Definition of Translation

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翻译理论知识概要

翻译理论知识概要第一部分：翻译术语1. Definitions of translationTranslation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.(1). Linguistic Views on TranslationTranslation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts.Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language). (Catford, 1965: 20).Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber,1969:12).Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. (Newmark, 1982 /1988:5).(2). Cultural Views on TranslationIn the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an "intercultural communication"; hence the terms of "intercultural cooperation", "acculturation", and "transculturation".Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages {Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:35).A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997:35).For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 2001:82).翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。

翻译的定义、分类和标准

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。

Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。

Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。

第2课翻译的基本概念

Lecture 1: The Basic Concepts of Translation
1. definition of translation
1. The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” 2. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, crosscultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 3. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。
钱钟书“化境”说：
文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保留原有的风味，那就算得入于“化”
许渊冲“优势竞赛论”：
翻译要能扬长避短，要挥译文语言优势，忠实于原文内容，通顺的译文形式可以当做文学翻译的标准
香港学者蔡思德：信达贴刘重德：信达切
严复“信达雅”：
“译事三难：信达雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。”

英译汉第一章翻译的概述PPT课件

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3. 关于翻译标准的争议
(Controversy on Principles of Translation)
关于翻译的标准的不同看法和定义：我国大翻译家严复提出了著名的 “信达雅” 的翻译标准，在我国翻译史上独具意义，给后
代的译界以有益的启发，在翻译界最具影响力、典范性，甚至成了中国人翻译西方语言文字的准绳。
所谓忠实是指忠实于原作的内容、原作的风格完整而准确地表达出来；
所谓正确，是指把原作的语言内容、立场观点、思想感情不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏、增减地表达出来；
所谓流畅，是指译文的语言一定要通顺自然、逻辑清楚、符合规范。
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刘重德教授给翻译的定义：
“ Translation is a science. Translation is an art. Translation is a craft. Translation is a skill. Translation is an operation. Translation is a language activity. Translation is communicating. ”
【译文】她貌颇美丽，肤色雪白，柔腻如凝脂，双眸点漆，似意大利产。斜波流媚，轻盈动人，而鬈毛压额，厥色深墨，状尤美观。形体略短削，微嫌美中不足。
任何一种文字都是有其声音之美，其意义之美，其传神之美，其文气文体形式之美，作为翻译者常会顾其义而丢其神，得其神而忘其体。
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为此，我们还是主张“忠实、正确、流畅” (faithfulness, correctness and smoothnesss)的翻译标准，尤其是对本科学生来讲，这个标准是切合实际的。
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3. 关于翻译标准的争议

英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译

翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。

在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。

According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。

摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。

其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。

According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。

翻译

such指上一句提到的内容。
10.Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood.
“达”是指要使译文易于理解。
11.In other words, the translators must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. 也就是说，译者必须通过他所运用的手法准确有力地表达原文思想。
medium原意指“媒介”，又有“方法”的意思，此处译者使用的方法应是翻译技巧或手法。
12.Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressive -ness is to make the translation vivid and attractive. “信”使思想准确明了，而“达” 使译文引人入胜。
4.Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. 除此之外，不能有任何的增加或删减。
5.The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. 译者的职责仅仅是改变词汇，而不是思想。
6.In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
因此，翻译有两个要素：“信”与 “达”。

Definition and Classification of Translation

Definition, Nature and Classification of TranslationI.Difficulty in Defining TranslationWhat do we mean by the word translation ,or “fanyi”？The complexity of translation lies in the fuzziness of the word “translation” itself. Both translation in English and “fanyi” in Chinese are polysemic. Both of them have different connotations. Also, its Chinese equivalent “fanyi”of translation is more ambiguous (许建平，2003：7).“你学什么专业？” “我的专业是翻译” (a major)翻译课在3#204上. (a course, a subject)这个翻译翻译的不地道。

（a person/a translator; translate/translating）你的翻译不如我的翻译。

（translation result）Therefore, i t may refer to “翻译行为”(translate or interpret), “翻译过程”(translating), “翻译结果”(translation), “翻译事业”(translation cause), “翻译者”(translator or interpreter), “翻译学科”(translation discipline)Roger Bell 罗杰贝尔（英国）(1993:13) suggests that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings for the word “translation”. 1) Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object); 2) a translation: the product of the process of translating (the translated text); 3) translation: the abstract concept which includes both the process of translating and the product of that process.Presently, translation is widely-used, mainly referring to written 笔译; while interpretation mainly referring to oral 口译。

