geophysics[1]
运动系统词根词缀总结(共3篇)
运动系统词根词缀总结第1篇dystonia 肌张力障碍cartilage 软骨tendon 腱Ligament 韧带articulate 用关节连接起来的sesamoid 籽骨，籽骨的diaphysis 骨干epiphysis 骨骺metacarpal 掌部的metatarsal 跖骨的phalanx 指骨，趾骨heel 跟骨ankle 踝骨fracture 骨折humerus 肱骨，肱上膊femur 股骨cranial 头盖的，颅骨的strenum 胸骨rib 肋骨thorax 胸，胸廓scapula 肩胛骨vertebra 椎骨，脊椎fibril 小纤维，原纤维fascia 筋膜flat bone 扁骨irregular 不规则骨spongy bone 松质骨striated muscle 横纹肌smooth muscle 平滑肌visceral muscle 脏肌secretory duct 分泌管运动系统词根词缀总结第2篇向下下降 down一边离开away away from完全的 thoroughly completely entirely 去掉 off分开apart十人民牙齿皮肤右二、使…变成，分开，离开,两个，双日二du=two二Dict- 说否定，发散给教人民、家给睡眠跑引导力量坏，不良endo- 内部后面Epidemic /,ɛpɪ'dɛmɪk/ n. （疾病的）流行，传染Epilogue /'ɛpɪlɔɡ/ n. 结语，尾声Epitaph /'ɛpɪtæf/ n. 碑文，墓志铭equal /'ikwəl/ adj. 平等的equation /ɪ'kweʒn/ n. 等式equator /ɪ'kwetɚ/ n. 赤道equanimity /,ɛkwə'nɪməti/ n. 平静，镇定equ=equal等，均，平equal [equ相等，-al形容词后缀，…的] 相等的，平等的，相同的equality [见上，-ity名词后缀] 同等，平等，均等漫游，错误error /ˈer.ɚ/ 错误errant /'ɛrənt/ adj. 错误的aberrant /æ'bɛrənt/ adj. 异常的；畸变的erroneous /ɪ'ronɪəs/ adj. 错误的；不正确的errant [err漫游，-ant形容词后缀，…的] 周游的，飘泊的error [err漫游，走→走离正道→走错，-or抽象名词后缀] 错误，谬误Eugenics /jʊ'dʒɛnɪks/ n. 优生学eulogy /'jʊlədʒi/ n. 颂扬eulogize/'jʊlə'dʒaɪz/ v. 称赞euphony /'jʊfəni/ n. 悦耳euphonious /ju'fonɪəs/ adj. 悦耳的时代，年龄Coeval /ko'ivl/ adj. 同时代的Medieval /,midɪ'ivəl/ adj. 中世纪的Longevity /lɔn'dʒɛvəti/ n. 长寿Primeval /praɪˈmiː.vəl/ adj. 原始的ev=age年龄，寿命，时代，时期longevity [long长，ev年龄，寿命，ity名词后缀] 长寿，长命coeval [co-共同，ev时代，-al形容词后缀] 同时代的，同年代的，同时期的；[-al名词后缀] 同时代的人（或物）（额）外Extradite /ˈə.daɪt/ v. 引渡Extrovert /ˈə.vɝːt/ n. 性格外向的人extraneous /ɪkˈstreɪ.ni.əs/ adj. 无直接关系的extravagant /ɪk'strævəgənt/ adj. 过度的出,出去,向外,向上exhumeE拓展e-/ef- 表示出，出来，efficiency效率em-/en-, 表示进入... 之中，包围,使..... 进入状态ex- 表示出，出去,前面的，前任的exo- 表示外部的，外面ed 吃ed=eat吃edible [ed吃，-ible形容词后缀，可…的] 可以吃的，食用的edacious [ed吃，-acious形容词后缀，表示有…性质的，好…的] 贪吃的，狼吞虎咽的ego我ego 自我，自负egoism [ego自我，-ism主义] 自我主义，利已主义enn/ann 年F-G-HFac-/fact/fect/fict/fec/fic/fig 做通假关系:错的东西,表示一类malefaction /ˌmælə'fækʃən/ n. 犯罪行为benefaction /ˈbɛnəˌfækʃən/ n.善行facile /ˈfæs.əl/ adj. 轻率的，未经深思熟虑的facilitate /fəˈsɪl.ə.teɪt/ v. 促进，促使fact=do，make做，作（fact也作fac）factory [fact作，制作，-ory名词后缀，表示场所，地点；“制作的场所”] 工厂，制造厂manufacture [manu手，fact作，制作；“用手制作”，古时生产用手操作] 制造，加工effect68. Fall- 犯错误，欺骗fallacy /ˈfæl.ə.si/ n. 谬见，谬论fallacious /fəˈleɪ.ʃəs/ adj. 错误的，谬误的infallible /ɪnˈfæl.ə.bəl/ adj. 不可能错误的fallible /ˈfæl.ə.bəl/ adj. 会犯错误的，容易出错的69. Fid- 相信confident /ˈkɑːə.dənt/ adj. 自信的，有信心的confidential /ˌkɑːəˈden.ʃəl/ adj. 秘密的，机密的perfidy /ˈpɝː.fə.di/ n. 背信弃义（行为）federal /ˈfed.ɚ.əl/ adj. 联邦政府的confidence [con-加强意义，fid信任，-ence名词后缀] 信任，信心，自信self-confidence [self自己，confidence信任，信心] 自信/fict，塑造，虚构,塑形（做）Figure /ˈfɪɡ.jɚ/ n. 数字；外形，轮廓figment /ˈfɪɡ.mənt/ n. 凭空想象的事物，臆造的东西transfigure /trænsˈfɪɡ.jɚ/ v. 使变样，使改观configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.jəˈreɪ.ʃən/ n. 布局，构造fiction [fict虚构，杜撰，-ion名词后缀] 虚构，杜撰，捏造;[虚构的事] 小说figure [fig塑造，制作，-ure名词后缀，’制作出来”的样子，’塑造成”的形状] 外形，轮廓，塑像，形象71. Fin- 范围finish /ˈfɪn.ɪʃ/ v.完成，（使）完结finite /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/ adj. 有限的infinite /ˈɪə.nət/ adj. 无限的，无边的confine /kənˈfaɪn/ v. 把...局限在，限制72. Flect/flex-折deflect /dɪˈflekt/ v. （使）转向inflect /ɪnˈflekt/ v. 使（词）发生屈折变化；使...略作改变reflect /rɪˈflekt/ v. 反射，反映flexible /ˈə.bəl/ adj. 可变动的，灵活的73. Flu-/flow 流动Fluent /ˈfluː.ənt/ adj. 流利的affluence /ˈæfluəns/ n. 富裕，富足effluent /ˈ.ənt/ n. 废水，污水confluence /ˈkɑːː.əns/ n. 汇合处，汇流点flu=flow流fluent [flu流，-ent形容词后缀，…的] 流动的，流畅的，(语言)流利的fluency [flu流，-ency名词后缀] 流利，流畅influence [in-入，flu流，-ence名词后缀;’流入”→波及→对周围事物产生影响] 影响，感动，势力;[转为动词] 感化，影响，对…有作用，左右74. Form-形状,形式formal /ˈfɔːəl/ adj. 公开的，正式的conform /kənˈfɔːrm/ v. 顺从，遵从deform /dɪˈfɔːrm/ v. 使变形，使扭曲transform /trænsˈfɔːrm/ v. 使彻底改观，使大变样75. Fort 力量fortify /ˈfɔː̬ə.faɪ/ v. 加强，增强fortitude /ˈfɔː̬ə.tuːd/ n. 勇气，坚韧comfort /ˈkʌɚt/ n. 舒适，舒服effort /ˈef.ɚt/ n. 七里，精力76. Fract-/break/frag 打碎，打破fraction /ˈfræk.ʃən/ n. 分数fract ious /ˈfræk.ʃəs/ adj. 易怒的，暴躁的fracture /ˈfræʃɚ/ v. （使）破裂refraction /rɪˈfræk.ʃən/ v. 折射fragment [frag破，-ment名词后缀，表示物] 碎片，破片，碎块fraction [fract破，折，-ion名词后缀] 小部分，片断，分数77. Fug- 离开refuge /ˈːdʒ/ n. 避难（所）refugee /ˌəˈdʒiː/ n. 难民，避难者fugitive /ˈfjuː.dʒə.t̬ɪv/ n. 逃亡者，逃犯centrifugal /senˈtrɪə.ɡəl/ adj. 离心的78. Funct- 活动，to performfunctionary /ˈfʌŋk.ʃə n. 工作人员，公务员malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/ v. 运转不正常，发生故障defunct /dɪˈfʌŋkt/ adj. 不复存在的，死亡的dysfunctional /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/ adj. 失调的，失常的F拓展fore- 表示前面，预先fer/phor 带,拿fer=bring，carry带拿confer [con共同，一起，fer拿；把意见“拿到一起来”] 协商，商量，交换意见differ [dif-分开，fer拿，持；“分开拿”，“分取”，“各持已见”，“各执一词”→互异] 不同，相异，意见不同prefer [pre-先，fer拿，取;对某物’先取”，’先选”，宁愿’先要”某事物]宁可，宁愿(选择)，更喜欢…，偏爱…flor 花flor=flower花(flor也作flour)florist [flor花，-ist表示人] 种花者，花卉研究者flourish [flour花，-ish动词后缀;’如开花一样”] 繁荣，茂盛，兴旺，昌盛fus 倒灌fus=pour灌，流，倾泻refuse [re-回，fus流;’流回”→倒灌，倒流→退回→不接纳] 拒绝，拒受confuse [con-共同，合，fus流;’合流”，’流到一处”→混在一起]使混杂，混乱，混淆，使迷乱fabl/fabul言fable [fabl言] 寓言，传说fabulist [fabul言，-ist…人] 寓言家，撒谎者feder联盟federate [feder聪明，-ate形容词兼动词后缀] 同盟的，联邦的;(使)结成联盟(成联邦) federation [feder联盟，-ation名词后缀] 聪明，同盟，联合会，联邦政府ferv沸，热fervid [ferv热，-id形容词后缀，…的] 炽热的，热情的，热烈的fervor [ferv热，-or抽象名词后缀] 炽热，热情，热烈fil线file [fil线，’人或物排列成一条线”] 行列，纵列profile [pro-向前，fil线→线条;’用线条勾画”] 描画…的轮廓，外形，轮廓，侧面像flat吹inflate [in-入，flat吹;’吹入气体”] 使充气，使膨胀，使通货膨胀inflator [见上，-or表示人或物] 充气者，充气机，打气筒flect/flex弯曲reflect [re-回，flect弯曲;’弯回”折回，返回] 反射，反映flex 弯曲，折曲flict打击afflict [af-表示at，to等意义，flict打击] 使苦恼，折磨conflict [con-共同，flict打击，’共同打”→彼此互打] 冲突，战斗，交锋，斗争frig冷frigidity [firg寒冷，-idity名词后缀] 寒冷，冷淡refrigerator [见上，-or表示物] 冰箱，冷冻机，冷藏库fug逃，散refuge [re-回，fug逃;’逃回”到安全地方] 避难lucifugous [luci光，fug逃避，-ous…的] 避日光的fund/found底，基础fund [fund基础;’创办事业的基础”，’底子”→本钱] 基金found [found基础] 为(房屋等)打基础，建立，创立founder [见上，-er者] 奠基者，创立者foundress [见上，-ress表示女性] 女奠基者，女创立者出生，产生generate /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/ v. 造成，使存在generation /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ n. 年龄层，同代人generator /ˈdʒen.əɪ.t̬ɚ/ n. 产生器，发电机genesis /ˈdʒen.ə.sɪs/ n.形成，发生，起源81. Geo- 地Geology /dʒiˈɑː.lə.dʒi/ n. 地质学Geometry /dʒiˈɑː.mə.tri/ n. 几何学geophysics /ˌdʒiː.əˈfɪz.ɪks/ n. 地球物理学geocentric /ˌdʒiː.oʊˈɪk/ adj. 以地球为中心的82. Gni/gno-/kno 知道gnosis /'noʊsɪs/ n. 直觉，真知agnostic /æɡˈnɑː.stɪk/ n. 不可知论的，不可知论者ignore /ɪɡˈnɔːr/ v. 不理睬cognitive /ˈkɑːɡ.nə.t̬ɪv/ adj. 感知的83. Grad- 级别gradual /ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl/ adj. 逐步的，平缓的degrade /dɪˈɡreɪd/ v. 使失去价值，贬低upgrade /ʌpˈɡreɪd/ v. 提升，提拔，使升级centigrade /ˈ̬ə.ɡreɪd/ n.摄氏温度grad=step，go，grade步，走，级gradual [grad步，-ual形容词后缀，…的] 逐步的，逐渐的graduate [grad步，级，-u-，-ate动词后缀;’在学业上走完某一步”，’在学业上完成某一级”] 毕业;[转为] 毕业生84. Graph- 写biograph y /baɪˈɑː.ɡrə.fi/ n. 传记telegraph /ˈtel.ə.ɡræf/ n. 电报，电报机monograph /ˈmɑː.nə.ɡræf/ n. 专题文章，专论autograph /ˈɑː.t̬ə.ɡræf/ n. 亲笔签名graph=write，writing，an instrument for making records 写，画，文字，图形，记录器photograph [photo光，影，graph写→记录;’把实物的影像录下来”]照相，拍照，摄影，照片phototgraphy [见上，-y名词后缀] 摄影术Grat- 感激，开心great感激gratitude /ˈɡræt̬.ə.tuːd/ n.感激之情，感谢gratify /ˈɡræt̬.ə.faɪ/ v使高兴，满足grateful /ˈɡreɪəl/ adj. 感激的ingrate /ˈɪŋ.ɡreɪt/ n. 忘恩负义者86. Grav- 重grave /ɡreɪv/ n. 坟墓aggravate /ˈæɡ.rə.veɪt/ v. 使更糟，加剧gravity /ˈɡræv.ə.t̬i/ n. 力量，重力，引力gravitate /ˈɡræv.ə.teɪt/ v. 被吸引，受重力作用gravid [grav重，-id…的;’负重的”，’重身子”，’heavy with child”] 怀孕的，妊娠的grave [grav重] 重大的，严重的87. gre/cret/creas- 增长creature /ˈkriː.tʃɚ/ n. 生物increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ v. 增大，增加decrease /ˈdiː.kriːs/ v. 使减少procreate /ˈproʊ.ɪt/ v. 生殖88. greg- 群体,集合aggregate /ˈæɡ.rə.ɡət/ n. 合计，总数，聚集体congregate /ˈkɑːŋ.ɡrə.ɡeɪt/ v. 聚集segregate /ˈseɡ.rə.ɡeɪt/ v. 分离gregarious /ɡrɪˈɡ.əs/ adj. 爱交际的congregate [con-共同，greg集合，-ate动词兼形容词后缀](使)集合;集合在一起的，集体的segregate [se-分开，离开，greg群，-ate动词后缀;’离群”，’离开集体”](使)分离，(使)分开，使隔离G拓展gram 写gram=write，something written of drawn 写，画，文字，图形grammar [gram写，文字，m重复字母，-ar名词后缀;关于’文字的法则] 语法，文法program [pro-在前面，gram写-书，表，单;’写在前面的说明文字”]节目单，戏单，说明书，大纲，方案gress 行走gress=go，walk行走progress [pro-向前，gress行走] 前进，进步congress [con-共同，一起，gress走，来到;’大家走到一起来”→共聚一堂→开会→会议] (代表)大会，国会，议会gam婚姻monogamy [mono-单一，gam婚姻，-y名词后缀;’单婚”，一夫一妻] 一夫一妻制bigamy [bi-双，重，gam婚姻，-y名词后缀] 重婚(罪)gran谷物，谷粒granary [garn谷物， -ary表示场所，地点] 谷仓，粮仓，产粮区grange [gran谷物;’生产谷物的地方”] 农场，农庄，田庄gyn/gynec(o)妇女gynecology [gyneco妇女，-logy…学] 妇科学，妇科philogyny [philo爱好，gyn妇女，-y名词后缀] 对女人的爱好，爱女人89. hemi/semi- 半hemisphere /ˈhem.ə.sfɪr/ n. 半球hemicycle /'heməˌsaɪkəl/ n. 半圆形semiautomatic /ˌ.ɑː.t̬əˈmæt̬.ɪk/ adj. 半自动的semiconductor /ˌənˈdʌɚ/ n. 半导体90. Her- 粘inherent /ɪnˈhɪr.ənt/ adj. 内在的，固有的incoherent /ˌɪʊˈhɪr.ənt/ adj. 语无伦次的cohere /koʊˈhɪr/ v. 连贯，使结合为一体adherent /ədˈhɪr.ənt/ adj. 