2014年北京科技大学832环境学导论考研真题
北京科技大学2014年硕士研究生入学考试试题840暖通空调
B）A. 系统的总阻抗减小，总流量增加B. 各用户的流量均增加C. 用户2的流量增加，用户1,3的流量减小D. 用户2的室温升高，用户1,3的室温降低4. 提高热水网络水里稳定性的主要方法，应选择下列哪一项？（）A. 网络水力计算时应选用较小的比摩阻值，用户水力计算选用较大的比摩阻值B. 网络水力计算时选用较大的比摩阻值C. 用户水力计算选用较小的比摩阻值D. 网络水力计算时选用较大的比摩阻值，用户水力计算时选用较小的比摩阻值5. 下图所示室外热水采暖干管同程系统中，1#，2#，3#楼的室内系统均相同，而供水管径A~B,B~C和回水管段D~E,E~F的管径均相同，如果不进行调节，试判断哪一幢建筑得到的流量相对最少。
（）A. 1#楼B. 2#楼C. 3#楼D. 均相同6. 热水采暖系统中的重力作用压头与下列哪一项无关？（）A. 锅炉安装高度B. 散热器安装高度C. 膨胀水箱安装高度D. 室内干管安装高度7. 下列气流分布评价指标中，（）反映了通风或空调系统排出污染物的能力。
A．空气分布特性指标B．换气效率C．通风效率D．温度效率8. 空调水系统设计中，下列哪一项是错误的？（）A．循环水泵出口管道增加平衡阀B．主要设备与控制阀门前安装过滤器C．并联工作的冷却塔加装平衡管D．设置必要的固定点与补偿装置9. 某新风空调机组的功能段及组合流程如下图所示。
以下哪一项焓湿图可定性表示该机组在冬季的空气处理过程？（O点：送风状态点，N点：室内点，W 点：室外点）（）10. 下列哪一项是溶液除湿空调系统的特点？（）A．空气可达到低含湿量，系统复杂，初投资高，可实现运行调节B．空气难达到低含湿量，系统复杂，初投资高，运行能耗高C．空气难达到低含湿量，可利用低品位热能，可实现热回收D．空气可达到低含湿量，可利用低品位热能，无法实现运行调节11. 某夏季设空调的外区办公房间，每天空调系统及人员办公的使用时间为8:00~18:00。
北京科技大学823微生物学2014到2006九套考研真题
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题======================================================================== 试题编号：823 试题名称：微生物学B （共5 页）
适用专业：生物化学与分子生物学、生物工程（专业学位）
说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
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一、名词解释（20分，每题2分）
1、质粒：
2、转座因子：
3、次级代谢：
4、微生物的主要特征：
5、单克隆菌落：
6、生长因子：
7、芽孢（内生孢子）：
8、缩短微生物生长延迟期的方法：
9、光合磷酸化：
10、病毒：
二、填空题（30分，每空0.5分）
1. 微生物包括：细胞结构不能独立生活的、；具原核细胞结构的和；具真核细胞结构的、和等。
1977年伍斯（Woese）利用建立分子进化树将生物分为3个域分别是、和。
用自制的显微镜首先观察到微生物的存在。
和是微生物学的奠基人。
（15）
2. 二组分调节系统由细胞膜上和 2 种不同的蛋白
1。
2014年北京科技大学考研试题管理学原理
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：621试题名称：管理学原理A（共5页）适用专业：行政管理说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================一、名词解释（每题4分，5道题，共20分）1．等级链2．管理幅度3．六西格玛（Six Sigma）4．循证管理5．五力分析模型二、单项选择题（每题3分，10道题，共30分）1．泰勒提出的挑选“一等工人”，指的是要实现（）。
A．工作定额B．标准化管理C．人岗匹配D．专业分工2．制定决策时，容易出现一些偏见和错误。
其中，（）是指决策者通常只记得最近发生的、在他们脑海里生动形象的事情，从而在决策时失去客观性。
A．可获得性偏见B．启发法偏见C．自负偏见D．即时满足偏见3．企业稳定战略指的是，企业继续从事当前各种业务的一种战略，下列不属于稳定战略的是（）。
A．暂停与谨慎前进战略B．无变战略C．利润战略D．更新战略4．有机式组织拥有一种高度灵活和适应性强的结构。
下列属于有机式组织的是（）。
A．简单结构B．职能结构C．事业部结构D．矩阵结构5．归因是指人们利用信息，对自己及他人行为的原因加以推断的过程。
（）认为，内因行为受到个体控制；外因行为由外部因素引起。
A．海德的归因理论B．凯因的归因理论C．维纳的成败归因理论D．斯金纳的强化理论6．下列有关管理思想史的观点错误．．的是（）A.科学管理和一般管理理论都强调理性和效率。
2014年北京科技大学823微生物学B考研真题及详解(圣才出品)
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
2014 年北京科技大学 823 微生物学 B 考研真题及详解
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
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2014年北京科技大学考研试题 综合英语
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=========================================================================================================试题编号：874试题名称：综合英语（共6页）适用专业：外国语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=========================================================================================================说明：This paper covers FOUR subjects:(1)A Survey of Great Britain and the United States,(2)British Literature,(3)American Literature,and(4)GeneralLinguistics.You have180minutes to complete the whole paper.Please timeyour pace well.Part I.Survey of Great Britain and the United States(30points)I.Fill in the blanks:Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each two unfinished sentences or questions four suggested choices marked A,B, C,and D are given.Choose the ONE that you think best completes the statement or answers the question.Write the letter of your choice in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet after the numbers.(10points)1.Britain had been one of the most important countries in the world.About100years ago,as a result of its____________,Britain ruled an empire that had1/4of the world’s people and1/4of the world’s land area.However,____________greatly weakened Britain.The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in1931.A.industrializationB.imperialist expansionC.the two world warsD.independence of India2.The harsh terms of the Treaty of_________after WWI had left Germany embittered and unstable.With the coming of Hitler and Nazism in Germany,the treaty arrangements began to crumble.Hitler reoccupied__________in1936,and then Austria in1938.A.BerlinB.VersaillesC.SudetenlandD.Rhineland3.At the general election of1945_________was heavily defeated.The British people had suffered the Blitz and the warfare,and they didn’t want Britain to return to the politics of the1930s and hoped that the_________Party would sort out the problems of the war-torn country.A.ChurchillB.ChamberlainC.Conservativebor4.As a result of the_________and the Watergate scandal,American prestige became much lower abroad in the late1970s and early1980s,and in the face of Soviet aggressive expansion the US seemed impotent.This made many Americans feel humiliated.All this brought about a rise in New Right conservatism.It was this trend of conservatism that brought_________into the White House.A.Vietnam WarB.Cuban Missile CrisisC.ReganD.Clinton5.In Feb1972,President_________visited China and the two countries issued the Shanghai Communique,which led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in1979. But soon,American congress,supported by the_________Administration,adopted the Taiwan Relations Act which,in words and spirit,violates the spirit of the agreement.A.ReganB.NixonC.TrumanD.CarterII.Answer the following questions in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.