XYA BH4XYJ BH4XYM BH4XZV BH4XZW BI4QAA BI4QAZ BI4QWQ BI4RFO BI4RLH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏Байду номын сангаас 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州 苏州
呼号 BA4ST BD4SCW BD4SFE BD4SQ BD4SU BD4SX BG431016 BG4QOO BG4QOX BG4QQL BG4QUF BG4QWO BG4QXS BG4QYP BG4SCX BG4SFE BG4SHD BG4SHE BG4SID BG4SIL BG4SLN BG4SOD BG4SQJ BG4SRK BG4SSM BG4STV BG4SWB BG4SXA BG4SXQ BG4WBP BG4WBU BH4QNI BH4QNP BH4QNV BH4QVA BH4QWH BH4QYW BH4QYX BH4QZL BH4QZU BH4SFF BH4SFY BH4SGJ BH4SHR BH4SIZ BH4SJE BH4SJS BH4SKA BH4SLN BH4SLO BH4SLR BH4SLS BH4SPV
1314一生一世
[9字开头]
902535 求你爱我想我 9089 求你别走 910 就依你
918 加油吧 920 好爱你 9213 钟爱一生
9240 最爱是你 930 好想你 93110 好想见见你
940194 告诉你一件事 95 救我 98 早安
987 对不起 9908875 求求你别抛弃我
514 无意思 515206 我已不爱你了 518420 我一辈子爱你
520 我爱你 5201314 我爱你一生一世 52094 我爱你到死
5
52460 我爱死你了 5260 我暗恋你 530 我想你
5366 我想聊聊 5376 我生气了 53719 我深情依旧
756 亲我啦 765 去跳舞 770880 亲亲你抱抱你
7731 心心相印 7752 亲亲吾爱 77543 猜猜我是谁
77895 紧紧抱着我 786 吃饱了 7998 去走走吧
7086 七零八落 70345 请你相信我 780 牵挂你
706519184 请你让我依靠一辈子
[8字开头]
53770 我想亲亲你 53782 我心情不好 53880 我想抱抱你
53980 我想揍扁你 540086 我是你女朋友 5406 我是你的
5420 我只爱你 54335 无事想想我 543720 我是真心爱你
54430 我时时想你 5452830 无时无刻不想你 546 我输了
5460 我思念你 5490 我去找你 54920 我始终爱你
55926我有多无聊 596我走了 6785753老地方不见不散 7678吃饱了吗
592我好饿 786吃饱了 7998去走走吧 586我不来
中文汉字电报码对照表
中文汉字电报码对照表(二) H-Q哈0761 骸7546 孩1326海3189 氦8640 亥0075 害1364 骇7480 酣6799 憨2003 邯6725韩7281 含0698 涵3211 寒1383 函0428 喊0815 罕4988 翰5060撼2338 捍2194 旱2487 憾2013 悍1880 焊3549 汗3063 汉3352夯1137 杭2635 航5300 壕1091 嚎0866 豪6275 毫3032 郝6787好1170 耗5088 号5714 浩3185 呵0725 喝0824 菏3235 核2702禾4421 和0735 何0149 合0678 盒4139 貉6288 阂7039 河3109涸3212 赫6378 褐5964 鹤7729 贺6320 嘿0884 黑7815 痕4024很1771 狠3703 恨1868 哼0774 亨0077 横2897 衡5899 恒1854轰6575 哄0758 烘3530 虹5725 鸿7703 洪3163 宏1347 弘1738红4767 喉0814 侯0186 猴3729 吼0709 厚0624 候0230 后0683呼0729 乎0039 忽1824 瑚3840 壶1106 葫5519 胡5170 蝴5814狐3698 糊4739 湖3275 弧1721 虎5706 唬0801 护6233 互0062沪3337 户2073 花5363 哗0873 华5478 猾3736 滑3323 画3937画3973 划0439 化0553 话6114 槐2849 徊1773 怀2037 淮3232坏0975 欢2970 环3883 桓2719 还6703 缓4883 