黏性的91. Hes- 粘adhesive /ədˈhiː.sɪv/ n. 粘合剂，有黏性的cohesion /koʊˈhiː.ʒən/ n.凝聚力hesitate /ˈhez.ə.teɪt/ v. 踌躇hesitation /ˌhez.əˈteɪ.ʃən/ n. 犹豫hes，her粘着hesitate [hes粘着，-it-，-ate动词后缀;’粘着”在固定地方→踌躇不前，裹足不前]踌躇，犹豫adhere [ad-表示at ，to，her粘] 粘附，胶着，依附92. Hol/holo- 全部holistic /hoʊlˈɪɪk/ adj. 全面的hologram /ˈhɑː.lə.ɡræm/ n. 全息影像holocaust /ˈhɑː.lə.kɑːst/n. 大屠杀，浩劫93. hypo- 在…下面Hypothesis /haɪˈpɑː.θə.sɪs/ n. 假设hypothetical /ˌhaɪ.pəˈθe t̬.ɪ.kəl/ adj. 假设的Hypocrite /ˈhɪp.ə.krɪt/ n. 伪君子Hypodermic /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈdɝː.mɪk/ adj. 皮下注射的94. hydr- 水hydrous /'haɪdrəs/ adj. 含水的dehydrate /ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪt/ v. 脱水hydrant /ˈhaɪ.drənt/ n. 消防栓hydroelectric /ˌhaɪ.droʊ.ɪˈɪk/ adj. 水力发电的95. hyper- 超过hyperactive /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈæɪv/ adj. 过度活跃的hypersensitive /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈə.t̬ɪv/ adj. 过于敏感的hypercritical /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈkrɪt̬.ɪ.kəl/ adj. 过分挑剔的hypertension /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈten.ʃən/ n. 高血压H拓展hecto- 表示百，许多hepta- 表示七hetero- 表示异类，异种hexa- 表示六homo- 表示同类的habit 居住habit=dwell居住habitant [habit居住，-ant表示人] 居住者cohabit [co-共同，habit居住] (男女)同居，姘居hibit 拿hibit=hold拿，持exhibit [ex-外，出，hibit拿，持;’拿出去”→摆出去给人看]展出，展览，陈列，展示，显示inhibit [in-表示in，hibit持，握;’to hold in”，’to maintain in”] 阻止，禁止，抑制hospit 客人hospit=guest客人hospital [hospit客人，-al名词后缀;原义为接待’客人”的地方→接待’病客”的地方] 医院hospitalize [见上，-ize动词后缀] 把…送入医院治疗hal呼吸inhale [in-入，hal呼吸;’to breathe in”] 吸入，吸气exhale [ex-出，hal呼吸;’to breathe out”] 呼出，呼气helic(o)螺旋helicopter [helico螺旋，旋转，pter翼;’装有旋转的翼”，利用”旋翼”飞行] 直升飞机heliport [heli=helicopter] 直升飞机场harm 伤害harmony 和谐的i-J-K-L96. iatr- 治疗pediatrics /ˌpidiˈætrɪks/ n. 儿科学podiatrist /pəˈdaɪ.ə.trɪst/ n. 足科医生97. Icon- 想象icon /ˈaɪ.kɑːn/ n. 电脑符号，图示iconic /aɪˈkɑː.nɪk/ adj. 非常出名的，受欢迎的iconography /ˌaɪ.kəˈnɑː.ɡrə.fi/ n. 图示，象徽98. Idio- 个人idiom /ˈɪ.əm/ n. 习语，成语idiomatic /ˌɪ.əˈmæt̬.ɪk/ adj. 成语的，习语的ideograph /'ɪdɪrɡrɑ:f/ n. 象形文字idiot /ˈɪ.ət/ n. 白痴，笨蛋pilot /ˈpaɪ.lət/ n. 航空器，飞行员patriot /ˈpeɪ.tri.ɑːt/ n. 爱国者idio=peculiar，own，private，proper特殊的，个人的，专有的idiot [idio特殊的;’特殊的人”→异予正常人的人] 傻子，痴人，白痴idiograph [idio个人的，专有的，graph写，文字，图形] 个人的签名，商标99. Inter- 在..之间interstice /ɪnˈtɝː.stɪs/ n. 裂缝，间隙intercede /ˌɪɚˈsiːd/ v. 求情interview /ˈɪɚ.vjuː/ n. 面试，面谈interpersonal /ˌɪɚˈpɝː.sən.əl/ adj. 人际的interrupt 打断,插嘴100. idea/ideo=idea,表示“思想，观点”ideal /aɪˈdiː.əl/ adj. 完美的，理想的idealism /aɪˈdiː.ə.lɪ.zəm/ n. 理想主义idealize /aɪˈdiː.ə.laɪz/ v. 使...理想化ideology /ˌaɪ.diˈɑː.lə.dʒi/ n. 思想意识；观念学101. itis -炎症otitis /oʊˈtaɪ.t̬ɪs/ n. 耳炎gastritis /ɡæsˈtraɪ.t̬əs/ n. 胃炎il-/ir- 辅音重复表示不，无,使.....成为，进入im-/in- 表示不，无，非,向内，进入m-n通假关系intra- 表示在内，内部infra 下面intro- 表示向内，入内iso- 表示等, 同insul 岛insul=island岛insulate [insul岛→孤立→与外界隔绝，-ate动词后缀，使…;’使成岛状”→使孤立，使与…隔绝] 隔离，使孤立，使绝缘insulin [insul岛，-in名词后缀，表示’素”] 胰岛素it 走it=go行走exit [ex-出，外，it行走;’走出”，’向外走”] 出口，太平门，退出circuit [cire圆，环，-u-，-it行] 环行，周线，电路，回路ign火ignite [ign火，-ite动词后缀] 点燃，点火于，使燃烧，着火ignition [ign火，-ion名词后缀] 点火，着火integr整，全integral [integr整，全，-al…的] 完整的，整体的integrality [见上，-ity名词后缀] 完整性，完全运动系统词根词缀总结第3篇brachi 臂，分支，分流steth 胸oste 骨cran 颅骨stern 胸骨vertebr/spondyl 椎骨，脊椎radi 桡骨，辐射，根（如牙根）carp 腕骨chondr 软骨humer 肱骨ischi 坐骨femur 股骨ili 髂骨tibia 胫骨ten/tenein/tenon/tenont/tend/tendin 筋，腱fasci 筋膜fibr 纤维sarc 肉(词源flesh）muscul/my 肌肉（词源muscle）arthr 关节myel 髓orth 直，正(ankylosis关节强直）orthopedist整形外科医生;orthopedics骨科，矫正术orthopnea端坐呼吸；platypnea仰卧呼吸lei 平滑的（leiomyoma平滑肌瘤）-asthenia 无力-sthenia 有力anesthesia为麻醉，其中esthes为词根“感觉，知觉”-blast 胚细胞，成……细胞（chondroblast成软骨细胞）-clast 破……细胞（chondroclast破软骨细胞）-cele 疝，突出-ceps 头（biceps二头肌；triceps三头肌）-cyte 细胞-trophy 发育，营养-phyte 赘，多余（arthrophyte关节赘疣）-dystrophy 营养不良-cyst 囊肿-schisis 裂（ganthoschisis颌裂）-listhesis 滑动-malacia 软化-oid ……类的（steroid类固醇）-physis 生长symphysis=synphysis合生，连体，尤指骨愈合-porosis 洞孔，通道（osteoporosis骨质疏松）restr- 前面的anter- 后面的。
地质学专业英语单词
geology [d?i'?l?d?i] n. 地质学i,地质情况volcano [v?l'kein?u] volcanic n.火山lava ['lɑ:v?] n. 熔岩, 火山岩erupt [i'r?pt] eruption v.爆发, 喷发earthquake ['?:θkweik] n. 地震crust [kr?st] n.地壳mineralogy [min?'r?l?d?i] n.矿物学petrology [pi:'tr?l?d?i] n.岩石学Physical geology n. 动力地质学Historical geology n.历史地质学explore [iks'pl?:] v.勘探Mineral resource n. 矿产资源coal [k?ul] n.煤ore [?:] n.矿石fossil ['f?sl] n.化石/adj.化石的reservoir ['rez?vwɑ:] n.水库/储层quarry ['kw?ri] n.采石场/v.挖出sequence ['si:kw?ns] n.层序sfi?] n.岩石圈hydrosphere ['haidr?sfi?] n. 水圈lithosphere['liθ？economic geology经济地质学seismology [saiz'm?l?d?i] n. 地震学volcanology [v?lk?n'?l?d?i] n. 火山学meteoritics [mi:ti?'ritiks]n. 陨石学mantle ['m?ntl] n.地幔core [k?:] n.地核granitic [gr?'n?t?k] granite adj. 花岗岩的/花岗岩Roche moutonnéｅn. 羊背石Lofty mountains n.高山Orogenic belt [?:r?'d?enik]n.造山带morass [m?'r?s]n.沼泽structural geology ['str?kt??r?l]构造地质学geochemistry[d?i:?u'kemistri] n.地球化学geophysics[d?i:?u'fiziks] n.地球物理学paleontology[p?li?n't?l?d?i] n.古生物学stratigraphy[str?'tigr?fi] n.地层学paleogeography [peili?ud?i'?gr?fi]n. 古地理学geological time地质时代continent['k?ntin?nt] n.大陆ocean basin n.洋盆,大洋盆地ocean floor n.洋底solar['s?ul?] adj.太阳的lunar['lu:n?] adj.月亮的radioactive decay放射性衰变seismic ['saizmik] adj. 地震的thermal gradient温度梯度geothermal gradient 地温梯度Mohorovicic discontinuity莫霍面Alpine chain n.山链karst[kɑ:st] n.喀斯特magma ['m?gm?]n. 岩浆luster ['l?st?(r)]n. 光泽hardness ['hɑ:dnis] n.硬度specific gravity n.比重odor ['?ud?] n.气味magnetism ['m?gnitiz?m] n.磁性transparent [tr?ns'per?nt] adj.透明的diagnostic [dai?g'n?stik] adj.诊断的, 特征的impurity [im'pju?riti] n. 杂质,不纯streak [stri:k] n. 条痕rub [r?b] rubbingn. 摩擦/相摩擦hand specimen 手标本unglazed['?n'gleizd]adj. 没有上釉的porcelain ['p?:slin] n.瓷器metallic [mi't?lik] adj.金属的vitreous ['vitri?s] adj.玻璃的resinous ['rezin?s] adj. 树脂的/松脂的pearly luster n.珍珠光泽silky luster n.丝绢光泽dull luster n.暗淡光泽,无光泽earthy luster n.土状光泽mohs scale of hardness 莫氏硬度表diaphaneity [di?f?'ni:iti]n. 透明度thin slice 薄片thin section translucent [tr?ns'lu:s?nt] adj. 半透明的opaque [?u'peik] adj.不透明的brittle ['britl] n.脆性shatter ['??t?] vt.粉碎crystal form n.晶形symmetry ['simitri] n.对称geometric [d?i?'metrik] adj.几何学的cleavage ['kli:vid?] n. 解理plane of weakness 软弱面orientation [?:rien'tei??n] n.定向fracture ['fr?kt??] n.断口conchoidal [k??'k?idl] adj. 贝壳状的uneven ['?n'i:v?n] adj.参差状的kaolinite ['kei?linait] n. 高岭石heft [heft] n.重量apatite ['?p?tait]n. 磷灰石olivine [?li'vi:n] n. 橄榄石fluorite ['flu?rait] n.荧石magnetite ['m?gnitait]n. 磁铁矿garnet ['gɑ:nit] n. 石榴石nepheline['nef?lin] n. 霞石biotite ['bai?tait]n. 黑云母pyrite ['pairait] n.黄铁矿chlorite ['kl?:rait] n. 绿泥石opal ['?up?l] n. 蛋白石nonhomogeneous ['n?nh?m?'d?i:nj?s]adj. 非均质的scapolite ['sk?p?lait] n. 方柱石spinel [spi'nel] n. 尖晶石leucite ['lu:sait] n. 白榴石hematite ['hem?tait] n.赤铁矿gypsum ['d?ips?m] n.石膏Chalcopyrite [k?lk?'pairait] n. 黄铜矿chromite ['kr?umait] n. 铬铁矿allomorph ['?l?m?:f] n. 同质多像chalcedony [k?l'sed?ni] n.玉髓kleis] n. 正长石microcline ['maikr?klain] n. 微斜长石orthoclase ['?:θ？barite ['b??rait] n. 重晶石graphite ['gr?fait] n. 石墨analcite [?'n?lsait] n. 方沸石cristobalite [kris't?ub?lait]n. 方英石corundum [k?'r?nd?m] n. 刚玉scheelite ['?i:lait] n. 白钨矿cassiterite [k?'sit?rait] n. 锡石borax ['b?:r?ks] n.硼砂mica ['maik?] n. 云母feldspar ['feldspɑ:] n. 长石hornblende ['h?:nblend] n. 角闪石albite ['?lbait]n. 钠长石triclinic [trai'klinik] adj. 三斜晶系的phenocryst ['fi:n?krist] n. 斑晶relief [ri'li:f] n.突起balsam ['b?:ls?m] n. 树胶n. 聚片双晶作用birefringence [bairi'frind??ns] n. 双折射Polysynthetic [p?lisin'θetik]albite law n.钠长石律Carlsbad law 卡尔斯巴德律pericline law ['per?klain] 肖纳长石律rhombic section n. 菱切面interference figure 干涉图biaxial positive n.二轴正光性axial anglen. 光轴角2V dispersion [dis'p?:??n] n. 色散plagioclase ['pleid?i?kleis] n. 斜长石index of refraction [ri'fr?k??n] n. 折射率extinction angle n.消光角furnish ['f?:ni?] vt. 提供occurrence [?'k?r?ns] n.产状tectonite ['tekt?nait]n. 构造岩nesosilicate [ni:s?u‘sil?keit]岛状硅酸盐octahedron [?kt?‘hi:dr?n] n.八面体prism ['priz?m] n. 棱柱sill [sil] n. 岩床mutual ['mju:t?u?l] adj.共同的, 相互的consecutive [k?n'sekjutiv] adj.连续的, 连贯的quartzite ['kw?:tsait] n.石英岩granularity [gr?nju'l?riti] n. 粒度texture ['tekst??] n. 结构sorting ['s?:ti?] n. 分选induration [indju'rei??n] n. 固结作用cementation [si:men'tei??n] n.胶结作用weathered surfacen. 风化面rock unit n. 岩石单元cross bedding n.交错层理peculiarity [pikju:li'?riti] n. 特性:m?l] adj.热液的, 热水的lithology [li'θ？l?d?i] n.岩性学hydrothermal [haidr?'θ？alteration [?:lt?'rei??n] n. 蚀变mineralization [min?r?lɑi'zei??n]n. 矿化作用, 成矿作用strike [straik] n. 走向group [gru:p] n.群jointing ['d??inti?]n. 节理flow banding n. 流动条带molten ['m?ult?n] adj. 熔化的sedimentary [sedi'ment?ri] adj.沉积的metamorphic [met?'m?:fik] adj. 