古英语文学
古英语诗歌 wanderer
古英语诗歌 wanderer
古英语诗歌《Wanderer》是一首十分著名的古老诗歌，它被认
为是英国文学史上最重要的作品之一。
这首诗歌大约写于公元10世纪，它以第一人称的方式描绘了一个流浪者的孤独和内心的痛苦。
诗歌中的主题围绕着丧失、孤独和生命的无常展开，同时也探讨了
人生的意义和价值。
《Wanderer》描绘了一个流浪者在世界上流离失所、孤独无助
的形象。
诗中通过描述流浪者在海上漂泊、在寒冷的天气里徒步行
走的景象，表现了他的孤独和无助。
诗歌中还包含了对丧失和死亡
的深刻思考，以及对过去时光的怀念和对未来的迷茫。
通过这些描写，《Wanderer》展现了人类对于生命中无法摆脱的痛苦和挣扎的
思考。
诗歌的语言使用古老的英语，这使得它的阅读和理解对于现代
读者来说可能有一定的困难。
然而，正是这种古老的语言和充满哲
理的内容，使得《Wanderer》成为了古英语文学中的经典之作。
它
的价值不仅在于其文学性，更在于它对人类心灵和生命的深刻触及。
总的来说，《Wanderer》是一首关于孤独、丧失和对生命意义
的思考的古英语诗歌。
它通过描绘流浪者的形象，表达了对人类存在的深刻思考，成为了古英语文学中不可或缺的经典之作。
英国文学各个时期的特点
英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20世纪文学7个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。
古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及5世纪入侵的盎格鲁初都没有留下书面文学。
6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。
9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。
中古英语文学11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。
14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。
此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。
英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。
15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。
文艺复兴时期文学16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。
学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯·莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。
英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。
西德尼(1554～1586)的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作。
在剧本中运用重韵体诗的文体，促使诗歌和戏剧两方面都达到空前的成就。
1.1.古英语时期文学
Old English Literature(A.D.600-about A.D.1100)1.Historial background of this period and the evolution of the English language1. Historical background of this period and the evolution of the English languageBritain, the biggest of the British Isles, was originally inhabited by primitive Celtic tribes known as Britons. During this period, Britain was successively invaded by peoples from varying languages and cultures. Major invasions were made by the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons，and the Normans.Roman InvasionIn A.D.43, the Romans landed in Britain and made South Britain a Roman province. People in Britain had to pay tributes or taxes to the Roman Empire. But they still kept their language (Celtic) and their customs. The Romans ruled Britain for almost four centuries. In A.D.410, when the Roman Empire was declining, all the Roman troops went back to the continent to join the civil war there and never returned.Anglo-Saxon InvasionFrom the middle of the fifth century (A.D.449), three Teutonic groups (Angles. Saxons and Jutes) invaded the island from the regions of Denmark and the Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg). The Celts were driven westward to Wales and Cornwall. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ‘England’ and ‘English’.The early Anglo-Saxons were heathen people. In A.D. 579, the Pope sent a Christian mission under Augustine from Rome. The missionaries were very aggressive and succeeded in converting English people to Christianity. By the end of the 7th century, all England had been Christianized.Early Anglo-Saxons spoke a language, which belongs to the Germanic language family and which is called Old English today. It is spoken from about A.D.600 to about 1100.Danish Invasion (from the late 8th century)Norman ConquestAfter the Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror in 1066, English as a language of a subjugated people underwent tremendous changes through contact with Norman French. The forwarding of stress brought about the loss of some of the old inflections. And the English vocabulary was gradually enlarged by borrowing and assimilating thousands of French, Latin and Greek words and words from many other languages.The English language had entered the second stage by 1100— Middle English (1100-1500), in its evolution from old English to modern English (from 1500 onward).2.Old English literature2.1. Old English PoetryMuch of the Old English poetry was intended to be chanted, with harp accompaniment, by Anglo-Saxon bard. Generally speaking, all the old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: the religious and the secular.2.1.1 The religious groupThe religious group of poetry is mainly on biblical themes or on saints’ lives. Among them are Genesis A and Genesis B. Genesis B is concerned with the beginning of the world and the fall of the angels. It is a short piece of writing; the poet has thoroughly enjoyed describing God’s punishment of Satan and the place of punishment for evil in hell. Most of the long Genesis A is dull and little more than old history taken from the Bible and put into poor old English verse. Another poem taken straight from the bible is the well-written Exodus, which describes how the Israelites left Egypt2.1.2 The secular groupIn addition to these religious compositions, old English poets produced the national epic and a number of lyrical poem of short length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines and which evoke the Anglo-Saxon sense of the harshness of circumstances and the sadness of human lot.Beowulf is the first great English literary work and is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. I t is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds years before it was written down in the tenth century. The name of its author is unknown.Synopsis of BeowulfBeowulf is not about England, but about Hrothgar, King of the Danes, and about a brave young man, Beowulf, from southern Sweden, who goes to help him. His great hall, called Heorot, built for big gatherings and feasts with his followers, has been laid waste for twelve years by a monster