(20points)1.What are the main contents of Thatcherism?What was the situation of Britain during Mrs Thatcher’s administration?(8)2.What are the major decisions at the three meeting of the leaders of the US,the Soviet Union and Britain during the WWII?(6)3.What was the American policy towards the Soviet Union during the WWII?(6)Part II.British Literature(30points)I.Fill in the blanks:write your answers on your Answer Sheet after the numbers.(10 points)1.A sonnet is a poem of14lines,usually in iambic pentameter with various rhymingschemes.It was first written by the Italian poet______and introduced to England by Thomas Wyatt.But the best British sonneteer is______,whose sonnet consists of three quatrains with a rhyming scheme abab cdcd efef and ends with a couplet rhyming gg.2.As the author of Auld Lang Syne and A Red,Red Rose,______was born inScotland in a poor peasant family.He wrote poems and songs in the Scottish dialect and his works are permeated with______spirit.3.Known as a pioneer novelist of England,Daniel Defoe was particularlyremembered for two novels:________,whose hero is typical of the rising English bourgeois class,practical and diligent;and________which tells the story of the daughter of a woman who had committed theft and was later transported to Virginia.4.During the1950s there appeared a group of young writers who were fiercely criticalof the established order.They were called“__________”,a term from John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger.5.Being the most important work in the English medieval literature,______is deeplyinfluenced by the Italian writer Boccacio’s Decameron.6.Bernard Shaw’s main contribution to English literature is his dramas.Like Ibsen,hewas much concerned about__________of his time.By means of witty remarks, surprise,and paradoxes,he tries to shock the conventional audience.Among his plays,the best known ones are Pygmalion,Heartbreak House,and__________, whose heroine is the daughter of a millionaire named Undershaft.II.Identify the title of the work of the following excerpts:write the titles of the works on your Answer Sheet.(6points)1.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the Milky Way,They stretched in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay:2....To die,to sleep;No more;and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache,and the thousand natural shockThat flesh is heir to,its a consummationDevoutly to be wished.3.Behold her,single in the filed,Yon solitary Highland Lass1Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here,or gently pass!4.Thou was not born for death,immortal Bird!No hungry generations tread thee down;The voice I hear this passing night was heardIn ancient days by emperor and clown:5.“I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom,conventionalities,nor even of mortal flesh:it is my spirit that addresses your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave,and we stood at God’s feet,equal—as we are….”6.My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff’s miseries….My love forLinton is like the foliage in the woods.Time will change it,I’m well aware,as winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath…III.Do as required or answer the questions concerning the paragraphs provided: write your answers on your Answer Sheet.(14points)1.What are the features of Victorian England?(4)2.Read the except from Jane Eyre and then answer the questions:(10)"Madam,allow me an instant.You are aware that my plan in bringing up these girls is,not to accustom them to habits of luxury and indulgence,but to render themhardy,patient,self-denying.…Madam,"he pursued,"I have a Master to serve whose kingdom is not of this world:my mission is to mortify in these girls the lusts of the flesh;to teach them to clothe themselves with shame-facedness and sobriety,not with braided hair and costly apparel;and each of the young persons before us has a string of hair twisted in plaits which vanity itself might have woven;these,I repeat,must be cut off;think of the time wasted,of--"Mr.Brocklehurst was here interrupted:three other visitors(Mrs.and the Misses Brocklehurst),ladies,now entered the room.They ought to have come a little sooner to have heard his lecture on dress,for they were splendidly attired in velvet,silk,and furs.The two younger of the trio(fine girls of sixteen and seventeen)had grey beaver hats,then in fashion,shaded with ostrich plumes,and from under the brim of this graceful head-dress fell a profusion of light tresses,elaborately curled;the elder lady was enveloped in a costly velvet shawl,and she wore a false front of French curls.Questions:1)How does Mr.Brocklehurst lesson the poor orphans in the charity school?Andwhat kind of persons does he intend to bring the orphan girls into?2)How does the appearance of his wife and daughters form a ironic contrast towhat he forbids the orphan girls to do?Part III.American Literature(30points)I.Match the following authors with their works:write your answers on your Answer Sheet after the numbers.