变质的igneous ['igni?s] adj. 火成的gneiss [nais] n.片麻岩marble ['mɑ:bl] n.大理石basalt [b?'s?:lt] n.玄武岩fragment ['fr?gm?nt] n.碎片peridotite [peri'd?utait] n.橄榄岩glassy ['gl?si]adj. 玻璃质的pebble ['pebl] n. 鹅卵石diabasic [dai?'beisik]adj. 辉绿岩的andesitic ['?ndizitik] adj. 安山岩的intersertal [int?'s?:tl]斑状晶间的/间片biogenetic n. 生物成因的bedding plane n.层面palimpsest structure ['p?limpsest]n. 变余构造fluidal structure n.流纹构造clastic [kl?stik] adj. 碎屑的cataclastic texture [k?t?'kl?stik] n.碎裂结构metasomatic [met?s?u'm?tik]adj. 交代的crystalloblastic n.变晶质的basic rock n.基性岩kimberlite ['kimb?lait] n. 金伯利岩diorite ['dai?rait] n. 闪长岩conglomerate [k?n'gl?m?rit] n. 砾岩dolomite ['d?l?mait] n.白云石/白云岩evaporite [i'v?p?rait] n. 蒸发岩, 蒸发盐diabase ['dai?beis] n. 辉绿岩breccia ['bret??] n.角砾岩loess ['l?uis] n. 黄土leptynite n.长英麻粒岩eclogite ['ekl?d?ait]n. 榴辉岩petrogenesis [petr?'d?enisis] n. 岩石成因学cartography [kɑ:'t?gr?fi] n. 制图学, petrography [pi:'tr?gr?fi] n.岩相学petrofabrics [petr?'f?brik]n.岩组学chalk [t???k]n. 白垩marlstone ['mɑ:l,st?un] n. 泥灰岩turbidite ['t?:bidait]n. 浊流岩detrital [di'traitl]adj. 碎屑distal ['dist?l]adj. 末梢的n. 底栖生物aeolian [i:'?uli?n] adj. 风成的benthic organism ['benθik]vertebrate ['v?:tibreit]n. 脊椎动物limestone ['laimst?un] n. 灰岩carbonate ['kɑ:b?neit] n.碳酸盐aragonite [?'r?g?nait] n. 文石phosphate ['f?sfeit] n. 磷酸盐taranakite [t?r?'nɑ:kait]磷钾铝石silicon dioxide ['silik?n dai'?ksaid] n. 二氧化硅cristobalite [kris't?ub?lait]n. 方英石estuarine ['estju?'rain] adj.入海的/河口的brackish ['br?ki?]adj. 有盐味的, 咸的ferruginous [fe'ru:d?in?s] adj. 铁的, 含铁的phosphorite ['f?sf?rait] n. 磷灰石, 磷矿Graded beddingn.递变层理/粒序层理turbidity current [t?:'biditi] ['k?r?nt] n. 浊流estuarine ['estju?'rain] adj.入海的/河口的brackish ['br?ki?]adj. 有盐味的, 咸的ferruginous [fe'ru:d?in?s] adj. 铁的, 含铁的lime-bearingn. 含钙potash feldspar ['p?t??] n.钾长石alkali granite ['?lk?lai] n.碱性花岗岩peralkaline granite n.过碱性花岗岩rhyolite ['rai?lait] n.流纹岩granodiorite [gr?n?u'dai?rait]n. 花岗闪长岩rhyodacite n.流纹英安岩tonalite ['t?un?lait]n. 英云闪长岩dacite ['d?sait]n. 英安岩syenite ['sai?nait] n. 正长岩trachyte ['treikait] n. 粗面岩monzonite ['m?nz?nait] n. 二长岩latite ['leitait]n. 安粗岩tristanite n.碱长粗安岩monzodiorite [m?nz?'dai?rait]二长闪长岩monzogabbro 二长辉长岩andesite ['?ndizait] n.安山岩hawaiite 橄榄中长玄武岩trachy basaltn. 粗面玄武岩diorite ['dai?rait] n. 闪长岩gabbro ['g?br?u] n. 辉长岩basalt [b?'s?:lt] n.玄武岩ultramafic [?ltr?'m?fik] adj. 超碱的, 超基性的nepheline ['nef?lin] n. 霞石phonolite ['f?un?lait] n. 响岩essexite ['esiksait]n.碱性辉长岩teschenite 沸绿岩r?lait]霞斜岩tephrite ['tefrait]n. 碱玄岩theralite ['θi?plutonic [plu:'t?nik] adj. 深成的nephelinite ['nef?linait] n. 霞岩hypabyssal [hip?‘bisl] adj. 浅成的peridotite [peri'd?utait] n.橄榄岩protista [pr?u'tist?] n. 原生生物界naturalist ['n?t??r?list] n. 博物学家planta n.植物界animalia [?ni'meili?]n. 动物界autotrophic [?:t?u'tr?fik]adj. 自养的heterotrophic [het?r?'tr?fik]adj. 异养的sedentary ['sednteri] adj. 固定不动的microorganism [maikr?u'?:g?niz?m] n.微生物chloroplast ['kl?:r?pl?st] n. 叶绿体organelle [?:g?'nel] n.细胞器cytoplasm ['sait?pl?z?m] n.细胞质chlorophyll ['kl?r?fil] n.叶绿素cilia ['sili?] n. 纤毛flagella [fl?'d?el?] n. 鞭毛flagellum的复数locomotion [l?uk?‘m?u??n] n.运动fungi ['f??gai] (fungus的复数)n. 真菌amoeba [?'mi:b?] n. 变形虫clam [kl?m] n.蛤morphological [m?:f?'l?d?ik?l] adj. 形态学的membrane ['membrein] n.薄膜nuclear membrane 核膜chromosome ['kr?um?s?um] n. 染色体eucaryote [ju:'k?ri?ut] n. 真核细eucaryotic adj. 真核的procaryotic [pr?uk?ri'?tik]adj. 原核的procaryote [pr?u'k?ri?t] n. 原核生物monera [m?‘ni?r?]n. 原核生物nutrition [nju:'tri??n] n.营养ingest [in'd?est] v. 摄取、吸收obligate heterotrophy专性异养obligate autotrophy专性自养seaweed ['si:wi:d] n. 海草, 海藻ingest [in'd?est] v. 摄取、吸收obligate heterotrophy专性异养obligate autotrophy专性自养seaweed ['si:wi:d] n. 海草, 海藻ingest [in'd?est] v. 摄取、吸收obligate heterotrophy专性异养obligate autotrophy专性自养seaweed ['si:wi:d] n. 海草, 海藻symbiosis [simbai'?usis] n.共生, 共栖symbiont ['simbai?nt] n. 共生体paleontologist [p?li?n't?l?d?ist]n. 古生物学家Precambrian [pri:'k?mbri?n] n. 前寒武纪paleobiology [p?li?ubai'?l?d?i]n. 古生物学paleobotany [peili?'b?t?ni] n. 古植物学paleozoology [peili?uz?u'?l?d?i] n. 古动物paleoecology [p?li?ui:'k?l?d?i] n. 古生态学n. 节肢动物门trilobite ['trail?bait] n.三叶虫arthropoda [ɑ:'θr?p?d?]chordata ['k?r'det?]n. 脊索动物类fusulina n.纺锤蜓属crustacea [kr?s'tei?i?]n. 甲壳纲动物Protozoa [pr?ut?'z?u?] n. 原生动物, 单细胞动物schwagerina n.希瓦格蜓属bryophyta 苔癣植物门coelenterata [si'lent?reit] n. 腔肠动物tetracoralla n.四射珊瑚目'z?u?] n. 珊瑚虫类porifera [p?:'rif?r?]n. 海绵动物anthozoa [?nθ？brachiopoda n. 腕足动物门mollusca [m?'l?sk?] n. 软体动物门lamellibranchia 双壳类（瓣鳃类）pentameracea五房贝parrot ['p?r?t] n.鹦鹉螺ammonoidea 菊石亚纲ammonoid n. 菊石graptozoa 笔石纲sporozoa [sp?:r?'z?u?]孢子虫类reptilia [rep'tili?]n. 爬行动物dinosaur ['dain?s?:] n.恐龙conodont ['k?un?d?nt] n. 牙形刺, 牙形石spongia 海绵paleobotanic 古植物学的annelida [?'nelid?]n. 环节动物门spongia 海绵paleomagnetism [peili?u'm?gnitiz?m]n. 古地磁学fumarole ['fju:m?r?ul] n. (火山的)喷气孔Martian ['mɑ:?i?n] n. 火星人adj. 火星的amino acid [?'mi:n? '?sid] n. 氨基酸Baltic ['b?:ltik] adj. 波罗的海的angiosperm [?nd?i?sp?:m] n. 被子植物withdrawal [wie'dr?:?l] n.撤退ontogeny [?n‘t?d?ini] n.个体发生, 个体发生学embryologic [embri'?l?d?ik] (=bryological)胚胎学的amphibian [?m'fibi?n]adj.两栖的ancestor ['?nsist?] n.祖宗, 祖先的terrestrial [ti'restri?l] adj.陆地的, 陆相的withdrawal [wie'dr?:?l] n.撤退ontogeny [?n‘t?d?ini] n.个体发生, 个体发生学embryologic [embri'?l?d?ik](=bryological)胚胎学的areal geologic investigation n.区域地质调查terminology [t?:mi'n?l?d?i] n.术语stratigrapher [str?'tigr?f?]n. 地层学家sedimentation [sedim?n'tei??n] n.沉积作用sedimentary column 沉积柱stratal unit n. 地层单元fold [f??ld]n. 褶皱fault [f?:lt] n. 断层strata ['streit?] n. 地层名词stratum的复数形式anticline ['?ntiklain] n.背斜syncline ['si?klain] n. 向斜deformation [di:f?:'mei??n] n. 变形plastically 可塑性overturn [?uv?'t?:n] v.倒转overthrust ['?uv?θr?s t]n. 逆掩plift] n. 隆起dome [d?um] n.穹窿uplift [‘？block [bl?k]n. 断块, 岩块normal fault 正断层reverse fault逆断层displacement [dis'pleism?nt] n. 移动, 位移downdropped block n.下落断块,下降盘fault plane n. 断层面fault breccia n. 断层角砾岩slicken-side n. 擦痕面nappe [n?p] n. 推覆体paleostructure n. 古构造orogenesis [?:r?u'd?en?sis]n. 造山(运动) terrain ['terein] n.地带, 地形crest plane 脊面limb of fold 褶皱翼apex of fold 褶皱顶点axial surface n.轴面vertex ['v?:teks] n. 顶点, 最高点plunge crown倾伏端rising end of syncline向斜仰起端hinge zone枢纽带trough of fold褶曲槽synform ['sinf?:m]n.向形,向斜式构造fault effect 断层作用thrust fault 逆冲断层strike-slip fault 走滑断层foliation [f?uli'ei??n] n. 面理cleavage ['kli:vid?]劈理schistosity [?is't?siti]n. 片理gneissic schistosity 片麻理flow cleavage 流劈理fracture cleavage破劈理crenulation cleavage折劈理joint [d???nt]n. 节理tension joint 张节理shear joint 剪节理compression joint n.挤压节理diagonal joint 斜节理cross joint n. 横节理,交错节理longitudinal joint 纵节理geosyncline [d?i:?u'sinklain] n. 地槽geotectonic element 大地构造单元plate tectonic板块构造transform fault 转换断层suture line n.缝合带consume zone 消失带collision zone 碰撞带mid-oceanic ridge 大洋中脊faultblock断块古地中海, 特提斯海polycycle 多旋回Tethys [‘ti:θis]nonconformity n. 不整合disconformity [disk?n'f?:miti] n.平行不整合、假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合oxidation [?ksi'dei??n] n.氧化lateritization [l?t?ritai'zei??n]n. 红土化作用granulometric [gr?njul?'metrik]adj. 颗粒的uniformitarianism [ju:nif?:mi't??ri?niz?m] n.均变说stretched pebble 伸长卵石drag fold 拖曳/牵引褶皱crustal shortening地壳缩短meteoric shower 流星雨solar tide 太阳潮laterite ['l?t?rait] n. 红土inclination [inkli'nei??n] n.倾向, 斜坡, 倾斜度rock slab n.光面boudinage 香肠构造hercynian [h?:'sini?n]adj. 海西的n.海西fold belt 褶皱带Ouachita ['w??it?:]沃希托山脉[美国中南部] Alleghenian orogeny 阿莱干尼造山运动Appalachian n. 阿帕拉契山脉Mauritanides 西非活动带Caledonian [k?li'd?uni?n]adj. /n. 古苏格兰人Caledonian [k?li'd?uni?n]adj. /n. 加里东Caledonian cycle加里东旋回Caledonian fold加里东褶皱Uralides 乌拉尔（山脉）deposit [di'p?zit] vt.沉淀, 堆积vt.沉积n. deposition geochemistry [d?i:?u'kemistri] n.地球化学epigenesis [epi'd?en?sis] n.表生作用、后生作用supergene ['sju:p?d?i:n] adj. 浅成的hypogene ['hip?d?i:n] adj. 深成的diagenesis [dai?'d?enisis] n. 成岩作用magmatism n. 岩浆作用secondary dispersion halos次生分散晕geochemical investigationn.地球化学调查/化探exogene n.外生impregnation [impreg'nei??n] n.浸染deposit [di'p?zit] n.矿床sulfur ['s?lf?] n.硫化物uranium [ju?'reini?m] n. 铀ground water n. 地下水alteration [?:lt?'rei??n] n. 蚀变aqueous ['eikwi?s] adj. 水的, 水成的aeolian [i:'?uli?n] adj. 风成的gravitational ['gr?v?'tei??n?l] adj.重力的isotope ['ais?t?up] n.同位素gemology [d?e'm?l?d?i] n. 宝石学crystallography [krist?'l?gr?fi] n.结晶学, 晶体学isotope geology 同位素地质学shell rule 壳层规则polymorphism [p?li'm?:fiz?m] n.多形性isomorphism [ais?u'm?:fiz?m] n. 类质同像atmophile element亲气元素fail]n. 亲石元素siderophile element亲铁元素lithophile ['liθ??biophile elements亲生元素uraninite ['jur?ninait] n. 沥青铀矿(天然氧化铀) galena [g?'li:n?] n.方铅矿bornite n. 斑铜矿sphalerite ['sf?l?rait] n. 闪锌矿carbonado [kɑ:b?'neid?u] n.黑金刚石iron ['ai?n] n. 铁magnesium ['m?g'ni: zi?m] n. 镁nickel ['nikl] n.镍cobalt [k?u'b?:lt] n.钴chromium ['kr?umi?m] n.铬molybdenum [m?'libdin?m] n. 钼lognormal ['l?g'n?:m?l] adj. 对数正态的trace element n. 痕量元素, 微量元素bedrock ['bed'r?k] n.岩床/基岩polar ['p?ul?] adj.两极的/极地石化/岩化silicify [si'lisifai] v. 硅酸化/硅化lithify ['liθifai]v.fossil soil paleosol ['p?li?s?l]n.古土壤outweigh v. 比...更重要clay [klei] n.黏土silt [silt] n.粉砂salt bed 盐层emanation [em?'nei??n] n.散发物, 发出物potassium [p?'t?si?m] n. 钾phosphorus ['f?sf?r?s] n. 磷sodium ['s?udi?m] n.钠chlorine ['kl?:ri:n] n. 氯transport [tr?ns'p?:t] n.运输、搬运tin [tin] n.锡platinum ['pl?tin?m] n.白金, 铂swamp [sw?mp] n.沼泽tundra n. 苔原, 冻土地带taiga ['taig?] n.针叶树林地带emanation [em?'nei??n] n.散发物, 发出物sodium ['s?udi?m] n.钠chlorine ['kl?:ri:n] n. 氯tin [tin] n.锡platinum ['pl?tin?m] n.白金, 铂iii。