named Grendel, which lives in a lake and comes to kill and eat Hrothgar’s men at night. One night Beowulf waits secretly for this thing, attacks it and in a fierce fight pulls its arm off.It is mortally wounded and manages to reach the lake again, but dies there. Then its mother comes to the hall in search of revenge, and the attacks begin again. Beowulf followed her to the bottom of the lake and kills her there. In later days Beowulf, now king of his people, has to defend his country against a fire-breathing dragon. He kills the animal but is badly wounded in the fight, and dies. The poem ends with a sorrowful description of Beowulf’s funeral fire.Stylistic features of BeowulfAlegdon tha tomiddes maerne theodenHaeleth hiofende hlaford leofneOngunnon tha on beorge bael-fyra maestWigend weccan wuwu-rec astahSweart ofer swiothole swogende legWope bewundenThe sorrowing soldiers then laid the glorious prince, their dear lord, in the middle. Then on the hill the war-men began to light the greatest of funeral fires. The wood-smoke rose black above the flames, the noisy fire, mixed with sorrowful cries.From the few lines above, we can see that:Each half line has two main beats.There is no rhyme. Instead, each half line is joined to the other by alliteration.Things are described indirectly and in combinations of words. For instance, a ship is not only a ship; it is a sea-goer, a sea-boat, a sea-wood, or a wave floater. If the poet wants to say that the ship sailed away, he may say “the ship, the sea-goer, the wave floater set out, started its journey and set forth over the sea, over the ocean-streams, over the waves.”4. As is known, the Anglo-Saxons were Christianized by the end of the 7th century. At that time few but monks could read and write, the earliest English books were written down by them. But as the monks hated the heathen books, they managed to tinge them with some Christian color which does not go in with the content of the whole thing.Major themes1.This epic presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world represented by Grendel, his mother and the fire-breathing dragon under the wise and mighty leader.2.The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil. Beowulf stands for all that is good, brave and proper, while the monsters stand for evil.2.2. Old English proseOld English prose came later than Old English verse. The most interesting piece of prose is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, an early history of the country which begins with Caesar’s conquest and is a monument of Old English Prose. It is written under the encouragement and supervision of King Alfred the Great (849-899).Another important writer of prose was Aelfric (955-1025). His works were mostly religious. He wrote in English the meaning of the first seven books of the Bible. His prose style is the best in Old English. And he uses alliteration to join his sentences together.Literary termsepicalliterationrhymeEpic, in the form of a poem, refers to a long work dealing with the affairs and deeds of brave men, and focusing on the exploits and deeds of one man in particular, and is marked by what has been called ‘high seriousness’. (Beowulf has about 3,000 lines; Paradise Lost has 12 books. ) Homer (The Iliad and The Odyssey)) began the tradition of epic. The poet is not only writing to express his own thoughts or feelings, but the thoughts and feelings of some large group or community.Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables in a line. In English a syllable consists of three parts: an initial consonant cluster, a vowel or diphthong and a final consonant cluster. The initial consonant cluster is formed by 0,1,2, or 3 consonants.Speech is silver, silence is golden.Last but not leastHere in the long unlovely streetRhyme is identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further. A rhyme word may have one, two or there syllables, though in practice rhymes of more than two syllables are rare in serious literature. Night/bright, care/fair, liquor/quicker, tenderly/slenderly, candy/dandy.End rhymes occur at the end of verse lines, while internal rhymes occur within the verse line. Half-rhyme is a kind of rhyme which is formed by repeating either the vowel or the diphthong or the final consonant cluster.Look at the following example below:Hope is the thing with feathersThat perches in the soul,And sings the tune without the wordsAnd never stops at all.Rhymes are arranged in a pattern within a poem. This pattern is called a rhyme scheme(押韵格式).Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? aThou art more lovely and more temperate; bRough winds do shake the darling buds of May, aAnd summer’s lease hath all too short a date; bSometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed; dAnd every fair from fair sometime declines, cBy chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, eNor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; fNor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, eWhen in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: fSo long as men can breathe or eyes can see, gSo long lives this, and this gives life to thee. g。
英国文学各个时期流派