换2255 患1891唤0822 痪4050 豢6273 焕3562 涣3251 宦1360 幻1634 荒5435慌1967 黄7806 磺4337 蝗5794 簧4679 皇4106 凰0420 惶1929煌3552 晃2515 幌1610 恍1857 谎6192 灰3500 挥2264 辉6540徽1798 恢1863 蛔5784 回0932 毁3014 悔1882 慧1979 卉0583惠1920 晦2526 贿6325 秽4486 会2585 烩2476 汇0565 讳6172诲6140 绘4940 荤5526 昏2495 婚1241 魂3268 浑7609 混3236豁6255 活3172 伙0129 火3499 获3752 或2057 惑1910 霍7202货6303 祸4393 击2345 圾0969 基1015 机2623 畸3982 稽4472积4480 箕4614 肌5133 饥7382 迹6619 激3423 讥6217 鸡7741姬1213 绩4921 缉4874 吉0679 极2817 棘2765 辑6549 籍4694集7162 及0644 急1838 疾4014 汲0378 汲3078 即0613 嫉1271级4878 级4787 挤2357 几0415 脊5182 己1569 蓟5636 技2111冀0370 季1323 伎0125 祭4385 剂0495 悸1900 济3444 寄1376寂1374 计6060 记6068 既2478 忌1803 际7139 妓1178 继4949纪4764 嘉0857 枷2666 夹1140 佳0163 家1367 加0502 荚5453颊7335 贾6328 甲3946 钾6905 假0250 稼4471 价0116 架2665驾7468 嫁1268 歼3005 监4148 坚1017 尖1423 笺4608 间7035煎3553 兼0369 肩5144 艰5329 奸1169 缄4873 茧4942 检2914柬2687 碱4354 碱7769 碱8969 拣2245 简4675 俭0313 剪0477减8096 荐5433 槛2920 鉴7003 践6432 贱6345 见6015 键6943箭4628 件0115 健0256 舰5324 剑0494 饯7415 渐3362 溅3457涧3386 建1696 僵0304 姜1302 姜1203 将1412 浆3364 江3068疆3984 蒋5592 桨2862 奖1162 讲6199 匠0561 酱6830 降7100蕉5604 椒2786 礁4339 焦3542 胶5231 交0074 郊6738 浇3398骄7524 娇1293 嚼0920 搅2383 铰6890 矫4255 侥0299 脚5183狡3701 角6037 饺7398 缴4945 绞4819 剿0485 剿8464 教2403酵6806 轿6569 较6525 叫0663 窖4512 揭2263 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缺4972 炔7448 瘸4063 却0606 鹊7717 榷2854 确4292雀7158 裙5942 群5028。
硫酸氢钠的相对原子质量
硫酸氢钠的相对原子质量1. 什么是硫酸氢钠？说到硫酸氢钠，听起来就像是一种神秘的化学魔法，实际上，它在我们的生活中还真不算陌生。
你知道吗？它的化学式是 NaHSO₄。
这个小家伙可真是个多面手，既可以用在工业中，也能在日常生活里大显身手。
想象一下，在你泡泡澡的时候，它可能正悄悄帮助你的皮肤变得更加光滑哦！是不是感觉它变得更加亲切了？1.1 硫酸氢钠的用途硫酸氢钠可谓是个“万金油”，常常被用作化学试剂、清洁剂，还有食品添加剂等等。
在食物加工中，它能起到调节酸碱度的作用，就像在菜肴中放一点盐，瞬间提鲜！不仅如此，硫酸氢钠在制药行业里也有它的一席之地，帮助制药公司打造更有效的药品。
哎呀，看来这个小家伙可真是个全能选手！1.2 硫酸氢钠的相对原子质量说到相对原子质量，可能让很多朋友的脑袋都晕了。
不过没关系，我来帮你理一理。
硫酸氢钠的相对原子质量大约是 120.06 g/mol。
这个数字听起来有点严肃，不过别怕，咱们可以把它想象成硫酸氢钠的“体重”。
你看，每一个原子都有自己的“小体重”，咱们把它们加起来，就得到了这个相对原子质量。
是不是一下子简单多了？2. 原子组成的秘密2.1 硫、氢、氧和钠的角色硫酸氢钠里有四种原子，分别是钠（Na）、氢（H）、硫（S）和氧（O）。
它们就像一支乐队，各自演奏着自己的乐器。