The principles of geophysics
The principles of geophysicsGeophysics is the study of the earth and its natural phenomena, including the physical properties of the earth's materials, its structure, and its dynamic processes. This broad field of study is critical in understanding the earth's tectonic movements, natural disasters, and the exploration of natural resources. The principles of geophysics provide us with the foundation for understanding the earth and its processes.One of the principles of geophysics is the study of the earth's gravitational field. Gravitational field strength is different from one place to another due to the distribution of mass in the earth's interior. By measuring the gravitational pull at different locations on the surface of the earth, scientists can determine the distribution of mass, which in turn provides insight into the earth's structure and composition.Another principle of geophysics is the study of the earth's magnetism. The earth has a magnetic field generated by the movement of molten iron in its core. This magnetic field acts like a shield against harmful space radiation, but it also affects compasses and other magnetic instruments used for navigation. Studying the earth's magnetic field is crucial for understanding how it changes over time and how it affects life on earth.Seismology is another important principle of geophysics. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through the earth. Seismic waves provide us with valuable information about the earth's interior and its composition. Scientists use seismic waves to map the earth's structure and to identify potential natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes.One of the most exciting applications of geophysics is the exploration for natural resources. Geophysical surveys are used to identify and locate deposits of oil, gas, and minerals. By measuring differences in the physical properties of the earth's materials, geophysicists can create detailed maps of the subsurface, which can help mining companies and other industries to better plan their operations.The principles of geophysics are also vital in understanding climate change and its impact on the earth's ecosystems. Geoscientists use a variety of tools and techniques to study the earth's past climate and to predict future changes. By studying how the earth's climate has changed over time, scientists can gain insight into how natural and human-made factors are affecting the earth's climate today.In conclusion, the principles of geophysics provide us with an essential foundation for understanding the earth and its processes. From studying the earth's gravitational field to exploring for natural resources, geophysics plays a crucial role in our lives. As we continue to face challenges such as climate change and natural disasters, the principles of geophysics will continue to help us understand and manage the earth's dynamic systems.。
地球物理学
地球物理学用物理学的原理和方法，对地球的各种物理场分布及其变化进行观测，探索地球本体及近地空间的介质结构、物质组成、形成和演化，研究与其相关的各种自然现象及其变化规律。在此基础上为探测地球内部结构与构造、寻找能源、资源和环境监测提供理论、方法和技术，为灾害预报提供重要依据。已故著名地球物理学家赵九章先生是这样形容地球物理学的——“上穷碧落下黄泉、两处茫茫都不见”。
编辑本段分类
整体而言，地球物理学是利用物理方法研究地球或其他行星的科学，主要研究地球的各种物理性质，包括地球内部及表面的组成及各种自然作用与变化规律。其领域又可区分以下的类别：
地震学(Seismology)：
研究地震、地震波及其在地球的内部传播等与地震有关的科学。地震学是用来研究地球内部结构的一门重要科学。
地震学
重力学(Gravity)：
研究关于地球重力的科学，研究范围包括地球上的重力现象、重力分布、重力场及其他相关性质的研究。
地磁学(Geomagnetism)：
研究地球和大气圈之磁性的科学，主要研究有磁性的现象、来源、磁场等方面。
地电学(Geoelectricity)：
研究地球电场的科学，藉以推导地球内部介质的物性、组成和分布状态。
地球物理学
科技名词定义
中文名称：
地球物理学
英文名称：
geophysics
定义：
研究地球大气圈、水圈及固体部分物理性质和变化过程的科学。
应用学科：
大气科学（一级学科）；应用气象学（二级学科）
本内容由全国科学技术名词审定委员会审定公布
求助编辑百科名片
地球物理学（geophysics）是地球科学的主要学科，用物理学的方法和原理研究地球的形成和动力，研究范围包括地球的水圈和大气层。地球物理学研究广泛系列的地质现象，包括地球内部的温度分布；地磁场的起源、架构和变化；大陆地壳大尺度的特征，诸如断裂、大陆缝合线和大洋中脊。现代地球物理学研究延伸到地球大气层外部的现象(例如，电离层电机效应〔ionospheric dynamo〕、极光放电〔auroral electrojets〕和磁层顶电流系统〔magnetopause current system〕)，甚至延伸到其他行星及其卫星的物理性质。
出露的英文地质专业词汇
出露的英文地质专业词汇
以下是一些与地质学相关的英文专业词汇：
1. Geological formation - 地质层序
2. Stratigraphy - 地层学
3. Lithology - 岩石学
4. Sedimentology - 沉积学
5. Structural geology - 构造地质学
6. Petrology - 岩石学
7. Mineralogy - 矿物学
8. Paleontology - 古生物学
9. Geomorphology - 地貌学
10. Geochronology - 地质年代学
11. Geophysics - 地球物理学
12. Hydrogeology - 水文地质学
13. Geochemistry - 地球化学
14. Volcanology - 火山学
15. Tectonics - 构造学
16. Geologic hazards - 地质灾害
17. Geologic mapping - 地质制图
18. Geological survey - 地质勘测
19. Geothermal energy - 地热能源
20. Geological engineering - 地质工程学
这些词汇涵盖了地质学的不同分支和领域。
在地质学研究和交流中，使用这些专业词汇可以更准确地描述和讨论地质现象、过程和特征。
地球物理学的英语
地球物理学的英语Geophysics is the scientific study of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, using the principles of physics to understand the processes that shape our planet. This field encompasses a wide range of topics, from the composition and structure of the Earth's deep interior to the behavior of its atmosphere and oceans.One of the key areas in geophysics is seismology, which focuses on the study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. By analyzing seismic waves, scientists can learn about the Earth's internal layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. This information is crucial for understanding the tectonic processes that can lead to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.Another important aspect of geophysics is the study of the Earth's magnetic field, which is generated by the motion of molten iron in the planet's core. This field, known as geomagnetism, is essential for navigation and plays a protective role by deflecting solar wind and cosmic rays. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can also provide insights into past geological events and the dynamics of the Earth's core.Geophysicists also explore the Earth's gravitational field, which can be affected by the distribution of mass within the Earth. Gravimetry, the measurement ofgravitational forces, is used to detect subsurface structures, such as oil reservoirs or mineral deposits, and to study the Earth's crust and mantle.In addition to these core areas, geophysics intersectswith other disciplines, such as meteorology, oceanography,and space physics. For example, the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its interaction with solar radiation is a part of atmospheric physics. Meanwhile, the study of the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere falls under the domain of space physics.Technological advancements have greatly enhanced the capabilities of geophysics. Seismic imaging techniques, satellite remote sensing, and computational modeling are just a few of the tools that have expanded our understanding ofthe Earth's complex systems.The applications of geophysics are vast, ranging from natural hazard prediction and mitigation to resource exploration and environmental monitoring. As our knowledge of the Earth's processes deepens, so too does our ability to address the challenges posed by a changing planet.。
2024版新教材高考英语全程一轮总复习Unit1Honestyandresponsibility课
vt. _给__予_特__权__，__特_别__优__待_
►拓展词汇——通其变 1．appoint vt.任命，委派；指定(时间、地点)→_d_i_sa_p_p_o_in_t_ vt.使失望 →_a_p_p_o_in_t_m_e_n_t_ n．约定；任命→_d_i_sa_p_p_o_in_t_e_d adj.失望的，沮丧的
suggestion. ④It's not wise always to rely __on_/_u_p_o_n_ others' help. ⑤We should rely on ____it____ that everything will go well.
3.worthwhile adj.值得花时间(或花钱、努力等)，重要的，令人愉快 的
◎单句语法填空 ①I have an appointment ___w_i_th___ Dr. Smith, but I need to change it. ②The man rang Mary up to make an __a_p_p_o_i_n_tm__en_t___ (appoint) with the
outside her office.