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派古英语和中古英语时期古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期.最早的文学形式是诗歌, 以口头形式流传,主要的诗人是吟游诗人.到基督教传入英国之后,一些诗歌才被记录下来.这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》,用头韵体写成.古英语时期(1066?1500)从1066年诺曼人征服英国,到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语.文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇,民谣和诗歌.在几组骑士传奇中,有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事,其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就.中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣,最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣.3,最重要的诗人是被称为"英国诗歌之父"的乔叟,代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》,取得了很高的艺术成就.他首创了诗歌的双韵体?每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,后被许多英国诗人采用.乔叟用伦敦方言写作,奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础,促进了英语语言文学的发展.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛.诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国.重要的诗人有Philip Sidney,他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗,还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》.Edmund Spenser用斯宾塞诗节创作了着名长诗《仙后》.莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人,着有两部叙事诗,两部长诗和154首十四行诗.英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年,不仅具有重大的宗教意义,也是一部伟大的文学作品,并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响.它的纯朴,平易,明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统.一个着名的哲学家兼散文家是Francis Bacon,他的文学着作主要有《随笔》,收录了他在各个时期发表的58篇随笔,思想深刻,文笔简洁,富有警句格言.戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就.主要戏剧家有马洛(Christopher Marlowe), 莎士比亚(W. Shakespeare).17世纪的英国文学17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一,由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾,爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的"光荣革命".与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想.因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长,并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向.两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬.弥尔顿的代表作〈失乐园〉和班扬的代表作〈天路历程〉都取材于〈圣经〉.〈天路历程〉是一部寓言作品,用"基督徒"到达天国的历程象征人类追求美好未来的进程.18世纪的英国文学18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上着名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.斯威夫特是英国文学史上着名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象19世纪的英国文学19世纪英国文学主要包括上半期的浪漫主义时期和中后期的批判现实主义小说.布来克和罗伯特?彭斯属于前浪漫主义诗人.布来克的代表作品有〈天真之歌〉和〈经验之歌〉.彭斯是着名的苏格兰民族诗人,写了很多脍炙人口的歌颂友谊,爱情,自由,平等的诗歌,其中〈一朵红红的玫瑰〉广为流传.浪漫主义全盛时期以华滋华斯与柯律维治联合发表〈抒情歌谣集〉为开始,到瓦尔特斯各特的逝世为止,主要文学成就为诗歌,涌现了华滋华斯为代表的"湖畔派"诗人和拜伦,雪莱,济慈等富有革命理想,颂扬自由与解放的诗人.19世纪中后期的批判现实主义作家真实地描写了英国资产阶级的社会生活,暴露和批判了资产阶级社会的罪恶,对人民群众寄予了深刻的同情.狄更斯是英国最杰出的批判现实主义小说家,善于描写社会底层人们的生活和思想,作品题材广泛,思想深刻;萨克雷则善于描写上层社会形形色色的人物.批判现实主义女性小说家及她们的代表作品:Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot.分析简?爱这一人物形象并分析小说的主题思想.托马斯?哈代是19世纪末20世纪初英国最伟大的现实主义小说家,他称自己的作品是"性格与环境的小说".代表作品是〈德伯家的苔丝〉.20世纪的现代派作家人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成.主要表现为意识流小说,代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫.乔伊斯的小说〈尤利西斯〉描写的是现代都市居民庸俗,猥琐的精神生活.弗洁尼亚的〈到灯塔去〉则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧.英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点毋庸置疑，英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。
01、古英语文学和中世纪文学
一、古英语文学和中世纪文学（中古英语）Chapter One The Old English Literature and the Medieval English Literature (about the 5th century - 1485)●古英语文学：（450-1066）The Old English Literature (also called The Anglo-Saxon Period)Ⅰ. Social BackgroundThe year 450 marked the coming of the Anglo-Saxons to England to settle in Wessex, while the year 1066 witnessed William Duke of Normandy conquering England.Ⅱ. Literary Characteristics and Major Writers and WorksBeowulf 贝尔武夫--------英雄史诗The earliest English poem we have known is Beowulf, composed in Anglo-Saxon about 700 by an unknown minstrel who composed poems that praised Anglo-Saxon ideals. This great epic tells of the adventures of Beowulf and his victories over the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother. It ends with Beowulf’s final battle with a dragon and the hero’s death.记住“a saint, a cowman and a King 一个圣人，一个牧牛人，一个国王”Bede 比德(676-735) ---the first Anglo-Saxon who wrote the history in LatinHe is one early poet. His works survive in manuscripts across Europe and in Russia.Ecclesiastical History of the English People 英吉利教会史Caedmon 凯德蒙---the father of English songsAccording to Bede, the earliest known poet in English literature was Caedmon, a cowherd at Whitby Abbey in Northumbia. （在睡梦中创作出《创世纪》的赞歌）Caedmon’s Hymn 凯德蒙赞歌（一首9行头韵体赞美诗，一般认为这首对上帝的赞美诗就是最初他在梦里所做的）King Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷德大帝(849-899)Alfred the Great was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of southern England, becoming the only English king to be accorded the epithet "the Great". He was the first who commissioned the writing of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles in old English vernacular.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 盎格鲁撒克逊编年史翻译比德的作品●中世纪文学：（1066-1485）The Medieval English LiteratureⅠ. Social BackgroundMiddle English literature refers to the literature in the period from Norman Conquest to the end of the Wars of the Roses and the accession of Henry Ⅶ. The evolution of something new is most apparent in some of the developments in religious writing in Middle English literature. The literature was various and deeply influenced by French.Ⅱ. Literary Characteristics and Major Writers and WorksTwo main literature forms:Medieval Romance (浪漫传奇：原本指中世纪早期地中海沿岸西部地区的一种用诺曼语讲述的故事。
古英语时期英国文学
太阳神阿波罗& 爱与美之神阿佛罗狄忒
（维纳斯）
riod of Old English literature(古英语文学) extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England. The Germanic tribes（日耳曼部落） from the Northern Europe brought with them not only the Anglo-Saxons language (the basis of Modern English), but also a specific poetic tradition, which is both bold and strong, mournful and elegiac in spirit. Old English poets produced the national epic poem（史诗）, Beowulf, and a number of more or less lyrical poems（抒情诗） of shorter length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines but evoke the Anglo-Saxons sense of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot.
