语言学第8章

Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts. F2. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers. F3. Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another. T4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. T5. The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership. T6. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety ” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin. F7.Functional speech varieties are known as regional dialects. F8. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary. F9.Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. F10. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. F11.Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way. F12. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect. T13. The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages. F14. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds. F15.Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages. F16. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax. T17.The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesn’t. F18.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing. F19.The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual. T20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. FII. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c___ community _____.22. Speech v_____ variety ____ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d_____ dialectal _____ variety of a language.24. Language standardization is also called language p___ planning ____.25. Social variation gives rise to s__ sociolects _______ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc. 26. S_____ Stylistic __ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuumfrom casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. 27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o____ official ____ language of a country.28. The standard language is a s_____ superimposed ____, socially prestigious dialect of language.29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or v____ vernacular___ languages.30. A pidgin typically lacks in i_ inflectional __ Idiolect____ morphemes.31. Linguistic taboo reflects s___social______ taboo.32. The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes, emotions and value judgments and has no l_____ linguistic____ basis.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:33. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes35. ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation36. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers37. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer38. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a conti nuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation39. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds .A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language40. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects41. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old42. A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooIV. Define the following terms:43. sociolinguistics 44. speech community45. speech variety 46. language planning47. idiolect 48. standard language49. nonstandard language 50. lingua franca51. pidgin 52. Creole53. diglossia 54. Bilingualism55. ethnic dialect 56. Sociolect57. register 58. slang59. taboo 60. euphemismIV. Define the following terms:36. sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts.37. speech community: The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.38. speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.39. language planning: language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.40. Idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice q uality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual' s speech.41.standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by themass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.42.pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.43. Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.44.diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.45. Bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.46. ethnic dialect: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of different ethnic backgrounds . An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.47. Sociolect: Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.48. register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. Format reason, registers are also known as situational dialects .According to Ferguson's investigation, the high form of a language is used in all the following situations in a diglossic country EXCEPT ________.选择一项：a. caption on political cartoonb. news broadcastc. university lecturesd. sermon in churchWhen a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a c____.答案：cr eol eWome in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the socialsignificance of certain linguistic variables.选择一项：对错Linguistic repertoire refers to ________.选择一项：a. all the words of his native language an individual knowsb. all the speech acts an individual is capable of performingc. all the linguistic varieties an individual possessesd. all the regional dialects an individual speaksThe social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c回答com m u.正确答案是：communityA person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. 选择一项：对错In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.答案：bi l i ngual i sm正确答案是：bilingualism。