2.reliable adj.可信赖的，可依靠的；真实可信的，可靠的 rely v．信赖，依靠
(1)a reliable friend 可信赖的朋友 need a reliable method 需要一个可靠的办法 information coming from a reliable source 来源可靠的消息 (2)rely on＝depend on＝rely upon 依靠；依赖；信任，信赖 rely on it that...＝depend on it that... 相信…… rely on sb./sth. to do sth. 依靠/信赖某人/某物做某事 rely on sb./sth. for sth. 依靠某人/某物提供某物 rely on sb./sth. doing sth. 依靠某人/某物做某事
石油与天然气地质专业英语分类词汇表
目录总类。
41.油气地质勘探总论。
72. 含油气盆地构造学。
73. 含油气盆地沉积学。
114. 油气性质。
145. 油气成因。
156. 油气储集层。
217.油气运移。
228.油气聚集。
259.油气地质勘探。
2710.油气地球化学勘探。
2911.地震地层学。
2912.遥感地质。
3213.实验室分析。
3314.油气资源评价。
3415.地质年代。
16补充17岩性，岩石学总类油气地质勘探petroleum and gas geology and exploration石油地球物理petroleum geophysics地球物理测井geophysical well logging石油工程petroleum engineering钻井工程drilling engineering油气田开发与开采oil-gas field development and exploitation石油炼制petroleum processing石油化工petrochemical processing海洋石油技术offshore oil technique油气集输与储运工程oil and gas gathering-transportation and storageengineering石油钻采机械与设备petroleum drilling and production equipment油田化学oilfield chemistry油气藏hydrocarbon reservoir油藏oil reservoir气藏gas reservoir商业油气藏(又称工业油气藏)commercial hydrocarbon reservoir油气田oil-gas field油田oil field气田gas field大油气田large oil-gas field特大油气田(又称巨型油气田)giant oil-gas field岩石物性physical properties of rock岩石物理学petrophysics野外方法field method野外装备field equipment石油petroleum天然石油natural oil人造石油artificial oil原油crude oil原油性质oil property石蜡基原油paraffin-base crude [oil]环烷基原油(又称沥青基原油)naphthene- base crude [oil]中间基原油(又称混合基原油)intermediate- base crude [oil]芳香基原油aromatic- base crude [oil]含硫原油sulfur-bearing crude,sour crude拔头原油topped crude重质原油heavy crude [oil]含蜡原油waxy crude [oil]合成原油synthetic crude凝析油condensate,condensed oil原油分析crude oil analysis,crude assay原油评价crude oil evaluation石油颜色oil colour石油密度oil densityAPI度API degree波美度Baumé degree沥青bitumen, asphalt沥青质asphaltene胶质gum熔点melting point倾点pour point凝点freezing point闪点flash point燃点fire point浊点cloud point液化天然气liquified natural gas,LNG天然气natural gas湿气wet gas干气dry gas酸气sour gas净气(又称甜气)sweet gas伴生气associated gas天然气绝对湿度absolute humidity of natural gas 天然气相对湿度relative humidity of natural gas 天然气密度natural gas density天然气溶解度natural gas solubility天然气发热量calorific capacity of natural gas天然气（燃烧）热值heating value of natural gas 凝析气condensate gas烃hydrocarbon轻烃light hydrocarbon烷烃paraffin hydrocarbon, alkane烯烃olefin,alkene环烷烃naphthenic hydrocarbon芳香烃aromatic hydrocarbon,arene含氧化合物oxygen compound含氮化合物nitrogen compound含硫化合物sulfur compound天然气液natural gas liquid,NGL液化石油气liquified petroleum gas,LPG临界点critical point临界状态critical state临界体积critical volume临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure临界凝析温度cri condentherm临界凝析压力cricondenbar露点dew point露点曲线dew point curve烃露点hydrocarbon dew point平衡露点equilibrium dew point泡点bubble point泡点曲线bubble point curve油气系统相图phase diagram of oil-gas system 逆蒸发retrograde evaporation反凝析retrograde condensation饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure湍流turbulent flow层流laminar flow牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid塑性流体plastic fluid假塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid幂率流体power law fluid剪切率shear rate屈服值yield value动力粘度dynamic viscoisity绝对粘度absolute viscosity相对粘度relative viscosity视密度observent density双电层(又称偶电层)electrostatic double layer水合作用(又称水化作用)hydration生物降解(作用)biodegradation1.油气地质勘探总论石油天然气地质学geology of oil and gas石油地质学petroleum geology天然气地质学geology of natural gas石油地球化学petroleum geochemistry储层地质学reservoir geology油气田地质学geology of oil and gas field油气田水文地质学hydrogeology of oil and gas field 应用地球物理学applied geophysics油气田勘探exploration of oil and gas地质勘探geological exploration地球物理勘探geophysical exploration地球化学勘探geochemical exploration海上油气勘探offshore petroleum exploration地热勘探geothermal exploration数学地质(学)mathematical geology遥感地质remote-sensing geology实验室分析laboratory analysis油气资源预测assessment of petroleum resources 2. 含油气盆地构造学构造地质学structural geology大地构造学geotectonics板块构造学plate tectonics地球动力学geodynamics地质力学geomechanics构造structure构造作用tectonism地壳运动crustal movement水平运动horizontal movement垂直运动vertical movemen造山运动orogeny造陆运动epeirogeny构造模式structural model构造样式(又称构造风格)structural style 构造类型tectonic type构造格架tectonic framework应力型式stress pattern压(缩)应力compressive stress张应力tensile stress剪应力shear stress挤压作用compression拉张作用extension压扭作用(又称压剪)transpression张扭作用(又称张剪)transtension左旋sinistral rotation,left lateral右旋dextral rotation,right lateral地幔隆起mantal bulge地幔柱mantal plume结晶基地crytalline basement沉积盖层sedimentary cover构造旋回tectonic cycle构造单元tectonic unit地槽geosyncline地台(曾用名陆台)platform克拉通craton准地槽parageosyncline准地台paraplatform地盾shield地块massif地向斜geosyncline地背斜geoanticline台向斜platform syneclise台背斜platform anticlise隆起uplift坳陷（二级构造单元）depression凸起swell,convex凹陷（三级构造单元）sag,concave长垣placanticline褶皱fold斜坡slope阶地terrace构造鼻strctural nose背斜anticline向斜syncline穹窿dome滚动背斜rollover anticline牵引皱褶drag fold披覆褶皱(又称披盖褶皱)drape fold底辟构造(又称刺穿构造)diapiric structure盐丘salt dome刺穿盐丘salt diapir盐构造作用halokinesis断层fault断层生长指数fault growth index同生断层contemporaneous fault,synsedimentary fault,growth fault 正断层normal fault逆断层reverse fault冲断层thrust上冲断层(逆掩断层)overthrust下冲断层underthrust上冲席overthrust sheet走滑断层strike-slip fault转换断层transform fault倾向滑动断层dip-slip fault地堑graben地垒horst半地堑(又称箕状凹陷)half-graben推覆体nappe整合conformity不整合unconformity假整合disconformity块断作用block faulting重力滑动作用gravitational sliding地裂运动taphrogeny板块运动plate movementA型俯冲A-subductionB型俯冲B-subduction俯冲subduction仰冲obduction板块边界plate boundary离散边界divergent boundary会聚边界convergent boundary转换边界trnsform boundary大陆边缘continental margin活动大陆边缘active continental margin被动大陆边缘passive continental margin大陆漂移continental drift板块碰撞plate collision大陆增生continental accretion岛弧island arc海沟trench沟弧盆系trench-arc-basin system弧前盆地fore-arc basin弧后盆地back-arc basin,retroarc basin弧间盆地interarc basin边缘海盆地marginal sea basin坳拉槽盆地aulacogen斜坡盆地slope basin大陆边缘断陷盆地continent-marginal faulted basin 大陆边缘三角洲盆地continental-marginal delta basin 裂谷盆地rift basin内克拉通盆地intracratonic basin周缘前陆盆地peripheral foreland basin弧后前陆盆地retroarc foreland basin破裂前陆盆地broken foreland basin山前坳陷盆地piedmont depression basin复合型盆地composite basin山间盆地intermontaine basin残留大洋盆地remnant ocean basin原始大洋裂谷盆地protoceanic rift basin新生大洋盆地nascent ocean basin深海平原盆地dep-sea plain basin扭张盆地transtensional basin扭压盆地transpressional basin拉分盆地pull-apart basin洋壳型盆地ocean-crust type basin过渡壳型盆地transition-crust type basin陆壳型盆地continental-crust basin多旋回盆地polycyclic basin块断盆地block fault basin地堑盆地graben basin含油气大区petroliferous province含油气盆地petroliferous basin含油气区petroliferous region油气聚集带petroleum accumulation zone盆地分析basin analysis盆地数值模拟basin numerical simulation3. 含油气盆地沉积学沉积学sedimentology沉积物sediment沉积岩sedimentary rock沉积作用sedimentation,deposition沉积分异作用sedimentary differentiation沉积旋回sedimentary cycle,depositional-cycle同生作用syngenesis成岩作用diagenesis成岩阶段diagenetic stage后生作用(又称晚期成岩作用)epigenesist,catagenesis 变生作用(曾用名深变作用)metagenesis碎屑岩clastic rock,detrital rock砂岩sandstone粉砂岩siltstone砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia火山碎屑岩pyroclastic rock,volcanoclastic rock碳酸盐岩carbonate rock石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite,dolostone泥灰岩marl粘土岩claystone泥质岩argillite泥岩mudstone页岩shale蒸发岩evaporite盐岩salt rock可燃有机岩caustobiolith沉积中心depocenter沉降中心subsiding center岩相古地理lithofacies palaeogeography沉积环境sedimentary enviroment沉积体系sedimentary system,depositional system沉积相sedimentary facies岩相lithofacies生物相biofacies地球化学相geochemical facies相标志facies marker相模式facies model相分析facies analysis山麓洪积相piedmont pluvial facies碎屑流沉积debris flow deposit泥石流沉积mud-debris flow deposit冲积扇相alluvial fan facies河流相fluvial facies辩状河沉积braided stream deposit曲流河沉积meandering stream deposit网状河沉积anastomosed stream deposit河床滞留沉积channel-lag deposit凸岸坝沉积(又称“点砂坝沉积”、“边滩沉积”)poit bar deposit 心滩沉积mid-channel bar deposit天然堤沉积natural levee deposit决口扇沉积crevasse-splay deposit废弃河道沉积abandoned channel deposit牛轭湖沉积oxbow lake deposit河漫滩沉积(又称洪泛平原沉积)flood-plain deposit侧向加积lateral accretion垂向加积vertical accretion湖泊相lacustrine facies盐湖相salt-lake facies冰川相glacial facies沙漠相desert facies风成沉积eolian deposit海相marine facies深海相abyssal facies半深海相bathyal facies浅海相neritic facies浅海陆架相neritic shelf facies滨海相littoral facies陆相nonmarine facies,continental facies海岸沙丘coastal dune内陆沙丘interior dune沙漠沙丘desert dune正常浪基面(又称正常浪底)normal wave base 风暴浪基面(又称风暴浪底)storm wave base 过渡相transition facies三角洲相delta facies扇三角洲相fan-delta facies三角洲平原delta plain,deltaic plain三角洲前缘delta front,deltaic front前三角洲prodelta建设性三角洲constructive delta破坏性三角洲destructive delta河口沙坝river mouth bar远沙坝distal bar指状沙坝finger bar三角洲前缘席状砂delta front sheet sand分流间湾沉积interdistributary bay deposit河口湾沉积estuary deposit澙湖相(又称泻湖相)lagoon facies蒸发岩相evaporite facies潮滩(又称潮坪)tidal flat潮汐通道tidal channel潮汐三角洲todal delta潮上带supratidal zone潮间带intertidal zone潮下带subtidal zone塞卜哈环境Sabkha enviroment浅滩(又称沙洲)shoal海滩beach湖滩beach岸堤bank障壁岛barrier island浊流turbidity current浊积岩turbidite浊积岩相turbidite facies湖底扇sublacustrine fan海底扇submarine fan鲍马序列Bouma sequence碳酸盐台地carbonate platform局限海restricted sea广海(又称开阔海)open sea陆表海epicontinental sea,epeiric sea陆缘海pericontinental sea边缘海margin sea盆地相basin facies深海平原abyssal plain广海陆架相open sea shelf facies台地前缘斜坡相platform foreslope facies生物丘相biohermal facies生物礁相organic reef facies台地边缘浅滩相shoal facies of platform margin 4. 油气性质石油荧光性oil fluorescence石油旋光性oil rotary polarization石油灰分oilash钒-镍比vanadium to nickel ratio,V/Ni游离气free gas溶解气dissolved gas沼气marsh gas泥火山气mud volcano gas惰性气inert gas固体沥青solid bitumen基尔沥青kir高氮沥青algarite地沥青maltha石沥青asphalt硬沥青gilsonite脆沥青grahamite焦性沥青impsonite次石墨graphitoid,schungite地沥青化作用asphaltization碳青质(又称卡宾)carbene高碳青质carboid总烃total hydrocarbon岩屑气cutting gas吸附烃adsorbed hydrocarbon溶解烃dissolved hydrocarbon游离沥青free bitumen束缚沥青fixed bitumen抽提沥青extractable bitumen氯仿沥青chloform bitumen酒精-苯沥青alcohol-benzene bitumen甲醇-丙酮-苯抽提物(简称MAB抽提物)methanol-acetone-benzene extract 分散沥青dispersed bitumen荧光沥青fluorescent bitumen5. 油气成因无机成因论inorganic origin theory碳化物论carbide theory宇宙论universal theory岩浆论magmatic theory(石油)高温成因论pyrogenetic theory蛇纹石化生油论serpontinization theory有机成因论organic origin theory动物论animal theory植物论plant theory动植物混合论animal-plant theory干酪根降解论kerogen degragation theory分散有机质dispersed organic matter前身物precursor腐泥质sapropelic substance腐泥化作用saprofication腐殖质humic substance腐殖酸humic acid腐殖化作用humification干酪根(曾用名油母质、油母)kerogen腐泥型干酪根(又称Ⅰ型干酪根)sapropel-type kerogen, Ⅰ-type kerogen 混合型干酪根(又称Ⅱ型干酪根)mixed-type kerogen, Ⅱ-type kerogen 腐殖型干酪根(又称Ⅲ型干酪根)humic-type kerogen, Ⅲ-type kerogen 显微组分(曾用名煤素质)maceral壳质组(又称稳定组)exinite,liptinite孢子体sporinite角质体cutinite藻类体alginite树脂体resinite镜质体vitrinite结构镜质体telinite无结构镜质体collinite惰质体inertinite微粒体micrinite菌类体sclerotinite丝质体fusinite半丝质体semifusinite无定形amorphous草质herbaceous木质woody煤质coaly还原环境reducing environment铁还原系数reduced coefficient oh ferrite还原硫reduced sulfur自生矿物authigenic mineral黄铁矿pyrite菱铁矿siderite赤铁矿hematite有机质演化organic matter evolution有机质成岩作用organic matter diagenesis有机质后生作用(曾用名有机质退化作用)organic matter catagenesis 有机质变生作用organic matter metagenesis有机质变质作用organic matter metamorphism生物化学降解作用biochemical degragation碳化作用carbonization生物化学生气阶段biochemical gas-genous stage热催化生油气阶段thermo-catalytic oil-gas-geneous stage热裂解生凝析气阶段thermo-cracking condensate-geneous stage深部高温生气阶段deep pyrometric gas-geneous stage未成熟期immature phase成熟期mature phase过熟期postmature phase生油门限threshold of oil generation液态窗(又称主要生油期)liquid window死亡线death line海相生油marine origin陆相生油nonmarine origin二次生油secondary generation of oil烃源岩(曾用名生油气岩)source bed油源岩(曾用名生油层)oil source bed气源层(曾用名生气层)gas source bed油源层系(曾用名生油层系)oil source bed有效烃源层effective source bed潜在烃源层potential source bed油页岩oil shale生油指标source rock index有机质丰度organic matter abundance有机碳organic carbon耗氧量oxygen consumption成熟作用maturation有机质成熟度organic matter maturity有机变质程度level of organic metamorphism,LOM时间-温度指数time-temperature index,TTI镜质组反射率(符号Ro) vitrinite reflectance定碳比carbon ratio孢粉颜色指数sporopollen color index热变指数thermal alteration index,TAI牙形石色变指数conodont alteration index,CAI碳优势指数carbon preference index,CPI奇偶优势odd-even predominance,OEP正环烃成熟指数normal paraffin maturity index,NPMI环烷烃指数naphthene index,NI芳香烃结构分布指数aromatic structural index,ASI自由基浓度number of free radical电子自旋共振信号electron