• • • •
•
阿波罗（Apollo）： 宙斯和勒托之子，和阿耳忒 弥斯是双生兄妹；太阳神；全名为福玻斯·阿波罗（ Phoebus Apollo）。 阿佛洛狄忒（Aphrodite）： 爱，美和欲望之神 ；从海中的泡沫中生出。 赫尔墨斯（Hermes）： 宙斯和迈亚之子；众神中 最快者；盗窃者的守护神，商业之神，黄泉的引导者 。 阿耳忒弥斯（Artemis）： 宙斯和勒托之女，与 阿波罗是双生兄妹；美丽的女猎神和月神，青年人的 保护神。 赫淮斯托斯（Hephaestus）： 宙斯与赫拉之子， 神中唯一丑陋者，但老婆却是爱与美之神阿佛洛狄忒 ；火和锻造之神，为众神制造武器和铠甲；铁匠和织 布工的保护神。
专八人文知识之英国文学
专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学 引导语：下⾯是应届毕业⽣培训⽹整理⽽成的，关于专⼋考试⼈⽂知识的⽂章，谢谢您的阅读 ⼀、古英语时期的英国⽂学(499-1066) 1、贝奥武夫 Beowulf (公元⼋世纪)：是迄今为⽌发现的英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古⽼、最长的⼀部较完整的⽂学作品，也是欧洲最早的⽅⾔史诗。
2、阿尔弗雷德⼤帝 Alfred the Great ：英国散⽂之⽗Father of English Prose ⼆、中古英语时期的英国⽂学 1、暗讽体allegory⾮常盛⾏：这是⼀种源于希腊⽂的修辞法,意为"换个⽅式的说法".它是⼀种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事. 2、Romance 开始上升到⼀定的⾼度 3、⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠Sir Gawain and the Green Knight：反映了骑⼠制度chivalry的理想，是中世纪封建贵族⽂化的精髓。
4、威廉·兰格伦 Willian Langlaud ：著有《农夫⽪尔斯的幻象》Piers Plowman 5、乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer：坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体) The Canterbury Tales 。
在英国⽂学史上，他是第⼀个使⽤⼗⾳节“双韵体”的诗⼈，这个诗体后来在他⾸创下，演化成了“英雄双韵体”，“英雄双韵体”为以后的英国诗⼈所⼴泛采⽤。
他也因此被誉为“英国诗歌之⽗”Father of English poetry。
6、托马斯.马洛礼 Sir Thomas Malory 《亚瑟王之死》The Death of King Arthur 三、⽂艺复兴时期的英国⽂学(伊丽莎⽩时代)(14-16世纪) 1、托马斯.莫尔 Sir Thomas More ：《乌托邦》Utopia 2、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特和 Henry Howard亨利·霍华德把⼗四⾏诗sonnet引⼊英国 3、菲利普·锡德尼 Philips Sidney：著有《诗辩》The defense of Poesie，这是伊丽莎⽩时代⽂学批评的最佳之作;《阿卡迪亚》Arcadia 描述⽥园⽣活，为现代长篇⼩说的先驱 4、斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser ：《仙后》The Faerie Queene。
英语专八总复习系列：英国文学知识08
英国文学知识简介(English Literature)一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁•撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。
2）Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1）allegory体非常盛行2）Romance开始上升到一定的高度3）高文爵士和绿衣骑士4）Willian Langlaud 威廉·郎兰Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》5）乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）Heroic Couplet6）Thomas Malory托马斯.马洛礼Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、Thomas More托马斯.莫尔1478~15352、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞The Faerie Queene《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白四大戏剧：仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、皆大欢喜、第十二夜6、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》7、John Donne 约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人8、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣9、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》英国文学知识832、Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599The Shepherds Calen dar牧人日历Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌The Faerie Queene仙后3、Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧4、William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of V eronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of V enice威尼斯商人;As Y ou Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry theFifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯•凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;V enus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗英国文学知识845、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays随笔（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰·弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰·班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰·德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯·格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉·布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特·彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
古英语和中古英语文学 -回复
古英语和中古英语文学-回复古英语和中古英语文学是英语文学历史上两个重要的时期。
古英语时期跨越了从5世纪到11世纪初的时间段，而中古英语时期则延续了从11世纪初至15世纪中叶的时间段。
这两个时期的文学作品对英语文学的发展和影响起到了重要的作用。
本文将逐步介绍古英语和中古英语文学的主要特点和代表性作品，以及对英语文学的影响和意义。
首先，让我们来了解一下古英语文学。
古英语文学起源于5世纪的英格兰，最早的古英语文学作品是口头传承的史诗和颂歌。
这些作品大多讲述了战争和英雄事迹，如《贝奥武夫》和《狄翁星君之歌》。
这些作品反映了当时日耳曼民族的价值观和信仰，强调勇气、荣誉和忠诚。
随着基督教传入英格兰，古英语文学开始融入基督教元素。
最著名的基督教史诗作品是《贰乔之歌》。
这部作品描述了基督的诞生、生平和受难，强调了信仰的重要性和人类的救赎。
古英语文学还包括许多民间故事和神话传说，如《贝奥武夫》中的龙和海妖。
接下来，让我们来看看中古英语文学。
中古英语文学是在1066年的诺曼征服后发展起来的。
这个时期的文学作品更加多样化，包括骑士传奇、诗歌、散文和戏剧。
其中最著名的作品是《亚瑟王传奇》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
《亚瑟王传奇》是中古英语文学的重要代表之一。
它讲述了亚瑟王及其圆桌骑士的故事，鼓励勇气和正义。
《坎特伯雷故事集》由乔叟创作，是一系列故事的集合，讲述了不同社会阶层的人们在前往坎特伯雷朝圣时互相讲述的故事。
这个作品展现了中古英格兰社会的多样性和各种人物的命运。
中古英语文学还包括许多宗教作品，如《赛尔弗里德》和《原则简明》。
这些作品强调信仰、纪律和灵魂的救赎，反映了当时基督教在英格兰社会中的重要地位。
古英语和中古英语文学对英语文学的发展和影响是巨大的。
这些作品的语言和风格为后来英语文学的发展奠定了基础。
古英语的韵律和修辞风格影响了中古英语诗歌的发展，并对莎士比亚和其他文艺复兴时期的作家产生了影响。
中古英语文学的人物和故事也深深地植根于英国文化中，成为后来文学作品的重要源泉。
英国文学(诗人及其代表作)
英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、 allegory体非常盛行['?l?ɡ？ri] 寓言2、 Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、 Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、 Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、 Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、 George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、 Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、 Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
英国文学史上期末复习