(7points)1.Salinger Moby-Dick2.Longfellow Mending Wall3.Allen Poe Martin Eden4.Jake London The Fall of the House of Usher5.Herman Melville A Psalm of life6.Eugene O’Neill The Catcher in the Rye7.Robert Frost Long Day’s Journey into NightII.Identify the title of the work of the following excerpts:write the titles of the works on your Answer Sheet.(6points)1.I shall be telling this with a signSomewhere ages and ages henceTwo roads diverged in a wood,and I–And that has made all the difference.2.When the young woman–the mother of this child–stood fully revealed beforethe crowd,it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to herbosom…On the breast of her gown,in fine red cloth,surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold-thread,appeared the letter A.3.And as I sat there brooding on the old,unknown world,I thought of X’s wonderwhen he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock.He had come a long way to this blue lawn,and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it.4.The woods are lovely,dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.5.We passed the School,where Children stroveAt Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—6.Once upon a midnight dreary,while I pondered,weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—While I nodded,nearly napping,suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping,rapping at chamber door—III.Essay questions or do as you are required:write your answers on your Answer Sheet.(17points)1.What is American naturalism?(3)2.What are the features of Whitman’s poetry?And how do you understand the imageof leaves of grass in his poems?(4)3.Translate the following sentences from Nature by Emerson:(4)The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face;we,through their eyes.Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe?Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition,and a religion by revelation to us,and not the history of theirs?4.Read the except from the1st chapter of The Scarlett Letter and answer the question:(6)The Prison DoorThe founders of a new colony,whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project,have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery,and another portion as the site of a prison.In accordance with this rule,it may safely be assumed that the forefathers of Boston had built the first prison-house,almost as seasonably as they marked out the first burial-ground….Certain it is,that,some fifteen or twenty years after the settlement of the town,the wooden jail was already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age,which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front.The rust on the ponderous iron-work of its oaken door looked more antique than anything else in the new world.Like all that pertains to crime,it seemed never to have known a youthful era.Before this ugly edifice,and between it and the wheel-track of the street,was a grass-plot,much overgrown withvarious unsightly vegetation,which evidently found something congenial in the soil that had so early borne the black flower of civilized society,a prison. But,on one side of the portal,and rooted almost at the threshold,was a wild rose-bush,covered,in this month of June,with its delicate gems,which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in,and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom,in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.Questions:Here the two central images are the prison door and the rose-bush.What features do they have respectively and what do they represent in the novel?Part IV General Linguistics(60points)Part I Define the following linguistic terms in your own words(20points,4points each).municative Competence2.Semantic Triangle3.Assimilation4.Transitivity5.ForegroundingPart II Finish the following according to the requirements for each(15points,5 points each):1.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?How do you comment on it?2.Discuss the relationship between“arbitrariness”and“iconicity”of language.3.What are Saussure’s contributions to modern linguistics?Part III Provide as much information as you know about each of the following topics(25points,12.5points each).1.What is the relation between linguistics and language teaching?How are differentschools of linguistics related to language learning and teaching?2.What is the development of Halliday’s theory of language and linguistics?Givespecific examples to show the main ideas of his theory.。