spin resonance signal,ESR signal 顺磁磁化率paramagnetic susceptibility自旋密度spin density转化率transformation ratio,hydrocarbon-generating ratio沥青系数bitumen coefficient生油率oil-generating ratio生气率gas-generating ratio生油量oil-generating quantity生油潜量potential oil-generating quantity氢碳原子比hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio,H/C氧碳原子比oxygen to carbon ratio,O/C源岩评价仪Rock-Eval氢指数hydrogen index,HI氧指数oxygen index,OI油源对比oil and resource rock correlation气源对比gas and resource rock correlation地球化学化石geochemical fossil指纹化合物fingerprint compound生物标志[化合]物biomarker,biological marker生物构型biological configuration地质构型geological configuration立体异沟化stereoisomerism立体异构体stereoisomer,stereomer甾类steroid甾烷sterane降甾烷norsterane胆甾烷cholestane谷甾烷sitstane豆甾烷stigmastane粪甾烷coprostane麦角甾烷ergostane正常甾烷(规则甾烷)regular sterane重排甾烷rearranged sterane孕甾烷pregnane萜类(又称萜族化合物)terpenoid萜烷terpane三环萜烷tricyclic terpane四环萜烷tetracyclic terpane五环三萜烷pentacyclic triterpane藿烷hopane降藿烷norhopane羽扇烷lupane莫烷moretane降莫烷normoretaneλ蜡烷gammacerane奥利烷oleanane乌散烷ulsane松香烷abietane杜松烷cadinane雪松烷cedarane补身烷drimane海松烷pimarane罗汉松烷podocarpane角鲨烷squalane甾烷—藿烷比steraneto hopane ratio 倍半萜sesquiterpene二萜diterpene三萜triterpene多萜polyterpene胡萝卜烷carotane类胡萝卜素carotenoid类异戊二烯isoprenoid类异戊二烯烃isoprenoid hydrocarbon 殖烷phytane姥鲛烷pristane姥值比pristane to phytane ratio,Pr/Ph 降姥鲛烷norpristane法呢烷farnesane卟啉porphyrin天然气成因类型genetic types of natural gas无机成因气inorganic genetic gas, abiogenetic gas 火山气valcanic gas深源气deep source gas幔源气mantle source gas岩浆岩气magmatic rock gas变质岩气metamorphic rock gas宇宙气universal gas无机盐类分解气decomposition gas of inorganic salt 有机成因气organic genetic gas腐泥型天然气sapropel-type natural gas腐殖型天然气humic-type natural gas腐殖煤型天然气humolith-type natural gas生物气biogenic gas,bacterial gas油型气petroliferous gas煤型气coaliferous gas煤成气coal-genetic gas煤系气coal-measure gas煤层气coal seam gas腐泥型裂解气sapropel-type cracking gas腐殖型裂解气humic-type cracking gas非常规气unconventional gas地热气geothermal gas饱气带aeration zone异丁烷—正丁烷比isobutane to normal butane ratio 正庚烷normal heptane甲基环己烷methylcyclohexane二甲基环戊烷dimethyl cyclopentane庚烷值heptane value甲烷系数methane coefficient干燥系数drying coefficient碳同位素carbon isotope氢同位素hydrogen isotope氧同位素oxygen isotope氦同位素比率helium isotope ratio氩同位素比率argon isotope ratio6. 油气储集层储集岩reservoir rock储集层reservoir bed含油层oil-bearing horizon含油层系oil-bearing sequence碎屑岩类储集层clastic reservoir碳酸盐岩类储集层carbonate reservoir 结晶岩类储集层crystalline reservoir 泥质岩类储集层argillaceous reservoir 孔隙型储集层porous-type reservoir 裂隙型储集层fractured reservoir储层连续性reservoir continuity储层非均质性reservoir heterogeneity 胶结作用cementation胶结类型cementation type基底胶结basal cement孔隙胶结porous cement接触胶结contact cement杂乱胶结chaotic cement溶解作用dissolution压溶作用pressolution交代作用replacement，metasomatism 白云石化作用dolomitization去白云石化作用dedolomitization储集空间reservoir space原生孔隙primary pore次生孔隙secondary pore粒间孔隙inter granular pore粒内孔隙intragranular pore生物骨架孔隙bio skeleton pore生物钻孔孔隙bio boring pore鸟眼孔隙bird’s-eye pore晶间孔隙intercrystalline pore溶孔dissolved pore粒内溶孔intragranular dissolved pore 粒间溶孔intergranular dissolved pore印模孔隙(曾用名溶模孔隙)moldic pore溶洞dissolved carvern溶缝dissolved fracture裂缝fracture,fissure构造裂缝structural fracture成岩裂缝diagenetic fracture压溶裂缝pressolutional fracture缝合线stylolite储层性质reservoir property超毛细管空隙super-capillary interstice毛细管空隙capillary interstice微毛细管空隙micro-capillary interstice孔隙度porosity总孔隙度(又称绝对孔隙度)total porosity有效孔隙度effective porosity裂缝密度fracture density裂缝系数fracture coefficient裂缝强度指数fracture intensity index,FII渗透率permeability达西定律Darcy law孔隙pore喉道throat盖层caprock夹层intercalated bed隔层barrier bed,impervious bed压汞资料intrusive mercury data排替压力displacement pressure突破压力breakthrough pressure突破时间breakthrough time生储盖组合source-reservoir-caprock assemblage,SRCA旋回式生储盖组合cyclic SRCA侧变式生储盖组合lateral changed SRCA同生式生储盖组合(又称自生自储式生储盖组合)syngenetic SRCA 7.油气运移初始运移initial migration层内运移internal migration排驱作用expulsion初次运移primary migration二次运移secondary migration侧向运移lateral migration垂向运移vertical migration区域运移regional migration局部运移local migration同期运移synchronous migration后期运移postchronous migration运移方向migration direction运移通道migration pathway运移距离migration distance运移时期migration period输导层carrier bed水相water phase烃相hydrocarbon phase固相solid phase油珠oil droplet连续油相oil-continuous phase气泡gas bubble气相gas phase排烃临界值(又称油气临界释放因子)expulsion threshold value of hydrocarbon,critical release factor of oil and gas排烃效率expulsion efficient of hydrocarbon有效排烃厚度effective thickness of expulsion hydrocarbon压实[作用]compaction初期压实阶段initial compaction stage稳定压实阶段steady compaction stage突变压实阶段saltatory compaction stage紧密压实阶段close compaction stage欠压实页岩undercompaction shale水热增压作用aquathermal pressuring渗析作用(曾用名渗透作用)osmosis粘土脱水作用clay dehydration结晶水crystalline water层间水interlayer water吸附水adsorbed water结构水textural water甲烷增生作用methane accreting, methane generating 地层压力formation pressure上覆岩层压力overburden pressure岩石压力rock pressure孔隙流体压力(又称孔隙压力)pore fluid pressure地静压力geostatic pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure动水压力(又称水动力)hydrodynamic pressure折算压力reduced pressure总水头(又称水势)total head承压水头pressure head,confined head高程水头elevation head压力系数pressure coefficient供水区recharge area承压区confined area泄水区discharge area含水层aquifer不透水层aquifuge自流水artesian water承压水confined water土壤水soil water潜水phreatic water测压面piezometric surface测势面potentiometric surface静液面static liquid level动液面dynamic liquid level潜水面phreatic water table水力梯度hydraulic gradient势分析potential analysis气势分忻gas potential analysis油势分析oil potential analysis水势分析(又称总水斗分析)water potential analysis 等势面isopotential surface等压面iaopressure surface构造作用力tectonic force浮力buoyancy扩散diffusion异常高压(又称高压)abnormal pressure,overpressure异常低压subnormal pressure,subpressure地压geopressure地热geotherm,terrestrial heat地热田geothermal field, terrestrial heat field岩石热导率thermal conductivity of rock大地热流值terrestrial heat flow value地热梯度(又称地温梯度)geothermal gradient地热增温级geothermal degree8.油气聚集圈闭trap有效圈闭effective trap隐蔽圈闭subtle trap成岩圈闭diagenetic trap水动力圈闭hydrodynamic trap压力封闭pressure seal重力分异gravitational differentiation差异聚集differential accumulation背斜理论anticline theory集油面积collecting area储油构造(又称含油构造)oil-bearing structure储气构造gas-bearing structure原生油气藏primary hydrocarbon reservoir次生油气藏secondary hydrocarbon reservoir构造油气藏structural hydrocarbon reservoir背斜油气藏anticlinal hydrocarbon reservoir挤压背斜油气藏squeezed anticline hydrocarbon reservoir长垣背斜油气藏placanticline anticline hydrocarbon reservoir底辟背斜油气藏diapir anticline hydrocarbon reservoir滚动背斜油气藏rollover anticline hydrocarbon reservoir披盖背斜油气藏drape anticline hydrocarbon reservoir向斜油气藏synclinal hydrocarbon reservoir断层遮挡油气藏fault-screened hydrocarbon reservoir断块油气藏fault block hydrocarbon reservoir裂缝油气藏fractured hydrocarbon reservoir盐丘遮挡油气藏salt diapir hydrocarbon reservoir泥火山遮挡油气藏mud volcano screened hydrocarbon reservoir岩浆柱遮挡油气藏magmatic plug hydrocarbon reservoir地层油气藏stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoir地层超覆油气藏stratigraphic onlap hydrocarbon reservoir地层不整合油气藏stratigraphic unconformity hydrocarbon reservoir潜山油气藏buried hill hydrocarbon reservoir基岩油气藏basement hydrocarbon reservoir生物礁块油气藏reef hydrocarbon reservoir,bioherm hydrocarbon reservoir 岩性油气藏lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir岩性尖灭油气藏lithologic pinchout hydrocarbon reservoir岩性透镜体油气藏lithologic lenticular hydrocarbon reservoir古河道油气藏palaeochannel hydrocarbon reservoir古海岸沙洲油气藏palaeooffshore bar hydrocarbon reservoir带状油气藏banded hydrocarbon reservoir层状油气藏stratified stratified hydrocarbon reservoir块状油气藏massive hydrocarbon reservoir不规则状油气藏irregular hydrocarbon reservoir喀斯持油气藏karst hydrocarbon reservoir沥青塞封闭油藏asphalt-sealed oil reservoir饱和油气藏saturated hydrocarbon reservoir凝析气藏condensate gas reservoir背料油气藏参数parameter of anticlinal reservoir圈闭容积trap volume闭合面积closure area闭合度closure溢山点spill point油气藏高度height of hydrocarbon pool, height of hydrocarbon reservoir油柱高度oil column height气柱高度gas column height气顶gas cap边水edge water底水bottom water有效厚度net-pay thickness含油面积oil-bearing area含气面积gas-bearing area纯油带面积area of inner-boundary of oil zone油水过渡带面积area of transitional zone from oil to water含油边界oil boundary含气边界gas boundary含水边界water boundary油水界面water-oil boundary油气界面oil-gas boundary油藏描述reservoir description油藏评价reservoir evaluation,pool evaluation9.油气地质勘探区域勘探regional exploration工业勘探industrial exploration预探priliminary prospecting详探detailed prospecting地质测量geological survey构造地质测量structural geological survey地质剖面geological section构造剖面structural section区域综合大剖面regional comprehensive section,regional composite cross section 区域地层对比regional stratigraphic correlation岩性对比lithological correlation古生物对比palaeontological correlation沉积旋回对比sedimentary cycle correlation重砂矿物对比placer mineral correlation元素对比element correlation古地磁对比paleomagnetic correlation露头outcrop油气显示indication of oil and gas, oil and gas show油气苗oil and gas seepage油苗oil seepage气苗gas seepage沥青苗asphalt seepage沥青湖pitch lake沥青丘pitch mound沥青脉bituminous vein沥青砂(曾用名重油砂、焦油砂)tar sand油砂oil sand泥火山mud volcano地质模型geological model地质模拟geological modelling地下地质subsurface geology取心井coring hole参数井(曾用名基准井)parameter well探井prospecting well,exploratory well预探井(曾用名野猫井)preliminary prospecting well,wildcat 发现井discovery well详探井detailed prospecting well探边井delineation well,extension well评价井assessment well,appraisal well,evaluation well开发井development well生产井producing well,producer注水井water injection well, injector注气井gas injection well布井系统well pattern单井设计well design井身结构casing programme固井cementing试井well testing试油testing for oil试采production testing标准层marker bed, key bed, datum bed目的层target stratum地质录井geological logging岩心灵并core logging岩屑录并cutting logging岩屑滞后时间lag time of cutting钻时录井drilling-time logging钻速录井drilling rate logging泥浆录井mud logging荧光录井fluorescent logging井斜平面图drill-hole inclination plan地层对比stratigraphic correlation含油级别oil-bearing grade完井方案completion programme圈闭发现率trap discovery ratio商业油气流commercial oil and gas flow油藏驱动机理(又称油层驱动机理)reservoir drive mechanism单井产量well production rate年产量annual output, annual yield圈闭勘探成功率trap exploration success ratio储量增长率reserves increase ratio勘探效率exploration efficiency勘探成本exploration cost探井成本cost of prospecting well10.油气地球化学勘探△碳法delta-carbon methodK—V指纹法K-V fingerprint technique吸附烃法absorbed hydrocarbon method气体测量gas survey沥青测量bitumen survey水化学测量hydrochemical survey水文地球化学测量hydrogeochemical survey细菌勘探bacteria prospecting土壤盐测量soil salt suevey地殖物法geobotanical method放射性测量radioactive survey氧化还原电位法oxidation-reduction potential method 11.地震地层学区域地震地层学regional seismic stratigraphy储层地震地层学reservoir seismic stratigraphy层序地层学sequence stratigraphy成因层序地层学genetic sequence stratigraphy年代地层学chronostratigraphy生物地层学biostratigraphy磁性地层学magnetostratigraphy地震岩性学seismic lithology横向预测lateral prediction确定性储层模拟deterministic reservoir modeling随机性储层模拟stochastic reservoir modeling地质统计储层模拟geostatiscal reservoir modeling人机[交互]联作解释interactive interpretation反射终端(又称反射终止)reflection termination整一concordance不整一uncorncordance上超onlap退覆offlap顶超toplap浅水顶超shallow-water toplap深水顶超deep-water toplap湖岸上超coastal onlap深水上超deep-water onlap下超downlap底超baselap削截(曾用名削蚀)truncation视削截(曾用名视削蚀)apparent truncation沉积间断hiatus超层序supersequence层序sequence亚层序subsequence最大洪水界面maximum flooding surface缓慢沉积剖面(又称饥饿剖面)condensed section高水位期highstand period低水伦期lowstand period体系域system tract低水位体系域low system tract,LST海进体系域transgressive system tract,TST高水位体系城high system tract,HST陆架边缘体系域shelf margin system tract,SMST盆底扇basin floor fan斜坡扇slope fan滑塌块体slump block滑塌扇slump fan楔状前积体wedge-prograding complex地震层序seismic sequence地震相seismic facies反射结构reflection configuration前积反射结构progradational reflection configuration s形前积结构sigmoid progradation configuration斜交前积结构oblique progradation configuration叠瓦状前积结构shingled progradation configuration 帚状前积结构brush progradation configuration杂乱前积结构chaotic progradation configuration前积—退积结构progradation-retrogradation configuration 非前积反射结构nonprogradational reflection configuration 平行结构parallel configuration亚平行结构subparrallel configuration乱岗状结构hummocky configuration波状结构wave configuration扭曲形结构contorted configuration断开结构disrupted configuration发散结构divergent configuration杂乱结构chaotic configuration无反射结构reflection-free configuration反射外形reflection external form席状相sheet facies席状披盖相sheet drape facies楔状相wedged facies丘状相mounded facies滩状相bank facies透镜状相lens facies滑塌相slump facies火山丘相valcanic mound facies充填相filled facies反射连续性reflection continuity振幅amplitude频率frequence极性polarity岩性指数lithologic index砂岩百分含量sandstone percent content偏砂相sand-prone facies偏泥相shale-prone facies地震相单元seismic facies unit地震相分析seismic facies analysis地震相图seismic facies map测井相log facies岩心相core facies钻井—地震相剖面图drill-seismicfacies section沉积环境图depositional environment map成因地层单位genetic stratigraphic unit年代地层单位chrono stratigraphic unit岩电地层单位litho-electric stratigraphic unit等时性isochronism穿时性diachronism远景地区prospect分辨率resolution保持振幅处理preserved amplitude processing地震模型seismic model反演模拟inverse modeling相位phase零相位zero phase薄层thin bed调谐厚度tuning thickness反射强度reflection strength相对速度relative velocity绝对速度absolute velocity油气检测hydrocarbon detection声阻抗差acoustic impedance difference振幅随炮检距变化amplitude versus offset,A VO12.遥感地质地理遥感geographical remote sensing航空遥感aerial remote sensing地球资源技术卫星earth resources technology satellite,ERTS地质卫星geologic satellite海洋卫星Seasat陆地卫星Landsat高级地球资源观测系统Advanced Earth Resources Observation System,AEROS红外摄影infrared photograph多谱段扫描系统multispectral scanner system多谱段图象multispectral image黑白图象monochrome彩色合成图象color-composite image,color imagery波谱分析spectral analysis地面分辨率ground resolution灰度gray scale。