1.DefinitionofTranslation翻译的定义

1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。

_文学翻译-第一讲

Translator
A musician / an actor
Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)
文学翻译
文学翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的享受。 —— 茅盾
翻译是把一种语言（源语）
的文字材料替换成另一种语言（目标语）的对等(equivalence)的文字材料。
• 奈达Nida: 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。
– Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
• 鲁迅：信和顺 “凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存原作的风姿。” 宁信而毋顺 vs 赵景深：Milky Way=牛奶路我的翻译向来是用直译法……我现在还是相信直译法，因为我觉得没有更好的办法。保留一定的洋腔洋调
• 英国泰特勒 Tytler --《论翻译的原则》翻译中的三项基本原则：一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想（相当于 “信”）二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同（相当于“雅”）三、译文应和原作同样流畅（相当于“达”）
• 傅雷：传神论/神似说 • Transference of soul or spirit “以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 译文同原文在内容上一致，这叫“意似”，是翻译的最低标准。译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称“形似”和“神似”，这是翻译的高标准。理想的译文仿佛是原作者的（中文）写作。

the-definition-of-translation

The definition of translation1, The term translation has several meanings：it can refer to the general subject field，the product(the text that has been translated) or the process(the act of producing the translation，otherwise known as translating）. The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text （the source language or ST）in the original verbal language (the source language or SL)into a written text （the target language or TL）.——------——--—Jeremy Munday, 2001 Introducing Translation StudiesTheories and applications2, Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text。

Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature。

翻译概述

她貌颇美丽，肤色雪白，柔腻如凝脂，双眸点漆，似意大利产。斜波流媚，轻盈动人，深墨浓发，状尤美观。形体略短削，微嫌美中不足。 2. I pay for all their learning. I toil for all their ease. 他们读书，我付学费。他们享受，我却劳累。
Lu Xun
鲁迅
Yan Fu Lin Shu
严复林纾
傅雷
After 1949
钱钟书杨宪益与戴乃迭许渊冲
3. The Criteria for Translation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 严复——信达雅 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance 鲁迅——信顺 (faithfulness, smoothness) 林语堂——忠实、通顺、美 faithfulness, smoothness, beautifulness 刘重德——信达切（closeness）傅雷——获致原作的精神，不在形似，而是神似 (spiritual similarity) 钱钟书——化境(conversion aimed at perfection) (reaching the acme of perfection) Eugene Nida——功能对等 (functional equivalence) Alexander Tytler——三原则(three-point translation) 许渊冲——三重标准(three levels) ……
The third climax of translation --the translation of Western writings From late Qing Dynasty to 1930s. Two phases: Before the May Fourth Movement; After the May Fourth Movement.

第一章翻译概述

1.2 翻译史简介（Brief Account of the History of Translation）

1. 从东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译，明末清初的科技翻
译，鸦片战争至五四运动前后的西学翻译。

2. 佛经翻译（sutra/Buddhist text /Buddhist scripture）是我国最早的，具有较大规模的文字翻译活动。 3. 明末清初的科技翻译是继佛经翻译后的一大翻译活动。
1.3 关于翻译标准的争议（Controversy on Principles of Translation）

她是一个惹人注目的女子，身材略矮胖，显得有些不匀称。但她拥有橄榄色的美丽面容，一双意大利特有的乌黑双眸和一头乌云般的黑发。
我们还是主张真实，正确流畅的再现原作的内容，不能一味追求“雅”而弄巧成拙。
第一章翻译概述
Brief Introduction to the English – Chinese Translation
1.1 翻译的定义（Definition of Translation）
1. 2.
What is the translation? Definition of translation offered by Professor Liu Chongde in his work?

1. 在翻译界最具影响力的翻译标准是什么？何人提出？
2. 严复提出的“信、达、雅” 是不是唯一的翻译标准？

1.3 关于翻译标准的争议（Controversy on Principles of Translation）

1. 大翻译家严复提出的著名的“信、达、雅” 翻译标准。 Yan fu‟s “three- character guide” , which was first proposed in 1898, namely，the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance

第一讲：翻译的定义及性质

I. What is T ranslation1.1. Essential elements in the process of translation?The relevant elements: translator, author, original language, receptor language, source text, target text, (meaning, message, idea, style)1.2. Definition of translation in terms of the process:那个地方是块肥肉，谁都想吃。

That place is a fat piece of meat which every one wants to eat.That place is an attractive piece of meat coveted by all.这孩子上课爱搞小动作。

The child often plays in class.New Y ork was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。

President Clinton slept once in the hotel during his visit in China. 克林顿总统访华期间曾下榻于该酒店。

从方法上看翻译不是什么？应该是什么？翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构和另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。

在英汉翻译中，如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。

德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。

翻译的定义

\翻译的定义1词典定义：1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.-------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia?翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。

2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another.-------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5)《2 国内学者下的定义：老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难……郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。

---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社, -15 .！茅盾：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。

(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告)------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984.朱维之:翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来.------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1984. *许渊冲:翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。

笔译定义分类 (2)