英国文学史上期末复习英国文学简史General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟代表作：French influence:Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The Book Of Duchess《公爵夫人之书》Italian influence:The Legend of Good Women《良妇传说》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯与克莱西》Maturity:The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》2.Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴-------Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦(1516)---he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’ssufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根(1561--1626)The philosophical---The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》The literature -----Essays《随笔》The professional works------Thomas Wyatt托马斯怀亚特（1503--1542）The first to introduce the sonnet into English literature（引入十四行诗的第一人）Lyrical poetry------Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞（1552--1599）Poet’s poet 诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queene 《仙后》（the greatest epic poem 史诗）The Shepheardes Calendar《牧人月历》——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564--1616)The most popular and the most wildly respected writer in all English literature四大悲剧：HamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamThe merchant of VeniceAs you like itTwelfth Night——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛The greatest of the pioneers of English dramaThe one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学-------John Donne约翰多恩(a metaphysical poet 玄学诗人)代表作：‖the flea‖(跳骚)—love poem―Song‖(歌)―A Valediction: Forbidden Morning‖(别离辞：节哀)―Death be not proud‖(死神，你莫骄傲)死亡时永恒的，不要害怕死亡，人死后可以超生，到天堂―The Canonization‖（封圣）——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(puritan)Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》On his blindnessOn His Deceased Wife《悼念我的亡妻》——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》---is written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福Robinson Crusoe《》The Review《评论》Moll FlandersA Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年日记》Roxana——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travel《格列夫游记》The Battle of Books《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub《一直桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter《布商的来信》A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella《给斯戴拉的日记》——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁–the father of English novel--the first to write specially a ―comic滑稽的epic史诗in prose‖, the first to give the modern novel its struct ure and style The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿T om Jones》—— Thomas Gray托马斯格雷Rural poetryElegy written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were William Blake and Robert Burns.-------William Blake威廉·布莱克诗集《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence: The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper1789诗集《经验之歌》Songs of Experience:The Tiger, London, The Chimney Sweeper1794——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯--―The poet of the peasants‖(1) Political poems ---The tree of Liberty(2) Satirical poems ---Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs(3) Lyrics-- Red, Red Rose 《一朵红红的玫瑰》Auld Lang Syne《友谊地久天长》My Heart’s on the Highland《我的心在高原》一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）4，main characters: Beowulf—the heroKing of Sweden—Beowulf’s uncleHrothgar---the king of Danish nationGrendel --- a sea-monsterGrendel’s motherFire fragan二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、In terms of matters there are mainly three classes:(1)、the matter of France the Song of Roland(2)、the matter of Greece and Rome about Alexander and the fall of Troy(特洛伊战争)he(3)、the matter of Britain about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.3、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗.三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端) ---masterpieceHe had given us a picture of contemporary English lifeA collection of 20 complete stories and 4 fragmentsChaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of __Rhymed stanzas__ instead ofalliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.The Canterbury Tales opens with a General Prologue4，贡献：Chaucer’s contribution to English literature and languageA, He is the ―father of English poetry‖ and the greatest narrative poet in English poetry.B, He did much in making the dialects of London the foundation for the modern English language.C, He was the most significant poet in English literature history to write in Middle English. Chaucer’s creative works vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in Englishculture.D, the ―heroic couplet‖4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymedBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯·珀西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 侠盗罗宾汉和阿林代尔其他作品：Get up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick Spens四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期The 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of thefoundations of capitalism.1、key word: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1)、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔Utopia2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)Francis Bacon was praised by Marx as ―the progenitor of English Materialism‖3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛blank verse(无韵体)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
1 中古英语文学
1 中古英语文学8世纪-15世纪大多数是口述的，异教的《贝奥武夫》被认为是古代英语文学的开端，也是英语语言的最古老的诗歌。
诺曼入侵之后，传奇逐渐成为文学的主要形式。