各个学科的英文单词
各个学科的英文单词1. 数学：Mathematics2. 物理：Physics3. 化学：Chemistry4. 生物：Biology5. 地理：Geography6. 历史：History7. 政治：Political Science8. 经济：Economics9. 语文：Chinese Language and Literature10. 英语：English11. 音乐：Music12. 美术：Art13. 体育：Physical Education14. 信息技术：Information Technology15. 心理学：Psychology16. 哲学：Philosophy17. 法学：Law18. 社会学：Sociology19. 伦理学：Ethics20. 教育学：Education这些学科英文单词涵盖了从自然科学到人文社会科学的各个领域，为我们在学习、研究和国际交流中提供了便利。
掌握这些单词，有助于我们更好地了解世界，拓宽视野。
各个学科的英文单词拓展21. 天文学：Astronomy天体物理学：Astrophysics宇宙学：Cosmology22. 地质学：Geology地球物理学：Geophysics水文学：Hydrology23. 生态学：Ecology环境科学：Environmental Science野生动物保护：Wildlife Conservation24. 计算机科学：Computer Science软件工程：Software Engineering25. 工程学：Engineering机械工程：Mechanical Engineering电子工程：Electrical Engineering26. 医学：Medicine内科学：Internal Medicine外科学：Surgery27. 护理学：Nursing成人护理：Adult Nursing儿科护理：Pediatric Nursing28. 建筑学：Architecture城市规划：Urban Planning室内设计：Interior Design29. 语言学：Linguistics语音学：Phonetics语义学：Semantics30. 跨学科研究：Interdisciplinary Studies文化研究：Cultural Studies全球研究：Global Studies了解这些学科的英文单词及其细分领域，不仅有助于我们在学术道路上不断前行，还能让我们在全球化的今天，更好地与国际同行交流与合作，共同推动人类文明的进步。
地震沉积学原理及研究进展
收稿日期：２０１６一０９—２５
２０１６年第１１、１２期
朱其等 地震沉积学原理及研究进展
１５５
研究。 地震沉积学主要包括地震岩性学和地震地貌学
两大分支。地震岩性学是将三维地震数据体转换为 测井岩性数据体，在岩性数据体中利用各井点岩性 测井（如ＧＲ、ＳＰ）以很小的允许误差与井旁道建立 关系，以确保储层段井数据与地震数据的最佳匹配 （曾洪流等，２０１１）［２］。地震地貌学是将地震数据进一 步转换为沉积相图。地震地貌学关键是在地震数据 中提取明确地质意义的多种属性，使反射界面的地 貌特征和沉积体系在地震属性平面图上直观成像
内容和研究方法仍然需要完善和提高，这对于勘探目的层分析和油藏开发精细描述都具有重要意义。
关键词：地震沉积学；地震沉积学原理；地震沉积学研究进展
号：１００６—７９８１（２０１６）１１、１２一０１５４一０４
地震沉积学是在沉积学、地震地层学、层序地 层学、地震储层预测技术等学科基础上发展起来的 边缘交叉学科；简单地讲，地震沉积学是应用地震信 息研究沉积岩及其形成过程的学科［１－４］。“地震沉积 学”问世要追溯到１９９８年，曾洪流，Ｈｅｎｒｙ，Ｒｉｏｌａ等 在（（ｇｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ》上发表利用地震资料制作切片的论 文，并首次使用了“地震沉积学”［１］。
测绘工程专业英语词汇
Words and expressionsUnit 1geoscience地球科学informatics信息学,情报学monitor监控,监测,监视,控制,追踪,监控器appreciate增值,涨价,赏识,鉴赏,感激dwindle缩小Iso International standardization organization国际标准化组织explicit清楚的,外在的,直率的,(租金等)直接付款的hydrographic与水道测量有关的,与水文地理有关的hydrographic survey海道测量,水道测量practitioner从业者,开业者expertise专门技术,专家的意见flexibility适应性,机动性,挠性Incorporation结合,合并;形成法人组织,组成公司(或社团) coherent一致的,连贯的demise死亡,让位,禅让ut让渡,遗赠,转让blur把(界线,视线等)弄得模糊不清,涂污,污损(名誉等),弄污visualization可视化,清楚地呈现pertaining有关系的,附属…的,为…固有的(to)Imagery肖像(总称),雕刻影像plotting标图,测绘illustrative 说明性的,例证性的entity实体digitize [计]将资料数字化registration注册,报到,登记forestry林产,森林地,林学geology地质学,地质概况geographical地理学的,地理的infrastructure基础下部组织,下部构造navigation导航,航海,航空,领航,航行quarterly一年四次的,每季的evolve (使)发展,(使)进展,(使)进化cadastre地籍簿,地籍,地籍图cadastral surveying地籍测量sensor传感器manipulate(熟练地)操作,使用(机器等),操纵(人或市价、市场),利用state - of - the - art 先进的,一流的geophysics地球物理学oceanography 海洋学retrieval检索,恢复,修补,重获embrace拥抱,互相|拥抱,包含,收买,信奉ti拥抱n.拥抱geomatics测绘学geodesy大地测量学surveying and mapping测绘photogrammetry摄影测量学remote sensing(RS)遥感global positioning system(GPS)全球定位系统atellite positioning卫星定位geographic information systems(GIS)地理信息系统land management土地管理computer graphics计算机图形学Unit 2artiticial人造的,假的,非原产地的analog类似物,相似体chart图表,海图dimensional空间的monument纪念碑permanent monument永久标石monumentation埋石fieldwork野外工作,实地调查,野外作业category种类,类别,[逻]范畴permanent永久的,持久的theodolite[测]经纬仪prerequisite先决条件spheroid球状体,回转椭圆体allowance容许误差,容差,容许量diameter直径equator赤道,赤道线atitude纬度,范围;(用复数)地区longitude经度,经线经度meridian子午线,正午,顶点,全盛时期ad.子午线的,正午的prime meridian本初子午线,木初子午圈线northing北距(向北航行的距离),北进,北航easting东西距,朝东方;东行航程gravity重力,地心引力gravity field重力场curvature曲率,弯曲plumb铅锤,铅弹ad.垂直的t使垂直,探测plumb line铅垂线trigonometry 三角法plane trigonometry平面三角algebra代数学analytical解枥的,分析的analytical geometry解析几chord弦,弦长triangle三角形,三人一组,三角关系spherical球形的,球的sophisticate弄复杂,篡改;使变得世故入sophistication复杂;强词夺理,诡辩geoid [地]大地水准面trench沟渠,堑壕,管沟,电缆沟,战壕Atlantic ocean大西洋Pacific ocean太平洋tangent相切的,切线的n.切线,[数]正切backsight后视foresight前视;远见,深谋远虑refraction折光,折射geodetic surveying大地测量,大地测量学plane surveying平面测量,平面测量学control survey控制测量horizontal survey水平测量,平面测量vertical survey高程测量,垂直测量地形测量topographic surveydetail survey碎部测量land survey( property survey, boundary survey, cadastral survey)地测量,地籍测量route survey路线测量pipe survey管道测量city survey城市测量hydrographic survey水道测量marine survey海洋测量mine survey矿山测量geological survey地质测量Unit 3fundamental基本原则,基本原理Euclidean space欧几里得空间odometer(汽车等的)里程表,自动计在仪(美vehicle交通工具,车辆,媒介物,传达手段revolution旋转,革命circumference 圆周,周围invar铟瓦;不胀钢nickel镍,镍币,(美国和加拿大的)五分镍币alloy合金coefficient系数thermal热的,热量的tacheometry 测视距测量stadia视距,视距仪器ntercept截取,中途阻止telescope望远镜multiply乘,增加,繁殖nominal 名义上的,有名无实的,名字的,[语]名词性的manufacturer制造业者,厂商/consequence结果[逻]推理,推论,因果关系,重要的地位topographic地势的,地形学上的resultant作为结果而发生的,合成的terrain地形electromagnetic电磁的visibility 可见度,能见度,可见性,显著,明显度infrared红外线的n.红外线airborne 空气传播的,空降的,空运的particle粒子,点,极小量,微粒,质点,小品词,语气modulated已凋整[制]的,被调的distance measurement 距离测量precise ranging精密测距pacing步测,定步distance measuring instrument, rangefinder测距仪EDM( electronic distance measurement)电子测距仪geodimeter光速测距仪,光电测electromagnetic distance measuring instrument电磁波测距仪electro- optical distance measuring instrument光电测距仪long - range EDM instrument远程电子测距infrared EDM instrument红外测距仪laser distance measuring instrument, laser ranger激光测距仪microwave distance measuring instrument微波测距仪satellite laser ranger卫星激光测距仪two- color laser ranger双色激光测距仪distance- measuring error测距误差fixed error固定误差proportional error比例误差sighting distance视距multiplication constant乘常数ddition constant加常数stadia multiplication constant视距乘常数stadia addition constant视距加常数standard field of length长度标准检定场/nominal accuracy标称精度stadia hair视距丝,视距线stadia interval视距间隔Unit 3perpendicular 垂直的,正交的Intersect横断(直线)相交,交又projection投影,投射,投影图,地图投影,规划zenith天顶,顶点,顶峰,最高点celestial天上的celestial sphere天球radius半径,范围,辐射光线,有效航程,范围,界线clinometer测角器,倾斜仪sextant六分仪compass罗盘,指南针,圆规protractor量角器clockwise顺时针方向的counterclockwise反时针方向的sexagesimal六十的,六十进位的sexagesimal systen六十分制commence开始,着手bisect切成两份,对(截)开clamp夹子,夹具,夹钳encoder编码器,译码器spindle轴,杆,心轴;锭子,纺锤crystal结晶状的n.水晶,水晶饰品,结晶,晶体liquid crystal displays(LCDs)液晶显示diode二极管lght- emitting diode displays(LEDs)发光二极管显示pendulum钟摆,摇锤compensator补偿器provision供应,(一批)供应品,预备,防备,规定indexing标定指数initialize初始化azimuth方位,方位角bearing方向,方位quadrant象限四分仪horizontal angle水平角vertical angle垂直角depression angle俯角,俯视角zenith distance天顶距elevation angle高度角horizontal circle水平刻度盘vertical circle垂直度盘true north真北geodetic azimuth大地方位角grid bearing坐标方位角gyro azimuth陀螺方位角magnetic azimuth磁方位角method by series, method of direction observation方向观测法method in all combinations全组合测角法Unit 20Us. Department of defense(DOD)美国国防部castellation[天]星座,星群nsure确保,给…保险drag拖拉v拖,拖曳atmospheric drag大气阻力sun- seeking太阳定向panel面板,仪表板,全体陪审员solar panel太阳能电池板nicad镍镉蓄电池nicad battery镍镉蓄电池Colorado美国科罗拉多州(位于美国西部)Hawaii夏威夷,夏威夷岛Ascension阿森松(南大西洋岛屿)Kwajalein夸贾林环礁(位于太平洋西部)reconnaissance勘测,侦察,搜索missile导弹,发射物missile guidance导弹制导pseudorange伪距synchronize同步synchronized同步的GPS( global positioning system)全球定位系统space segment空间部分control segment控制部分user segment用户部分GPS receiver GPS接收机gps constellation gps星座master control station主控站monitor station监控站atomic clock原子钟clock error钟差broadcast ephemeris广播星历precise ephemeris精密星历Coarse acquisition codeprecise code精码pseudorange伪距ionospheric delay电离层延迟tropospheric delay对流层延迟multipath effect多路径效应Selective availability(SA)选择可用性reference receiver基准接收机roving receiver流动接收机receiver antenna接收机天线real- time kinematic(RTK)实时动态定位differential GPS(DGPS)差分GPSdifferential correction差分改正real- time differential correction实时差分改正post - processed differential correction后处理差分改正Unit 23acronym 只取首字母的缩写词distinguish 区别,辨别attribute属性,品质,特征.加于,归结于peel剥,削,剥落supercomputer[计]超型计算机hook钩住,沉迷,上瘾digitizer 数字转换器cartographe地图制作者,制图师,制图员administrator管理员,管理程序implementation执行coordinator协调者,同等的人或物raster[物]光栅vector向量,矢量,带菌者aircraft航行器census人口普查demographic人口统计学的yearbook年鉴ecosystem生态系统overlay覆盖,覆盖图buffering缓冲(作用),减震,隔离Unit 28exemplify例证,例示illumination照明,阐明,启发geothermal地热的,地温的,地热(或地温)产生的photon光子cosmic宇宙的cosmic ra宇宙射线gamma 射线thereon在其上,在那上面,…之后立即moisture湿度,湿气,潮湿irradiance发光,光辉penetrate穿透,渗透,弥漫electron电子molecular[化]分子的,由分子组成的emittance发射度,[热]辐射本领incidence人射,落下的方式,影响范围spacecraft太空船backscatter漫反射,反向散射体,反散射synthetic合成的,人造的,综合的aperture孔,穴,缝隙,(照相机,望远镜等的)光圈,孔径synthetic aperture radar(SAR)合成孔径雷达multispectral多谱线的,多谱段的spectroradiometer[物]分光辐射计side - looking 侧视的remote sensor遥测传感器,遥感器electromagnetic spectrum电磁波频谱,电磁波谱,电磁光谱transmittance传播absorptance吸收reflectance反射electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射thermal infrared detector热红外探测器passive remote sensing被动式遥感active remote sensing主动式遥感side- looking airborne radar(SLAR)机载侧视雷达;侧视雷达active microwave sensors主动微波遥感传感器passive microwave sensing被动微波遥感spectroradiometer分光辐射计radiometer辐射计scatterometer散射计scatterometry 散射测量。
地球物理学
【地球物理场】geophysical field指具有一定地球物理效应的空间或指一些物理量的空间分布。如地球内外存在的重力场、地磁场、地电场、地热场、地应力场等。它是地球物理学观测与研究的主要对象。在具有不同地质背景的地区，地球物理场的空间分布和显示的特征各异，不同地段显示的地球物理场特征也截然不同。因之对地球物理场的研究不但可以了解地球内部的组成及其特性；同时对地球的起源与演化、地震成因等基本理论问题的研究也具有重大的意义。此外对深部矿产资源的探测以及地震预报也起着日益重要的作用。
【钱德勒周期】Chandler period曾译张德勒周期。地极移动时，极点沿着圆周移动。钱德勒认为地球不是一个完全刚体，而具有一定的弹性，因此，由于地球的变形，极点移动一周所需的时间较长(约433天)，这种周期称钱德勒周期。
【钱德勒分量】Chandler component曾译张德勒分量。地极移动的一种分量。1918年钱德勒(Chandler)从纬度观测资料中分析出一种12年(433天)的周期分量，故名。钱德勒周期与欧拉(Euler)周期的差别是，欧拉把地球假想为一个刚体，钱德勒考虑到地球具有一定的弹性，而不是一个完全的刚体。钱德勒分量的轨迹近于圆，振幅变化范围为0″040～0″30，周期值在12年附近摆动。简言之，钱德勒分量是极点在433天中沿圆周移动一周的地极移动。
reviews of geophysics影响因子
reviews of geophysics影响因子The impact factor of a journal is a measure of its influence and importance within its field. It is calculated based on the average number of citations received by articles published in the journal over a specific period of time.Here are some reviews of the impact factor of the journal Geophysics:1. "Geophysics has consistently maintained a high impact factor in recent years, indicating its significance in the field. The journal publishes high-quality research papers and provides a valuable platform for geophysicists to share their findings and advancements." - Researcher in Geophysics2. "The impact factor of Geophysics speaks volumes about its reputation and impact in the geosciences community. The journal covers a wide range of topics within geophysics, including seismology, geodesy, and geodynamics, attracting contributions from leading researchers around the world." - Professor of Geophysics3. "Geophysics has been my go-to journal for staying updated on the latest research in the field. The impact factor serves as a quality indicator, ensuring that the articles published in the journal are well-regarded and influential." - Graduate student in Geophysics4. "As an early-career geophysicist, getting my research published in Geophysics was a significant achievement. The journal's high impact factor and rigorous peer-review process make it a sought-after publication venue for researchers in the field." - Early-career GeophysicistOverall, the reviews of the impact factor of Geophysics are positive, highlighting its credibility, influence, and appeal among researchers and practitioners in the field of geophysics.。