1．翻译的定义五花八门，对它们的归类可以因人而异。

根据你的阅读积累和思考，对翻译的定义还可以如何进行分类？The definitions of translation can be divided into:a)Common definitions:如：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

（摘自《辞海》）从一种语言变成另一种语言。

(《现代法语典》)Translate: to change (speech or writing) from one language into another language.[ Longman Dictionary]b)From the vision of Literature and Arts：从文艺学的角度解释翻译，认为翻译是艺术创作的一种形式，强调语言的创造功能，讲究译品的艺术效果。

如：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来。

（茅盾）c)From the vision of Linguistics.翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。

（费道罗夫）从语义到风格在译语中用在贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息。

（Nida）2．请你介绍一两个令你印象最为深刻的翻译定义。

Translate: to express (sth. spoken or written) in another language or in simpler words. [Oxford Dictionary]•请将下列翻译的定义译为汉语，并与本课所提及的翻译定义相比较，体会其中的差异。

1 . Bad translations render the letter without the spirit in a low and servile imitation. Good translations keep the spirit without moving away from the letter. They are free and noble imitations that turn the familiar into something new.拙劣的的翻译在呈现文本内容的时候，只是过分逢迎地模仿，而没有保持原作的神韵。

第一讲翻译的定义

第一讲翻译的定义第一讲翻译的定义/中国翻译史简介英汉翻译2011.2—2011.6第一讲翻译概论Focus:The Definition of Translation;The History of Translation in China翻译中的笑话How are you?－怎么是你？How old are you?－怎么老是你？Are you serious？你是席尔瑞斯吗？No，I'm kidding.不，我是凯丁。

不宰客No Killing试译下列句子：1. Most Tibetans are deeply religious.2. He is the last man she would marry.3. 请勿倚靠车门。

参考答案1. Most Tibetans are deeply religious.－－大多数西藏人都是虔诚的教徒。

（词类转译法）2. He is the last man she would marry.－－她绝不会嫁给他。

（她死也不会嫁给他）（词义引申）3. 请勿倚靠车门。

－－Please keep clear of the door/gate.(正反、反正表达法）I. What Is Translation?Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Many of those who learn English will be English-Chinese translators in the future. There are many translation theories and techniques for you too learn .Without knowing the theories and the techniques one will most likely take a roundabout course in translation work. That’s why it is necessary for you to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and the techniques in translation.Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.－－翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。

Definition of Translation

Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury

It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation—a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only needs to know their source language well; they must also have thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any social, cultural, or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed. The same special awareness needs to be present for the target language, so that points of special phrasing, local (e.g. regional) expectations, and so on, can all be taken into account. ----Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language

翻译入门2011-9-11A

英汉翻译入门I.Introduction 引言1.D efinition of Translation 翻译之定义七定义①Translating is the art of composinga work in another language without losing its original flavor.----Columbia Encyclopedia②Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.----J.C.Cartford2.C riteria of Translation 翻译之标准①The most popular and acclaimedcriterion was the three characters as faithfulness ,expressiveness, and elegance or refinement raised by Yan Fu.②译书自以能存真为第一要义……最好一面极力求不失愿意，一面要译文流畅。

--郑振铎duo③译者不但要求达意，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠于原文之字神句气与言外之意。

--林语堂3.I s Translation Easy?①He is easily the best student in the class. 他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。

②I can’t agree more. 我完全同意。

劳累-hard labor 苦工-hard work③Do you have a family? 你有孩子了吗？4. Literal Translation vs. Liberal TranslationWasted and withering years 蹉跎岁月Just to reap easy-to-reach profit 坐收近水楼台之利He bent solely upon profit他这个人唯利是图。

-翻译的定义

翻译的定义(11级英语笔译张骁整理版)一.通俗的定义1.把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

(《辞海》)2. n. (1). the act or an instance of translating. (2). a written or spoken expresstion of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language.------ (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary) 3. An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers tothe transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting.------ (Dictionary of Translation Studies, Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997:181) 4. Translation is the communication of the meaning of asource-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature.------ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia二.文艺学角度的定义文学翻译是“传达作者的全部意图即通过艺术手法影响读者的思想、感情。

Definition of Translation

翻译理论知识概要

翻译的定义、分类和标准

第2课 翻译的基本概念

英译汉第一章翻译的概述PPT课件

英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译

翻译

Definition and Classification of Translation

1.DefinitionofTranslation翻译的定义

_文学翻译-第一讲

the-definition-of-translation

翻译概述

第一章 翻译概述

第一讲：翻译的定义及性质

翻译的定义

笔译定义分类 (2)

第一讲翻译的定义

Definition of Translation

翻译入门2011-9-11A

-翻译的定义

第2课翻译的基本概念

第一章翻译概述