北京科技大学877综合考试2014到2005十套考研真题
北京科技大学
2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
======================================================================== 试题编号：877 试题名称：综合考试（共1 页）适用专业：民商法学、经济法学
说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
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一、名词解释（每题5分，共计50分）
1汇编权
2民间文学艺术作品
3联合商标
4反向工程
5习惯法
6技术规范
7授权立法
8文义解释
9代物清偿
10情势变更
二、简答题（每题10分，共计40分）
1简述民事诉讼模式
2简述辩论主义的基本含义
3简述合同变更的类型和条件
4简述驰名商标的认定
三、论述题（每题20分，共计60分）
1法律体系与法学体系的区别
2试述我国民事诉讼法对第三人权益的保护
3.诚实领用原则在合同订立、履行、变更、解除各阶段的体现
1。
(完整版)环境学导论试题
经面源污染而进入 共同点：都是由于氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多而引起的水质污染现象
不同点：自然原因形成时间缓慢，人为原因形成时间迅速。
特征
1浮游生物大量繁殖 水中溶解氧含量降低。
2.试述大气光化学烟雾的污染特征、形成机理和条件
含有NOX和烃类大气在阳光的紫外线(290~43Onm)照射下发生反应所产
生的产物及反应物的混合物叫光化学烟雾。
(1)NO向NO2转化是产生“烟雾”的关键
大气中一旦出现NO2在光化学作用下NO2会直接化合为O3大气中NO、NO2和O3间发生循环反应NO2+hv NO+O* O*+O2+M O3+M (M为吸 收能量的分子 如催化剂等 可吸收能量却不使自身反应)O3+NO NO2+O2如仅发生上述
4.简述固体废弃物的分类及其特点①矿业固体废物特点废物量大、危害
程度较小分散
3农业废物特点a.N、P含量高易引起水质变化b.可利用性较大
4放射性废物 特点 有潜伏的”三致”效应
5城市垃圾 特点a.数量剧增，b.成分变化。
5.简述臭氧层空洞的形成原因和对人类的影响？
引起臭氧层破坏的主要气体是CFC NOx等 因为这些气体可以在平流层中
2水体中藻类的种类减少个体迅速增加；
3因占优势的浮游藻类颜色不同水面往往呈现蓝、红、棕、乳白等颜色
海水中出现叫“赤湖”、淡水中称“水华”。
危害
1DO降低 使鱼类难以生存
2藻类种类减少 危及鱼类生存。因有些藻类有胶质膜有的甚至有毒 不
《环境学导论》复习题参考答案.
一、名词解释1．农业环境：是以农业生物（包括农作物、畜禽和鱼类等）为中心的周围事物的总和，包括大气、水体、土地、光、热以及农业生产者劳动和生活的场所，它是自然环境的一个重要组成部分，但不等于自然环境的全部。
2．可持续发展：既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。
持续发展的思想实质，一方面是要求人类在生产时应尽可能地少投入、多产出；另一方面又要求人类在消费时应尽可能地多利用、少排放。
3．“三致”问题：即致癌、致突变、致畸。
环境中致癌物诱发肿瘤的作用，称为致癌作用；能引起生物体细胞的遗传信息和遗传物质发生突然改变的作用，称为致突变作用；能作用于妊娠母体，干扰胚胎的正常发育，导致先天性畸形的毒作用。
4．环境影响评价：又称环境质量预断评价或环境质量预测评价。
是对可能影响环境的重大工程建设、区域开发建设及区域经济发展规划或其他一切可能影响环境的活动，在事前进行调查研究的基础上，对活动可能引起的环境影响进行预测和评定，为防止和减少这种影响制定最佳行动方案。
5．“三同时”制度：是指新建、改建、扩建项目和技术改造项目以及区域性开发建设项目的污染治理设施必须与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投产的制度。
6．环境保护：是采取行政的、法律的、经济的、科学技术的多方面措施，合理地利用自然资源、防止环境污染和破坏，以求保持和发展生态平衡，扩大有用自然资源的再生产，保障人类社会的发展称为环境保护。
7．固体废物：是指在生产建设、日常生活和其它活动中产生的污染环境的固态、半固态废弃物质。
其中包括从废气中分离出来的固体颗粒、垃圾、炉渣、废制品、破损器皿、残次品、动物尸体、变质食品、污泥、人畜粪便等。
8．土壤环境背景值：在理论上应该是土壤在自然成土过程中，构成土壤自身的化学元素的组成和含量，即未受人类活动影响的土壤本身的化学元素组成和含量。
9．水体富营养化：通常是指湖泊、水库和海湾等封闭性和半封闭性水体中，接纳过多的氮、磷等营养元素，水体初级生产力提高，某些特征性藻类(主要是蓝藻、绿藻)异常增殖，使水质恶化的过程。
2014年北京科技大学硕士研究生入学考试初试专业课240单独考试英语试题
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题北京科技大学本校各专业考研资料北科考研就找老大哥QQ 931679601 店铺 老大哥整理发布============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 240 试题名称：单独考试英语（共10页）适用专业：单独考试各专业说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=========================================================================================================== Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. If you your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.A. lessenB. moderateC. dismissD. overcome2.The professor's argument was reasonable, but the audience did not agree with his conclusion.A. suspiciouslyB. seeminglyC. criticallyD. theoretically3. I suppose I'll have to look for a job；I'll either have to find a rich wife or starve. A．otherwise B. that's why C. else D. on the other hand4.Many photographers prefer to take pictures when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.A．at twilight B. at noon C. in the morning D. in the fall5. The finance question must be answered with in order to relieve the investors' fears of fraud.A．accuracy B. exactness C. precision D. correction6. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.A．ratio B. proportion C. rate D. scale7. So far as he could，John had always tried to the example he saw in Lincoln.A．live up to B. set forth C. call for D. cut out8. The students gradually a knowledge of the subject.A．acquired B. attained C. achieved D. obtained9. He didn't openly attack the plan, but his opposition was in his failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. decisiveD. obvious10. The newly-built bridge that the river is convenient to the people living in this area. A．traverses B. spans C. protects D. overlooksSection BDirections: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word.11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anything in support of it.A．explicit B. obvious C. decisive D. underlying12. When he was very young，he was afflicted with paralysis.A．troubled B. bothered C. influenced D. stricken13. She was still writing away furiously when the bell went.A．continually B. hard C. easily D. continuously14. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning English.A. indifferentB. indivisibleC. essentialD. elective15. The severe earthquake damaged buildings as well as public or personal property in them. A．materials B. substances C. possessions D. qualities16. At first I wasn't able to identify my brother in the crowd as he had changed so much since his departure.A．