OldEnglish/Alliteration/Epic/Roman ce/BalladGeoffrey Chaucer（英语诗歌之父）:14世纪被称为乔叟的时代。
The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）King Alfred（英国散文之父，翻译了大量拉丁文文献）：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史）2 文艺复兴时期16世纪-17世纪这个时期常被称为为莎士比亚时期或是伊丽莎白时代。
同一时期佛朗西斯·培根也是著名人物。
斯宾塞体、无韵诗、十四行诗Edmund Spencer（诗人中的诗人）:The Farie Queene（仙后）典型的斯宾塞体Thomas More（英国文艺复兴的领导者）:Utopia（乌托邦）Francis Bacon（唯物主义哲学奠基人，英国第一个散文家）:Of Studies（论学习）/Of Travel/OfWisdomChristopher Marlow（剧作家，属于“大学才子”，首先创造无韵诗）:The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus（浮士德博士的悲剧）William Shakespeare（英国最伟大的剧作家，英语文学现实主义的奠基人之一，共写过37部剧作，包括16部喜剧，11部悲剧，10部历史剧，154首14行诗）:4 大喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like It（皆大欢喜）Twelfth Night；4大悲剧：Hamlet/King Lear/Macbeth/Othello；最著名的历史剧为：Henry 4/Henry5John Donne（诗人，玄学派诗人代表人物）:The Songs and Sonnets（歌谣与十四行诗）A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning（别离辞·节哀）John Milton（革命时期最伟大诗人）：Paradise Lost/Paradise Regained/悲剧：Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）3 新古典时期17世纪中期-18世纪本时期是受到启蒙运动的影响，主要为现实主义的特点，散文体为主prose，报纸和杂志开始出现。
(完整word版)英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学（450-1066年）Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture“英国文学之父”William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.文艺复兴（16-17世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare’s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）, writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth‘s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley (玛丽• 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility (《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice (《傲慢与偏见》), Emma (《爱玛》). Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 – 1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‘s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily’s Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include:The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》,David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》, Great Expectation 《远大前程》, Hard Times 《艰难时世》William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865)was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽• 巴顿》Thomas Hardy(哈代, 1840 – 1928) ,an English novelist of the naturalism自然主义. His major novels include: Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.现实主义时期诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism唯美主义(art for art’s sake为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《不可儿戏》; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》20世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的情人》, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》, Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy (高尔斯华绥, 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20th century，a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》which comprises three novels:The Man of Property《有产业的人》, In Chancery《衡平法院》To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德, 1857-1932)Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》.James Joyce (乔伊斯, 1882-1941):An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》Finnegan’s Wake; 《芬尼根彻夜祭》Dubliners《都柏林人》E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. He is the founder of stream of consciousness意识流.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939)an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium《驶向拜占庭》and Leda and Swan《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd 荒诞派戏剧.Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941)Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》.美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790): one of American founding fathers (建国之父) Major works: Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查历书》Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work is often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩, 1737-1809):British pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）Federalists’ Papers《联邦党人文集》:Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿John Jay杰伊James Madison曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”, both of w hich appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851):American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义）:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse(自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature 《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence”.Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑, 1804–1864): American novelist, best known for his four romances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森，1830–1886) American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life, death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896 American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.)Realism 现实主义Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), American novelist. most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （《汤姆索亚历险记》）and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court 《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯1843-1916), American realist novelist, founder of international novel（国际题材小说）Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》O. Henry 欧亨利was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 – 1910). O. Henry‘s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie (《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist （自然主义）1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris (诺瑞斯1870–1902) American novelist. His notable works include McTeague 《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3) Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916) American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound（庞德）: American imagist poet意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery (莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems) Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874–1963)American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg (金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation (垮掉的一代), best known for his poem “Howl”《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》“Meditation XVII”, an essay by metaphysical poet John Donne 多恩“any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”Fitzgerald (菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the “Lost Generation“. Most important worksis The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream. Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of his works was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902–1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow（贝缕, 1915-2005）American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his novel such as The Adventures of Augie March,《奥吉•玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day, Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison （艾里森, 1913-1994）, black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Alex Harley (1936-1969), black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Toni Morrison(莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.20世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil （尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller （亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ）, American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?(《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett贝克特.。
英国文学
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国名谣：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）。
托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edwar d Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）。
专八 TEM8 英国文学知识
英国文学知识一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国名谣：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The V ision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）。
托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edwar d Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）。
古英语文学研究述评
JIAN NAN WEN XUE在文化发展领域,相对于文艺复兴之后和中世纪后期的英国文学研究而言,古英语文学研究在国内外的外国文学研究领域几乎很少有人关注。
在文学史上,古英语文学的评价、古英语诗歌与散文研究、古英语文学译介,对于后来人研究文学精粹具有积极的促进作用。
本文将简要分析,古英语文学研究述评方面的内容,旨在更好的促进古英语文学的发展。
前言:通过研究资料发现,古英语文学是英国文学的发端,也是欧洲中世纪文学的重要组成部分,相对而言古英语文学的产生和发展对欧洲文学传统的发展也非常重要。
国内学者对于古英语文学的介绍和论述,最早是在国内学者编写文学史著作的时候。
通常情况下,古英语文学的文学史主要分为三类,包括欧洲或西洋文学史、英国文学史、欧洲中世纪文学史和中世纪英国文学史。
古英语文学研究述评■张慧情丝毫不输给任何一个共产党员,他忠心耿耿地执行蒋经国的指令,一心救党救国,币制改革失败后他甚至绝望地结束了自己的生命,因为他已然为自己的党、自己的信仰掏空了生命。
直如铉,死道边;曲如钩,反封侯。
一个刚正清廉、满腔热血的爱国战士,结局却是孤独地走进冰冷的墓穴。
他的爱国那样全情投入,那样浓烈悲壮,他为党为国奉献了终生只留下墓碑上寥寥的“江西曾可达”几个字。
他就是国民党中有崇高爱国情怀的代表之一,他的爱国热情没有错,错的是国民党执政的方向。
说到该剧人物塑造非脸谱化,还有一个角色一定要谈,那就是廖凡扮演的梁经纶,不同于其他剧中的双面间谍只为某一个组织的利益而战,梁经纶这个人物是为“人民”而战。
他因知遇之恩效忠国民党铁血救国会,屡次寄希望于蒋经国的铁腕,希望用自己的学识改写国运,然而希望也屡次破灭。
他的真实身份是国民党,现实却迫使他以一个共产党人的情怀做着反共的工作,极具讽刺意味,最终他也走向了自我的“无间道”。
其实对于他来说,哪个政党已不重要,因为他的主义是“人民”,他为了这个主义完全放弃了个人幸福的可能,面对何孝钰的深情他只能一次次为她勾勒理想,面对天真烂漫的谢木兰,他也只能深深地压抑自己的情感。
关于古英语文学
关于古英语文学上卷古英语文学概述第一章史诗《贝奥武甫》第二章战歌第三章诀术歌第四章箴言诗第五章哀歌第六章谜语诗第七章宗教诗第八章寓言诗第九章散文下卷中古英语文学概述第一章罗曼史第二章莱歌第三章辩论诗第四章法布罗第五章动物故事诗第六章无名氏抒情诗第七章《高文爵士》作者第八章朗格兰第九章高厄第十章乔叟第十一章民间谣曲第十二章戏剧第十三章散文（全力地），friend and foe（敌友），a labour of love（出自喜爱而做的事）。
古英语时期有两个重要历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大影响。
第一件事是基督教传入英语。
公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁（Augustine）的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。
罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。
与此同时，一批拉丁词进入英语。
第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。
从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的纳维人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特（Knut）还一度成为英国的君主。
斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，所以有许多斯堪的纳维亚各国词语进入英语。
编辑本段词汇古英语的名词有数和格的分别。
数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。
因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。
此外，名次还分阳性、中性和阴性。
但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。
例如妇女就是阳性的。
形容词的形态变化分为强、弱两种，它的数和格也共有8种变化。
动词只有现在式和过去式两种时态变化。
编辑本段古英语时期古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 the Anglo-Saxon Period）古英语时期——公元449年至1100年古英语时期共有四种主要方言：⑴诺森伯里亚方言——洪伯河（the Humber）以北的方言⑵梅尔西亚方言——界乎洪伯河与泰晤士河之间的英国中部地区的方言⑶肯特（Kentish）方言——居住在英国东南部地区的朱待人的方言⑷西撤克逊方言——泰晤士河以南的方言。
诺森伯里亚和悔尔西亚这两种方言又合称盎格里亚方言，即盎格鲁人居住地区的方言。
英国古英语文学
Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟
• ②the “father of English poetry”, • →“The Canterbury Tales” is Chaucer’s masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims) • → he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry, instead of the old AngloSaxon alliterative verse. • (Couplet:（相连并押韵的两行诗，对句 ） A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. )
■ A folk legend brought to England by the AngloSaxons from their continental homes.