reviews of geophysics 影响因子
reviews of geophysics 影响因子Review of Geophysics影响因子Geophysics is a branch of Earth science that focuses onthe study of the physical properties and processes of the Earth. It plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamicsof the Earth's interior, its interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, as well as the geodynamic processes that shape the Earth's surface. In order toevaluate the quality and significance of scientific researchin geophysics, the impact factor of journals has been widely used as an indicator.The impact factor of a journal is a measure of theaverage number of citations received per paper published in that journal within a specific time period. It reflects the influence and importance of a journal in a particular field.In the case of Review of Geophysics, it is essential toassess its impact factor to determine its standing and contribution to the geophysics community.To begin with, the impact factor of Review of Geophysics provides a quantitative measure of the journal's influence within the geophysics community. A high impact factorindicates that the articles published in the journal are frequently cited by other researchers, suggesting that the research presented in the journal has made significant contributions to the field. This, in turn, enhances the reputation and visibility of the journal among scientists and scholars.Moreover, the impact factor can also serve as aqualitative measure of the journal's content. Journals withhigh impact factors often publish high-quality research papers that present groundbreaking findings and innovative methodologies. The Review of Geophysics, through its impact factor, showcases its commitment to publishing cutting-edge research that pushes the boundaries of geophysics.Furthermore, the impact factor plays a crucial role in the evaluation and comparison of different journals within the same field. Researchers and institutions often rely on impact factors to assess the importance and relevance of journals when deciding where to submit their research papers or seek information. A higher impact factor indicates that the journal is more widely read, cited, and respected by the scientific community. Therefore, a high impact factor can attract high-quality submissions and increase the competition among authors to publish their work in Review of Geophysics.In conclusion, the impact factor of Review of Geophysics is an important parameter for evaluating the influence and significance of scientific research in the field of geophysics. It provides a quantitative measure of thejournal's influence, serves as a qualitative indicator of the quality of its content, and plays a crucial role in the evaluation and comparison of different journals within the same field. As the impact factor of Review of Geophysics increases, so does its recognition, reputation, and contribution to the advancement of geophysics.。
Geophysics地球物理成本拆给出量化签订最佳案例分析
Geophysics地球物理成本拆给出量化签订最佳案例分析地球物理是一门研究地球内部结构、地球表面运动和地球与其他天体相互作用的学科领域。
地球物理学在石油勘探、地震预测、地质工程等领域具有重要的应用价值。
在进行地球物理项目时，确定合适的成本拆分方式是至关重要的。
本文将对地球物理成本拆分进行量化和签订最佳案例分析。
首先，地球物理项目的成本拆分可以根据不同的项目阶段进行。
一般来说，地球物理项目包括勘探、数据采集、数据处理和解释等阶段。
在拆分成本时，需要根据实际情况确定每个阶段的成本比例。
例如，在勘探阶段，成本主要用于调查地质情况、选择勘探点位等；在数据采集阶段，成本用于设备购买、人工成本以及运输费用等。
通过量化每个阶段的成本，可以更好地掌握项目的经济效益。
其次，地球物理项目的成本拆分也可以根据不同的技术手段进行。
地球物理学采用了多种技术方法来研究地球，如地震勘探、重力勘探、电磁勘探等。
每种技术手段都有自己的成本构成，因此在进行成本拆分时需要考虑这些因素。
例如，在地震勘探中，需要购买地震仪器、培训人员、进行数据处理和解释等，这些都会产生一定的成本。
通过量化每种技术手段的成本，可以更好地确定项目的投资回报率。
此外，地球物理项目的成本拆分还应考虑到不同的地域因素。
地球物理项目往往需要在不同的地区进行，而不同地区的人工成本、设备购买成本、运输成本等都会有所差异。
在进行成本拆分时，需要根据实际地域情况进行调整。
例如，在发展中国家进行地球物理项目时，可能会受到人工成本低、设备购买成本相对较高的影响。
因此，在拆分成本时需要综合考虑这些因素，以获得最准确的成本数据。
最后，地球物理项目的成本拆分也应考虑到不同的项目规模。
地球物理项目的规模大小直接影响到成本的高低。
一般来说，大规模的地球物理项目会面临更高的成本，因为需要投入更多的人力资源和设备资源。
因此，在进行成本拆分时，需要根据项目规模进行调整。
例如，在大规模地震勘探项目中，需要购买更多的地震仪器、雇佣更多的人员进行数据采集和处理，所以成本相对较高。
实验月球表面布满大大小小的圆形坑的数据收集
实验月球表面布满大大小小的圆形坑的数据收集1. 引言月球是地球的唯一卫星，其表面布满了大大小小的圆形坑。
这些坑被认为是由陨石撞击所形成，它们记录了过去数十亿年来太阳系中发生的碰撞事件。
本文将对月球表面圆形坑的数据进行收集、分析和总结，以便更好地理解月球的演化历史和太阳系中碰撞事件的发生频率。
2. 数据收集方法为了收集月球表面圆形坑的数据，我们可以利用以下方法： - 通过观测卫星和探测器获取高分辨率图像，如美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的“阿波罗”、“勘探者”等任务所获得的图像。
- 利用雷达技术进行测量，如美国宇航局（NASA）“勘测者”项目中所使用的雷达设备。
- 运用激光高程扫描技术获取地形信息，如中国嫦娥探测器所携带的激光高程扫描仪。
3. 数据分析与结果3.1 圆形坑的分布特征通过对收集到的数据进行分析，我们可以得出以下结论： - 圆形坑的分布呈现出明显的非均匀性。
在某些区域，圆形坑密度较高；而在其他区域，圆形坑相对较少。
- 圆形坑的大小各异。
有些圆形坑直径只有几米，而另一些则可达数十公里。
-圆形坑的深度也存在差异。
一些圆形坑可能只有几米深，而其他一些则可能达到几千米。
3.2 圆形坑与碰撞事件圆形坑是由陨石撞击月球表面所导致的。
根据收集到的数据分析结果，我们可以得出以下结论： - 较大直径的圆形坑通常是由较大质量和速度的陨石撞击所造成。
- 圆形坑的分布和密度可以提供关于太阳系中碰撞事件发生频率和性质的信息。
- 通过对不同时期、不同地区圆形坑数量和大小分布进行比较，可以推断出月球表面碰撞事件的演化历史。
4. 结论与展望通过对月球表面布满大大小小的圆形坑的数据收集和分析，我们可以更好地理解月球的演化历史和太阳系中碰撞事件的发生频率。
未来，我们可以进一步研究以下方面： - 利用更高分辨率的图像和更先进的测量技术，获取更准确、详细的数据。
- 将月球表面圆形坑与其他天体表面特征进行对比研究，以了解碰撞事件在整个太阳系中的普遍性和影响。
各种“学”和以-logy结尾的词(1)
各种“学”和以-logy结尾的词(1)cetology 鲸类学climatoloty 气候学culturology 文化学chronology 年代学oology 鸟卵学otology 耳科学oenology 酒类学ophthalmology 眼科学ornithology 鸟类学oceanology 海洋学osteology 骨科学oncology 肿瘤学ontology 本体论ophiology 蛇类学psychology 心理学pharmacology 药物学pathology 病理学pedology 土壤学petrology 岩石学phonology 音位学phenology 物候学sociology 社会学seismology 地震学semiology 符号学toxicology 毒物学topology 地志学triology 三部曲technology 工艺学anthropology 人类学archeology 考古学astrology 占星学lexicology 词汇学limnology 湖沼学genealogy 谱系学geology 地质学geomorphology 地貌学gerecology 遗传生态学neurology 神经病学neuropathology 神经病理学nutriology 营养学biology 生物学bioclomatology 生物气候学zoology 动物学xylology 树林结构学koniology 微尘学myconology 霉菌学meteorology 气象学mineralogy 矿物学volcanology 火山学ichthyology 鱼类学hydrology 水文学hydrogeology 水文地质学hydrometeorology 水文气象学ecology 生态学etyonlogy 人种学，民族学entomology 昆虫学escapology 逃脱学eschatology 末世学dermatology 皮肤病学dialectology 方言学radiology 辐射学agrogeology 农业地质学morphology 形态学methodology 方法论palaeoanthropology 古人类学botany 植物学selenography 月面学anatomy 解剖学geography 地理学philosophy 哲学physics 物理学ergonomics 工效学economics 经济学euthenics 环境优生学eugenics 优生学taxonomy 分类学horticulture 园艺学toponymy 地名学cartography 地图学topography 地形学hydraulics 水力学hydrography 水文地理学ethics 伦理学logic 逻辑学literature 文学chemistry 化学geometry 几何学algebra 代数学politics 政治学linguistics 语言学aesthetics 美学semantics 语义学phonetics 语音学aeronautics 航空学physiography 地文学stratigraphy 地层学geochemistry 地球化学geophysics 地球物理学geognosy 地球构造学electrodynamics 电动力学electromagnetics 电磁学dynamics 动力学optics 光学pdyroelectricity 热电学thermodynamics 热力学metallography 金相学psychrometry 测湿学thermometry 测温学seismometry 测震学pharmacognosy 生药学robotics 机器人学bibliography 目录学statistics 统计学[1][2]。
地球物理学课程大纲—— Geophysics (Geology)
Undergraduate Education Program for Geophysics (Geology)Ⅰ. General DescriptionGeophysics major has abundant qualified teachers, good teaching and research conditions. There are four institutes in the major: Institute of Applied Geophysics, Institute of Gravity and Magnetism Method, Institute of Computational Geophysics and Institute of Logging Technology. Except these, there are also many advanced equipment in the major: digital seismograph, smart logger, transient electromagnetic machine, magnetotelluric instrument, proton precession magnetometer. Teachers in the major chairs and participates many high-level research projects, like United Nations 029 project, National 863 project, National 305 project, Major National R&D projects, National Natural Science Fund, etc.Students of Geophysics have wide and steady theoretical foundation, good professional training, strong hands-on ability, and will have a large job selection after graduation. They are especially welcomed by the employers in the fields of territorial resources, oil, coal, metallurgy, architecture, transportation, water power, and environmental protection, etc.Ⅱ. ObjectivesThe purpose of this major is to cultivate undergraduate students to adapt to modernization and the development of society and science and technology in the future. Students should have solid mathematical and physical foundation, knowledge on geophysics and exploration, skilled application ability of foreign language and computer, and theoretical foundation on geology. Students should have the basic ability to explore the resources and design, operate and manage the engineering on exploring, obtain the preliminary ability to research and develop the new technology and method of exploration.Ⅲ. Basic RequirementsUndergraduate students in this major should be able to,1. master the basic theory and knowledge on geophysics,2. master the analysis method and technique on geophysics problem,3. have the basic ability to explore the resources and design, operate and manage engineering on exploring, obtain the preliminary ability to research and develop the new technology and method of exploration,4. be familiar with the national policy and regulations on mineral resources, engineering exploration and architectural engineering,5. know the theoretical frontier and development tendency on geophysics,6. have certain ability on scientific research and practical work, and have certain ability on critical thinking, and7. have certain international perspective, and the ability on communication, competition and cooperation among cross-cultural background.Ⅳ. Length of Schooling and Conferred DegreeLength of Schooling: four yearsDegrees Conferred: Bachelor of ScienceⅤ. Core Disciplines and Special CoursesCore Disciplines：Geophysics, Geology, Physics, etc.Core Courses：Seismology, Geoelectricity and Geoelectrical Prospecting, Gravimetry and Gravity Exploration, Geomagnetism and Magnetic Exploration, Introduction to Space Geophysics, Geotectonics, Introduction to Forward and Inverse Algorithm on Geophysics, Algorithm on Geophysics, Stratigraphy, Structural Geology, Stratigraphy, Petrology, Geophysics Field Theory, Seismic Wave Theory, etc.Special Courses：Introduction to Space Geophysics, Seismic Exploration, Geophysical Well Logging.Ⅵ. Graduation RequirementsStudents who have completed all the teaching procedure in the training program, earned no less than 180 credits, and finished the bachelor thesis are qualified to graduate.Ⅶ. Time AllotmentTime AllotmentⅧ. CurriculumCurriculum ofBridge Engineering MajorⅨ.Other requirements None。
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Schnabel’s geophysicists have years of experience conducting subsurface investigations for transportation, power, environmental, geotechnical, and water resource projects in the U.S. and abroad in multiple geologic conditions. Some example applications are: Karst and Sinkhole Hazard Analysis Lake Sediment Surveys Void Detection Embankment Seepage Evaluation Bedrock Fracture Analysis Seismic Site Characterization Vibration Analysis, Monitoring, and Consulting Bridge Deck Analysis Landfill Delineation Steel Reinforcing Location Buried Structure Delineation Depth to Bedrock and Rippability Analysis Bathymetry Studies Pavement Analysis Downhole Geophysical Surveys
GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES
Schnabel Geophysicists work with you to customize an approach to meet your goals and the site conditions. They give focused and understandable explanations to help provide (realistic, real world, appropriate, cost effective) solutions. Geophysics is a tool used to see the bigger subsurface picture on a site, reduce the risk of unknown conditions, and search for specific targets, such as a contaminant plume, fractured bedrock, or reinforcing within concrete slabs.
Our key geophysicists are licensed professional geologists, and work closely with engineers within Schnabel and our client organizations. They understand the physical environment they work in and the goals of their clients. They use a holistic approach to design investigations to suit your needs and provide timely solutions to help you complete your project objectives.
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