make up B. make out C. make for D. make in17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because they enjoy doing so.A．endure B. support C. stick to D. continue in18. The teacher told stories about Washington and Lincoln in respect to the importance of being honest.A．in connection with B. in case ofC．along with D. together with19. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends.A．fresh B. immediate C. notorious D. famous20. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into his record.A．if only B. for fear that C. unless D. otherwisePart II Cloze Test(20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases __21__ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be __22__ in our past experience, which are brought into the present __23__ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep __24__ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is __25__ when a rat gives up eating grain because he hassniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory __26__ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer __27__ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"--ready for __28__ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total __29__ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and __30__ of words.21. A. of B. to C. for D. on22. A. keep B. found C. sought D. stored23. A. by B. from C. with D. in24. A. experiences B. bases C. observations D. information25. A. called B. taken C. involved D. included26. A. exists B. appears C. affects D. seems27. A. to B. with C. against D. for28. A. progressive B. instructive C. instant D. protective29. A. deal B. number C. mount D. amount30. A. combinations B. connections C. co-ordinations D. collectionsPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points)Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet. Passage OneQuestions 31-35 are based on the following passage:All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catastrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rare. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses.It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man-induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife-whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors -are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human uses and needs.Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 invertebrate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one-third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying theboundaries of designated natural areas, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges.Another one-third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers.The remaining one-third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcorrecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams, introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water tables.The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value.31. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________.A. the catastrophes in history which caused the extinction of total speciesB. the ways to protect endangered speciesC. the characteristics of threatened speciesD. the significance of protecting threatened species32. What's the author's attitude toward the view that it is catastrophes that result in the totalgenetic losses?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Enthusiastic.33. With which if the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. People haven't realized the impact of human activities on the extinction of wildlife.B. It is difficult for people to agree to protect endangered species at considerable economic cost.C. Endangered species can provide human beings with a variety of useful resources.D. Similar measures can be taken to protect various endangered species.34. The author mentions all of the following as threats to shellfish species except ________.A. highway and housing developmentB. poor erosion controlC. overpopulation of shellfishD. lowering of water tables35. Given the information in the passage, which of the following is not true of wildlife protection?A. The identification of threatened species should come before correction.B. We have gained sufficient knowledge for making identification of endangered species.C. Our present lists of threatened species are incomplete.D. Some geographical areas contain habitats of species that have important commercial value. Passage TwoQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Researchers have learned to mix optimism with caution, and some of their results are demonstrating definite promise.When Matthew During and Michael Kaplitt first went hunting for capital to commercialize their research in gene therapy, their timing couldn't have been worse. It was