钠就像是乐队的指挥，负责带动整体的节奏；氢则是那欢快的小号，给整个组合增添活力；硫像个沉稳的大提琴，增添了不少深度；最后，氧就像是背景乐，默默支持着所有音符的和谐。
没错，这个小小的分子组合其实蕴藏着很大的智慧！2.2 每种元素的原子质量每种元素的相对原子质量都不同，想象一下，钠的相对原子质量大约是 22.99g/mol，氢的仅有 1.01 g/mol，硫则有 32.07 g/mol，氧更是轻巧，只有 16.00 g/mol。
这些数字虽然单看不显眼，但当它们聚在一起，形成了硫酸氢钠时，便化身为一个强大的化合物，帮助我们在生活中解决各种小麻烦。
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希尔顿全球Q4净利润2600万美元同比降57%
希尔顿全球控股公司今天公布了2013财年第四季度财报。
报告显示，希尔顿全球控股第四季度净利润为2600万美元，比去年同期的6100万美元大幅下滑57%，主要由于这家酒店运营商计入了IPO相关费用，但该季度营收则达到了26.4亿美元，比
去年同期增长13%。
在截至12月31日的这一财季，希尔顿全球控股的净利润为2600万美元，每股收益为3美分，这一业绩不及去年同期。
2012财年第四季度，希尔顿全球控股的净利润为6100万美元，每股收益为7美分。
不计入与债务清偿以及特定的总务和行政支出和其他一次性项目，希尔顿全球控股第四季度调整后每股收益为11美分，高于去年同期的10美
分，但未能达到分析师此前预期。
汤森路透调查显示，分析师平均预期希尔顿全球控股第四季度每股收益为16美分。
希尔顿全球控股第四季度营收为26.4亿美元，比去年同期的23.4亿美元增长13%，超出分析师此前预期。
汤森路透调查显示，分析师平均预期希尔顿全球控股第四季度营收为24.6亿美元。
在这一季度中，希尔顿全球控股的支出同比大幅增长
23%，部分由于受IPO交易的影响，该公司将原本的私人公司股权奖励转换为与IPO有关的股票，从而使其总务、行政及其他支出大幅增长。
在整个2013财年，希尔顿全球控股的营收为97.35亿美元，高于去年同期的92.76亿美元；净利润为4.15亿美元，高于去年同期的3.52亿美元；每股收益为45美分，高于去年同期的38美分；不计入某些一次性项目，全年调整后每股收益为53美分，
高于去年同期的45美分。
希尔顿全球控股预计，2014财年第一季度不计入一次性项目的调整后每股收益将在8美分到10美分之间，其中值低于分析师此前平均预期的10美分；2014财年不计入一次性项目的调整后每股收益预计将在57美分到61美分之间，也不及分析师此前预期的65美分；全年的资本支出预计为3.50亿美元左右。
报告公布后，希尔顿全球控股股价在纽约市场的盘前交易中上涨近2%。
希爾頓全球控股公司今天公佈瞭2013財年第四季
度財報。
報告顯示，希爾頓全球控股第四季度凈利潤為2600萬美元，比去年同期的6100萬美元大幅下滑57%，主要由於這傢酒店運營商計入瞭IPO相關費用，但該季度營收則達到瞭26.4億美元，比去年同期增長13%。
在截至12月31日的這一財季，希爾頓全球控股的凈利潤為2600萬美元，每股收益為3美分，這一業績不及去年同期。
2012財年第四季度，希爾
頓全球控股的凈利潤為6100萬美元，每股收益為7美分。
不計入與債務清償以及特定的總務和行政支出和其他一次性項目，希爾頓全球控股第四季度調整後每股收益為11美分，高於去年同期的10美分，但未能達到分析師此前預期。
湯森路透調查顯示，分析師平均預期希爾頓全球控股第四季度每股收益為16美分。
希爾頓全球控股第四季度營收為26.4億美元，比
去年同期的23.4億美元增長13%，超出分析師此前預期。
湯森路透調查顯示，分析師平均預期希爾頓全球控股第四季度營收為24.6億美元。
在這一季度中，希爾頓全球控股的支出同比大幅增長23%，部分由於受IPO交易的影響，該公司將原本的私人公司股權獎勵轉換為與IPO有關的股票，從而使其總務、行政及其他支出大幅增長。
在整個2013財年，希爾頓全球控股的營收為97.35
億美元，高於去年同期的92.76億美元；凈利潤為4.15億美元，高於去年同期的3.52億美元；每股收益為45美分，高於去年同期的38美分；不計入某些一次性項目，全年調整後每股收益為53美分，高於去年同期的45美分。
希爾頓全球控股預計，2014財年第一季度不計入一次性項目的調整後每股收益將在8美分到10美分之間，其中值低於分析師此前平均預期的10美
分；2014財年不計入一次性項目的調整後每股收益預計將在57美分到61美分之間，也不及分析師此前預期的65美分；全年的資本支出預計為3.50億美元左右。
報告公佈後，希爾頓全球控股股價在紐約市場的盤前交易中上漲近2%。