alliterative verse（头韵诗句）
• alliterative verse is a form of verse that uses alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry, as opposed to other devices such as rh事集》的艺术成就很高，远远超过 了以前同时代的英国文学作品，是英国文学史上 现实主义的第一部典范。 • 作品将幽默和讽刺结合，喜剧色彩浓厚，其中大 多数故事用双韵诗体写成，对后来的英国文学产 生了影响。人物形象鲜明，语言生动活泼。乔叟 用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作，也为英国文 学语言奠定了基础。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后 的英国诗人所广泛采用，因而乔叟被誉为“英国 诗歌之父”。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
England was conquered by the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Normans.The latter two conquests much affected England.The Anglo-Saxons brought to England the Germanic language and culture, while the Normans brought a fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization. This civilization includes Greek culture, Roman law, and the Christian religion.The cultural influences of these two conquests provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.England was conquered bythe Romans ( Julius Caesar invaded in 54 B.C.—75 A.D. the Emperor Claudius conquered; The Roman Wall of York; the Roman Empire in Britain collapsed by 410 A.D)the Anglo-Saxons (the year 449 as the starting point of Anglo-Saxon epoch; they stayed there and had the language )the Normans (On Christmas day 1066, William of Normandy became William I of England.)William IThe cultural influencesThe Anglo-Saxons broughtGermanic language and cultureThe Normans broughtMediterranean civilizationGreek cultureRoman lawChristian religionThe setting and the hero have nothing to do with England, for thestory took place in Scandinavia.The story describes Beowulf in fighting against the monster Grendel,his revengeful mother and a fire-breathing dragon.It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.Beowulf Beowulf, written in Old English sometimebefore the 10th century A.D., describes theadventures of a great Scandinavian warrior ofthe sixth century. A rich fabric of fact andfancy, Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic（史诗）in British literature.Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon literature did not begin with books, but with spoken verse and songs or poems such as epic poems. The purpose of these forms of literature was to pass along tribal history and values to a population who could not read or write. Warriors would gather in mead halls were scops and their assistants (gleemen) would recite poems or songs for hours or even days as a form of entertainment or ceremonial occasions. These poems were made very catchy so they could easily be recalled and thus retold. These poems surely consisted of the use of kennings, alliteration, and rhymes. Literature such as epic poems show the influence of Christianity and pagan beliefs such as the freedom of decision making and fate handling matters of life and death.11th-14th1. Geoffrey of Monmouth—“The History of the Kings of Britain”: King Arthur and his Round Table Knights; Lear; Cymbeline;.2. Roger Bacon: the father of experimental scientistAnglo- Norman (French) literature: romancesSocial satires in verseSecond half of 14th c“Of the Truth of the Holy Scriptures”:absolute authority of the Bible“Of Divine Dominion” & “OfCivilian Dominion”: clergy has noright to hold propertyJohn Gower①“Mirour de L’omme”(French):the mirror of mankind—sins of man②“Vox Clamantis”(Latin): thevoice of the clamant—the peasant’srising of 1381 (against)③“Confessio Amantis”( English):a lover’s confession—the seven deadly sins: pride, luxury, envy, wrath, avarice, gluttony and slothWilliam Langland“Piers the Plowman”:the vision ofPiers the Plowman ( two dreams)the vision of Do-wel, Do-bet,Do-bestGeoffrey Chaucer The Book of the Duchess”:original“Romanunt of the Rose”:translation from French, firstintroduced into English verse theoctosyllabic coupletEnglish literature of 15th centuryBallad: a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with second and fourth lines rhymed.Characteristics of Middle-age Literature基调、流派更加丰富多彩。
2.民间通俗文学在这个时期占据了重要位置。
它为读者准确而生动地展示了当时人们的各种生活，尽管其创作思想有失新颖。
3.中世纪文学还大量反映了中世纪基督教的教义原则(mediaval Christain doctrine)，这些教义都与人类（personal salvation）自救有关。
(1.In comparison with Old English literature, Middle English literature deals with a wider range of subjects, is uttered by more voices and in a greater diversity of styles, tones and genres. 2. Popular folk leterature also occupies an important place in this period.Its presentation of life not only accurate but also lively and colourful, though the originality of thought is often absent in literary works of this period. 3. Besides, Middle English literature strongly reflects the principles of the medieval Christian doctrine, which were primarily of concerned with the issue of personal salvation.)。