the fall of 1999, just after teenager Jesse Gelsinger died in a clinical trial of gene therapy - the use of genes to delivermedicines to diseased cells. Together, During and Kaplitt were able to scrape up an initial $2.5 million. "Maybe we were arrogant to think we could start something at that time," Kaplitt concedes. Today, the two physician founders of Neurologix, in Fort Lee, N.J., are feeling much more upbeat. They're searching for $10 million to fund a pivotal trial in Parkinson's disease, and they expect to find it.Others are also prospecting in the once-neglected field of gene therapy. On Nov. 7, Colgate-Palmolive invested $20 million in Austin-based Introgen Therapeutics, which is pursuing novel remedies for oral cancer.And the Michael J. Fox Foundation is about to award its first-ever grant for gene therapy research. The $750,000 will go to San Diego-based Ceregene, which, like Neurologix, is zeroing in on a treatment for Parkinson's, the disease that afflicts actor Fox. Ceregene also raised $32 million in venture capital last year.Recent success stories in clinics and labs add to the sense that gene therapy is moving back into the mainstream. China has been quietly approving such treatments. And on Nov. 22, Genzyme (GENZ), in Cambridge, Mass., announced it will spend $3.2 million to acquire a manufacturing facility that will make several gene therapy treatments, including one aimed at a common condition among the elderly called peripheral arterial disease."We've been in gene therapy a long time, and we've seen the ups and downs," says Richard Gregory, Genzyme's senior vice-president of research. "But we're optimistic."36. What were things like when Matthew During and Michael first raise money for their study of gene therapy?A. They were very lucky.B. They were very confident.C. A teenager died in a lab experiment of gene therapy.D. People's confidence in gene therapy was unreasonably high.37. The word "upbeat" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________.A. proudB. optimisticC. anxiousD. serious38. All the following diseases are mentioned in the passage except __________.A. Down's syndromeB. Parkinson's diseaseC. oral cancerD. peripheral arterial disease39. What do we know about the research of gene therapy?A. In the 20th century, gene therapy was suspected and neglected.B. Gene therapy becomes the prevailing method of treating patients now.C. San Diego-based Ceregene has achieved nothing in gene therapy research so far.D. The successes of gene therapy in clinics and labs restore people's confidence in gene therapy.40. What is the author's attitude towards gene therapy?A. optimisticB. pessimisticC. indifferentD. neutralPassage ThreeQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed--no examination is perfect--but to have no external tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in external examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the ideals and the purpose of each teacher.Without external examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them--a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defense of excellence and opportunity would disappear if external examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school's reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favored school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are presumably selected by some computer.These people are not just against school organization, but are at war with the whole idea of modern competitive society and they are using children in schools for their destructive purposes. There is no reason why we should allow such people to determine the way our schools are organized when it is to the obvious disadvantage of the pupils, of the schools and of our society asa whole.41. What is the opinion of the writer?A. We cannot have standards because examinations are not perfect.B. Without examinations there would be no standards.C. Standards must keep changing in order to achieve equality.D. Changing the standards could mean the end of equality.42. What is the situation at the moment?A. A school's reputation is not very important, as long as a certificate.B. A bright child doesn't need certificates to get a job.C. Children attending well-respected schools do not get certificates.D. Many children who are suitable for a job have no proof of their suitability.43. According to the writer, what would happen if external examinations were taken away?A. Children from poor families would not be able to change school.B. There would be no more opportunities and no more excellence.C. Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.D. Going to a favored school would be the only way to get a good job.44. According to the writer, the opponents of the examination system say that ________.A. computers should be selected to take over many jobsB. particular people should not be chosen for particular jobsC. examinations are only bad when they show differences between peopleD. schools specializing in academic subjects should be done away with45. In what way do the opponents of the examination system want to influence schools?A. They want children to compete more in school.B. They want to reorganize schools.C. They want schools to be more modern.D. They want to destroy schools.Passage FourQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive you need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil demanding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for the best. If a few concessions and delays mean that the free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying.Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four months the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill's speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. O'Neill talked about changing the loans-and-grants system to developing countries to help them help themselves. He talked about insisting on internal legal and political reforms. He pointed out that foreign aid rarely works. His critiques of the current system was sharp, but anyone can criticize. The point is to fix things. He should take this opportunity to present a series of broad American initiatives that would broaden and deepen globalization.Washington should lead the developed world by responding to the legitimate demands of the developing world on trade-that means agriculture and anti-dumping. Hormats argues for a reform of the major international economic groups and institutions. A new system of effective foreign aid could have massive economic and political benefits for the whole world.In the wake of World War II, the Truman administration set up the global economic institutions that have secured and steered the world economy ever since. Throughout the cold war, America pushed for free trade as part of an overall strategy to combat communism and shore up the free world. Making globalization work better and for more people is not simply smart economics. It is a vital part of a new national-security strategy for America.46. Which of the following is more emphasized now after September 11?A. Domestic economy.B. Politics.C. National Security.D. Global unity in fighting terrorism.47. What does Hormats argue for?A. The developing countries have to help themselves.B. A new system of effective foreign aids will work well.C. The USA pushed and will push free trade world widely to combat communism.D. The foreign aids rarely work.48. What makes the author's opinion different from O'Neill's?A. The author thought that O'Neill's talk was not to the point.B. The author didn't like the talker personally.C. O'Neill should have presented what to do to improve the economic globalization.D. The author thought what O'Neill said was precise, but not workable.49. What does the author intend to say through the last paragraph?A. The Americans should follow Truman's global economic policy.B. The author suggests that the USA should have done more.C. The USA should pursue to combat the communism in economic competition.D. The Americans may live in luxurious and quiet surroundings under the conditions of theglobalization.50. The topic that best fits the passage is ___________.A. The National Security Strategy of the USAB. The Globalization of Economy and National Security Strategy of the USAC. The World Economic ForumD. International Economic GlobalizationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: Read the following passage and complete the sentences with the information from the passage in NO MORE THAN 10 words for each sentence.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we human can look forward to increasing happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth triumphant: the Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people's self-assessment of their own happiness. "There has not been improvement in average happiness in the United States over almost a half century-a period in which real GDP per capita more than doubled," Easterlin reports.The explanation for this paradox may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin's word: "As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate the expected growth in happiness due to higher income."Money can buy happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one's amounts get bigger and other people aren't getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater's finding that Americans' perception of income "necessary to get along" rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well off is equated with being happy.Easterlin's findings challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of wants" as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people's basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin's evidence points to the persistence of materialism."Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world,"Easterlin observes, "Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense." The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of the economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase onward. Economists are accustomed to deflating the money value of national income by the average level of prices to obtain "real" income. The process here is similar-real income is being deflated by rising material aspiration, in this case to yield essentially constant subjective economic well-being. While it would be pleasant to envisage a world free from the pressure of material want, a more realistic projection, based on the evidence, is of a world in which generation after generation thinks it needs only another 10% to 20% more income to be perfectly happy.Needs are limited, but not greed. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Eaterlin's view."The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the good life of material plenty, it is a world founded on belief in science and the power of rational inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in the last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end, the triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.51. What does "this paradox" in paragraph 3 refer to?52. Why will higher income not always bring more happiness?53. When will a person feel happy according to Easterlin?54. How does Easterlin's findings differ from Maslow's theory?55. What does Easterlin think of the future of the world?Part IV Translation (40 minutes, 20 points )Section ADirections:Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.56. We often hear that computers are cold and inhuman, but in fact many people are more comfortable with a computer than with another person. Computers are patient and do not judge the people who use them. Many students who would be embarrassed to show a teacher that they do not understand something are happy to ask a computer questions. Some patients would rather explain their health problems to a computer than to a doctor. There is even a computer program which deals with psychological problems. The program has become popular because many people feel uncomfortable discussing such problems with another person.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.57. 教育不是目的，而是达到目的的一种手段。
2014年环境评价与环境规划考试试题及答案解析
环境评价与环境规划考试试题及答案解析一、单选题（本大题108小题．每题1.0分，共108.0分。
请从以下每一道考题下面备选答案中选择一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应题号的相应字母所属的方框涂黑。
）第1题省级人民政府依法可以对国家标准中未作规定的项目规定( )。
A 地方环境标准样品标准B 地方污染物排放标准C 地方环保基础标准D 地方环保方法标准【正确答案】：B【本题分数】：1.0分【答案解析】考核对制定地方标准的有关规定我国环境标准体系分为五类环境标准，其中可以有条件制定“地方环境质量标准”与“地方污染物排放标准”。
第2题下列哪一项不是工程分析应遵循的技术原则( )。
A 体现政策性B 具有针对性C 应为各专题评价提供定量而准确的基础资料D 提出污染防治措施【正确答案】：D【本题分数】：1.0分第3题环境影响报告书经( )，计划部门方可批准建设项目设计任务书。
A 批准前B 批准过程中C 批准后D 经项目主管部门预审后【正确答案】：C【本题分数】：1.0分第4题下列哪项不属于环境影响评价的基本功能( )。
A 判断功能B 预测功能C 选择功能D 决策功能【正确答案】：D【本题分数】：1.0分第5题对于二级评价项目，对其所在地区气象资料的调查期间，至少应为最近( )年。
A 1B 2C 3D 4【正确答案】：C【本题分数】：1.0分第6题在下列哪些区域，不得新建排污口( )。
A 农业用水区域B 生活饮用水地表水源二级保护区C 运河D 重要渔业水域。
环境影响评价案例分析真题2014年及答案解析
环境影响评价案例分析真题2014年及答案解析(1~4/共35题)案例题一、某汽车制造厂现有整车产能为12万辆/年，厂区设有冲压车间、焊接车间、涂装车间、总装车间、外购件库、停车场、试车跑道、空压站、天然气锅炉房、废水处理站、固体废物暂存间、综合楼等。
该厂工作制度为250天/年，实行双班制。
涂装车间现有前处理(含脱脂、磷化工段)、电泳底漆和涂装生产线。
前处理磷化工段采用镍锌锰系磷酸盐型磷化剂，生产过程中产生磷化废水、磷化废液、磷化渣以及清洗管路系统产生的废硝酸。
电泳底漆生产线烘干室排放的有机废气采用1套RTO蓄热式热力燃烧装置处理，辅助燃料为天然气。
该厂拟依托现厂区进行扩建，新增整车产能12万辆/年。
拟新建冲压车间和树脂车间，在现有焊接车间和总装车间内增加部分设备，在涂装车间内新增1条中涂面漆生产线，并将涂装车间现有前处理和电泳底漆生产线生产节拍提高1倍。
拟新建的树脂车间用于塑料件的注塑成型和涂装，配套建设1套RTO装置处理挥发性有机废气。
扩建工程建成后工作制度不变。
新建树脂车间涂装工段设干式喷漆室(含流平)和烘干室，采用3喷1烘工艺，涂装所使用的底漆、色漆和罩光漆均为溶剂漆。
喷漆室和烘干室产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs、含甲苯、二甲苯及其他醚酯醛酮类物质)收集后送RTO装置处理。
喷漆室进入RTO装置的VOCs为32kg/h，烘干室进入RTO装置的VOCs为24kg/h，RTO装置的排风量为15000m3/h。
RTO装置的VOCs去除效率为98%，处理后的废气由20m高排气筒排放。
现有工程磷化废水预处理系统设计处理能力为30m3/h，运行稳定达到设计出水要求。
扩建工程达产后，磷化废液和磷化废水的污染物浓度不变，磷化废水预处理系统收水情况如表所示。
磷化废水预处理系统收水情况[问题]第1题计算树脂车间涂装工段RTO装置的VOCs排放速率及排放浓度。
____第2题指出涂装车间磷化工段产生的危险废物。
____第3题现有磷化废水预处理系统是否满足扩建工程达产后的处理需求，说明理由。
2014年北京科技大学825高等代数考研真题
η1 =
8 1 5 4 4 2 8 2 ,η2 = ,η 3 = ,η 4 = 2 −7 2 −5 4 −4 3 −7
是 M 2 ( P) 的两组基， σ 是 M 2 ( P) 的线性变换，定义为
σ (α ) =
四(20 分)、(1)若 A, B 都是 n 阶方阵，证明： rank ( A ) + rank ( B ) ≤ n + rank ( AB ) . (2)若 A1 , A2 ,⋯ , As ( s ≥ 2 )都是 n 阶方阵，证明：
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七(15 分)、试证：实对称矩阵 A 的特征值全部落在区间 [ a ,b ] 上的充分必要条件 是矩阵 A − aE 半正定且 bE − A 半正定.
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0 0 八(15 分)、 设 A(λ ) = (λ − 1) 2 0
1 2 α , α ∈ M 2 ( P) −1 4
(1)求由基 ε1 , ε 2 , ε 3 , ε 4 到基η1 ,η2 ,η3 ,η4 的过度矩阵； (2)求一个非零的 ξ ∈ M 2 ( P) 使它在 ε1 , ε 2 , ε 3 , ε 4 和η1 ,η2 ,η3 ,η4 下有相同的坐标； (3)求 σ 的特征值； (4)求 σ 的特征子空间.
求 A(λ ) 的标准形.
λ2 − λ 0 0 0 0 λ2 ， (1)求 A(λ ) 的不变因子； (2) 0 0 0 λ2 − λ 0 0
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